Ansi Z315.1-2006

ANSI Z315.
1-2006
American National Standard
for Tricycles –
Safety Requirements
ANSI Z315.1-2006
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Copyright American National Standards Institute

Provided by IHS under license with ANSI
No reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS Not for Resale
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ANSI ®
Z315.1-2006
(Revision of
ANSI Z315.1-1996)

for Tricycles –
Safety Requirements
Sponsor
Toy Industry Association, Inc.
Approved June 6, 2006

American National Standards Institute, Inc.
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Approval of an American National Standard requires review by ANSI that the
American requirements for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have
National been met by the standards developer.
Standard Consensus is established when, in the judgement of the ANSI Board of

Standards Review, substantial agreement has been reached by directly and
materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means much more than
a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all
views and objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made
towards their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their
existence does not in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved
the standards or not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using
products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and
will in no circumstances give an interpretation of any American National
Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to issue an
interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American
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National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be

addressed to the secretariat or sponsor whose name appears on the title
page of this standard.
CAUTION NOTICE: This American National Standard may be revised or
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Contents
Page
Foreword ...............................................................................................................ii
1 Purpose and scope ...................................................................................... 1
2 Normative references .................................................................................. 1
3 Definitions .................................................................................................... 2
4 Performance ................................................................................................ 3
5 Test procedures ........................................................................................... 7
6 Certification .................................................................................................. 8
7 Consumer information ................................................................................. 9
Table
1 Children's Weight and Crotch Height Versus Age ........................................ 5
Figures
1 Examples of tricycles ................................................................................. 11
2 Areas where protrusions are not permitted ............................................... 11
3 Test Method for Sideways Stability ............................................................ 12
4 Test Method for Forward Stability............................................................... 12
5 Test Method Rearward Stability ................................................................. 13
Rationale ............................................................................................................. 14
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i
Foreword (This foreword is not part of American National Standard ANSI Z315.1-2006.)
American National Standard for Tricycles Safety requirements, ANSI Z315.1-2006,

developed as a voluntary standard, was revised by a tricycle engineering committee
assembled by the Toy Industry Association, Inc., under the procedures of the Ameri-
can National Standards Institute to provide safety requirements for tricycles.
In compliance with the philosophy expressed in the Consumer Product Safety Act,
persons not affiliated with the toy industry, representing consumers, retailers, and
general interest groups, also participated in the writing and development of the stan-
dard.
Consensus for this revised standard was achieved by use of the Canvass Method.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent
to Toy Industry Association, Inc, 1115 Broadway, Suite 400, New York, NY 10010.
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ii

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI Z315.1-2006
for Tricycles –
Safety Requirements
1 Purpose and scope
1.1 Purpose
The purpose of this standard is to establish nationally recognized safety requirements for
tricycles and to provide a basis for common understanding among producers,
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distributors, and users of these products.
1.2 Scope
This standard covers the safety requirements for all tricycles intended for use by children
8 years and under.
2 Normative references
The following standards contain provisions which, through reference in this text,
constitute provisions of this American National Standard. All standards are subject to
revision, and parties to agreements based on this American National Standard are
encouraged to investigate the possibility of applying the most recent editions of the
standards indicated below.
ASTM F963, Standard Consumer Safety Specification for Toy Safety1: Section 4.3.5 -
Paint and Similar Surface-Coating Materials
16 CFR 1203, Safety Standard for Bicycle Helmets2
16 CFR 1303, Ban of Lead-containing Paint and Certain Consumer Products Bearing
Lead-containing Paint
16 CFR 1500.3(c) (6), Definitions of extremely flammable, flammable and combustible
16 CFR 1500.18(a) (9), Ban of toys and other articles intended for children under 3
years of age containing small parts.
16 CFR 1500.44, Method for determining extremely flammable and flammable solids
16 CFR 1500.48, Technical requirements for determining a sharp point in toys and other
articles intended for children under 8 years of age.
16 CFR 1500.49, Technical requirements for determining a sharp metal or glass edge in
toys and other articles intended for use by children under 8 years of age.
16 CFR 1501, Method for identifying toys and other articles intended for use by children
under 3 years of age which present choking aspirations or ingestion hazards
because of small parts
16 CFR 1512.18(c) Protective cap and end-mounted devices test
16 CFR 1512.18(g), Handlebar stem test
1
This document is available from ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA
19428-29592.
2
CFR documents are available from the U.S. Government Printing Office, P.O. Box 371954, Pittsburgh, PA
15250, and at www.gpo.gov.
1
ANSI Z315.1-2006
16 CFR 1512.18(h), Handlebar test

