CHAPTER TWO

2.1. INTRODUCTION
The development of technology has brought about a revolution in the agricultural industry,
improving the way farmers manage their farms and sell their produce. In the Era of LPG
(Liberalization, Privatization and Globalization), the Farming is no longer and occupation but a
profession with sustainable yields and returns. The less remunerative market prices of
agricultural commodities are the major causes of widening gap between Haves and Have not
(Swaminathan, B. & Sivabalan, Karthickprabhu & Anandaraja, Nallusamy, 2015). This literature
review aims to explore the current state of technology in the agricultural sector and identify the
most recent developments in the field.

2.2. EXISTING SYSTEMS

1. FarmCrowdy: FarmCrowdy is a crowdfunding platform Founded by Onyeka Akumah together
with his co-founders Ifeanyi Abiodun, and Temitope Omotolani in the year 2020, an agricultural
digital platform connecting small scale farmers to investors with the goal of boosting the food
production in Nigeria

FarmCrowdy is designed to help smallholder farmers in Nigeria access finance. Its limitations
include limited awareness of crowdfunding among farmers, as well as limited access to digital
technologies and financial services in rural areas.

2. AgroCentral: An Online Marketplace for Agriculture (2021)

AgroCentral is an online marketplace designed to connect farmers and buyers in Nigeria. Its
limitations include limited access to digital technologies and low levels of trust among farmers
and buyers, as well as limited infrastructure for delivery and logistics.
3. AgriMart: An Agricultural E-commerce Platform by Peterson Moreira (2019)
AgriMart is an e-commerce platform designed to connect farmers and buyers in India. Its
limitations include limited availability of internet access and digital literacy among farmers, as
well as limited infrastructure for delivery and logistics.
4. Farmily: A Farm Management Platform (2020)
Farmily is a farm management platform designed to help smallholder farmers in India. Its
limitations include limited availability of internet access and smartphones among farmers, as
well as limited access to quality data on weather and market prices.
5. FarmDrive: A Credit Scoring Platform for Smallholder Farmers (2018)
FarmDrive is a credit scoring platform designed to help smallholder farmers in Kenya access
loans. Its limitations include limited availability of data on farmers' creditworthiness, as well as
limited access to financial services in rural areas.
6. CropIn: A Digital Farm Management Platform (2021)
CropIn is a digital farm management platform designed to help farmers in India increase their
productivity and profitability. Its limitations include limited availability of internet access.

2.3. RELATED WORKS

2.3.1. Mobile Phone Use for Agribusiness by Farmers in Southwest Nigeria Ogunniyi and
Ojebuyi 2016;
This study investigated how farmers in Southwest Nigeria use mobile phones for agribusiness,
the benefits of the use of mobile phones, and the challenges farmers face using the device.
Driven by theory of information and communication technology for development, this study
adopted survey and focus group discussion (FGD) methods. Stratified, random, purposive and
convenience sampling techniques were employed to select the sample. A questionnaire and FGD
guide were used to collect data. Findings revealed that, among all the mobile phone features, the
mostly used feature by farmers is radio at the rate of 75.9%, while the mostly deployed phone
service is voice call (83.4%). Mobile phone use contributes to increase in farmer’s income,
reduction in transaction and transportation costs, and increase in farm productivity. However,
epileptic electricity supply hinders the effective use of mobile phones for agribusiness.
Infrastructural facilities, especially electricity, should be provided in the rural areas to enable
farmers use mobile phones effectively for agribusiness activities and ensure sustainable
agricultural development.
2.3.2. "Blockchain Technology in Agriculture: A Comprehensive Review" (2021)
This article explores the potential of blockchain technology in agriculture, including its use in
supply chain management, traceability, and food safety. It highlights the benefits of blockchain
in terms of improving transparency and trust in the agricultural sector.

Blockchain is an exciting new technology that presents opportunities for natural ingredient
suppliers in developing countries. Although there are many advantages to using blockchain
technology, there are also business risks and pitfalls. Producers in developing countries can
benefit tremendously from this technology, however they should also be mindful of its
limitations.

The Merriam Webster dictionary defines blockchain as a “digital database containing

information (such as records of financial transactions) that can be simultaneously used and
shared within a large decentralized, publicly accessible network.”

