Soc Sci 101 Introduction to History
  Module 1 | August 21, 2021
Meaning of History
• History – is derived from the Greek word
“historia” which means learning by inquiry
(investigation).
• • It is also a systematic accounting of a set of
natural phenomena or history is a systematic
study of past events.
• • This explained that knowledge is derived
through conducting a process of scientific
investigation of past events.
• • Historia – became known as the account of the
past of a person or a group of people through
written documents and historical evidences.
Traditional historians lived with the mantra of “no
document, no history.”
Questions and Issues in History
1. What is history?
2. Why study history?
3. And history for whom?
Historians – are individuals who write about history.
Historiography – is the practice of historical writing.
Historical Method and Historiography
Historical Method – the process of critically examining
and analyzing the records and survivals of the past.
Historiography – the imaginative reconstruction of the
past from the date derived by that process.
Historical Analysis – an important element of historical
method.
In historical analysis, historians:
1. Select the subject to investigate
2. Collect probable sources of information on the subject
3. Examine the sources genuineness in part of in whole
4. Extract credible “particulars” from the sources (or
parts of sources)
Sources of Historical Data
Historical Data- are sourced from artifacts that have
been left by the past. These artifacts can either be relics
or remains, or the testimonies of witnesses to the past.
1. Relics or “remains” - whose existence offer
researchers a clue about the past.
2. Testimonies of witnesses – whether oral or written,
may have been created to serve as records or they
might have been created for some other purposes.
When it comes to gathering sources/information,
historian deals with the:
1. Dynamic or genetic
2. Static
 John
 Vincent
 Wong
 &
 Anne
 Marei
 Camaligan
 |
 1
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3. Interpretative
4. Descriptive
Written Sources of History
Sources – are way to peering into the past
Written sources are usually categorized in three ways:
1. Narrative or literature
- narrative in form
- biography, memoirs, journals
2. Diplomatic or Juridical
- best soruce
- memorandum and official letters
3. Social Documents
- records kept by the bureaucracy
- recorded or written languages, handwriting,
printing or oother mechanical reproduction
*The hurdle about written sources is about their
transmissions of materials such as papyrus, parchment,
paper which has an infinite lifespan.
Non Written Soruces of History
Unwritten sources are as essential as written sources.
They are two types:
1. Material evidence
- also known as archeological evidences
- includes artistic creation
- Churches, schools, graves, etc.
*San Juan de Letran – oldest school in the Philippines
nd
and 2 in Asia.
2. Oral evidence
- sometimes obtained from interviews
- tales, sagas, rituals, folk songs, etc.
Are you familiar with epigraphy? It is a study of
inscriptions engraved upon various surfaces like stones,
metal, wood, clay tablets or wax.
Important Sources of History
Historical facts or sources - all the material which has
a direct bearing or can be any assistance in constructing
the history of a particular period.
The historical sources can be of two types:
1. Primary Sources - is the evidence of an eye witness
or mechanical device which was present at the time of
the occurrence of an event.
2. Secondary Sources - is the evidence of someone
who was not present at the time of occurrence of the
event.
By:

  Soc Sci 101 Introduction to History RPH

  Module 1 | August 21, 2021

 
“If the evaluation indicates that it is interpretative work Intentional error may creep in when effort is made
rather than a factual first-hand account, it is considered a to modify, supplement or continue the original. This
secondary source.” problem can be overcome through textual criticism.

Primary Sources b. Internal - While collecting the material, it must be

The primary sources can be classified into the following remembered that a document contains the idea of the
categories: man who wrote.

1. Contemporary Records (form of instructions) *If the evaluation indicates that it is interpretative work
2. Contemporary Reports (confidential reports) rather than a factual first-hand account, it is
3. Public Reports (intended to general) considered a secondary source.
4. Government documents (require proper evaluation to
know the legitimacy because not all government Tertiary Sources
documents are ture) - to list, summarize, and repackage ideas and
5. Public opinion (opinion of a person or individual) information.
6. Folklores and proverbs (revealing stories or legendary - No particular author
heroes) - Inder or textual consolidation of primary anf
secondary sources
Types of Public Reports - To digest other sources
* Newspaper reports and dispatches - Almanacs, encyclopedias, dictionaries,
* Memoirs and autobiographies wikipedia, directories, etc.
* Official histories of the activities of government or
business house

Using primary sources in historical research entails two

kinds of criticism. The first one is EXTERNAL
CRITICISM and the second is INTERNAL CRITICISM.

1. EXTERNAL CRITICISM examines the authenticity of

the document or the evidence being used.
2. INTERNAL CRITICISM examines the truthfulness of
the content of the evidence.

Secondary Sources
1. Criticism - As the historian draws his conclusions and
generalizations on the basis of these documents and
facts it is essential to check up the authenticity of the
documents and facts.

a. External - is of a less intellectual type of criticism of

the documents. It includes examinations of document
like manuscripts, books, pamphlets, maps, inscriptions
and monuments.

Historian has to resort to a number of tests to determine

the authenticity of a particular document in his proposed
area of research such as:
* Authorship
* Date of Document
* Textual Errors

Unintentional error can take place in the copies of

the documents (originals are not available). These
mistakes may be caused by the scribe, typist or printer.

