/

',2'(
6(0,&21'8&72$5(

6FRSXOOXFU»ULL

 (YLGHQØLHUHD FDUDFWHULVWLFLORU VWDWLFH D GRX» GLQ FHOH PDL XWLOL]DWH WLSXUL GH GLRGH
GLRGDUHGUHVRDUH¹LGLRGDVWDELOL]DWRDUH
 (YLGHQØLHUHD ¹L VWXGLXO XQRU DSOLFDØLL HOHPHQWDUH FRUHVSXQ]»WRDUH DFHVWRU WLSXUL GH
GLRGH

%UHYLDUWHRUHWLF

-RQFØLXQHDSQUHSUH]LQW»HOHPHQWXOVWUXFWXUDOSULQFLSDODOGLRGHORUVHPLFRQGXFWRDUH
SQ §Q UHJLP VWDØLRQDU GHSHQGHQØD WHRUHWLF» D FXUHQWXOXL , $  SULQ MRQFØLXQH GH WHQVLXQHD
DSOLFDW»DFHVWHLD9 $ HVWHGDW»GHFXQRVFXWDHFXDØLHDOXL6KRFNOH\
T ⋅ 9$ 
, $ = ,  ⋅  H[S  −   
  N⋅7  
XQGH,  UHSUH]LQW»FXUHQWXOGHVDWXUDØLHDOMRQFØLXQLLSQNHVWHFRQVWDQWDOXL%ROW]PDQ7HVWH
WHPSHUDWXUDPHGLXOXL¹LTHVWHVDUFLQDHOHFWURQXOXL
5HSUH]HQWDUHDJUDILF»DUHODØLHLSUH]HQWDW»ÇQILJXUDHVWHFDUDFWHULVWLFDVWDWLF»
LGHDO»DMRQFØLXQLLSQ

,$

, ,5 9$

, 5

)LJXUD&DUDFWHULVWLFDVWDWLF»LGHDO»DXQHLMRQFØLXQLSQ
 'LVSR]LWLYHHOHFWURQLFH/XFU»ULSUDFWLFH

§QFDUDFWHULVWLFDVWDWLF»UHDO»DMRQFØLXQLLSQDSDUDEDWHULIDØ»GHFDUDFWHULVWLFDVWDWLF»
LGHDO»DW¾WÇQSRODUL]DUHGLUHFW»F¾W¹LÇQSRODUL]DUHLQYHUV»&DUDFWHULVWLFDVWDWLF»UHDO»DXQHL
MRQFØLXQLSQFRUHVSXQ]»WRDUHXQRUQLYHOHPRGHUDWHGHSRODUL]DUHHVWHSUH]HQWDW»FRPSDUDWLY
FXFDUDFWHULVWLFDLGHDOȂQILJXUD

$EDWHUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLLVWDWLFHUHDOHSHQWUXQLYHOHPRGHUDWHGHSRODUL]DUHGLUHFW»SRDWH
ILPRGHODW»SULQLQWURGXFHUHDXQXLFRHILFLHQWP ÇQHFXDØLDOXL6KRFNOH\
T ⋅ 9) 


, ) = ,  ⋅  H[S  −    P ∈ [ ] 