16 CFR 1512.18(l), Fork test
U.S. CPSC Report No. UM-HSRI-BI-75-5, May 31, 1975, Physical Characteristics of
Children as Related to Death and Injury for Consumer Product Design and Use
3 Definitions
3.1 brittle (brittleness): The property of breaking without either perceptible warning
or visible deformation.
3.2 fracture failure: A breaking of material caused when the material cannot support
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the loads that would be experienced in tests prescribed by this standard.
3.3 normal riding position: The position assumed by a child sitting on the tricycle
seat with both feet on the pedals and hands on the grips of the handlebars or steering
mechanism.
3.4 permanent marking: A marking or label shall be considered permanent if,

during an attempt to manually remove it without the aid of tools or solvents, it cannot be
removed, it tears, or it damages the surface to which it is attached.
3.5 principal display panel: the display panel for a retail package or container, bin,
or vending machine that is most likely to be displayed, shown, presented, or examined
under normal or customary conditions of display for retail sale.
3.6 projection, hazardous: A projection that, because of its material or

configuration, or both, may present a puncture hazard if a child should fall onto it.
Excluded from this definition are puncture hazards to the eyes or mouth, or both,
because of the impossibility of eliminating puncture hazards to those areas of the body
by product design.
3.7 protrusion: (1) Any component other than standard bolt or screw heads that is
greater than 5/16 inch (8 mm) in length after assembly and that terminates in less than a
1/4-inch (6 mm) radius; (2) screw threads that protrude more than one major diameter of
the screw beyond the internally threaded mating member; (3) screw threads that may
come in contact with any part of the operator's body when the operator is in the normal
riding position and that protrude further than 1/8 inch (3 mm) beyond the internally
threaded mating member.
3.8 tricycle: A wheeled vehicle where the contact points of the wheels with the
ground form a triangular or trapezoidal shape and which is propelled solely by human
power by means of a pedal-driven front wheel. If the shape formed by the contact points
of the wheel with the ground is trapezoidal, then the narrower wheel track width must be
less than one half of the wider wheel track width for the vehicle to be considered a
tricycle. Figure 1 shows examples of tricycles.
3.9 wheel track width: The overall width of wheels that have a common axis
(outside to outside at the points where the wheels meet the ground, as shown in Figure
3.
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ANSI Z315.1-2006
4 Performance
4.1 Material
4.1.1 Heavy metals in surface coatings
All surface coatings shall conform to the provisions of 16 CFR 1303, which prohibits the
use of hazardous amounts of lead in paint as defined. In addition, all surface coatings
shall conform to the provisions of ASTM F963 Section 4.3.5.2, which establishes limits
for other elements used as pigments, film solids, and driers.
4.1.2 Flammability
Parts and components shall not be flammable as defined by 16 CFR 1500.3(b)(10), 16