By:  John  Vincent  Wong  &  Anne  Marei  Camaligan  |  2    

 
 Soc Sci 101 Content and Contextual Analysis
Module 1 | August 21, 2021
1st Voyage around the World by Antonio Pigafetta
•In Pigafetta’s account, their fleet reached what he called
the Ladrones Island or the “Island of the Thieves.” The
Ladrones Islands is presently known as the Marianas
Island
•These islands are located south-southeast of Japan,
west-southwest of Hawaii, north of New Guinea, and
east of Philippines.
•10 days after they reached Ladrones Islands, Pigafetta
reported that they reached what Pigafetta called the isle
of Zamal, now Samar but Magellan decided in another
uninhabited island for greater security.
•Pigafetta recounted that after 2 days, March 18, 9 men
came to them and showed joy and eagerness in seeing
them.
•Magellan realized that the men were reasonable and
welcomed them with food, drinks, and gifts.
•In turn, the natives gave them rice (umai), cocos, palm
wine (uraca), figs, 2 cochosand other food supplies.
•Pigafetta detailed in amazement and fascination in the
palm tree which bore fruits called cocho, and wine. He
also described what seemed like a coconut.
•He characterized the people as “very familiar and
friendly” and willingly showed them different islands and
the names of these islands.
•The fleet went to Humunu Islands (Homonhon) and they
found what Pigafetta referred to as the “Watering Place
of Good Signs.” It is in this place where Pigafetta wrote
that they found the first signs of gold in the island.
•They named the island as the archipelago of St.
Lazarus.
•After they left the island, on March 25th, Pigafettare
counted that they saw two ballanghai (balangay), a long
boat full of people in Mazzava/Mazaua.
•The leader, who Pigafetta referred to as the king of the
ballanghai, sent his men to the ship of Magellan.
•The Europeans entertained them and when the king of
ballanghai offered to give Magellan a bar of gold and a
chest of ginger, Magellan declined.
•Magellan sent an interpreter to the king and asked for
money for the needs of his ships and expressed that he
came into the islands as a friend and not as an enemy.
•The two then expressed their desire to become
brothers.
•Magellan also shared with the king his charts and maps
and shared how they found the islands.
•After few days, Magellan was introduced to the king’s
brother. This king was named Raja Calambu, king of
Zuluanand Calagan (Butuanand Caragua), and the first
king was Raja Siagu.
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•Pigafetta reported that they saw mines of gold and the
house/ship of the king were made of gold.
•On March 31st, which happened to be Easter Sunday,
Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a Mass by the
shore.
•The king heard this plan and sent 2 dead pigs and
attended the Mass with the other king, as reported by
Pigafetta.
•After the mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be
brought with nails and crown in place. He explained the
meaning of the cross and beneficial for their people
because once other Spaniards saw this cross, they
would know that they had been in this island and would
not cause them troubles.
•The king concurred and allowed for the cross to be
planted.
•This mass would go down in history as the first Mass in
the Philippines, and the cross would be famed
Magellan’s Cross still preserved at present day.
•On April 7th, Magellan decided to look for islands where
they could acquire more supplies and provisions.
•They learned of the islands of Ceylon (Leyte), Bohol,
and Zzubu (Cebu) and intended to go there.
•Raja Calambu offered to pilot them in going to Cebu,
the largest and the richest of the islands.
•The king of Cebu (Rajah Humabon), through Magellan’s
interpreter, demanded that they pay tribute as it was
customary, but Magellan refused.
•Magellan interpreter explained to the king of Cebu that
Magellan’s king was the emperor of a great empire and
that it would do them to make friends with them than to
forge enmity. (bitterness)
•The king of Cebu consulted his council. By the next day,
they both met in the open space and the king offered a
bit of his blood and demanded that Magellan do the
same.
•On April 14th, Magellan spoke to the king and
encouraged him to be good Christians by burning all of
the idols and worship the cross instead. The king of
Cebu was baptized as a Christian. After 8 days, all of the
island’s inhabitant were already baptized.
•When the queen came to the Mass, Magellan gave her
an image of the infant Jesus made by Pigafetta himself.
Magellan went to the sick man and baptized him.
•After the baptismal, Pigafetta recorded that the man
(relative of the king) was able to speak again. He called
this a miracle. (faith)
•On the 26thof April, Zula, a principal man from the
island of Matan (Mactan) went to see Magellan and
asked him for a boat full of men so that he would be able
to fight the chief name Silapulapu (Lapulapu).
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 Soc Sci 101 Content and Contextual Analysis
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•Magellan offered 3 boats instead and went to Mactanto
fight the said chief. (refused to obey the king)
•Magellan’s forces arrived in Mactanin daylight.
•They numbered 49 in total and the islanders of Mactan
were estimated to number 1,500. The battle began.
Magellan died in the battle.
•Magellan was pierced with a poison arrow in his right
leg.
•The king of Cebu offered the people of Mactan gifts of
any value and amount in exchange of Magellan’s body
but the chief refused.
•They wanted to keep Magellan’s body as a memento
(an object kept as a reminder or souvenir of a
victory/event) of their victory.
•Magellan’s men elected Duarte Barbosa as the new
captain.
•Pigafetta also accounted how Magellan’s slave and
interpreter named Henry betrayed them and told the king
of Cebu that they intended to leave as quickly as
possible.
•Henry and the king conspired and betrayed what was
left of Magellan’s men.
•The king invited these men to a gathering where he said
he would present the jewels that he would send for the
King of Spain.
•Pigafetta was left on board the ship and was not able to
join the 24 men who went to the gathering because he
was nursing his battle wounds.
•The natives had slain all the men except the interpreter
and Juan Serrano who shouted at the men on this ship
to pay ransom so that he would be spared but he was
left on the island for they refused to go back to shore.
•The fleet abandoned Serrano and departed. They left
Cebu and continue their journey around the world.
KKK and Kartilya ng Katipunan
Andres Bonifacio was the founder of Katipunan and he
termed his soldiers as “Katipuneros”, founded in July 7,
1892.
The Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng
mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or Katipunan is arguably the
most important organization formed in the Philippine
history.
This was the only organization that envisioned
1. A united Filipino nation that would revolt against the
Spaniards
2. The total independence of the country from Spain
•Previous armed revolts had already occurred before the
foundation of Katipunan.
•Diego Silang was known as an Ilocano who took up his
arms and led one of the longest running revolts in the
country.
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•Also known as El Rey of Ilocos meaning the King of
Ilocos.
Objectives:
1. Political -separation of Philippines from Spain
2. Moral –teaching of good manners and morals
3. Civic –developing a sense of self-help and defense of
the oppressed
Structure:
1. Kataas-taasang Sangguian–highest governing body
2. Sangguniang Bayan –provincial body
3. Sangguniang Balangay–municipal body
4. Sangguniang Panghukuman–serves as the judicial
body
Membership:
a. Katipon
Password: Anak ng Bayan
Marker: Black hood
b. Kawal
Password: Gomburza
Marker: Green hood
c. Bayani
Password: Rizal
Marker: Red mask
1893–year when KKK started accepting women
applicants
Teodoro Patino–through him, the secret society was
revealed to Mariano Gil
Cry of Pugadlawin–the beginning of Philippine
Revolution against Spaniard, August 23, 1896
•The termed illustrados means “the educated one or
sometimes referred to as the middle class”
•Like Marcelo H. del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and
Jose Rizal. They only demanded equal rights,
representation, and protection from the abuses of the
friars.
•In the conduct of their struggles, Katipunan created a
complex structure and one of the most important
Katipunan documents was the Kartilya ng Katipunan
(Primer of the Katipunan)
•The original title of the document was “Manga Aral
Nang Katipunan ng mga A.N.B.” or Lessons of the
Organization of the Sons of Country.
•This was written by Emilio Jacinto in the 1896. He was
only 18 years old when he joined the movement.
•Despite his youth, Bonifacio recognized the intellect of
Jacinto upon seeing Jacinto’s Kartilya was much better
than the Decalogue he wrote, he favored that the
Kartilya be distributed to their fellow Katipuneros.
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 Soc Sci 101 Content and Contextual Analysis
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•Jacinto became the secretary of the organization and
took charge of the short-lived printing press of the
Katipunan.
•On April 15, 1987, Bonifacio appointed Jacinto as a
commander of the Katipunanin North Luzon. Jacinto was
22 years old, he died of Malaria at a young age of 24 in
the town of Magdalena, Laguna.
•The Kartilya can be treated as the Katipunan’s code of
conduct.
•It contains 14 rules that instruct the way a Katipunero
should behave. The Kartilya can be classified into two.
First group contains the rules that will make the
member an upright individual. Second group contains
the rules that will guide the way he treats his fellow
men.
14 Kartilya
1. The life that is not consecrated to a lofty and
reasonable purpose is a tree without a shade, if not a
poisonous weed.
2. To do good for personal gain and not for its own sake
is not virtue.
3. It is rational to be charitable and love one's fellow
creature, and to adjust one's conduct, acts and words to
what is in itself reasonable.
4. Whether our skin be black or white, we are all born
equal: superiority in knowledge, wealth and beauty are
to be understood, but not superiority by nature.
5. The honorable man prefers honor to personal gain;
the scoundrel, gain to honor.
6. To the honorable man, his word is sacred.
7. Do not waste thy time: wealth can be recovered but
not time lost.
8. Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor before
the law or in the field.
9. The prudent man is sparing in words and faithful in
keeping secrets.
10. On the thorny path of life, man is the guide of woman
and the children, and if the guide leads to the precipice,
those whom he guides will also go there.
11. Thou must not look upon woman as a mere
plaything, but as a faithful companion who will share with
thee the penalties of life; her (physical) weakness will
increase thy interest in her and she will remind thee of
the mother who bore thee and reared thee.
12. What thou dost not desire done unto thy wife,
children, brothers and sisters, that do not unto the wife,
children, brothers and sisters of thy neighbor.
13. Man is not worth more because he is a king,
because his nose is aquiline, and his color white, not
because he is a priest, a servant of god, nor because of
the high prerogative that he enjoys upon earth, but he is
worth most who is a man of proven and real value, who
does good, keeps his words, is worthy and honest; he
who does not oppress nor consent to being oppressed,
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he who loves and cherishes his fatherland, though he be
born in the wilderness and know no tongue but his own.
14. When these rules of conduct shall be known to all,
the longed-for sun of liberty shall rise brilliant over this
unhappiest portion of the globe and its rays shall diffuse
everlasting joy among the confederated brethren of the
same rays, the lives of those who have gone before, the
fatigues and the well-paid sufferings will remain. If he
who desires to enter (the katipunan) has informed
himself of all this and believes he will be able to perform
what will be his duties, he may fill out the application for
admission.
•The strong oath was documented and signed with the
blood of the “Katipuneros” (blood compact)
The Proclamation of Philippine Independence
•June 12, 1898 -The Philippine Declaration of
independence was proclaimed in Cavite el Viejo (present
day Kawit, Cavite) –Filipino revolutionary forces under
General Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed the sovereignty
and independence of the Philippine Islands from the
colonial rule of Spain.
•1896 -the Philippine Revolution began. Eventually, the
Spanish signed an agreement with the revolutionaries –
Emilio Aguinaldo went into exile in Hongkong. At the
outbreak of the Spanish-American war.
•Commodore George Dewey -sailed from Hong Kong to
Manila Bay leading a squadron of U.S. Navy ships.
•May 1, 1898 -the United States defeated the Spanish in
the Battle of Manila Bay.
•The U.S. Navy transported Aguinaldo back to the
Philippines.
The Proclamation on June 12
•Independence was proclaimed on June 12, 1898
between four and five in the afternoon in Cavite at the
ancestral home of General Emilio Aguinaldo.
•The event saw the unfurling of the National Flag of the
Philippines, made in Hong Kong by Marcela Agoncillo,
Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herboza.
•And the performance of the Marcha Filipina Magdalo,
as the national anthem, now known as LupangHinirang,
which was composed by Julián Felipe and played by the
San Francisco de Malabon marching band.
•The Act of the Declaration of Independence was
prepared, written, and read by Ambrosio Rianzares
Bautista in Spanish.
•The Declaration was signed by ninety-eight people,
among them an American army officer who witnessed
the proclamation who attended the proceedings, Mr. L.
M. Johnson, a Coronel of Artillery.
•The proclamation of Philippine independence was,
however, promulgated on 1 August, when many towns
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 Soc Sci 101 Content and Contextual Analysis RPH

Module 1 | August 21, 2021

had already been organized under the rules laid down by

the Dictatorial Government of General Aguinaldo
•The declaration was not recognized by the U.S. nor
Spain and Spain later sold the Philippines to the United
States in the 1898 Treaty of Paris ended the Spanish-
American War.
•Philippine-American War -The Philippine Revolutionary
Government did not recognize the treaty or American
sovereignty, and subsequently fought and lost a conflict
with United States.

