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Title: The Works of Samuel Johnson in Nine Volumes Volume IV: The Adventurer; The
Idler
Author: Samuel Johnson
Release Date: April 15, 2004 [EBook #12050]
Language: English
Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK WORKS OF SAMUEL JOHNSON, VOL. IV. ***
THE
ADVENTURER AND IDLER.
THE
WORKS
OF
SAMUEL JOHNSON, LL.D.
IN NINE VOLUMES.
VOLUME THE FOURTH.
MDCCCXXV.
PREFATORY NOTICE
TO
THE ADVENTURER.
The Adventurer was projected in the year 1752, by Dr. John Hawkesworth. He was
partly induced to undertake the work by his admiration of the Rambler, which had
now ceased to appear, the style and sentiments of which evidently, from his
commencement, he made the models of his imitation.
The first number was published on the seventh of November, 1752. The quantity and
price were the same as the Rambler, and also the days of its appearance. He was
joined in his labours by Dr. Johnson in 1753, whose first paper is dated March 3,
of that year; and after its publication Johnson applied to his friend, Dr. Joseph
Warton, for his assistance, which was afforded: and the writers then were, besides
the projector Dr. Hawkesworth, Dr. Johnson, Dr. Joseph Warton, Dr. Bathurst,
Colman, Mrs. Chapone and the Hon. Hamilton Boyle, the accomplished son of Lord
Orrery [1].
Our business, however, in the present pages, does not lie with the Adventurer in
general, but only with Dr. Johnson's contributions; which amount to the number of
twenty-nine, beginning with No. 34, and ending with No. 138.
Much criticism has been employed in appropriating some of them, and the
carelessness of editors has overlooked several that have been satisfactorily proved
to be Johnson's own[2].
Mr. Boswell relies on internal evidence, which is unnecessary, since in Dr.
Warton's copy (and his authority on the subject will scarcely be disputed) the
following remark was found at the end: "The papers marked T were written by Mr. S.
Johnson." Mrs. Anna Williams asserted that he dictated most of these to Dr.
Bathurst, to whom he presented the profits. The anecdote may well be believed from
the usual benevolence of Johnson and his well-known attachment to that amiable
physician, whose professional knowledge might undoubtedly have enabled him to offer
hints to Johnson in the progress of composition. Thus we may account for the
references to recondite medical writers in No. 39, which so staggered Boswell and
Malone in pronouncing on the genuineness of this paper. Those who are familiar with
Johnson's writings can have little hesitation, we conceive, in recognising his
style, and manner, and sentiments in those papers which are now published under his
name. They may be considered as a continuation of the Rambler. The same subjects
are discussed; the interests of literature and of literary men, the emptiness of
praise and the vanity of human wishes. The same intimate knowledge, of the town and
its manners is displayed[3]; and occasionally we are amused with humorous
delineation of adventure and of character[4].
From the greater variety of its subjects, aided, perhaps, by a growing taste for
periodical literature, the sale of the Adventurer was greater than that of the
Rambler on its first appearance. But still there were those, who "talked of it as a
catch-penny performance, carried on by a set of needy and obscure scribblers[5]."
So slowly is a national taste for letters diffused, and so hardly do works of
sterling merit, which deal not in party-politics, nor exemplify their ethical
discussions by holding out living characters to censure or contempt, win the
applause of those, whose passions leave them no leisure for abstracted truth, and
whom virtue itself cannot please by its naked dignity. But, by such, Johnson
professed, that he had little expectation of his writings being perused. Keeping
then our main object more immediately in view, the elucidation of Johnson's real
character and motives, we cannot but admire the prompt benevolence, with which he
joined Hawkesworth in his task, and the ready zeal, with which he embraced any
opportunity of promoting the interests of morality and virtue. "To a benevolent
disposition every state of life will afford some opportunities of contributing to
the welfare of mankind," is the characteristic opening of his first Adventurer. And
when we have admired the real excellence of his heart, we must wonder at the vigour
of a mind, which could so abstract itself from its own sorrows and misfortunes,
which too often deaden our feelings of pity, as to sympathize with others in
affliction, and even to promote innocent cheerfulness. Bowed down by the loss of a
wife[6], on whom he had called from amidst the horrors of a hopeless melancholy, to
"hide him from the ills of life," and depressed by poverty, "that numbs the soul
with icy hand," his genius sank not beneath a load, which might have crushed the
loftiest; but the "incumbrances of his fortune were shaken from his mind, 'as dew-
drops from a lion's mane[7].'"