  P ⋅ N ⋅ 7 
0RGHODUHDDEDWHULORUFDUDFWHULVWLFLLUHDOHIDØ»GHFHDLGHDO»ODQLYHOHPDULGHSRODUL]DUH
GLUHFW»VHSRDWHIDFHSULQÇQFRUSRUDUHDHIHFWXOXLUH]LVWHQØHLVHULHDVWUXFWXULLSQÇQUHODØLD
, +,
9 $ = 5 6 ⋅ , ) + P ⋅ N T⋅ 7 ⋅ OQ )  
,
/DQLYHOHPDULDOHSRODUL]»ULLLQYHUVHDSDUHIHQRPHQXOGHVWU»SXQJHUHDOMRQFØLXQLLSQ
FH FRQVW» ÇQ FUH¹WHUHD EUXVF» ¹L SXWHUQLF» D FXUHQWXOXL SULQ MRQFØLXQH DWXQFL F¾QG WHQVLXQHD
DSOLFDW»GHS»¹HVWHRDQXPLW»YDORDUHQRWDW»FX9 %5 ¹LQXPLW»WHQVLXQHGHVWU»SXQJHUH
3ULQFLSDOHOHIHQRPHQHIL]LFHFHVWDXODED]DVWU»SXQJHULLMRQFØLXQLLSQVXQW
JHQHUDUHDLQWHUEDQG»ÇQSHUHFKLDSXUW»WRULORUGHVDUFLQ»SULQLPSDFW
HIHWXOGHWXQHO
JHQHUDUHDWHUPLF»DSHUHFKLORUHOHFWURQJRO
3ULPHOH GRX» IHQRPHQH VH GDWRUHD]» F¾PSXOXL HOHFWULF GH YDORUL PDUL GH SHVWH
  9P  GLQ UHJLXQHD GH WUHFHUH LDU FHO GHDO WUHLOHD HVWH OHJDW GH FUH¹WHUHD SXWHULL GLVLSDWH
XUPDW» GH FUH¹WHUHD WHPSHUDWXULL ÇQ DQXPLWH SXQFWH GLQ VWUXFWXUD MRQFØLXQLL 5HSUH]HQWDUHD
VWU»SXQJHULLMRQFØLXQLLSQSHFDUDFWHULVWLFDVWDWLF»SULQFHOHWUHLPHFDQLVPHHVWHLOXVWUDW»ÇQ
ILJXUD
3HQWUX MRQFØLXQLOH SQ FH DX FRQFHQWUDØLL GH LPSXULW»ØL PDL PLFL GH   FP − 
VWU»SXQJHUHDMRQFØLXQLLSQHVWHGHWHUPLQDW»GHIHQRPHQXOGHJHQHUDUHLQWHUEDQG»SULQLPSDFW
ÇQ SHUHFKL D SXUW»WRULORU GH VDUFLQ» ÇQ UHJLXQHD GH WUHFHUH $FHVW WLS GH VWU»SXQJHUH SRDUW»
GHPXQLUHD GH VWU»SXQJHUH SULQ PXOWLSOLFDUH ÇQ DYDODQ¹» D SXUW»WRULORU GH VDUFLQ» 'LRGHOH
UHGUHVRDUHVWXGLDWHÇQDFHDVW»OXFUDUHVHVWU»SXQJSULQPXOWLSOLFDUHLQDYDODQ¹»

LGHDO» UHDO»
,$>P$@
9M ,9
9$ ,,,

, ,, 9$
,LQY ,  ,5 >Q$@
)LJXUD&DUDFWHULVWLFDVWDWLF»UHDO»DXQHLMRQFØLXQLSQ
'LVSR]LWLYHHOHFWURQLFH/XFU»ULSUDFWLFH 

95 9
%5 

F
D E

, 5

)LJXUD6WU»SXQJHUHDMRQFØLXQLLSQSULQDPXOWLSOLFDUHÇQDYDODQ¹»

EHIHFWWXQHOFHIHFWWHUPLF

 0RGHODUHD DFHVWXL IHQRPHQ VH UHDOL]HD]» SULQ LQWURGXFHUHD ÇQ HFXDØLD OXL6KRFNOH\D
IDFWRUXOXLGHPXOWLSOLFDUHÇQDYDODQ¹»0
T ⋅ 95  
, 5 = 0 ⋅ ,  ⋅   − H[S  −
N⋅7 
 

 
0= Q  Q ∈ [ ]
95 
− 
9 %5 
3HQWUX FRQFHQWUDØLL PDUL GH LPSXULW»ØLL >   FP −  O»UJLPHD UHJLXQLL GH VDUFLQ»
VSDØLDO»VFDGHLDUYDORDUHDPD[LP»DLQWHQVLW»ØLLF¾PSXOXLHOHFWULFÇQSRODUL]DUHLQYHUV»FUH¹WH
SXW¾QG DWLQJH YDORDUL GH RUGLQXO  ⋅   9P  DVWIHO ÇQF¾W FXUHQWXO LQYHUV FUH¹WH IRDUWH PXOW
SHQWUX WHQVLXQL LQYHUVH PDL PLFL &¾QG FRQFHQWUDØLLOH GH LPSXULW»ØL VXQW VXILFLHQW GH PDUL
SHQWUX FD WHQVLXQHD OD FDUH DUH ORF VWU»SXQJHUHD MRQFØLXQLL V» ILH PDL PLF» GH  9 XQ DOW
IHQRPHQIL]LFGHYLQHUHVSRQVDELOGHFUH¹WHUHDSXWHUQLF»DFXUHQWXOXLLQYHUV¹LDQXPHHIHFWXO