•Ended when Emilio Aguinaldo was captured by U.S.

forces, and issued a statement acknowledging and
accepting the sovereignty of the United States over the
Philippines. –Following World War II, the US granted
independence to the Philippines on July 4, 1946 via the
Treaty of Manila.

Treaty of Paris (1898)

1964 -President DiosdadoMacapagalsigned into law
Republic Act No. 4166 designating June 12 as the
country's Independence Day.

By: John Vincent Wong & Anne Marei Camaligan | 4

SOC SCI 101 – Readings in Philippine History

“One past but many histories: controversies and conflicting views in Philippine history.” It presents three topics
which include: Site of the First Mass, Cavite Mutiny and Cry of Balintawak or Pugad Lawin.

SITE OF THE FIRST MASS

The first mass in the Philippines was made by both Spanish and Filipino scholars. Butuan has long been believed as the
site of the First Mass.

According to Candelaria & Alporha (2018) there are only two primary sources that historians refer to in
identifying the site of the first Mass. One is the log kept by Francisco Albo and the other, and the more complete, was
the account by Antonio Pigafetta.

FRANCISCO ALBO
 a pilot of one of Magellan’s ship, Trinidad
 one of the 18 survivors who returned with Sebastian Elcano on the ship Victoria after they circumnavigated
the world.

PRIMARY SOURCE: Albo’s Log

Source: “Diario o derotero del viage de Magallanes desde el cabo se S. Agustin en el Brazil hasta el regreso a Espana dela
nao Victoria, escrito por Frandsco Albo,” Document no. xxii in Collecion de viages y descubrimientos que hicieron por mar
los Espaῇoles desde fines del siglo XV, Ed. Martin Fernandez de Navarrete (reprinted Buenos Aires 1945,5 Vols.) IV, 191-
225. As cited in Miguel A. Bernad “Butuan or Limasawa? The Site of the First Mass in the Philippines: A Reexamination of
Evidence” 1981, Kinaadman: A Journal of Southern Philippines, Vol. III, 1-35.

1. March 16, 1521 – Magellan and his fleet sailed in a westerly course from Ladrones, they saw land towards the
northwest; but owing to many shallow places they did not approach it. They found later that its name was
Yunagan.
2. They went instead that same day southwards to another small island named Suluan, and there they anchored.
There they saw some canoes but these fled at the Spaniards’ approach. This island was at 9 and two-thirds
degrees North latitude.
3. Departing from those two islands, they sailed westward to an uninhabited island of “Gada” where they took in
a supply of wood and water. The sea around that island was free from shallows, (Albo does not give the latitude
of this island, but from Pigafetta’s testimony, this seems to the “Acquada” or Homonhon, at 10 degrees North
latitude.)
4. From that island they sailed westwards towards a large island names Seilani that was inhabited and was known
to have gold. (Seilani – or, as Pigafetta call it, “Ceylon” – was the island of Leyte.)
5. Sailing southwards along the coast of that large island of Seilani, they turned southwest to a small island called
“Mazava.” That island is also at a latitude of 9 and two-thirds degrees North.
6. The people of that island of Mazava were very good. There the Spaniards planted a cross upon a mountain-top,
and from there they were shown three island to the west and southwest, where they were told there was much
gold. “They showed us how the gold was gathered, which came in small pieces like peas and lentils.”
7. From Mazava they sailed northwards again towards Seilani. They followed the coast of Seilani in a
northwesterly direction, ascending up to 10 degrees of latitude where they saw three small islands.
8. From there they sailed westwards some ten leagues, and there they saw three islets, where they dropped
anchor for the night. In the morning they sailed southwest some 12 leagues, down to a latitude of 10 and one-
third degree. There they entered a channel between two islands, one of which was called “Matan” and the
other “Subu”.
9. They sailed down that channel and then turned westward and anchored at the town (la villa) of Subu where
they stayed many days and obtained provisions and entered into a peace-pact with the local king.
10. The town of Subu was on an east-west direction with the islands of Suluan and Mazava. But between Mazava
and Subu, there were so many shallows that the boats could not go westward directly but has to go (as they
did) in a round-about way.

It must be noted that in Albo’s acoount, the location of Mazava fits the location of the island of Limasawa, at the
southern tip of Leyte, 0’54’N. Also, Albo does not mention the First mass, but only the planting of the cross upon a
mountain-top from which could be seen three islands to the west and southwest, which also fits the southern end of
Limasawa.
SOC SCI 101 – Readings in Philippine History

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA
 like Albo, Pigafetta was a member of the Magellan expedition and an eyewitness of the events, particularly,
of the first Mass.
PRIMARY SOURCE: Pigafetta’s Testimony on the Route of Magellan’s Expedition
Source: Emma Blair and James Alexander Robertson, The Philippine Isalnds, Vols. 33 and 34, as cited in Miguel A. Bernad,
“Butuan or Limasawa” The Site of the First Mass in the Philippines: A Reexamination of Evidence” 1981, Kinaadman: A
Journal of Southern Philippines, Vol. III, 1-35.
1. March 16, 1521 (Saturday) – Magellan’s expedition sighted a “high land” named “Zamal” which was some 300
leagues westward of Ladrones (now the Marianas) Islands.
2. March 17, 1521 (Sunday) – “The following day” after sighting Zamal Island, they landed on “another island whish
was uninhabited” and which lay “to the right” of the above-mentioned island of “Zamal.” (To the “right” here
would mean on their starboard going south or southwest.) There they set up two tents for the sick members of
the crew and had a sow killed for them. The name of this island was “Humunu” (Homonhon). This island was
located at 10 degrees North latitude.
3. On that same day (March 17, 1521) – Magellan named the entire archipelago the “Islands of Saint Lazarus,” the
reason being that it was Sunday in the Lenten season when the Gospel assigned for the Mass and the liturgical
Office was the eleventh chapter of St. John, which tells of the raising of Lazarus from the dead.
4. March 18, 1521 (Monday) – In the afternoon of their second day on that island, they saw a boat coming towards
them with nine men in it. An exchange of gifts was effected. Magellan asked for food supplies, and the men went
away, promising to bring rice and other supplies in “four days.”
5. There were two springs of water on that island of Homonhon. Also they saw there some indications that there
was gold in these islands. Consequently, Magellan renamed the island and called it the “Watering Place of Good
Omen” (Acquada la di bouni segnialli).
6. March 22, 1521 (Friday) – the day the native returned. This time they were in two boats, and they brought food
supplies.
7. Magellan’s expedition stayed 8 days at Homonhon – from Sunday, March 17, to the Monday of the following
week, March 25.
8. March 25, 1521 (Monday) – this was the feast-day of the Incarnation (in the ecclesiastical calendar), also called
the feast of the Annunciation and therefore “Our Lady’s Day.” When they were about to weigh anchor, Pigafetta
fell into the water but was rescued. He attributed hi narrow escape from death as grace obtained through the
intercession of the Blesses Virgin Mary on her feast-day.
9. After leaving Homonhon, they took on the route “toward the west southwest, between four islands: namely
Cenalo, Hiunanghan, Hibuson and Albarien.”
a. Cenalo – is a misspelling in the Italian manuscript for what Pigafetta in his map calls “Ceilon” and Albo call
“Seilani”: namely the island of Leyte.
b. Hiunanghan – a misspelling of Hinunangan, seemed to Pigafetta to be a separate island, but is actually on
the mainland of Leyte (i.e., “Ceylon”).
c. Hibuson – Pigafetta’s Ibusson, is an island east of Leyte’s southern tip.
10. March 28, 1521 (Thursday) – In the morning of Holy Thursday, they anchored off an island where the previous
night they had seen a light or a bonfire. That island “lies in a latitude of nine and two-thirds towards the Arctic
Pole. And in a longitude of one hundred and sixty-two degrees from the line of demarcation. It is twenty-five
leagues from the Acquada, and is called Mazaua.”
11. They remained seven days on Mazaua Island.
12. April 4, 1521 (Thursday) – They left Mazaua, bound for Cebu. They were guided thither by the king of Mazaua who
sailed in his own boat. Their route took them past five “islands” namely: “Ceylon, Bohol, Canighan, Baibai, and
Gatighan.”
13. At Gatighan, they sailed westward to the three islands of the Camotes Group, namely, Poro, Pasihan and Ponson.
Here the Spanish ships stopped to allow the king of Mazaua to catch up with them, since the Spanish ships were
much faster than the native balanghai – a thing that excited the admiration of the king of Mazaua.
14. April 7, 1521 (Sunday) – They entered the harbor of “Zubu” (Cebu). It had taken three days to negotiate the
journey from Mazaua northwards to the Camotes Islands and then southwards to Cebe.
SOC SCI 101 – Readings in Philippine History

CAVITE MUTINY
Many believed that one of the factors that ignited the Filipino sense of nationhood and eventually led to the
Philippine Revolution in 1896 was the Cavite Mutiny. This event has been remarkable among Filipinos because it
prompted to the martyrdom of GOMBURZA who were executed on February 17, 1872.