CFR 1500.3(c) (6), and 16 CFR 1500.44.
4.2 Strength and mechanical integrity
There shall be no fracture failure when the tricycle is tested in accordance with the drop
test in 5.1.
4.3 Product limitations
Tricycles are designed for use by children of varying ages and sizes. To ensure safe
performance of a tricycle over its normal period of use, the tricycle should not be used by
a rider who exceeds the limitations specified by the manufacturer. These limitations must
be expressed in terms of appropriate rider age or weight or both on the packaging and
instructions and may also be placed on the product.
4.4 Sharp points, sharp edges, protrusions, pinch points, and small parts
4.4.1 Sharp points
Tricycles shall not have any accessible, potentially hazardous sharp points as defined in
16 CFR 1500.48 before or after testing to this specification. (For test procedures, see
5.2.)
4.4.2 Sharp edges
Tricycles shall not have any accessible, potentially hazardous sharp metal and glass
edges as defined in 16 CFR 1500.49 before or after testing to this specification. (For test
procedures, see 5.2.)
4.4.3 Protrusions
4.4.3.1 There shall be no protrusions within area A as shown in Figure 2. This area is
typically bounded by a line across the center of the top surface of the seat, the axle of
the front wheel, and a point on the rotational axis of the handlebar at its intersection with
a line between the handlebar grips.
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ANSI Z315.1-2006
4.4.3.2 There shall be no protrusions within area B as shown in Figure 2. This area is
typically located above and to the rear of a line across the center of the top surface of
the seat, the axle of the rear wheels, and a point on the rotational axis of the handlebar
at its intersection with a line between the handlebar grips.
4.4.4 Pinch points
Hazardous pinch points are prohibited. As guidance for design, when the operator and
passenger, where applicable, are in any reasonably foreseeable riding position, any
accessible spaces between movable segments (wheels, rigid wheel wells, or fenders,
etc.) should provide clearance such that if the space admits a 3/16-inch-diameter (5-mm)
rod, it will also admit a 1/2-inch-diameter (13-mm) rod.
4.4.5 Small parts
Tricycles intended for children under 36 months of age are subject to the requirements
of 16 CFR 1501, which establishes size criteria for accessible small parts in children's
products.
4.5 Stability Requirements:
4.5.1 Stability of Tricycles
These requirements are intended to minimize unexpected hazards that could be caused
by a tricycle that can tip easily.
4.5.2 Requirements
The tricycle shall not overturn when tested in accordance with 5.3. The tricycles shall be
tested for forward and rearward stability, and in the most onerous position for sideways
stability.
4.6 Components
4.6.1 Attachment hardware
All screws, bolts, or nuts used to attach or secure components shall not fracture, loosen,
or otherwise fail their intended function during the tests required by this standard. All
threaded hardware shall be of sufficient quality to allow adjustments and maintenance.
4.6.2 Protective caps
Protective caps used to guard exposed protrusions shall be tested in accordance with
the protective cap and end mounted devices test method given in 16 CFR 1512.18(c)
and shall withstand a removal force of 15 Ibf (67 N) and torque force of 4 lbf-in. (0.45 N-
m).
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ANSI Z315.1-2006
4.6.3 Steering system
4.6.3.1 Handlebar stem insertion mark
The handlebar stem, when adjustable, shall contain a permanent mark or ring that
clearly indicates the minimum insertion depth of the handlebar stem into the fork
assembly. The insertion mark shall be located not less than two-and-one-half stem
diameters from the lowest point of the stem. The stem strength shall be maintained for at
least a length of one shaft diameter below the mark.
Table 1 – Children’s Weight and Crotch Height Versus Age*
95th Percentile Crotch Height** (combined sexes)