GHWXQHO7UHEXLHVXEOLQLDWIDSWXOF»VSUHGHRVHELUHGHIHQRPHQXOGHJHQHUDUHLQWHUEDQG»SULQ
LPSDFWIHQRPHQXOGHHIHFWGHWXQHOQXHVWHXQSURFHVUHJHQHUDWLY5HJLXQHDGHVWU»SXQJHUHD
FDUDFWHULVWLFLLVWDWLFHLQYHUVHXQGHWHQVLXQHDHVWHSUDFWLFLQGHSHQGHQW»GHYDORDUHDFXUHQWXOXL
VHQXPH¹WH¹LUHJLXQHGHVWDELOL]DUH

§Q UHJLP GLQDPLF GH VHPQDO PLF 9 D << P ⋅ (N ⋅ 7)T  FLUFXLWXO HFKLYDOHQW
FRUHVSXQ]»WRUIHQRPHQHORUIL]LFHGLQUHJLXQLOHDFWLYH¹LGHVDUFLQ»VSDØLDO»DOHMRQFØLXQLLSQ
HVWH IRUPDW GLQWUR UH]LVWHQØ» LQWHUQ» 5 L  FDUH ØLQH VHDPD GH HIHFWHOH VWDØLRQDUH DOH WXWXURU
FRPSRQHQWHORU FXUHQWXOXL ¹L R FDSDFLWDWH & M ≅ & G + & E  & G  FDSDFLWDWH GH GLIX]LH & E 
FDSDFLWDWHGHEDULHU»WRDWHFRQHFWDWHÇQSDUDOHO§QIXQFØLHGHSRODUL]DUHDÇQFXUHQWFRQWLQXXD
MRQFØLXQLL SQ DFHVW FLUFXLW HFKLYDOHQW FDS»W» IRUPH SDUWLFXODUH )LJXUD  SUH]LQW» DFHVWH
IRUPH SDUWLFXODUH SHQWUX R MRQFØLXQH FX FRQFHQWUDØLL GH LPSXULW»ØL PRGHUDWH §Q FD]XO
MRQFØLXQLORUSQFXFRQFHQWUDØLLPDULGHLPSXULW»ØLMRQFØLXQLFHLQWU»ÇQFRPSRQHQØDGLRGHORU
=HQHUFLUFXLWXOHFKLYDOHQWGHVHPQDOPLFÇQSRODUL]DUHLQYHUV»HVWHGLIHULWGHFHOSUH]HQWDWÇQ
ILJXUDÇQVHQVXOSUH]HQØHLXQHLUH]LVWHQØHU ] SODVDW»ÇQSDUDOHOFXFDSDFLWDWHD& E 
 'LVSR]LWLYHHOHFWURQLFH/XFU»ULSUDFWLFH