The following are the three versions that every Filipino student must read for them to articulate arguments that
would support their stand about the issue on the terms used, causes, effects, and the unraveling truth about the Cavite
Mutiny.

I. SPANIARDS’ VERSION OF THE CAVITE MUTINY OF 1872

Jose Montero y Vidal

o Born on January 28, 1851
o Born in Andalusian Town of Gergal
o Went to Madrid to study law
o Government official residing in Manila in 1872
o Civil Governor in colonial provinces of the Spanish Empire in 1875
o Married Carolina Marin-Baldo Burgueros in Murcia and had 4 children
o a Spanish historian, who wrote the “Historia General de Filipinas”.
o Who also wrote this Spaniards’ version of the Cavite Mutiny of 1872
Call for Secularization
o Filipinos wanted to overthrow the Spanish Government to install new kings in the likes of the three
priests Fr. Mariano Gomez, Fr. Jose Burgos, and Fr. Jacinto Zamora (i.e., GOMBURZA)
o These priests enticed participants by giving them charismatic assurance that their fight will not fail
because God is with them coupled with promises of rewards such as employment, wealth, and ranks
in the army.
Feast of the Virgin of Loreto
o In the evening of January 20, 1872, fireworks were displayed and rockets fired into the air to
celebrate the feast.
o The conspirators in Cavite mistook these for the signal to revolt. Hence, at 9:30 pm of that day 200
native soldiers under the leadership of Sergeant La Madrid rose up in arms, assassinated the
commander of the fort and wounded his wife.
Prisoners pointed out these individuals (and several other Filipinos) as instigators:
o GOMBURZA
o MAXIMO PATERNO
o ANTONIO MARIA REGIDOR
o JOAQUIN PARDO DE TAVARA
Execution of GOMBURZA
o On February 17, 1872, in an attempt of the Spanish government to instill fear among the Filipinos so
that they may never commit such daring act again, the GOMBURZA were executed.
o This event was tragic but served as one of the moving forces that shaped Filipino nationalism.
Dr. T.H. Pardo de Tavera

o Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera

o He was born in Manila on April 13, 1857, of parents belonging to the Spanish nobility.
o A Filipino scholar, scientist and historical researcher.
o He was known for his writings about different aspects of Philippine culture.
o He served as a member of Taft’s Philippine Commission and founded the Federal Party.
o He died in Manila on March 26, 1925, aged 68. He is the one who stated that “in narrating the Cavite
episode, does not speak as a historian; he speaks as a Spaniard bent on perverting the facts at his
pleasure; he is mischievously partial”.
Polo y Servicio
oThe incident was merely a mutiny by the Filipino soliders and laborers againtst Gen. Izquiedo's harsh
policy.
o The abolition of the privileges enjoyed by the laborers of the Cavite arsenal of exemption from the
tribute was the main cause of the insurrection.
(1871 – 1873) The Arrival of General Izquierdo
o A complete change in the aspect of affairs.
o He made it clear that his views were different from those of La Torre.
o Intended to govern the people "with a crucifix in one hand and a sword in the other."
SOC SCI 101 – Readings in Philippine History

First Official Act

o To prohibit the founding of a school of arts and trades.
o All of those who had offered their support to ex-Governor La Torre were classed as personas
sospechos (suspects).
o The workmen in the arsenal at Cavite and engineer corps' old-time privileges were abolished by
General Izquierdo and caused them dissatisfacation and discontent.
o Leads to an uprising among the soldiers in the San Felipe fort, and the commanding officer and the
other Spanish officers in charge were assassinated.
Night of January 20, 1872
Central Government
o The Central Government of Madrid announced its intention to deprive the friars in matters of civil
government and of the direction and management of the university.
o The friars feared that their power in the colony would be a thing of the past and took the advantage
that those who favored the a continuation of the colonial modus vivendi presents as a vast conspiracy
with the objective of destroying Spanish sovereignty.
Dared to oppose themselves to the friars
Condemned to death and executed by garrote.
o Antonio M. Regidor
o Joaquin Pardo de Tavara
o P. Mendoza
o Curate of Santa Cruz, Guevarra and Quiapo
o The priests Mariano Sevilla, Feliciano Gomez, Ballesteros, Jose Basa
o Lawyers Carillo, Basa, Enriquez, Crisanto Reyes, Maximo Paterno
o and many others
Sentenced to life imprisonment on the Marianas Islands
Leads to the awakening of Nationalism and outbreak of Philippine Revolution.
Leads to the awakening of Nationalism and outbreak .
Governor General Rafael Izquierdo
o Insurrection was motivated by the native clergy, some local residents and intellectuals.
o To carry out their criminal project, they (instigators) protested against the injuctice of the
government.
o They take advantage of indios' ignorance by making use of superstitions, and made them believe
that the hari will minister.
o Those who will not support will be killed immediately.
o Insurrection was motivated by the native clergy, so...
o They offered the wealth of the Spaniards and jobs to those who revolted.
o Padre Zamora and Padre Burgos were great probabilities to be the head of the government.
o All Spaniards, friars would be executed except for women and foreigners.
o They offered the wealth of the Spaniards and jobs .
Revolution
o Set fire to the district of Tondo
o Fire cannons to inform the rebels of their success
o 500 natives led by Camerino
o Set fire to the district of Tondo
o Fire cannons to inform the rebels of their success
o 500 natives led by Camerino
o Spanish navy had placed gunboat and armed vessels
o Loyalist went to arrest the priest of Bacoor
o Newspapers are solicited
o Spanish navy had placed gunboat and armed vesse...
El Eco Filipino
o Established by Spanish brother-in-law of Jose Basa, with Manuel Regidor as editor.
o "Spain in the Philippines, The Philippines with Spain."
o Their aim was to secure reforms from the Spanish Government.
o Its first issue appeared on September 5, 1871 and died out before the end of 1872.
o Its tragic demise was caused by the restoration of the reactionary regime in Spain and the exile to the
Marianas.
SOC SCI 101 – Readings in Philippine History

o Izquierdo blamed it for the eruption of the Cavite Mutiny.

THE CRY OF PUGAD LAWIN or “BALINTAWAK”

FIRST TOPIC
Background
o A historical event during the struggle for Philippine independence.
o It was the starting signal of the Philippine Revolution.
o Andres Bonifacio and his comrades from the Katipunan tore their cedulas in the hills of Balintawak.
SECOND TOPIC
Controversy
Lt. Olegario Diaz
o officer of the Spanish Guardia Civil, took place in Balintawak on August 25, 1896
Teodoro Kalaw
o in his 1925 book The Filipino Revolution, took place during the last week of August 1896 at Kangkong,
Balintawak
Santiago Alvarez
o son of Mariano Alvarez, the leader of the Magdiwang in Cavite stated in 1927 that it took place in Bahay
Toro now in Quezon City on August 24, 1896.
Teodoro Agoncillo
o historian, took place in Pugad Lawin on August 23, 1896, echoing Pio Valenzuela's statement
Milagros Guerrero, Emmanuel Encarnacion and Ramon Villegas
o taken place in Tandang Sora's barn in Gulod, Barangay Banlat, Quezon City
o It has placed a commemorative plaque marking the location of the "Cry" in Pugad Lawin, Quezon City.
The National History Institute of the Philippines
o At September 1896, stated that Katipunan meetings took place from Sunday to Tuesday or August 23 to 25
at Balintawak
o At 1911, states that Katipunan began meeting on August 22 while the "Cry" took place on August 23 at
Apolonio Samson's house in Balintawak
o Stated that "hindi sa Balintawak nangyari ang unang sigaw ng paghihimagsik na kinalalagian ngayon ng
bantayog, kung di sa pook na kilala sa tawag na Pugadlawin."
o Valenzuela memoirs (1964, 1978) states that the Cry took place on 23 August at the house of Juan Ramos at
Pugad Lawin. The NHI influenced by Valenzuela’s memoirs, in 1963, upon the NHI endorsement, President
Diosdado Macapagal ordered that the Cry be celebrated on 23 August and that Pugad Lawin be recognized
as its site.
Dr. Pio Valenzuela
o He says that, “I would certainly give much less credence to all accounts coming from Pio Valezuela, and to
the interpretations Agoncillo got from him verbally, since Valenzuela gave so many versions from the time
he surrendered to the Spanish authorities and made various statements not always compatible with one
another up to the time when as an old man he was interviewed by Agoncillo.”
John N. Schumacher, S.J, of the Ateneo de Manila University
o Story: In Pugad Lawin, at the back yard of house of Juan Ramos (son of Melchora Aquino aka “Tandang
Sora”), at 1896, August 23, Katipunans listened to the speech of Bonifacio and tore their cedula and vowed
to fight.
THIRD TOPIC
The Pact of Biak-na-Bato
o signed on December 14, 1897, created a truce between Spanish Colonial Governor-General Fernando Primo
de Rivera and Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution
THE CONTROVERSIAL “CRY OF BALINTAWAK”
LT. OLEGARIO DIAZ
Date: August 25, 1896
Place: Balintawak
TEODORO KALAW
Book: The Filipino Revolution in 1925
Date: last week of August 1896
Place: Kangkong
SANTIAGO ALVAREZ
Father: Mariano Alvarez
Date: August 24, 1896
Place: Bahay Toro
SOC SCI 101 – Readings in Philippine History