A Age
Weight (combined in. (mm)
(years)
sexes) lb (kg) 5th Percentile 95th Percentile
1 24.0 (10.9) 10.8 (274) 13.5 (343)
1-1/2 28.0 (12.7) 11.5 (292) 14.2 (361)
2 32.0 (14.5) 12.3 (312) 15.2 (386)
2-1/2 35.0 (15.9) 13.1 (333) 16.1 (409)
3 37.5 (17.0) 13.8 (351) 17.0 (432)
3-1/2 40.0 (18.1) 14.5 (368) 17.9 (455)
4 42.5 (19.3) 15.2 (386) 18.8 (478)
4-1/2 45.5 (20.6) 16.0 (406) 19.8 (503)
5 49.0 (22.2) 16.7 (424) 20.6 (523)
5-1/2 52.5 (23.8) 17.5 (444) 21.5 (546)
6 56.0 (25.4) 18.2 (462) 22.4 (569)
6-1/2 60.5 (27.4) 19.0 (483) 23.3 (592)
7 65.0 (29.5) 19.7 (500) 24.2 (615)
7-1/2 69.5 (31.5) 20.5 (521) 25.0 (635)
8 74.5 (33.8) 21.2 (538) 25.8 (655)
* Data from: “Physical Characteristics of Children as Related to Death and

Injury for Consumer Product Design and Use,” Report No. UM-HSRI-BI-75-5,
May 31, 1975.
** For informational purposes only
4.6.3.2 Handlebar stem strength
The handlebar stem shall be tested for strength in accordance with the handlebar stem
test method given in 16 CFR 15.12.18(g) and shall withstand a force of 150 lbf (670 N).
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ANSI Z315.1-2006
4.6.3.3 Handlebar configuration
Handlebar ends shall be symmetrically located with respect to the longitudinal axis of the
tricycle. In all seat positions there shall be a handlebar position such that the handlebar
ends are not more than 18 inches (460 mm) above the seat surface.
4.6.3.4 Handlebar ends
The ends of the handlebars, when present, shall be capped or otherwise covered.
Handgrips, end plugs, or other end-mounted devices shall be secure against a removal
force of no less than 15 lbf (67 N) in accordance with the protective cap and end-
mounted devices test given in 16 CFR 1512.18(c). Molded plastic handlebars are
exempted from this requirement.
4.6.3.5 Handlebar and clamps
The handlebar and clamps, when present, shall be tested in accordance with the
handlebar test given in 16 CFR 1512.18(h), but shall withstand a torque of 15 lbf-ft (20
N-m).
4.6.4 Seat
4.6.4.1 Seat post insertion mark
The seat post, when adjustable, shall contain a permanent mark or ring that clearly
indicates the minimum insertion depth (maximum seat height adjustment). The mark
shall not affect the structural integrity of the seat post. This mark shall be located not
less than two seat-post diameters from the lowest point of the post shaft. The post
strength shall be maintained for at least a length of one shaft diameter below the mark.
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4.6.4.2 Seat retention system
The seat retention system shall be capable of securing the seat in any position to which
it can be adjusted and preventing movement of the seat in any direction under normal
conditions of use. Following the tricycle drop test given in 5.1, the seat retention system
shall be tested in accordance with the load test given in 16 CFR 1512.18 (l) for those
values as specified for sidewalk bicycles.
4.6.5 Pedal construction
Pedal tread shall be an integral part of the pedal construction to the extent that removal
of the tread material would substantially destroy the pedal. The tread surface shall be
present on both top and bottom surfaces of the pedal. If the pedal has a definite
preferred position, the tread surface need only be on the surface presented to the rider's
foot.
4.6.6 Push handles
For tricycles with push handles, there shall be no permanent deformation, material
separation, visible cracking or component failure that presents a hazard to the user
when testing is performed in accordance with 5.4.
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ANSI Z315.1-2006
4.6.6.1 Push handle connector
When the push handle is removed, the remaining connector should not present a
hazardous protrusion or projection.
4.6.7 Circular holes in rigid materials
If an accessible circular hole in any rigid material less than 0.125 in. (3.00-mm) thick can
admit a 0.265 in. (7.00 mm) diameter rod to a depth of 0.375 in. (10.00 mm) or greater, it
shall also admit a 0.500-in. (13.00-mm) diameter rod.
4.6.8 Front wheel
There shall be no permanent deformation, material separation, visible cracking, or