ÇQSRODUL]DUHGLUHFW»9

5L 5L

&G &G
&E
ÇQSRODUL]DUHLQYHUV»
&E

)LJXUD&LUFXLWXOHFKLYDOHQWGHVHPQDOPLFÇQUHJLPQHVWDØLRQDUFRUHVSXQ]»WRU

VWUXFWXULLDFWLYHDMRQFØLXQLL

-RQFØLXQHD SQ ÇQ UHJLP FYDVLVWDØLRQDU GH VHPQDO PDUH HVWH XQ HOHPHQW QHOLQLDU
FDUDFWHUL]DW SULQ FRQGXFØLD FXUHQWXOXL SUDFWLF QXPDL ÇQWUXQ VLQJXU VHQV 0RGHODUHD
FRPSRUW»ULLMRQFØLXQLLÇQDFHVWFD]VHUHDOL]HD]»ÇQPRGX]XDOSULQDSUR[LPDUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLL
VWDWLFHSULQGRX»VHJPHQWHGHGUHDSW»7HQVLXQHDODFDUHDUHORFÇPELQDUHDFHORUGRX»GUHSWH
SUHFXP ¹L SDQWD GUHSWHL VLWXDW» ÇQ ÇQWUHJLPH ÇQ GRPHQLXO WHQVLXQLORU SR]LWLYH GHWHUPLQ»
HOHPHQWHOH PRGHOXOXL GH VHPQDO PDUH ¹L UHJLP FYDVLVWDØLRQDU 9 ' ¹L 5 '  0RGHODUHD ÇQ
SRODUL]DUH GLUHFW» FRPXQ» FHORU GRX» WLSXUL GH MRQFØLXQL FH LQWU» ÇQ FRPSRQHQØD GLRGHORU
UHGUHVRDUH ¹L VWDELOL]DWRDUH HVWH SUH]HQWDW» ÇQ ILJXUD  0RGHOXO GH VHPQDO PDUH ÇQ
SRODUL]DUHLQYHUV»DXQHLMRQFØLXQLSQFHLQWU»ÇQFRPSRQHQØDXQHLGLRGH=HQHUHVWHSUH]HQWDW
ÇQILJXUD

'LRGHOH UHGUHVRDUH VXQW IRORVLWH ÇQ UHGUHVDUHD FXUHQWXOXL DOWHUQDWLY GH GLIHULWH
IUHFYHQØH ¹L SXWHUL 6LPEROXO XQHL GLRGH UHGUHVRDUH HVWH SUH]HQWDW ÇQ ILJXUD D 3DUDPHWULL
VWDWLFL DL GLRGHL VXQW WHQVLXQHD GLUHFW» GH SUDJ 9 γ FXUHQWXO GH SRODUL]DUH GLUHFW PD[LP
DGPLVLELO , ) 0  WHQVLXQHD LQYHUV» PD[LP DGPLVLELO» 9 5 0  ¹L FXUHQWXO LQYHUV PD[LP , 5 0 
3ULQFLSDOLL SDUDPHWUL GLQDPLFL FH FDUDFWHUL]HD]» SHUIRUPDQØHOH GLRGHL FD HOHPHQW UHGUHVRU
VXQW FXUHQWXO GLUHFW PHGLX , )$90  FXUHQWXO GLUHFW HIHFWLY , )506  FXUHQWXO GLUHFW GH
VXSUDVDUFLQ»UHSHWLWLY», )5 0 WHQVLXQHDLQYHUV»PD[LP»UHSHWLWLY»8 550 UH]LVWHQØDGLQDPLF»
DGLRGHL5 ' VSHFLILFDW»SHQWUXFRQGLØLLGDWHGHFXUHQWGLUHFW¹LWHPSHUDWXU»

L $
ÇQSRODUL]DUHGLUHFW» ÇQSRODUL]DUHLQYHUV»