PIO VALENZUELA
Date: August 23, 1896
Place: Pugad Lawin
GREGORIO ZAIDE
Date: August 26, 1896
Place: Balintawak
TEODORO AGONCILLO
Date: August 23, 1896
Place: Pugad Lawin
GUERRERO, ENCARNACION & VILLEGAS
Date: August 24, 1896
Place: Barn of Tandang Sora

1872 Cavite Mutiny: Spanish Perspective

Jose Montero y Vidal, a prolific Spanish historian documented the event and highlighted it as an attempt of the
Indios to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. Meanwhile, Gov. Gen. Rafael Izquierdo’s official report
magnified the event and made use of it to implicate the native clergy, which was then active in the call for secularization.
The two accounts complimented and corroborated with one other, only that the general’s report was more spiteful.
Initially, both Montero and Izquierdo scored out that the abolition of privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite arsenal
such as non-payment of tributes and exemption from force labor were the main reasons of the “revolution” as how they
called it, however, other causes were enumerated by them including the Spanish Revolution which overthrew the secular
throne, dirty propagandas proliferated by unrestrained press, democratic, liberal and republican books and pamphlets
reaching the Philippines, and most importantly, the presence of the native clergy who out of animosity against the Spanish
friars, “conspired and supported” the rebels and enemies of Spain. In particular, Izquierdo blamed the unruly Spanish
Press for “stockpiling” malicious propagandas grasped by the Filipinos. He reported to the King of Spain that the “rebels”
wanted to overthrow the Spanish government to install a new “hari” in the likes of Fathers Burgos and Zamora. The
general even added that the native clergy enticed other participants by giving them charismatic assurance that their fight
will not fail because God is with them coupled with handsome promises of rewards such as employment, wealth, and
ranks in the army. Izquierdo, in his report lambasted the Indios as gullible and possessed an innate propensity for stealing.

The two Spaniards deemed that the event of 1872 was planned earlier and was thought of it as a big conspiracy
among educated leaders, mestizos, abogadillos or native lawyers, residents of Manila and Cavite and the native clergy.
They insinuated that the conspirators of Manila and Cavite planned to liquidate high-ranking Spanish officers to be
followed by the massacre of the friars. The alleged pre-concerted signal among the conspirators of Manila and Cavite was
the firing of rockets from the walls of Intramuros.

According to the accounts of the two, on 20 January 1872, the district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the
Virgin of Loreto, unfortunately participants to the feast celebrated the occasion with the usual fireworks displays.
Allegedly, those in Cavite mistook the fireworks as the sign for the attack, and just like what was agreed upon, the 200-
men contingent headed by Sergeant Lamadrid launched an attack targeting Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal.

When the news reached the iron-fisted Gov. Izquierdo, he readily ordered the reinforcement of the Spanish forces
in Cavite to quell the revolt. The “revolution” was easily crushed when the expected reinforcement from Manila did not
come ashore. Major instigators including Sergeant Lamadrid were killed in the skirmish, while the GOMBURZA were tried
by a court-martial and were sentenced to die by strangulation. Patriots like Joaquin Pardo de Tavera, Antonio Ma. Regidor,
Jose and Pio Basa and other abogadillos were suspended by the Audencia (High Court) from the practice of law, arrested
and were sentenced with life imprisonment at the Marianas Island. Furthermore, Gov. Izquierdo dissolved the native
regiments of artillery and ordered the creation of artillery force to be composed exclusively of the Peninsulares.

On 17 February 1872 in an attempt of the Spanish government and Frailocracia to instill fear among the Filipinos
so that they may never commit such daring act again, the GOMBURZA were executed. This event was tragic but served
as one of the moving forces that shaped Filipino nationalism.

A Response to Injustice: The Filipino Version of the Incident

Dr. Trinidad Hermenigildo Pardo de Tavera, a Filipino scholar and researcher, wrote the Filipino version of the
bloody incident in Cavite. In his point of view, the incident was a mere mutiny by the native Filipino soldiers and laborers
of the Cavite arsenal who turned out to be dissatisfied with the abolition of their privileges. Indirectly, Tavera blamed
Gov. Izquierdo’s cold-blooded policies such as the abolition of privileges of the workers and native army members of the
SOC SCI 101 – Readings in Philippine History

arsenal and the prohibition of the founding of school of arts and trades for the Filipinos, which the general believed as a
cover-up for the organization of a political club.

On 20 January 1872, about 200 men comprised of soldiers, laborers of the arsenal, and residents of Cavite headed
by Sergeant Lamadrid rose in arms and assassinated the commanding officer and Spanish officers in sight. The insurgents
were expecting support from the bulk of the army unfortunately, that didn’t happen. The news about the mutiny reached
authorities in Manila and Gen. Izquierdo immediately ordered the reinforcement of Spanish troops in Cavite. After two
days, the mutiny was officially declared subdued.

Tavera believed that the Spanish friars and Izquierdo used the Cavite Mutiny as a powerful lever by magnifying it
as a full-blown conspiracy involving not only the native army but also included residents of Cavite and Manila, and more
importantly the native clergy to overthrow the Spanish government in the Philippines. It is noteworthy that during the
time, the Central Government in Madrid announced its intention to deprive the friars of all the powers of intervention in
matters of civil government and the direction and management of educational institutions. This turnout of events was
believed by Tavera, prompted the friars to do something drastic in their dire sedire to maintain power in the Philippines.

Meanwhile, in the intention of installing reforms, the Central Government of Spain welcomed an educational
decree authored by Segismundo Moret promoted the fusion of sectarian schools run by the friars into a school called
Philippine Institute. The decree proposed to improve the standard of education in the Philippines by requiring teaching
positions in such schools to be filled by competitive examinations. This improvement was warmly received by most
Filipinos in spite of the native clergy’s zest for secularization.

The friars, fearing that their influence in the Philippines would be a thing of the past, took advantage of the
incident and presented it to the Spanish Government as a vast conspiracy organized throughout the archipelago with the
object of destroying Spanish sovereignty. Tavera sadly confirmed that the Madrid government came to believe that the
scheme was true without any attempt to investigate the real facts or extent of the alleged “revolution” reported by
Izquierdo and the friars.

Convicted educated men who participated in the mutiny were sentenced life imprisonment while members of the
native clergy headed by the GOMBURZA were tried and executed by garrote. This episode leads to the awakening of
nationalism and eventually to the outbreak of Philippine Revolution of 1896. The French writer Edmund Plauchut’s
account complimented Tavera’s account by confirming that the event happened due to discontentment of the arsenal
workers and soldiers in Cavite fort. The Frenchman, however, dwelt more on the execution of the three martyr priests
which he actually witnessed.

Unraveling the Truth

Considering the four accounts of the 1872 Mutiny, there were some basic facts that remained to be unvarying:
First, there was dissatisfaction among the workers of the arsenal as well as the members of the native army after their
privileges were drawn back by Gen. Izquierdo; Second, Gen. Izquierdo introduced rigid and strict policies that made the
Filipinos move and turn away from Spanish government out of disgust; Third, the Central Government failed to conduct
an investigation on what truly transpired but relied on reports of Izquierdo and the friars and the opinion of the public;
Fourth, the happy days of the friars were already numbered in 1872 when the Central Government in Spain decided to
deprive them of the power to intervene in government affairs as well as in the direction and management of schools
prompting them to commit frantic moves to extend their stay and power; Fifth, the Filipino clergy members actively
participated in the secularization movement in order to allow Filipino priests to take hold of the parishes in the country
making them prey to the rage of the friars; Sixth, Filipinos during the time were active participants, and responded to what
they deemed as injustices; and Lastly, the execution of GOMBURZA was a blunder on the part of the Spanish government,
for the action severed the ill-feelings of the Filipinos and the event inspired Filipino patriots to call for reforms and
eventually independence. There may be different versions of the event, but one thing is certain, the 1872 Cavite Mutiny
paved way for a momentous 1898.

The road to independence was rough and tough to toddle, many patriots named and unnamed shed their bloods
to attain reforms and achieve independence. 12 June 1898 may be a glorious event for us, but we should not forget that
before we came across to victory, our forefathers suffered enough. As we enjoy our freedom, may we be more historically
aware of our past to have a better future ahead of us. And just like what Elias said in Noli me Tangere, may we “not forget
those who fell during the night.”
SOC SCI 101 – Readings in Philippine History

RIZAL’S RETRACTION
RETRACTION
o an act of recanting; specifically a statement done by one retracting.
(www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/retraction)
o a formal statement of disavowal
(http://www.thefreedictionary.com/retraction)
A TRACE OF RETRACTION
Rizal’s exile to Dapitan
o Rizal’s second homecoming was in 1892. On July 3, 1892, Rizal organized the La Liga Filipina. He
conceived the founding of this organization in Europe.