component failure of the front wheel that presents a hazard to the user when testing is
performed in accordance with Section 5.5
5 Test procedures
5.1 Drop test
Drop test loading shall consist of a weight attached to the seat in accordance with Table
1, a weight mounted on the rear step or rearmost part of the seat as appropriate and in
accordance with the requirements of 5.3, and a 10 lb (4.5 kg) weight securely attached
to each handle grip.
The vehicle shall be loaded as described and dropped three times a distance of 1.5 feet
(460 mm) onto a concrete surface. The tricycle shall be held in a normal riding attitude at
the start of the drop and allowed to free-fall. There shall be no fracture failure of any part
of the assembly. For tricycles that include baskets or rear platforms, these features
must be loaded to the maximum weight specified by the manufacturer. If it is
conceivable that the basket or rear platform could be used as a rear step, it should be
loaded with a second rider weight.
5.2 Sharp point and sharp edge tests
The test procedures and test devices for identifying potentially hazardous sharp points
and sharp metal and glass edges contained in 16 CFR 1500.48 and 1500.49,
respectively, shall be used.
5.3 Test for Stability of Tricycles
These tests relate to the requirements of 4.5. Refer to Figures 3, 4, and 5.
a) Apply to the seat a static load equal to the weight indicated in Table 1 at the highest
age of the age range for which the tricycle is intended, or the maximum weight
recommended by the manufacturer. The load shall be designed so that the height of its
center of gravity is 8.7 in. (221 mm) above the seat. The load shall be applied so that
the major axis is perpendicular to the incline while the tricycle is on the incline. The load
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ANSI Z315.1-2006
shall be centered onto a 3.4-in. (86-mm) diameter disk placed at the least favorable
position that is reasonable to anticipate that the child will choose to sit.
b) For rearward stability, the tricycle shall be loaded in accordance with 5.3(a).
c) If the tricycle has a rear bar, step, or platform or other device that permits a
passenger to ride with the operator, a weight equal to the rider weight shall be placed
such that its center of gravity is 28 in. (710 mm) up from the center of the step and acting
along an axis that is tangent to the rear of the seat of the tricycle. When the tricycle has
more than one step, the rearward stability shall be determined for each step
independently. If the tangential load intersects with load attached to the seat, the load on
the seat should be angled or offset forwards to allow the tangential load to remain in the
intended position. The seat load and the tangential load must not contact each other.
The degree or angle offset should be the minimum to prohibit both loads from
intersecting. This angle or offset allows for the rider's natural ability to compensate for
the loss of area created by the secondary rider when the tricycle is pitched rearward.
d) For tricycles that include baskets, the basket shall be loaded to the maximum weight
specified by the manufacturer if this load may negatively impact the test results.
e) Place the tricycle on a surface inclined at 10° to the horizontal plane.
f) Turn the steering mechanism, if any, to a position at which the tricycle is most likely to
tip.
g) Chock the wheels to restrict rolling, but allow casters to assume their natural position
before chocks are applied.
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The tricycle shall maintain its position for 15 s.
5.4 Load test for push handles
Load the tricycle in the geometric center of the seat with 2.5 times the maximum weight
recommended by the manufacturer. If the seat is adjustable, adjust the seat in the most
adverse position or the position most likely to cause failure. If no maximum weight is
provided, use the 95th percentile weight for the oldest age user in accordance with
Table 1. Push down on the handle (1 in. [25 mm] from the end of the push handle)
perpendicular to the floor and raise the front wheel off the ground 4 in. (100 mm).
Return to original position. Repeat for a total of ten cycles.
5.5 Front wheel retention test
The front wheel shall be secured to the tricycle frame and fork and adjusted in
accordance with the manufacturer’s recommendations. Apply a force of 50 lbf (220 N)
symmetrically to each side of the axle (a total of 100 lbf [445 N]), for a period of 30 s, in a
direction of removal of the wheel.
6 Certification
6.1 A tricycle manufacturer may issue a certification that certifies that the tricycle
conforms with this standard, if it meets all requirements.
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ANSI Z315.1-2006
6.2 The certification should accompany the tricycle or should otherwise be furnished
to any distributor or retailer to whom the product is delivered.
6.3 Certification shall be based upon compliance with this standard.
6.4 The certification shall state the name of the manufacturer or private labeler
issuing the certificate.
7 Consumer information
7.1 Warning indication
A tricycle shall bear a manufacturer-applied permanent marking that must be readily

