Questions

Q1.
 
A scientist obtained a mass of 0.0062 nanograms of DNA from a diploid human cell.

Calculate the mass of DNA the scientist should obtain from a haploid human cell.

Give your answer in picograms.

(1 nanogram = 1000 picograms)

(2)

........................................................... picograms

 
(Total for question = 2 marks)
 

Q2.

Yeasts are microorganisms that are used in the brewing and baking industries.
The diagram shows a yeast cell.

(a) (i) State two ways in which the structure of this yeast cell differs from the structure of a bacterial cell.
(2)
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(ii) Plant cells can produce glucose.
Suggest why yeast cells cannot produce glucose.
(1)
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(b) The table shows the number of different components found in the blood of a healthy person and the blood of
 two other       people.

(i) Calculate the difference in the number of white blood cells per dm3 of blood between the healthy person and
person A.
(2)
 

 
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(ii) Describe the functions of white blood cells.
(2)
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(iii) Person B has a low number of red blood cells compared to the healthy person.
Suggest an effect this may have on person B.
(1)
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(Total for Question = 8 marks)

Q3.
 
Cells

The diagram shows a human sperm cell.

(a)  (i)  Structure X on the diagram contains DNA.

 Name structure X.
(1)
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(ii)  Which statement is true for DNA?

Place a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
   A    DNA is made up of amino acids and bases.

   B    DNA is made up of amino acids which give instructions to make proteins.

   C    In DNA, the bases A and T are complementary.

   D    Every gene in a DNA molecule contains only three bases.

(b)  Sperm cells are involved in fertilisation.

Define fertilisation.
(2)
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(c)  (i)  Describe the function of mitochondria.

(2)
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(ii)  Gene mutations in DNA can produce abnormal mitochondria.

Explain how a gene mutation can produce a different protein.
(2)
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(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q4.
 
The human immune system helps defend the body against disease.

Figure 1 shows a bacterial cell that can cause disease.

Figure 1

What is the part of the cell labelled X?

(1)
   A    cytoplasm

   B    nucleus

   C    chromosome

   D    plasmid

 
(Total for question = 1 mark)
 

Q5.

State why egg cells have a large amount of cytoplasm.

(1)
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Q6.
 
The development of electron microscopes has increased our understanding of cells and their features.

Figure 8 shows two images of ciliated epithelium, one taken using a light microscope and one using an electron
microscope.
 Figure 8

Explain how the electron microscope image helps us to understand more about ciliated epithelium.
(3)
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(Total for question = 3 marks)
 

Q7.
 
When bacteria divide they replicate their genome and synthesise their cell wall.

Figure 12 outlines the stages of bacterial replication.

 Figure 12

Penicillin inhibits the synthesis of the cell wall in bacteria.

Explain the effect of penicillin on bacterial and human cells.

(3)
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(Total for question = 3 marks)
 

Q8.
 
A student cut a piece of onion and placed it on a microscope slide.

The student then placed this slide on the stage of a light microscope and looked through the eyepiece.
No cells could be seen in the piece of onion.

Explain two ways this method could be improved to see details of the onion cells.
(4)
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(Total for question = 4 marks)
 

Q9.

The diagram shows the human life cycle.

When a sperm cell fertilises an egg cell, a zygote is formed.
 (a) Complete the diagram by writing the sex chromosomes in the egg cells, sperm cells, male zygote and female
zygote.
(2)
(b) The diagram shows a sperm cell.

Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
The acrosome contains
(1)
   A   enzymes to help get through the membrane of the egg cell
   B   mitochondria to supply energy to swim
   C   muscle fibres to swim
   D   23 chromosomes
(c) State why egg cells have a large amount of cytoplasm.
(1)
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(d) During ovulation an egg cell is released from the ovary.
 Explain how changes in the levels of hormones result in ovulation.
(2)
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 (e) Explain what happens to the uterus lining if the egg cell is fertilised.
(2)
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(Total for Question = 8 marks)

Q10.
 
Answer the question with a cross in the box you think is correct . If you change your mind about an
answer, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .

Figure 4 shows three cells.

(i)  What is structure X?
(1)
   A    cell membrane

   B    cell wall

   C    cytoplasm

   D    nucleus

(ii)  The bacterial cell in Figure 4 has a flagellum.

       State the function of a flagellum.

(1)
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(iii)  Give one other difference between the bacterial cell and the animal cell shown in Figure 4.
(1)
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(Total for question = 3 marks)
 

Q11.
 
Figure 6 shows a diagram of a cell.

(i)  Which row of the table identifies both structure P and structure Q?

(1)

(ii)  Plant cells have a cell wall and a large vacuole.

Draw one straight line from each structure to its function.
(2)
 
(Total for question = 3 marks)
 

Q12.
 
Streptococcus bacteria can cause a sore throat or skin infection.

An illness called scarlet fever can also develop during an infection with this bacterium.

(i)  Give two precautions a doctor should take when treating a patient who is infected with Streptococcus.
(2)
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(ii)  From September 2013 to March 2014 there were 2 830 cases of scarlet fever in the UK.
From September 2014 to March 2015 there were 5 943 cases of scarlet fever.
Calculate the percentage increase of the number of cases of scarlet fever between the periods September 2014 to
March 2015 and September 2013 to March 2014.
(2)
 ........................................................... %

(iii)  Figure 10 shows some Streptococcus bacteria.