The same pure and exalted morality, which stamps their chief value on the pages of
the Rambler, instructs us in the lessons of the Adventurer. Here is no cold
doctrine of expediency or dangerous speculations on moral approbation, no easy
virtue which can be practised without a struggle, and which interdicts the
gratification of no passion but malice: here is no compromise of personal
sensuality, for an endurance of others' frailties, amounting to an indifference of
moral distinctions altogether. Johnson boldly and, at once, propounds the real
motives to Christian conduct; and does not, with some ethical writers, in a slavish
dread of interfering with the more immediate office of the divine, hold out slender
inducements to virtuous action, which can never give us strength to stem the
torrent of passion; but holding with the acute Owen Feltham[8], "that, as true
religion cannot be without morality, no more can morality, that is right, be
without religion," Johnson ever directs our attention, not to the world's smile or
frown, but to the discharge of the duty which Providence assigns us, by the
consideration of the awful approach of that night when no man can work. To conclude
with the appropriate words of an eloquent writer, "in his sublime discussions of
the most sacred truths, as no style can be too lofty nor conceptions too grand for
such a subject, so has the great master never exerted the powers of his great
genius with more signal success. Impiety shrinks beneath his rebuke; the atheist
trembles and repents; the dying sinner catches a gleam of revealed hope; and all
acknowledge the just dispensations of eternal Wisdom[9]."
FOOTNOTES:
[1] For the general history of the Adventurer, the reader may be referred to
Chalmers' British Essayists, xxiii, Dr. Drake's Essays on Rambler, Adventurer, &c.
ii, and Boswell's Journal, 3rd edit. p. 240.
[2] Five of these, Nos. 39, 67, 74, 81, and 128, which Sir John Hawkins omitted to
arrange among the writings of Johnson, are given in this edition.
[3] See particularly the Letters of Misagargyrus.
[4] The description in No. 84, of the incidents of a stage-coach journey, so often
imitated by succeeding writers, but, perhaps, never surpassed, will exemplify the
above remark.
[5] See Lounger, No. 30.
[6] "I have heard, he means to occasionally throw some papers into the Daily
Advertiser; but he has not begun yet, as he is in great affliction, I fear, poor
man, for the loss of his wife."--Letter from Miss Talbot to Mrs. Carter. Mrs.
Johnson died March 17, 1752.
[7] See the Preface to Shakespeare.
[8] Owen Feltham's Resolves.
[9] Indian Observer, No. 1, 1793. See likewise Adventurers, Nos. 120, 126, 128.
PREFATORY NOTICE
TO
THE IDLER.
The Idler may be ranked among the best attempts which have been made to render our
common newspapers the medium of rational amusement; and it maintained its ground in
this character longer than any of the papers which have been brought forward by
Colman and others on the same plan[1]. Dr. Johnson first inserted this production
in the Universal Chronicle, or Weekly Gazette, April 15, 1758, four years after he
had desisted from his labours as an essayist. It would seem probable, that Newbery,
the publisher of the Chronicle, projected it as a vehicle for Johnson's essays,
since it ceased to appear when its pages were no longer enlivened by the humour of
the Idler.
It is well known, that Johnson was not "built of the press and pen[2]" when he
composed the Rambler; but his sphere of observation had been much enlarged since
its publication, and his more ample means no longer suffered his genius to be
"limited by the narrow conversation, to which men in want are inevitably
condemned[3]." "The sublime philosophy of the Rambler cannot properly be said to
have portrayed the manners of the times; it has seldom touched on subjects so
transient and fugitive, but has displayed the more fixed and invariable operations
of the human heart[4]." But the Idler breathes more of a worldly spirit, and
savours less of the closet than Johnson's earlier essays; and, accordingly, we find
delineated in its diversified pages the manners and characters of the day in
amusing variety and contrast.
Written professedly for a paper of miscellaneous intelligence, the Idler dwells on
the passing incidents of the day, whether serious or light[5], and abounds with
party and political allusion. Johnson ever surveyed mankind with the eye of a
philosopher; but his own easier circumstances would now present the world's aspect
to him in brighter, fairer colours. Besides, he could, with more propriety and less
risk of misapprehension, venture to trifle now, than when first he addressed the
public.
The World[6] had diffused its precepts, and corrected the fluctuating manners of
fashion, in the tone of fashionable raillery; and the Connoisseur[7], by its gay
and sparkling effusions, had forwarded the advance of the public mind to that last
stage of intellectual refinement, in which alone a relish exists for delicate and
half latent irony. The plain and literal citizens of an earlier period, who conned
over what was "so nominated in the bend," would have misapprehended that graceful
playfulness of satire, elegant and fanciful as ever charmed the leisure of the
literary loungers of Athens. For, in the writings of Bonnel Thornton and Colman,
the philosophy of Aristippus may indeed be said to be revived[8]. We would not,
however, be supposed, by these allusions, to imply that all the papers of the Idler
are light and sportive; or that Johnson for a moment lost sight of a grand moral
end in all his discussions. His mind only accommodated itself to the circumstances
in which it was placed, and diligently sought to avail itself of each varying
opportunity to admonish and to benefit, whether from the chair of philosophic
reproof or in the cheerful, social circle. Whatever faults have been charged upon
the Idler may be traced, we conceive, to this source. Nobody at times, said
Johnson, talks more laxly than I do[9]. And this acknowledged propensity may well
be presumed to have affected the humorous and almost conversational tone of the
work before us. In the conscious pride of mental might and in the easier moments of
conversations, that illuminated the minds of Reynolds[10] and of Burke, Johnson
delighted to indulge in a lively sophistry which might sometimes deceive himself,
when at first he merely wished to sport in elegant raillery or ludicrous paradox.