5 ' 5
'  
!
Y5
9'
9
' $
Y
Y$
)LJXUD0RGHOXOGHVHPQDOPDUH¹LUHJLPFYDVLVWDØLRQDUDOMRQFØLXQLLSQ

L= 5= 9=

Y=
)LJXUD0RGHOXOHFKLYDOHQWGHVHPQDOPDUH

SHQWUXRGLRG»=HQHUSRODUL]DW»LQYHUV
'LVSR]LWLYHHOHFWURQLFH/XFU»ULSUDFWLFH 

'LRGHOH =HQHU QXPLWH ¹L GLRGH VWDELOL]DWRDUH GH WHQVLXQH VDX GLRGH FX DYDODQ¹»
XWLOL]HD]»SURSULHWDWHDMRQFØLXQLLSQGHDDYHDODERUQHDWXQFLF¾QGOXFUHD]»ÇQUHJLXQHDGH
VWU»SXQJHUH R WHQVLXQH LQYHUV» DSUR[LPDWLY FRQVWDQW» §Q GLRGHOH =HQHU SUREDELOLWDWHD XQHL
VWU»SXQJHUL WHUPLFH HVWH QHJOLMDELO» 6LPEROXO GLRGHL =HQHU HVWH SUH]HQWDW ÇQ ILJXUD E
&DUDFWHULVWLFD WLSLF» FXUHQWWHQVLXQH FRUHVSXQ]»WRDUH SRODUL]»ULL LQYHUVH D XQHL GLRGH =HQHU
HVWH GDW» ÇQ ILJXUD F ÇQ FDUH9 =1  UHSUH]LQW» WHQVLXQHD GH VWDELOL]DUH QRPLQDO» 9 =P  
WHQVLXQHDGHVWDELOL]DUHPLQLP» 9 =0 WHQVLXQHDGHVWDELOL]DUHPD[LP» , =1  , =P ¹L , =0 VXQW
FXUHQØLLDIHUHQØLDFHVWRUWHQVLXQL
§Q DIDUD SDUDPHWULORU UHSUH]HQWDØL SH FDUDFWHULVWLFD VWDWLF» GLRGHOH =HQHU VXQW
FDUDFWHUL]DWH ÇQ SULQFLSDO ¹L GH XUP»WRULL SDUDPHWUL FRHILFLHQWXO GH WHPSHUDWXU» DO WHQVLXQLL
VWDELOL]DWH &78 = (VDX α 97 )  UH]LVWHQØD GLIHUHQØLDO» GH VWDELOL]DUH U =1  UH]LVWHQØD GH VHPQDO
PDUH5 = 

= 9=0 =1
9 ,
, $
9
=P
9 9

D $ &

, =P
9 $
, $ ∆,=
E $ &
, =1
9 $

∆9= , =0
,=
F

)LJXUDD6LPEROXOGLRGHLUHGUHVRDUHE6LPEROXOGLRGHLVWDELOL]DWRDUH

F&DUDFWHULVWLFD,9FRUHVSXQ]»WRDUHSRODUL]»ULLLQYHUVHDGLRGHL=HQHU

'HVI»¹XUDUHDOXFU»ULL

$'HWHUPLQDUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLORUVWDWLFH
$'HWHUPLQDUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLORUVWDWLFH
 3HQWUX ULGLFDUHD FDUDFWHULVWLFLL VWDWLFH D XQHL GLRGH UHGUHVRDUH ' VH UHDOL]HD]»

PRQWDMHOHGLQILJXUDDSRODUL]DUHGLUHFW»¹LILJXUDESRODUL]DUHLQYHUV»

R1 R2
1 1 KΩ 2 + − 10 3 4,7 KΩ 4 + − 18
mA µA

D1 D1
E1 V.E. E1 V.E.
1N4001 1N4001

18 D
18 1 0
E
 
)LJXUD  0RQWDMHOHIRORVLWHSHQWUXULGLFDUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLLVWDWLFHDXQHLGLRGH

VHPLFRQGXFWRDUH( VXUV»GHWHQVLXQHFRQWLQX»UHJODELO»ÈQJDPD9

 'LVSR]LWLYHHOHFWURQLFH/XFU»ULSUDFWLFH

5H]XOWDWHOHP»VXU»ULORUVHQRWHD]»ÈQWDEHOXO

7DEHOXO

,PDV>P$@≅, $            

8 $& >P9@ 8PDV

8 &$ >9@            

,PDV>µ$@

 §Q VFRSXO GHWHUPLQ»ULL FDUDFWHULVWLFLL VWDWLFH D XQHL GLRGH =HQHU VH UHDOL]HD]»

PRQWDMHOH GLQ ILJXUD  0RGLILF¾QG YDORDUHD WHQVLXQLL (   DVWIHO ÇQF¾W LQGLFDØLD
PLOLDPSHUPHWUXOXLV»ILHFRQIRUP»FXYDORULOHÇQVFULVHÇQWDEHOXOVHP»VRDU»F»GHUHDGH
WHQVLXQHDSHGLRG»5H]XOWDWHOHP»VXU»ULORUVHQRWHD]»ÈQWDEHOXO