Figure 10
Some bacteria are motile, meaning they can move themselves.
Why is a Streptococcus bacterium not motile?
(1)
   A    it does not have flagella
   B    it does not have plasmids
   C    it does not have ribosomes
   D    it does not have acrosomes

 
(Total for question = 5 marks)
 

Q13.
 
The human immune system helps defend the body against disease.

Figure 1 shows a bacterial cell that can cause disease.

 Figure 1

What is the part of the cell labelled X?

(1)
   A    cytoplasm

   B    nucleus

   C    chromosome

   D    plasmid

 
(Total for question = 1 mark)
 

Q14.
 
Infertility

(a)  The pie chart shows the common causes of infertility for the human population of the United Kingdom.
 What is the main explained cause of infertility?
Place a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
(1)
   A    coital problems
   B    ovulation failure
   C    sperm problems
   D    tube damage

(b)  State two treatments for infertility.

(2)
1

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(c)  Sometimes parts of the sperm do not function correctly.

(i)  Name the parts labelled A and B.
(2)
 (ii)  Explain why mitochondria are important for the correct functioning of the sperm.
(3)
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(Total for question = 8 marks)

Q15.
 
Figure 15 is a drawing of a eukaryotic cell.

Structure Z is found in plant leaf cells.

(i)  Name structure Z.
(1)
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(ii)  Give one function of the mitochondrion.

(1)
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(Total for question = 2 marks)
 

Q16.
 
Figure 9 shows two sperm cells.
(i)  Name structure Z.
(1)
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(ii)  Sperm B has a larger middle section than sperm A.

Explain why sperm B will be more likely to fertilise an egg than sperm A if they were both released at the same
time.
(3)
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(Total for question = 4 marks)
 

Q17.
 
During ovulation an egg is released.

Explain the changes to an egg immediately after a sperm enters it.

(2)
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Q18.

The diagram shows a sperm cell.

Complete the sentence by putting a cross ( ) in the box next to your answer.
The acrosome contains
(1)
   A   enzymes to help get through the membrane of the egg cell
   B   mitochondria to supply energy to swim
   C   muscle fibres to swim
   D   23 chromosomes

Mark Scheme

Q1.
 

Q2.

Answer Acceptable answers Mark

 
 (a)(i) Any two of the
following points:
(yeast cell)
· has a nucleus (1)
· does not have a
flagellum (1)
    Accept: has a
· does not have a
vacuole        accept:
plasmid (1)(bacterial
named bacterial feature
cell)
e.g pilli, small
· has chromosomal
ribosome, if not
DNA / circular DNA
labelled in yeast cell
(1)
· has a capsule (1)
· has a slime coat
(1)
· does not have
mitochondria (1)         (2)
(a)(ii) does not have
chloroplasts/chlorophyl cannot photosynthesise
l (1)
(b)(i) two marks for correct
bald answer    accept 43
000 000 000    allow
one mark for correct
7 x 109 (-) 5 x 1010(1) =
subtraction from
(-)4.3 x 1010 or (-)43 x
wrongly selected
109
numbers    only accept
the numbers in the
table with a correct
minus calculation (2)
(b)(ii) A description including
any two of the accept: (fight pathogen
following points: / harmful
· involved in microorganism /
defence against disease named microorganism)
/ part of immune accept: engulf / ingest /
system (1) surround /digest cells
· phagocytosis (1) reject: make antigens
· antibody / ignore: refs to role of
antitoxin production red blood cells or
(1)    platelets (2)
(b)(iii) tired / lack of energy / anaemia /fainting / less
lethargy / short of oxygen / increased
breath anaerobic respiration   
reject: references to
asthman (1)

Q3.
Q4.
 

Q5.

Answer Acceptable answers Mark

 
  to supply / contain (a  food /named nutrient
large amount of) Ignore references to
nutrients / energy (for foetus
the zygote / embryo) Reject baby
(1) 
 

Q6.
 

 
Q7.
 

Q8.
 
 

Q9.

Answer Acceptable answers Mark

 
(a) Gametes correctly XXYX
labelled (1)
X X X Y Female
zygote X X
Male zygote X Y (1) (2)
(b) A enzymes to help   (1)
get through the
 membrane of the egg
cell
(c) to supply / contain (a  food /named nutrient
large amount of) Ignore references to
nutrients / energy (for foetus
the zygote / embryo) Reject baby
(1) 
(d) An explanation linking   accept high oestrogen
two of the following: levels /
· rising oestrogen oestrogen peaks /
levels (1) oestrogen
· (stimulate released
production of) LH (1)
· (LH) levels
increase / when it
reaches a set level /
peaks (which causes
ovulation) (1)   (2) 
(e) An explanation   Reject: repairs
linking:
· Uterus lining
maintained/ thickened
(more) (1)With one of:
· Because
progesterone levels
maintained /
progesterone is still
produced
· So that the embryo
can embed on it / So
that the uterus lining
can supply the embryo
with nutrients    (2)     
 

Q10.
 
 

Q11.
 

 
Q12.
 

Q13.
 
 

Q14.
Q15.
 

Q16.
 
 

Q17.
 

Q18.

Answer Acceptable answers Mark

 
  A enzymes to help   (1)
get through the
membrane of the egg
 cell