Father Pastell’s instruction to Father Obach

Conditions framed by Fr. Pastells before Rizal could be allowed to stay in the convent of the parish Church in
Dapitan:
1.) that Rizal publicly RETRACT his errors concerning religion, and make statements that are clearly pro-Spanish and
against revolution.
2.) that he perform the Church rites and make a general confession of his past life.
3.) that henceforth he conduct himself in an exemplary manner as a Spanish subject and a man of religion.

Gov. General Blanco

o served as the Gov. Gen. in the Philippines from Dec. 9, 1893-1896.
o responsible for establishment of electricity in Manila on 1895.
o became the Captain-General of Cuba from 1897-1898.
Retraction Story of 1896 at Rizal's Prison Cell
People Involved:
1.) Fr. Sadera and Fr. Visa
2.) Fr. Rossell
3.) Fr. Vilaclara and Fr. Balaguer
4.) Fr. Faura

My Dear Parents and Brother:

I would like to see you before I die, though this may cause much pain. Let the brave ones come.
There are some important things that I have to tell you. Your son and brother who loves you with
all his heart.
Jose Rizal

FATHER SADERA and FATHER VISA

o sent by the Archbishop of Manila to draw back Rizal back to faith.
o brought with them the statue of the Sacred Heart that Rizal had carved
o got out of Rizal's prison cell at around 9 o'clock in the evening after being politely rejected by Rizal
Fr. Rossell and Santiago Mataix
o both came to Rizal's cell in an attempt to have him retract, but Rizal still repelled the plea of the
two.

Fr. Vilaclara and Fr. Balaguer

o Jesuit priests who were Rizal's friends in his students days in Ateneo

Rizal's response to Fr. Balaguer's warning:

"No, I shall not be condemned. Look, Father, if in order to please you I said yes to everything and senselessly
signed everything presented to me, I would be a hypocrite, and I would offend God. I promise you that in the remaining
hours of my life I shall employ asking God for the grace of faith.

Father Faura
o entered Rizal's cell together with the civil governor with the same intention as the previous priests
o and like the others, his plea was also denied by Rizal
SOC SCI 101 – Readings in Philippine History

PROs OF THE RETRACTION

o Circumstantial Evidences
o Notarized Testimonies

Publication of the Retraction Document

o Former senator Francisco Rodrigo wrote an article entitled "Rizal Abjured Masonry".
o Rodrigo claimed that the "Full text of the retraction" was published in all the local newspapers on
the very next day after Rizal's execution and NOT in 1935.

The Pamphlet entitled “La Politica de Espana en Filipinas

o published on February 28, 1897, a few months after Rizal's execution
o this became Rodrigo's basis on his claims that the church pronounced Rizal's retraction right after
his execution.

9 Other Retractions
1.) Francisco Roxas
2.) Ramon Padilla
3.) Luis Villareal
4.) Faustino Villareal
5.) Moises Salvador
6.) Jose Dizon
7.) Antonio Salazar
8.) Geronimo Cristobal
9.) General Antonio Luna

La Mazonizacion de Filipinas; Rizal y Su Ubra

o another published in 1897containing the full text of Rizal's retraction.

Rizal's Marriage to Josephine Bracken

o Rodrigo asserted that the canonical marriage between Rizal and Josephine by a Catholic priest was a
strong evidence of the veracity of the retraction.

The book that Rizal gave to Josephine on the morning of his execution.
o Thome A Kempis
o The Imitation of Christ

Other Circumstantial evidences:

o Book entitled Anchor of Salvation which Rizal gave to Trinidad
o Rizal's burial certificate
o Rizal's utterance: " We are on the road to Calvary. I can well realize now the Passion of Christ. Mine
is so insignificant.

Notarized Testimonies
o Fr. Balaguer (notarized August 8, 1917)
o Fr. Visa (notarized May 22, 1916)
o Fr. Pio (notarized April 7, 1917)
o Silvino Lopez Tunon (notarized April 23, 1917
o Archbishop Nozaleda (notarized May 28, 1917)
o Gaspar Castano (notarized April 25, 1917)
o Fr. Rossell (notarized April 27, 1917)
o Luis Taviel de Andrade (notarized May 2, 1917)
o Gonzales Feijoo (notarized May 1, 1917)

Dr. Otley Beyer's Analysis

"I would say offhand, from my experience of 30 to 40 years of examining handwriting
documents, that there is not a single doubt that every word on that sheet of paper was written
by Jose Rizal except the signatures of the witnesses below. The whole document is his normal
handwriting.......The signature as fas as I can see is normal."
-Dr. Otley Beyer in a
symposium held at Diliman on
March 10, 1950 -
SOC SCI 101 – Readings in Philippine History

Fr. Martin Legaria O.R.S.A

o wrote a book entitled; The Triumph Because of Truth: Dr. Rizal Died a Catholic
In his book, he said:

"His warm desire to come back to God and the Church was soon becoming true, Kneeling before Fr.
Vilaclara, the minister of the Sacrament, Rizal opened the door of his soul, so that in the Confession he
could reveal his wounds, all his sins, that through contrition goodness and beauty that was lost for
many years were coming back home."

CONs of Retraction:
o Forged Documents
o Long Formula vs. Short Formula

Catholic Hierarchy's Document

o Pro-retractionist like Bassig, Hernandez, Fr. Cavanna, and Dr. Zaide claimed to have a facsimile of the
original copy of Rizal's retraction document.
o But according to the anti-retractionists, these people committed fraud for basing their copy on the
document kept, reproduced, and presented by the Archbishopric of Manila.

Argument against Dr. Otley Beyer

o Dr. Beyer said that the document of Rizal's retraction was lost, but the Hierarchy claimed to have
possessed it, still intact.
o Beyer claimed to have a photostatic copy of the said document with the date, 1896. "But the '6' in the
Beyer's copy is visibly differently written from the '6' in Fr. Cavanna's copy from Rizal's holograph.
o Dr. Beyer claimed to have seen Rizal's marriage certificate, but a letter addressed to the Jose Rizal
National Centennial Commission from Cardinal Santos denied the existence of any marriage
certificate.

Josephine Bracken's Autobiography and Retraction Formulas

Long Formula:

"I declare myslef catholic. I wish to live and die a Catholic. I retract with all my heart
all that I have said, written, and done against the Church. I believe and profess whatever
she (Church) teaches and I submit to whatever she demands; and, second, I abominate
Masonry, which is an enemy of the Church and as a society prohibited by the Church. The
Diocesan may publish this retraction; which I make spontaneously, to repair as much as
possible the scandal produced by my writings and may acts. May all the people pardon
me for the harm that I may have caused to many".

Short Formula:

"I declare myself catholic. I wish to live and die a Catholic. I retract with all my heart all
that I have said, written, and done against the Church and our Lord Jesus Christ. The
Diocesan may publish this retraction; which I make spontaneously, to repair as much as
possible the scandal produced by my writings and may acts. May all the people pardon
me for the harm that I may have caused to many".

The Short Formula Omitted the ff:

1.) I believe and profess whatever she (Church) teaches and I submit to whatever she demands; and,
2.) I abominate Masonry, which is an enemy of the Church and as a society prohibited by the Church.

References:

Agoncillo, T.A., (2010). Philippine History, “Expanded and Updated edition”, Quezon City: C & E Publishing, Inc.
Apsay, L.C., Espino, L.C.,Ligan, V.O., et.al.,(2018). Readings in Philippine History, Malabon City: Mutya Publishing House,
Inc.
Candelaria, J.L.P. & Alporha, V.C.,(2018). Readings in Philippine History, Sampaloc, Manila: Rex Book Store, Inc.
https://prezi.com/6yxaolr-cmg7/rizals-retraction/
RPH RECITATION QUESTIONS:

1. RA 2733
- According to this Law the First Mass was held in Limasawa Southern Leyte.
- March 31, 1521

2. HONGKONG
- The event saw the unfurling of the National Flag of the Philippines, made in HONG
KONG by Marcela Agoncillo, Lorenza Agoncillo, and Delfina Herboza.
- Where Jose Rizal was Exiled.

3. FEBRUARY 28, 1897

- Published THE PAMPHLET entitled “La Political de Espana en Filipinas “

5. DECEMBER 14, 1897

- The Pact of Biak - na - Bato
- Created an agreement between the Spanish Colonial Government- General Fernando
Primo de Rivera and Emilio Aguinaldo to end the Philippine Revolution.

6. QUEZON CITY
- it is known as BALINTAWAK before

7. 7:00 am
- The time that Rizal was executed.

8. Guard of Prison Cell

- Mga nagpatunay na ikinasal si Rizal at Josephine Bracken.

9. SANTIAGO ALVAREZ
- Son of Mariano Alvarez
- He is the leader of Magdiwang Cavite stated in 1972 that it took place in Bahay Toro now
in Quezon City.
- August 24, 1896

10. BALDOMERO AGUINALDO

- First leader of the Magdalo group and cousin of Emilio Aguinaldo.