visible when the tricycle is in its normal use position.
The warning shall consist of an alert symbol (an exclamation mark within an equilateral
triangle), the signal word “WARNING” followed by the statement “TO AVOID SERIOUS
INJURY” (or a similar statement) and text as indicated below. The signal word
“WARNING” shall be in all upper-case sans serif letters not less than 1/8 in. (3.2 mm) in
height. The alert symbol shall directly precede the signal word. The height of the
triangle shall be at least the same height as the signal word. The statement “TO AVOID
SERIOUS INJURY” (or similar statement) shall be in all sans serif capital letters not less
than 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) in height. The text shall be in sans serif lettering with its capital
letters not less than 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) in height.
The warning shall include the following:
WARNING:
Followed by statements addressing: TO AVOID SERIOUS INJURY: such as:

Continuous adult supervision required; Never use near motor vehicles; Never use near
streets, swimming pools, hills, steps, or sloped driveways; Always wear shoes when
using the tricycle. Allow only one rider (where appropriate).
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The warning must be in contrast with the background color.
7.2 Packaging
The principle display panel of the packaging shall bear the warning statement indicated
in 7.1.
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ANSI Z315.1-2006
Required type sizes are as indicated below:
Minimum Letter Height – Inches
Area of Principal Display Signal Word

Panel – Square Inches (Warning) Text
0-100 5/32” 7/64”
>100-400 ¼” 5/32”
>400 ½” ¼”
The packaging (or hang tag if applicable) shall indicate appropriate age/child’s minimum
height and/or maximum weight limitations to serve as point-of-purchase selection
guidance to the consumer.
7.3 Instructions
Tricycles shall be accompanied by instructions. The instructions shall have:
a) The warning indicated in 7.1 in a prominent and conspicuous location;
b) Assembly instructions for accomplishing complete and proper assembly;
c) Maintenance instructions for periodic inspection of hardware and proper

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maintenance of the unit. If the manufacturer determines that such maintenance is

beyond the capability of the consumer, specifics regarding location where such
maintenance can be obtained shall be included. Maintenance shall include seat
adjustment, handlebar adjustments, and lubrication if required;
d) Appropriate age or weight limitations, or both to serve as guidance to the

