DEVELOPMENT OF EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT

EVOLUTIONARY THOUGHT – THE RECOGNITION THAT

SPECIES CHANGE OVER TIME AND THE PERCENED
UNDERSTANDING OF HOW SUCH PROCESSES WORK IS
TRACEABLE TO DEVELOPMENTS IN INTELLECTUAL THOUGHT
ARISTOTLE (350 BCE ) (BCE – BEFORE COMMON ERA)
- HE BELIEVED THAT SPECIES ARE IDENTICAL AND TEND
TO REMAIN THE SAME SPECIES AND CAN BE
ARRANGED HEIRARCHICALLY

SCIENTIST CONTRIBUTION/WORKS CAROLUS LINNAEUS (1707 – 1778 )

CAROLUS LINNAEUS SYSTEMA NATURAE OR - HE DEVELOPED A METHOD OF CLASSIFYING PLANTS
SYSTEMS OF NATURE ; AND ANIMALS.
BINOMIAL - HE STANDARDIZED THE USE OF GENUS AND SPECIES
NOMECLATURE TERMINOLOGY AND ESTABLISHED THE TWO-NAME
CHARLES DARWIN NATURAL SELECTION; CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
ON THE ORIGIN OF - HOMO-GENOUS, SAPIENS/ERECTUS-SPECIES
SPECIES (BINOMIAL)
GEORGES CUVIER CATASTROPHISM - ADDED CLASS AND ORDER CATEGORY
JAMES HUTTON THEORY OF - IN 1753, HE REVEASED THE SYSTEM OF NATURE
GRADUALISM
THOMAS MALTHUS AN ESSAY IN THE
PRINCIPLE OF JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK (1744-1832)
POPULATION
CHARLES LYELL UNIFORMITARIANISM - HE SUGGESTED A DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
SPECIES AND THE ENVIRONENT
JEAN-BAPTISTE INHERITANCE OF
- ACCORDING TO HIS THEORY, A TRAIT ACQUIRED BY
LAMARCK ACQUIRED
AN ANIMAL DURING ITS LIFETIME CAN BE PASSED ON
CHARACTERISTICS OR
TO OFFSPRING
THE USEDISUSE THEORY
 - FIRST SCIENTIST TO EXPLAIN THE EVOLUTIONARY
PROCESS
- HE SAID THAT OUR CHARACTERISTICS ARE BASED ON
OUR GENES
GEORGES CUVIER (1769-1832)
- A FRENCH PALEONTOLOGIST WHO INTRODUCED THE
CONCEPT OF EXTINCTION TO EXPLAIN TE
DISSAPERANCE OF ANIMALS REPRESENTED BY
FOSSILS
- THE MOST VEHEMENT OPPONENT OF LAMARCK
- SUGGESTED THE VARIATION OF THEORY
- ACCORDING TO HIS (FIVE) BOOKS, THOSE EXTINCT
SPECIES PHASE OUT BECAUSE OF FLOODING EVENTS
- THERE ARE VARIATIONS OF GEOLOGICAL FEATURES
SERIES OF REGIONAL DISASTERS
- CATASTROPHISM AND CALAMITIES IS THE REASON OF
THE EXTINCTION OF ANIMALS
THOMAS MALTHUS (1706-1834)
- HE THEORIZED THAT CONTINUED POPULATION
GROWTH WOULD OUTGROW CURRENT RESOURCES
- HIS BOOK WAS CITED BY CHARLES DARWIN IN
DEVELOPMENT OF THE THEORY OF NATURAL
SELECTION
- HIS IDEAS WERE USED BY CHARLES DARWIN
- ACCORDING TO HIM, THE POPULATION COULD
DOUBLE IN SIZE EVERY 25 YEARS
JAMES HUTTON (1726-1796)
- HE IS GEOLOGIST WHO LEFT THE MEDICAL FIELD TO
TRAVEL AND STUDY THE EARTH’S SURFACE
- HE BELIEVED THAT THE EARTHS GEOLOGICAL
FEAUTURES ARE FORMED BY SLOW CHANGES
- THEORY OF THE EARTH IS HIS BOOK TITLE
- CHANGES OF THE ENVIRONENT IS GRADUAL
ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE (1859)
- HE BELIEVED THAT SPECIES EVOLVED FROM THE
PROCESS OF NATURAL SELECTION WHICH CAUSED
VARIATIONS WITHIN THE POPULATION
- HIS SOURCE IS CHARLES DARWIN
CHARLES LYELL
- HE IS CONSIDERED THE FOUNDER OF MODERN
GEOLOGY
- PUBLISHED HIS IMMENSLY IMPORTANT WORK
PRINCIPLES OF GEOLOGY THAT EXPLAINED HOW
GEOLOLOGICAL PROCESSES OBSERVED IN THE
PRESENT ARE THE SAME AS THOSE THAT OCCURRED
IN THE PAST
 - BIGGEST FACTOR OF GEOLOGICAL LANDSCAPE ARE
EARTHQUAKES, WIND, VOLCANOES, GRACIAL
MOVEMENENTS, PLATE TECTONIC MOVEMENTS (THE
CHANGES ARE CONSISTEN)
CHARLES DARWIN (1809-1882)
- HE JOINED A SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION RIDING HMS
BEAGLE ON (BEAGLE) DECEMBER 17, 1831
- THEY HAD THE FAMOUS STOP OVER AT THE
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS WHERE HE HAD SIGNIFICANT
OBSERVATION THAT LED TO HIS THEORY
- ONE OF THE SIXTH CHILDREN OF DOCTOR ROBERT
AND SUSANA DARWIN
- HAVE NO INTEREST IN ACADEMICS AND FOCUSES IN
HUNTING, SHOOTING, ETC
- HE WAS SENT TO EDINBURGH TO STUDY MEDICINE
- NON-BELIEVER OF CHRIST
- HE STUDIED THEOLOGY
- THE EXPEDITION LASTED FOR FIVE YEARS AND IT
CHANGED HIS LIFE
- BEFORE THE VOYAGE, HE BELIEVED THAT ALL SPECIES
HAVE THE SAME CHARACTERISTICS
- HE (BELIEVE) BROUGHT 13 FINCHES AND HE OBSERVE
THAT THEIR CHARACTERISTICS VARIES (LEGENDARY)
- HE MARRIED HIS COUSIN EMMA WEDSWOOD
- SPENT HIS LIFE IN WRITING THEORIES
- IN 1838, HE READ MALTHUS ESSAY THEN HE FOUND
THE ANSWERS ON HIS QUESTIONS ABOUT SPECIES
- STRUGGLING FOR EXISTING STRUGGLE FOR
EXISTENCE
- IN 1859, HE PUBLISHED HIS BOOK ENTITLED IN THE
ORIGIN OF SPECIES
- IN HIS WORK, HE EXPLAINED THAT SPECIES WERE
MUTABLE, NOT FIXED AND SPECIES EVOLVED FROM
OTHER SPECIES THROUGH MECHANISM OF
EVOLUTION NATURAL selection
- THEY HAD A FAMOUS STOP OVER AT THE
GALAPAGOS ISLANDS WHERE HE HAD SIGNIFICANT
OBSERVATION THAT LED TO HIS THEORY
Evidence from Fossil Record — the process to know
the age is relative and absolute dating
Convergent Evolution —
Divergent Evolution — is equal to adaptive evolution
Homologous Structure — means one — example:
human, bat, and whale have the same structure
Analogous Structure — overtime — example: birds,
butterfly, amd bat have wings with the same functions
but they differ in structure depending in organism
Vestigial Structure — still present but no longer in
use — example: whales, their pelvic bone is used for
walking but eventually they are living in water, they
are already using their gills