When these sallies were recorded and brought to bear against him on future
occasions, irritated at their misconstruction and conscious to himself of an
upright intention, or at most of only a wish to promote innocent cheerfulness, he
was too stubborn in retracting what he had thus advanced. Hence, when menaced with
a prosecution for his definition of Excise in his Dictionary, so far from offering
apology or promising alteration, he called, in his Idler, a Commissioner of Excise
the lowest of human beings, and classes him with the scribbler for a party[11]. So
strange a definition and still less pardonable adherence to it can only be
justified on the ground of Johnson's warm feelings for the comfort of the middle
class of society. He knew that the execution of the excise laws involved an
intrusion into the privacies of domestic life, and often violated the fireside of
the unoffending and quiet tradesman. He, therefore, disliked those laws altogether,
and his warm-hearted disposition would not allow him to calculate on their abstract
advantages with modern political economists, who, in their generalizing doctrines,
too frequently overlook individual comfort and interests. His remarks, in the same
paper, on the edition of the Pleas of the Crown cannot be thus vindicated, and we
must here lament an error in an otherwise honest and well-intentioned mind[12].
Every impartial reader of his works may thus easily trace to their origin Johnson's
chief political errors, and his research must terminate in admiration of a writer,
who never prostituted his pen to fear or favour; and who, though erroneous often in
his estimate of men and measures, still, in his support of a party, firmly believed
himself to be the advocate of morality and right. His tenderness of spirit, his
firm principles and his deep sense of the emptiness of human pursuits are visible
amidst the lighter papers of the Idler, and his serious reflections are, perhaps,
more strikingly affecting as contrasted with mirthfulness and pleasantry.
His concluding paper and the one[13] on the death of his mother have, perhaps,
never been surpassed. Here is no affectation of sentimentality, no morbid and
puling complaints, but the dignified and chastened expression of sorrow, which a
mind, constituted as Johnson's, must have experienced on the departure of a mother.
A heart, tender and susceptible of pathetic emotion, as his was, must have deeply
felt, how dreary it is to walk downward to the grave unregarded by her "who has
looked on our childhood." Occasions for more violent and perturbed grief may occur
to us in our passage through life, but the gentle, quiet death of a mother speaks
to us with "still small voice" of our wasting years, and breaks completely and, at
once, our earliest and most cherished associations. This tenderness of spirit seems
ever to have actuated Johnson, and he is surely greatest when he breathes it forth
over the sorrows and miseries of man. Even in his humorous papers, he never wounds
feeling for the sake of raising a laugh, nor sports with folly, but in the hope of
reclaiming the vicious and with the design of warning the young of the delusion and
danger of an example, which can only be imitated by the forfeiture of virtue and
the practice of vice. "In whatever he undertook, it was his determined purpose to
rectify the heart, to purify the passions, to give ardour to virtue and confidence
to truth[14]."
FOOTNOTES:
[1] The Genius was published by Colman in the St. James's Chronicle, 1761, 1762.
The Gentleman, by the same author, came out in the London-Packet, 1775. The
Grumbler was the production of the Antiquary Grose, and appeared in the English
Chronicle, 1791.
[2] Owen Feltham.
[3] Preface to Shakespeare.
[4] Country Spectator, No. 1.
[5] Idler, No. 6.
[6] The World was published in 1753.
[7] The Connoisseur appeared in 1754.
[8] See Dr. Drake's Essays, II.
[9] Journal of a Tour to the Hebrides.
[10] See life of Sir Joshua Reynolds, prefixed to his Works by Malone, i. 28, &c.
[11] See Idler, No. 65 and Mr. Chalmers' Preface to vol. 33 of the British
Essayists.
[12] See Gentleman's Magazine 1706. p. 272.
[13] Idler, No. 41.
[14] See Pursuits of Literature, Dialogue I. note.
THE IDLER.