11. FRANCISCO ALBO

- Pilot of one Magellan's ship , Trinidad
- One of the 18 survivors wirth Sebastian Elcano on the ship of Victoria.

12. BAGUMBAYAN
- Where Rizal was executed.
13. Poro, Pasihan , Ponson
- 3 island under Camotes Group

14. Treason
- Pagtataksil sa bayan. ( e.g Aguinaldo sell Philippine to America )

15. Jacinto Zamora vs. Emilio Jacinto

- Jacinto Zamora is a priest of Marikina and was known to be unfriendly and would not
countenance any arrogance or authoritative behavior from Spaniards coming from
Spain.
- Emilio Jacinto is the utak of Katipunan

16. Compass
- Ginamit ng Spaniards papuntang Pilipinas.

17. Taviel de Andrade

- Legal council of Rizal (lawyer )
- Rizal chose him because he is very confident to have a friend`s brother as his lawyer.
- Notarized Testimonies

18. Diosdado Macapagal

- He ordered that the CRY be celebrated on August 23, 1896 and that Pugad Lawin be
recognized as its site.
- Signed into Law Rep. Act 4166 designating June 12 as the Country's Independence
Day.

19. Teodoro Kalaw

- In his 1925 book, The Filipino Revolution, took place during the last week of August
1896 at KANGKONG, BALINTAWAK.

20. APRIL 8, 1521

- Sonya sayde, masao butuan, Site of the First Mass.

21. Cry of Pugad Lawin

- Historical event during the struggle for Philippine Independence.
- Punitin ang Sedula.
- It was the starting signal of the Philippine Revolution.

22. Marianas
- Before is its known for “Ladrones Island”
- Diyan pinapatapon yung mga nahatulan ng life imprisonment of mga ieexecute by
garrote.
23. AUGUST 23, 1896
- When The Cry of Pugad Lawin happened.

24. GADA
- According to Albo`s account, it is the Uninhabited island where magellan gets food &
water supplies

26. Makamisa

27. 2nd Rule of Kartilya

- wag selfish

28.

29. Island of St. Lazarus

- Kaya tinawag na Island of St. Lazaruz kasi every sunday ,ay misa and the gospel was all
about Chapter 11th of St. John which tells of the rising of Lazarus from the dead.

30. MALARIA
- Sakit na ikinamatay ni Emilio Jacinto.

33. MAN
- Dynamic factor of history.

34. Explain No document No history

- Means that without any document people cannot prove what really happened before.
- People cannot prove any hearsays without documents as proof and evidence.

35. Historiography
- Practice of historical writing
- Imaginative reconstruction of the past from the date derived by that process.

36. Social Documents

- Recorded or written languages, handwriting, printing, or other mechanical reproduction.

37. 8th Rule : Defend the oppressed and fight the oppressor

38. Image of Infant Jesus

- dala dala nina magellan binigay sa queen of cebu.

40. Island of the Thieves

- A.k.a Ladrones Island
 - They burned the houses of the natives in Guam because they thought pinagnakawan
sila.

42. MALAYSIAN AND POLYNESIAN LANGUAGE

- Language that was used before as a universal language to communicate Magellan and
Filipino.

45. FRAILOCRACIA
- Exercising more powers of the Spanish Government or friars.

47. PESETA
- Rizal used to spend 3 pesetas for lottery tickets.

48. 16 - 60 y/o male

- Forced laborers under Polo y Servicio.

49. FALLA
- Term sa bayad ng mayayaman sa mga Spaniard para maging exempted sa Polo Y
Servicio.

50. Patron Saint : Lady Magdalene

- Patron Saint of Cavite.
- Magdalo Group was inspired from Lady Magdalene`s name.

Dates:
March 6, 1521- they landed in Guam.
March 16, 1521- they landed Cebu and they met Raja Humabon
-They found Yunagan. (Albo’s account)
-they went southwards to another small island named “Suluan” (Albo’s Account)
-Magellan’s expedition sighted a high land named “Zamal” (Pigafetta’s Account)
March 17, 1521- they landed on an uninhabited island named “Humunu” (Homonhon)
(Pigafetta’s Account)
March 18, 1521- they saw a boat towards them with nine men in it and they asked them for food
supplies. (Pigafetta’s account)
March 22, 1521- the day the native returned. They were in two boats, and they brought food
supplies. (Pigafetta’s Account)
March 17-25, 1521- Magellan’s expedition stayed 8 days in Homonhon (Pigafetta’s Account)
March 25, 1521- feast day of the Incarnation or the feast of the Annunciation and therefore “Our
Lady’s Day” (Pigafetta’s account)
March 28, 1521- They landed Mazaua (Pigafetta’s account)
March 31, 1521- the first mass in the Philippines happened.
April 4, 1521- they left Mazaua and bound to Cebu (Pigafetta’s account)
April 7, 1521- they entered the harbor of “Zubu” (Cebu) (Pigafetta’s account)
April 8, 1521- was long believed as the date of the first mass here in the Philippines.
November 8, 1521- they landed in Spice Island for trading.
September 6, 1522- they went back to Spain using the Victoria ship, from 270 crew to 18 crew.
June 19, 1861- Rizal’s birth
January 20, 1872- Feast of Virgin of Loreto and also where the conspirators of Cavite mistook
the signal to revolt.
February 17, 1872- date where the three martyrs GOMBURZA were executed.
1892- second homecoming of Rizal
July 3, 1892- Group of Rizal built “La Liga Filipina”
July 7, 1892- Katipunan was built
August 18, 1896- natuklasan ang Katipunan dahil kay Teodoro Patino (or Patiño)
August 23, 1896- naganap ang Cry of Pugadlawin
December 30, 1896- the day when Rizal was executed.
February 28, 1897- the pamphlet entitled “La Politica de Espana en Filipinas” was published.
April 15, 1987- Bonifacio appointed Jacinto as a commander of Katipunan in North Luzon.
December 14, 1897- the date when the Pact of Biak na Bato was signed
May 1, 1898- The United States defeated the Spanish in the Battle of Manila Bay.
June 12, 1898- the Philippine Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in Cavite el Viejo
(Kawit, Cavite- present day) under Emilio Aguinaldo
1964- President Diosdado Macapagal signed into law that June 12 will be the Philippine
Independence Day

Persons:
Antonio Pigafetta- he wrote the 1st Voyage Around the World.
Ferdinand Magellan- he is a Portuguese explorer who discovered the Philippines.
Sebastian Elcano- first to navigate the world.
Lapu lapu- a soldier who is known for being mayabang na matapang.
Pintados- puro tattoo, veterans in war, the more tattoo the more experiences in war
Soldiers of Lapu lapu- the real killer of Magellan and not Lapu Lapu
Enrique- the interpreter of Magellan, he is a prisoner of Magellan
Emilio Jacinto- wrote the 14 Kartilya, Utak ng Katipunan
Andres Bonifacio- he continued La Liga Filipina in the form of Katipunan
-3rd president of Katipunan
Domingo Franco- he continued the La Liga Filipina in the form of Cuerpo de Compromisario
Deodato Arellano- 1st president of Katipunan
Roman Basa- 2nd president of Katipunan
Pio Valenzuela- kanang kamay ni Bonifacio sa Katipunan
- He also said that the cry of pugadlawin happened at pugadlawin on august 23, 1896
Father Mariano Gomez- Archbishop Vicar’s in Cavite
Father Jose Burgos- parish priest of the manila cathedral
Father Jacinto Zamora- parish priest of Marikina
GOMBURZA- the three martyr priests who were executed with the use of garrote.
Jose Montero y Vidal- one of the writer of Spanish version of Cavite Mutiny
Gov. General Izquierdo- also a writer of Spanish version of Cavite Mutiny, implicated the native
clergy, who were active in the movement toward secularization of parishes.
Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera- wrote a filipino version of Cavite Mutiny
Edmund Plauchut - complemented Tavera’s account and analyzed the motivation of the 1872
Cavite Mutiny
Fray Pedro de Valderrama- officiate the 1st mass in the Philippines
Lt. Olegario Diaz- officer of Spanish Guardia Civil, took place in Balintawak on August 25, 1896
Teodor Kalaw- said that the Cry happened on the last week of August
Diosdado Macapagal-He ordered that the CRY be celebrated on August 23, 1896 and that
Pugad Lawin be recognized as its site.
- Signed into Law Rep. Act 4166 designating June 12 as the Country's Independence
Day.
Jose Rizal- real name Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado y Alonzo Realonda, he retracted (daw)
Ambrosio Salvador- President of La Liga FIlipina
Gov Gen Ramon Blanco- responsible for establishment of electricity in Manila on 1895
Gov Gen Camilo Polavieja- replaced Ramon Blanco
Juan Ramos- son of Tandang Sora
Sen. Francisco Rodrigo- claimed that retraction was publish in all local newspaper after Rizal’s
retraction
Security Guard- witness of the marriage of Josephine Bracken and Jose Rizal
Josephine Bracken- the spouse of Jose Rizal
Vicente Abad- second husband of Leonor who died in tb
Leonor Rivera- Rizal’s first love, also his cousin
Henry Charles Kipping- the husband of Leonor Rivera
Francisco Rizal- son of Rizal and Bracken but it died after 3 hrs because it is premature
Fr. Balaguer- officiated the marriage of Rizal and Bracken
Cardinal Santos- denied the existence of Rizal and Bracken’s wedding
Dr. Otley Beyer- said that the retraction was lost
Commodore George Dewey - sailed from Hong Kong to Manila Bay leading a squadron of U.s
Navy ships.
Sonya Sayde - said that the first mass was held at Masao Butuan on April 8, 1521.