Evidence of Molecular Biology — RNA (ribonucleic

acid)

Evidence from Embryology — Pharyngeal Pouches

(ears/part of the ears or parts of the throat in human,
gills in fish)
EVOLUTION – IS A GRADUAL CHANGE IN SPECIES OVER MANY THEORIES ON EVOLUTION:
GENERATIONS RESULTING FROM THEIR GENETIC ADAPTATION TO
THE ENVIRONMENT. THEORY OF DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION:

- IT IS THE PROCESS BY WHICH DIFFERENT LIVING FACTORS THAT AFFECT CHANGES THAT HAPPENED:
ORGANISMS DIVERSIFIED FROM EARLIER FORMS DURING EVOLUTION:
THE HISTORY OF THE EARTH  ADAPTATION TO  CONTINUOUS GAINING
- IT IS AN ON-GOING AND CONSTANTLY AN ACTIVE PROCESS CHANGES IN THE OF NEW FEATURES
ENVIRONMENT  FORMATION OF THE
 GEOGRAPHICAL AND NEW SPECIES
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS  CHANGES IN GENETIC
SPECIES – ARE GROUP OF ORGANISM THAT SHARE SIMILAR CODE
CHARACTERISTICS AND CAN INTERBREED WITH ONE ANOTHER TO
PRODUCE AN OFFSPRING.
THEORY OF NATURAL SELECTION:
BIODIVERSITY – IT IS A TER USED TO DESCRIBE THE ENORMOUS
VARIETY OF LIFE ON EARTH. IT CAN BE USED MORE SPECIFICALLY MECHANISMS OF EVOLUTION
TO REFER TO ALL OF THE SPECIES IN ONE REGION OR ECO-SYSTEM.
FACTORS THAT AFFECT CHANGES THAT HAPPENED:
- IT ALSO REFERS TO EVERY LIVING THING, INCLUDIG EVOLUTION:
PLANTS, BACTERIA, ANIMALS, AND HUMANS AND IS  SYMBIOTIC  CREATION OF NEW
DESCRIBED AS THE CHANGEABILITY OF ORGANISMS THAT RELATIONSHIPS DOMINANT TRAIT
CAME INTO EXISTENCE.  MIGRATING PATTERNS  REPLICATION OF
 SURVIVAL FROM THE CHARACTERISTICS
CHANGING
CHARLES DARWIN – ON THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES ENVIRONMENT
 ENVIRONMENTAL
- THE FIRST EDITIONS OF HIS BOOK NEVER USED THE TERM CONDITION
EVOLUTION BUT RATHER DARWIN USED THE PHRASE
“DESCENT WITH MODIFICATION”

JEAN-BAPTISTE LAMARCK – EVOLUTION OOCURED THROUGH

“INHERTANCE OF ACQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS”

“VARIATIONS IS THE RESULT OF PRE-EXISTING GENETIC

DIFFERENCES AMONG INDIVIDUALS.”