1. The Idler's character.
2. Invitation to correspondents.
3. Idler's reason for writing.
4. Charities and hospitals.
5. Proposal for a female army.
6. Lady's performance on horseback.
7. Scheme for news-writers.
8. Plan of military discipline.
9. Progress of idleness.
10. Political credulity.
11. Discourses on the weather.
12. Marriages, why advertised.
13. The imaginary housewife.
14. Robbery of time.
15. Treacle's complaint of his wife.
16. Drugget's retirement.
17. Expedients of idlers.
18. Drugget vindicated.
19. Whirler's character.
20. Capture of Louisbourg.
21. Linger's history of listlessness.
22. Imprisonment of debtors.
23. Uncertainty of friendship.
24. Man does not always think.
25. New actors on the stage.
26. Betty Broom's history.
27. Power of habits.
28. Wedding-day. Grocer's wife. Chairman.
29. Betty Broom's history continued.
30. Corruption of news-writers.
31. Disguises of idleness. Sober's character.
32. On Sleep.
33. Journal of a fellow of a college.
34. Punch and conversation compared.
35. Auction-hunter described and ridiculed.
36. The terrific diction ridiculed.
37. Useful things easy of attainment.
38. Cruelty shown to debtors in prison.
39. The various uses of the bracelet.
40. The art of advertising exemplified.
41. Serious reflections on the death of a friend.
42. Perdita's complaint of her father.
43. Monitions on the flight of time.
44. The use of memory considered.
45. On painting. Portraits defended.
46. Molly Quick's complaint of her mistress.
47. Deborah Ginger's account of city-wits.
48. The bustle of idleness described and ridiculed.
49. Marvel's journey narrated.
50. Marvel's journey paralleled.
51. Domestick greatness unattainable.
52. Self-denial necessary.
53. Mischiefs of good company.
54. Mrs. Savecharges' complaint.
55. Authors' mortifications.
56. Virtuosos whimsical.
57. Character of Sophron.
58. Expectations of pleasure frustrated.
59. Books fall into neglect.
60. Minim the critic.
61. Minim the critic.
62. Hanger's account of the vanity of riches.
63. Progress of arts and language.
64. Ranger's complaint concluded.
65. Fate of posthumous works.
66. Loss of ancient writings.
67. Scholar's journal.
68. History of translation.
69. History of translation.
70. Hard words defended.
71. Dick Shifter's rural excursion.
72. Regulation of memory.
73. Tranquil's use of riches.
74. Memory rarely deficient.
75. Gelaleddin of Bassora.
76. False criticisms on painting.
77. Easy writing.
78. Steady, Snug, Startle, Solid and Misty.
79. Grand style of painting.
80. Ladies' journey to London.
81. Indian's speech to his countrymen.
82. The true idea of beauty.
83. Scruple, Wormwood, Sturdy and Gentle.
84. Biography, how best performed.
85. Books multiplied by useless compilations.
86. Miss Heartless' want of a lodging.
87. Amazonian bravery revived.
88. What have ye done?
89. Physical evil moral good.
90. Rhetorical action considered.
91. Sufficiency of the English language.
92. Nature of cunning.
93. Sam Softly's history.
94. Obstructions of learning.
95. Tim Wainscot's son a fine gentleman.
96. Hacho of Lapland.
97. Narratives of travellers considered.
98. Sophia Heedful.
99. Ortogrul of Basra.
100. The good sort of woman.
101. Omar's plan of life.
102. Authors inattentive to themselves.
103. Honour of the last.
THE
ADVENTURER.
THE IDLER.
ADVERTISEMENT.
The IDLER having omitted to distinguish the essays of his correspondents by any
particular signature, thinks it necessary to inform his readers, that from the
ninth, the fifteenth, thirty-third, forty-second, fifty-fourth, sixty-seventh,
seventy-sixth, seventy-ninth, eighty-second, ninety-third, ninety-sixth, and
ninety-eighth papers, he claims no other praise than that of having given them to
the publick[1].
[1] The names of the Authors of these Papers, as far as known, will be given in the
course of the present edition.
THE IDLER.
[1] For some pleasing remarks on this subject see De Lolme on the constitution of
England, chap. 12. We cannot retrain from quoting here the speech of Sir James
Mackintosh in the well known Peltier cause. "A sort of prophetic instinct, if I may
so speak, seems to have revealed to her (Queen Elizabeth) the importance of that
great instrument, for rousing and guiding the minds of men, of the effects of which
she had no experience; which, since her time, has changed the condition of the
world; but which few modern statesmen have thoroughly understood, or wisely
employed; which is no doubt connected with many ridiculous and degrading details;
which has produced, and may again produce, terrible mischiefs; but of which the
influence must after all be considered as the most certain effect of the most
efficacious cause of civilization; and which, whether it be a blessing or a curse,
is the most powerful engine that a politician can move--I mean the Press. It is a
curious fact, that in the year of the Armada, Queen Elizabeth caused to be printed
the first Gazettes that ever appeared in England."
End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Works of Samuel Johnson in Nine Volumes,
by Samuel Johnson
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