R1 R1
1 1 KΩ 2 + − 18 1 1 KΩ 2 + − 12
mA mA

E1 V.E. DZ 1 E 1 V.E. DZ 1

12 12 18 18
D E

)LJXUD0RQWDMHOHIRORVLWHSHQWUXULGLFDUHDFDUDFWHULVWLFLLVWDWLFHDXQHLGLRGH

=HQHU( VXUV»GHWHQVLXQHFRQWLQX»UHJODELO»ÈQJDPD9


7DEHOXO
,PDV>P$@            
8 $& >P9@
,PDV>P$@  − ⋅ − ⋅ − ⋅ − ⋅ −       
8 &$ >9@ 8VWDE


%$SOLFDØLLHOHPHQWDUHDOHGLRGHORUVHPLFRQGXFWRDUH
6WDELOL]DWRUSDUDPHWULFFXGLRG»=HQHU
6HUHDOL]HD]»PRQWDMXOGLQILJXUD

R1
1 KΩ
1 2 12 + − 14
mA
R5

 
E1 150 Ω
DZ 1 V.E.
PL3V3 P1
10K Ω
18 18
)LJXUD6WDELOL]DWRUSDUDPHWULFGHWHQVLXQHFXGLRG»=HQHU
'LVSR]LWLYHHOHFWURQLFH/XFU»ULSUDFWLFH 

6HDOLPHQWHD]»PRQWDMXOFXRWHQVLXQHFRQWLQX»( 90RGLILF¾QGYDORDUHDVDUFLQLL
VWDELOL]DWRUXOXLSULQYDULDØLDUH]LVWHQØHLSRWHQØLRPHWUXO3 VHFRPSOHWHD]»WDEHOXO


7DEHOXO

,  >P$@       

8  >9@

0RGLILF¾QGFRQWLQXXWHQVLXQHDGHDOLPHQWDUHÈQWUH9¹L9VHP»VRDU»WHQVLXQHD
GHLH¹LUHFRUHVSXQ]»WRDUHXQXLFXUHQWSULQVDUFLQ»,  =  P$6HFRPSOHWHD]»WDEHOXO

7DEHOXO

( $ >9@       
8  >9@

/LPLWDWRDUHFXGLRGH
6HUHDOL]HD]»SHU¾QGPRQWDMHOHUHSUH]HQWDWHÈQILJXUD

R2 R2
3 4,7 KΩ 4 3 4,7 KΩ 4

10 18
D1 D1
Vg 1N4001 Osc V 0 (t) Vg 1N4001 Osc V 0(t)
18 10
E1 E1

D E

)LJXUD/LPLWDWRDUHGHWHQVLXQH

'H OD JHQHUDWRUXO GH VHPQDOH 9 J  VH DSOLF» XQ VHPQDO WULXQJKLXODU GH YDORDUH Y¾UI OD
Y¾UIGH 9¹LIUHFYHQØ»GH +]6HIL[HD]»(  =  9 ¹LVHUHØLQHIRUPDVHPQDOHORUY J ¹LY  
YL]XDOL]DWHFXRVFLORVFRSXO
 

6HUHSHW»SXQFWXOSHQWUXYDORULDOHOXL( GH 9   9 − 9 − 9 ¹L −  9

 3HQWUX VWXGLXO XQXL OLPLWDWRU FX GLRGH =HQHU VH UHDOL]HD]» PRQWDMXO UHSUH]HQWDW ÈQ


ILJXUD 'HODJHQHUDWRUXOGHVHPQDOH 9 J VHDSOLF»XQVHPQDOVLQXVRLGDOGHDPSOLWXGLQH

 9¹LIUHFYHQØ» +]6HYL]XDOL]HD]»SHHFUDQXORVFLORVFRSXOXLVHPQDOHOH Y J ¹L Y  ¹LVH
UHØLQIRUPHOHGHXQG»DOHDFHVWRUD
 


R3
13 330Ω 20

DZ 2


Ug(t) DZ2V7 Osc
V 0(t)
DZ 1
PL3V3

18 19
)LJXUD&LUFXLWGHOLPLWDUHFXGLRGH=HQHU
 'LVSR]LWLYHHOHFWURQLFH/XFU»ULSUDFWLFH

6HUHDOL]HD]»PRQWDMXOGLQILJXUD6HIL[HD]»WHQVLXQHDIXUQL]DW»GHVXUVD(  OD
 9 6HDSOLF»GHODJHQHUDWRUXOGHVHPQDOH9 J XQVHPQDODOWHUQDWLYFXDPSOLWXGLQHDGH 9 ¹L
IUHFYHQØD GH  +]  6H YL]XDOL]HD]» VHPQDOXO GH LH¹LUH Y   SHQWUX GLIHULWH SR]LØLL DOH
SRWHQØLRPHWUHORU3  ¹L 3  