consumer for proper use of the tricycle;
e) A recommendation that riders should always wear a properly fitted helmet that
complies with U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) Standard 16 CFR
1203;
f) Detailed stem insertion instructions (if applicable);
g) If the tricycle has a basket or rear platform, the maximum permissible load for
each feature must be specified. Excessive weight may cause a hazardous or unstable
condition.
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ANSI Z315.1-2006
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Figure 1 – Examples of tricycles
Figure 2 – Areas where protrusions are not permitted
11
ANSI Z315.1-2006
Figure 3 – Test Method for Sideways Stability
Figure 4 – Test Method for Forward Stability
12
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ANSI Z315.1-2006
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Figure 5 – Test Method for Rearward Stability
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ANSI Z315.1-2006
RATIONALE
NOTE: The information contained in the rationale document is not part of this American National
Standard (ANS) and has not been processed in accordance with ANSI’s requirements for an
ANS. As such, this rationale document may contain material that has not been subjected to
public review or a consensus process. In addition, it does not contain requirements necessary for
conformance to the standard and is provided for information only.
In preparation for review of this current revision of ANSI Z315.1 the Canvass Group had
an opportunity to review over 60 comments. Many of those comments involved editorial
corrections, additions to citations and updated references which have no impact on the
technical requirements of this standard. Those issues which did necessitate developing
new requirements or major revisions to the existing requirements are discussed below.
Table 1
A new Table 1 has been prepared for this revision. It provides the weights of 95th
percentile children (combined sexes) from 1 to 8 years of age. These weights will be
used to determine the test weight that will be applied to a tricycle seat during the stability
tests.
Children's crotch heights for the 5th and 95th percentile children in each age category
have been included as a quick reference for manufacturers’ informational purposes only.
Both the weight and crotch height data in the table originate from the 1975 University of
Michigan report to the Consumer Product Safety Commission, # UM-HSRI-BI-75-5. The
anthropometric data in that report is the only known source for children's crotch heights.
The weight and crotch height data in that report were plotted against childrens’ ages. A
smooth curve was drawn through the data points to obtain the weight and crotch height
values in Table 1 in order to extrapolate the crotch height values for children below the
age range of 25-30 months which is the youngest age category reported in the
University of Michigan study. Both inch-pound and SI values are provided in this revised
table.
Annex A from previous editions of ANSI Z315.1 has been removed. Updated
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anthropometric data from the University of Michigan study has been used for this
revision and the data contained in the previous Annex A are no longer applicable.
4.6.3.3 Handlebar configuration
This text has been revised to reflect changing tricycle designs which incorporate
adjustable handlebar and seat positions. For tricycles having adjustable seat and
handlebar positions, this revision assures that at least one position does not exceed the
"reach" of a child up to the age of 8 years which is necessary for steering and control. It
also allows flexibility of design for those tricycles which are intended for use by children
older than 8 years of age.
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ANSI Z315.1-2006
4.6.6 Push handles
This clause is a new requirement and reflects changing tricycle design options. The
requirement and test method are designed to determine structural integrity and to guard
against potentially hazardous protrusions and projections. A definition for "hazardous
projection" has been added to Section 3 and has been taken from ASTM F963 Standard
Consumer Specification for Toy Safety.
4.6.7 Circular holes in rigid materials
This requirement is designed to protect the youngest age tricycle user from entrapment
and/or circulation impairment that may be caused by inserting a finger in a circular rigid
hole. The little finger diameter of the distal (1st) joint for a 12-14 month old, 3rd percentile
infant is 0.7 cm (0.275 in.) (Steenbeckers 1993). As such, the lower limit of 0.265 in.
would be protective of the lowest age tricycle user.
5.3 Test for Stability of Tricycles
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These tests relate to the requirements of 4.5. Refer to Figures 3, 4, and 5.
A new series of stability tests has been developed based upon comments that the
original test method did not provide an accurate basis for determining tricycle stability for
the full range of available tricycle designs. Load placement during testing has been
clarified. In addition, new figures have been created to be consistent with the revised
test methods.
The center of gravity height of 8.7 in. (221 mm) inches is based on ASTM F963. (Note
that the correct conversion of 8.7 inches used in ASTM is 221 mm.) The seated center
of gravity (above the seat) for 95th percentile males and females age 3.5 to 6.5 years is
8.7 in. to 8.9 in. (221 to 226 mm) per Anthropometry of Infants, Children and Youths to
Age 18 for Product Safety Design, May 1977. The standing center of gravity of the 95th
percentile 5.5- to 6.5-year-old male and female is 28.0 in. (710 mm). Tricycles are tested
on a plane inclined at 10 degrees based on EN 71 stability testing. The front wheel is
placed in the most onerous position for stability to assure the worst case orientation is
evaluated.
A 3.4-in. (86-mm)-diameter disk is specified for application of the test load to assure the
load is placed uniformly during the test. The measure of 3.4 in. is based on the 1.7-in.
spacing requirement from ASTM F963.
7. Consumer Information
The Consumer Information has been reorganized into three separate subclauses for
clarity using ANSI Z535.1 as a format guide. A definition of "permanent" for marking
purposes has been added to clause 3 (see 3.4) and is based on the text in ASTM
standards for infant furniture and accessories.
15
ANSI Z315.1-2006
Bibliography
(Steenbeckers 1993): Norris, Beverley; Wilson, John R.; CHILDATA: The Handbook of
Child Measurements and Capabilities – Data for Design Safety; Department of Trade
and Industry’s Consumer Safety Unit; Institute for Occupational Ergonomics, Department
of Manufacturing Engineering and Operations Management; University of Nottingham,
University Park, Nottingham, UK; 1995; Sect. 1.4, Page 108. Little Finger Diameter
[Information reprinted by kind permission of Dr. Steenbeckers, Professor Dirken, and the
Delft University Press].
Snyder, R. C.; Schneider, L. W.; Owings, C. L.; Reynolds, H. M.; Golomb, D. H.; Short,
M. A. Anthropometry of Infants, Children and Youth to Age 18 for Product Safety Design,
May 1977, Final Report UM-HSRI-77-17, Contract CPSC-C-75-0068.
EN 71 Part 1: 2005, Safety of Toys – Part 1: Specification for Mechanical and Physical
Properties.
ANSI Z535.1-2001, Safety Color Code