OTHER IMPORTANT INFORMATIONS:

European
- They explored because they want 3G : Glory ( para sikat ), God ( (Christianity ), Gold
(money).

Cartography
 - Science of making maps

TREATY OF TORDESILLAS
- Agreement of trading.

REASON OF EXPEDITION
- To look for spices.

5 SHIPS
- Victoria ( successfully naka survive pabalik ng Spain )
- Trinidad ( sakay si Magellan, 270 crew members )
- Santiago ( first ship of Magellan, lost due to storm )
- San Antonio ( named estabo gomes )
- Concepcion ( burned because there were not enough men left to operate )

Ladrones Island
- island of thieves

Right Leg
- Where Magellan was hit by a poison arrow.

Pintados
- Puro tattoo & they are veterans in war. ( the more tattoo you have the more experience
in ware you have ).

Soldiers of Lapu - Lapu

- Real killer of Magellan.

CARTILLA
- Small Pamphlet
- Bible of Katipunan ; consists of 14 Cartillas
- Inform its principles, moral code, and code of conduct.

La Liga Filipina
- Group that was formed by Rizal on July 3, 1892.
- Help people to build a cooperative, for funding scholarships.

Cuerpo de Compromisario
- Bagong porma sa salig ni Domingo Franco.

Katipon
- Lowest rank member

Kawal
 - Soldiers

Bayani
- Highest rank

Mutiny ( Mutine means revolt )

- A rebellion against authority.

Epigraphy
- Study of engraving in things like stones, metal, wood , Clay tablets or wax.
 Soc Sci 101 Cavite Mutiny
Module 3 | September 1, 2021
A major factor in the awakening of nationalism among the
Filipinos.
Mutiny
 A rebellion against authority.
 Comes from an old verb, “Mutine” which means
“revolt.”
Cavite Mutiny
 Uprising of military personnel of Fort San Felipe
(the Spanish arsenal in Cavite, Philippines) on
January 20, 1872.
 Around 200 soldiers and laborers rose up in the
belief that it would elevate to a national uprising.
The mutiny was unsuccessful, and government
soldiers executed many of the participants.
The Martyrdom of the 3 Priests
Gomburza
 Collective name of the three martyred priests.
 Tagged as the masterminds of the Cavite Mutiny
 They were prominent Filipino priests charged with
treason and sedition.
 The Spanish clergy connected the priests to the
mutiny as part of a conspiracy to stifle the
movement of secular priests who desired to have
their own parishes instead of being assistants to
the regular friars.
Father Mariano Gomez
 An old man in his mid-’70, Chinese-Filipino, born
in Cavite.
 He held the most senior position of the three as
Archbishop’s Vicar in Cavite.
 He was truly nationalistic and accepted the death
penalty calmly as though it were his penance for
being pro-Filipinos.
Father Jose Burgos
 Spanish descent, born in the Philippines. He
was a parish priest of the Manila cathedral
and had been known to be close to the liberal
Governor General de la Torre.
 He was 35 years old at the tie and was active
and outspoken in advocating the
Filipinization of the clergy.
RPH
Father Jacinto Zamora
 37 years old, was also Spanish born in the
Philippines.
 He was the parish priest of Marikina and was
known to be unfriendly to and would not
countenance any arrogance or authoritative
behavior from Spaniards coming from Spain.
Spanish Accounts of the Cavite Mutiny
1. Montero’s account of the Cavite Mutiny
2. Official report of Governor Izquierdo on the Cavite
Mutiny of 1872
Jose Montero y Vidal
 Spanish historian
 His account centered on how the event was an
attempt in overthrowing the Spanish government
in the Philippines.
 His account on mutiny was criticized as woefully
biased.
An excerpt from Montero’s Account of the Cavite Mutiny,
“…the idea of attaining their independence. It was
towards this goals that they started to work, with the
powerful assistance of a certain section of the native
clergy…”
Governor Rafael Izquierdo
 Implicated the native clergy, who were active in
the movement toward secularization of parishes.
 In a biased report, he highlighted the attempt to
overthrow the Spanish government in the
Philippines to install a new “hari” in the persons
of Father Burgos and Zamora.
According to Izquierdo, native clergy attracted supporters
by giving them charismatic assurance that their fight
would not fail because they had God’s support, aside from
promises of lofty rewards such as employment, wealth,
and ranks in the army.
An excerpt from Official report of Governor Izquierdo on
the Cavite Mutiny of 1872, “…it has not been clearly
determined if they planned to establish a monarchy or a
republic, because the indios have no word in their
language to describe this form of government whose head
in Filipino would be called hari; but it turns out that they
would place at the head of the government a priest… that
By: JVEW & AMLC | 1
 Soc Sci 101 Cavite Mutiny
Module 3 | September 1, 2021
the head selected would be D. Jose Burgos, or D. Jacinto
Zamora…”
Spanish Account
Underscore the reason for the “revolution”: abolition of the
Privileges enjoyed by the workers of Cavite arsenal such
as exemption from payment of tribute and being
employed in the Polos y Servicios (Force Labor)
Presence of Native Clergy, against the Spanish Friars,
“Conspired and Supported” the rebels.
In the Spaniard’s Accounts, 1872 was premeditated, a
part of a bug conspiracy among educated leaders,
mestizos, lawyer and residents of Manila and Cavite.
They allegedly plan to Liquidate High-ranking Spanish
officers then kill Friars.
The account was detailed that on January 20, 1872, the
district of Sampaloc celebrated the feast of the Virgin
Loreto, came with it were some fireworks display. The
Cavitenos mistook this as the signal to commence with
the attack.
 200 men was led by Sergeant Lamadrid attacked
Spanish officers at sight and seized the arsenal.
 Izquierdo, upon learning the attack, ordered
reinforcement of the Spanish forces in Cavite to
quell the revolt.
 The revolution was easily crushed, when
Manilenos who were expected to aid the
Cavitenos did not arrive.
In results, the leaders of the plot were killed.
Fathers Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were tried by a
court-martial and sentenced to be executed.
Others who were implicated such as Joaquin Pardo de
Tavera, Antonio ma. Regidor, Jose Basa and Pio Basa
and other Filipino lawyers were suspended from the
practice of law, arrested, and sentenced to life
imprisonment at the Marianas Island.
On February 17, 1872, the Gomburza were executed by
garrote in public to serve as a threat to Filipinos never to
attempt to fight the Spaniards again. This is a scene
purportedly witnessed by a young Jose Rizal.
RPH
Differing accounts of the events of 1872
1. Pardo de Tavera’s Account of the Cavite Mutiny
2. Plauchut’s Account of the Cavite Mutiny.
Dr. Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera
 A Filipino scholar and researcher.
 Wrote a Filipino version of the bloody incident in
Cavite.
According to Pardo de Tavera, the incident was merely a
mutiny by Filipino soldiers and laborers of the Cavite
arsenal to the dissatisfaction arising from the draconian
policies of Iziquierdo (abolition of privileges and
prohibition of the founding of the school of arts and trades
The Central Spanish Government was planning to deprive
the friars of all the powers of intervention in matters of civil
government and direction and management of
educational institutions.
An excerpt from Pardo de Tavera’s Account of the Cavite
Mutiny, “…Filipinos had great hopes of an improvement
in the affairs pf their country…” “…the Friars feared that
their power in the colony would soon be complete a thing
of the past.”
Edmund Plauchut
 A French writer
 Complemented Tavera’s account and analyzed
the motivation of the 1872 Cavite Mutiny
An excerpt from Plauchut’s Account of the Cavite Mutiny,
“…the arrival in Manila of Gen. Izquierdo put a sudden
end to all dreams of reforms… such a policy must really
end in a strong desire on the part of the other to repress
cruelty.”
Differing Accounts
Friars used Cavite Mutiny as a part of a larger conspiracy
to cement their dominance.
They showcases the mutiny as a part of a greater
conspiracy in the Philippines by Filipinos to overthrow the
Spanish government.
Unintentionally, it resulted in the martyrdom of Gomburza
and paved way to the revolution culminating in 1898. Rizal
dedicated his 2nd novel, El Filibusterismo, to their
memory: “I dedicate my work to you as victim of the evil
which I undertake to combat…”
By: JVEW & AMLC | 2
Soc Sci 101 Cavite Mutiny RPH

Module 3 | September 1, 2021

By: JVEW & AMLC | 3