R4
D4
5 10 KΩ 6 8
15
D3 R6
P2 R8
1 KΩ
470 Ω 22 KΩ
vg (t) 7 16 P3 Osc v0 (t)
E1 1 KΩ
R7
470 Ω
17 9
18 19 D 3 D 4 =1N4148
)LJXUD&LUFXLWGHOLPLWDUHFXGLRGH

§QILJXUDHVWHSUH]HQWDW»VFKHPDPDFKHWHLGHODERUDWRUXWLOL]DW»SHQWUXUHDOL]DUHD
DFHVWHLOXFU»ULGHODERUDWRU

D4 R6
1N4148 8 22 KΩ 9

R4 D3 13
10 KΩ 1N4148
5 R3
6 7 330 Ω
R2 14
4,7 KΩ 15
20
3 4
10 11 DZ 2 R5 1 6 P2 R8


R1 DZ2V7 150 Ω 1 KΩ 470 Ω

    
1 KΩ
1 2 D1 D2 12 P1
1N4001 EFD108 10 KΩ R7 17
DZ 1
470 Ω P3
PL3V3
1 KΩ
18 19
)LJXUD6FKHPDHOHFWULF»DPDFKHWHLGHODERUDWRU

¨QWUHE»UL
¨QWUHE»UL

&DUHVXQWPRGHOHOHGHVHPQDOPLF¹LGHVHPQDOPDUHDOHXQHLGLRGHUHGUHVRDUH¹LDOH
XQHLGLRGHVWDELOL]DWRDUHGHWHQVLXQH"
&HURODUHUH]LVWHQWD5  ÈQFLUFXLWXOUHSUH]HQWDWÈQILJXUD"
 &DUH HVWH H[SUHVLD IDFWRUXOXL GH WUDQVIHU SHQWUX FLUFXLWXO GLQ ILJXUD D" 'DU
SHQWUXFHOGLQILJXUDE"
&DUHHVWHH[SUHVLDIDFWRUXOXLGHWUDQVIHUDOFLUFXLWXOXLSUH]HQWDWÇQILJXUD"
3URLHFWDØLXQOLPLWDWRUGHDPSOLWXGLQHVLPHWULFFXGLRGHUHGUHVRDUH
'LVSR]LWLYHHOHFWURQLFH/XFU»ULSUDFWLFH 

&RQØLQXWXOUHIHUDWXOXL

6FKHPHOHHOHFWULFHDOHFLUFXLWHORUVWXGLDWH¹LWDEHOHOH¹LFRPSOHWDWH
&DUDFWHULVWLFLOHVWDWLFHDOHGLRGHORUVWXGLDWHWUDVDWHSHK¾UWLHPLOLPHWULF»/LQLDUL]DØL
DFHVWHFDUDFWHULVWLFL
&DUDFWHUVLWLFLOHGHLH¹LUH¹LGHWUDQVIHUDOHVWDELOL]DWRUXOXLSDUDPHWULFGLQILJXUD
 'HWHUPLQDØL UH]LVWHQØD GH LH¹LUH 5 =  ¹L  FRHILFLHQWXO GH VWDELOL]DUH
∆9

∆,

 ( $=FW

FHFDUDFWHUL]HD]»FLUFXLWXOGLQILJXUD
∆(
6 = 

∆9  =


&DOFXODØLYDULDØLDWRWDO»DWHQVLXQLLGHLH¹LUHDVWDELOL]DWRUXOXLSDUDPHWULFFXQRVF¾QG
 , FW

α 7 =  IXUQL]DW GH FDWDORJ  DO GLRGHL =HQHU ∆( =  9  ∆, =  P$  ∆7= &  ¹L XWLOL]¾QG
R

UHODØLD
 


∆(
∆9 = + 5 ⋅ ∆, + . ⋅ ∆7


6
   7

ÇQFDUH. = α = ⋅8 


'LDJUDPHOHVHPQDOHORUYL]XDOL]DWH¹LP»VXUDWHFXRVFLORVFRSXOSHQWUXOLPLWDWRDUHOH
7 7 =

VWXGLDWH
5»VSXQVXOODÇQWUHE»UL