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16

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ANSI Z315.

American National Standard

Copyright American National Standards Institute

Copyright American National Standards Institute

American National Standard

Approved June 6, 2006

Copyright American National Standards Institute

Standard Consensus is established when, in the judgement of the ANSI Board of

National Standards Institute. Requests for interpretations should be

American National Standards Institute, Inc.

Copyright © 2006 by American National Standards Institute, Inc.

No part of this publication may be reproduced in any

Printed in the United States of America

Copyright American National Standards Institute

American National Standard for Tricycles Safety requirements, ANSI Z315.1-2006,

Copyright American National Standards Institute

American National Standard

1 Purpose and scope

16 CFR 1512.18(h), Handlebar test

the loads that would be experienced in tests prescribed by this standard.

3.4 permanent marking: A marking or label shall be considered permanent if,

3.6 projection, hazardous: A projection that, because of its material or

4.1.1 Heavy metals in surface coatings

Parts and components shall not be flammable as defined by 16 CFR 1500.3(b)(10), 16

4.2 Strength and mechanical integrity

4.3 Product limitations

4.4.1 Sharp points

4.4.2 Sharp edges

4.4.4 Pinch points

4.4.5 Small parts

4.5 Stability Requirements:

4.5.1 Stability of Tricycles

4.6.1 Attachment hardware

4.6.2 Protective caps

Copyright American National Standards Institute

4.6.3 Steering system

4.6.3.1 Handlebar stem insertion mark

Table 1 – Children’s Weight and Crotch Height Versus Age*

95th Percentile Crotch Height** (combined sexes)

* Data from: “Physical Characteristics of Children as Related to Death and

** For informational purposes only

4.6.3.2 Handlebar stem strength

4.6.3.3 Handlebar configuration

4.6.3.4 Handlebar ends

4.6.3.5 Handlebar and clamps

4.6.4.1 Seat post insertion mark

4.6.4.2 Seat retention system

4.6.5 Pedal construction

4.6.6 Push handles

4.6.6.1 Push handle connector

4.6.7 Circular holes in rigid materials

4.6.8 Front wheel

There shall be no permanent deformation, material separation, visible cracking, or

5.1 Drop test

5.2 Sharp point and sharp edge tests

5.3 Test for Stability of Tricycles

These tests relate to the requirements of 4.5. Refer to Figures 3, 4, and 5.

e) Place the tricycle on a surface inclined at 10° to the horizontal plane.

The tricycle shall maintain its position for 15 s.

5.4 Load test for push handles

5.5 Front wheel retention test

6.3 Certification shall be based upon compliance with this standard.

7.1 Warning indication