Blockchain is a recently-developed technology with very high growth potential. Bitcoin was the
first major blockchain innovation. Blockchain or Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) is a
ground-breaking technology, as it provides solutions to many issues related to banking, supply
chains and logistics. One of its main features is that it is decentralized and transparent. It is
estimated that over 15 percent of financial institutions use blockchain technology. Figure 1
shows the estimated market size of blockchain in the financial services sector between 2018 and
2026.
After the invention of Bitcoin, investment started going towards exploring how blockchain could
be used in other areas, such as health care, agriculture, insurance, transportation, voting, contract
management and more. In 2014, the co-founder of Bitcoin Magazine, Vitalik Buterin, published
a white paper that proposed a decentralized application platform. This represented a turning point
for blockchain technology as various industries began to explore its potential. This led to the
development of new types of DLTs.
2.3.3. A Systematic Review on Monitoring and Advance Control Strategies in Smart
Agriculture:
Automation in agriculture nowadays is the main focus and area of development for various
countries. The population rate of the world is increasing rapidly and will be double in upcoming
decades and the need of food is also increasing accordingly. To meet this rapid growth in
demand, agriculture automation is the best solution. Traditional strategies employed by farmers
are not efficient enough to fulfill the rising demand. Improper use of nutrients, water, fertilizers
and pesticides disturbs the agricultural growth and the land remains barren with no fertility. This
research paper presents different control strategies used to automate agriculture such as: IoT,
aerial imagery, thermal camera, machine learning, and artificial intelligence techniques.
Problems in agriculture like plant diseases, pesticide control, weed management, irrigation and
water management can easily be solved by different automated and control techniques mentioned
above. Automation by advance control strategies of agricultural methods have verified to
increase the crops yield and also the soil fertility become strong. This research paper reviews and
observe the work of different researchers to present a brief summary about the trends in smart
agriculture.
2.3.4. An Overview of Internet of Things (IoT) and Data Analytics in Agriculture: Benefits
and Challenges
The surge in global population is compelling a shift toward smart agriculture practices. This
coupled with the diminishing natural resources, limited availability of arable land, increase in
unpredictable weather conditions makes food security a major concern for most countries. As a
result, the use of Internet of Things (IoT) and data analytics (DA) are employed to enhance the
operational efficiency and productivity in the agriculture sector. There is a paradigm shift from
use of wireless sensor network (WSN) as a major driver of smart agriculture to the use of IoT
and DA. The IoT integrates several existing technologies, such as WSN, radio frequency
identification, cloud computing, middleware systems, and end-user applications. In this paper,
several benefits and challenges of IoT have been identified. We present the IoT ecosystem and
how the combination of IoT and DA is enabling smart agriculture. Furthermore, we provide
future trends and opportunities which are categorized into technological innovations, application
scenarios, business, and marketability.
2.3.5. INNOVATIVE FOR AGRICULTURE
Young ICT entrepreneurs overcoming challenges and transforming agriculture
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) that the United Nations adopted in September 2015
urge all stakeholders to take necessary actions to end hunger (Goal 1), double agricultural
productivity of small-scale food producers by 2030 (Goal 2), and promote policies that support
entrepreneurship (Goal 3). Increasing the productivity and sustainability of agriculture depends,
to a large degree, on engaging young people in the sector, drawing on their energy and
innovations. This publication, put together by CTA’s Agriculture Rural Development and Youth
in the Information Society (ARDYIS) project, in collaboration with Ashoka, shows how this
might be achieved. The booklet presents 20 ICT-enabled
entrepreneurial ventures created by young innovators from African and Caribbean countries. The
innovations feature the use of mobile phones, social media, websites and a new generation of
tractors. Services offered target various segments and facilities along the agricultural value chain,
from pre-production to production, financing, marketing, trade and consumption
2.3.6. The impacts of Interannual Climate Variability and Agricultural Inputs on Water
Footprint of Crop Production in an Irrigation District of China
Irrigation plays an increasing important role in agriculture of China. The assessment of water
resources utilization during agricultural production process will contribute to improving
agricultural water management practices for the irrigation districts. The water footprint provides
a new approach to assessing the agricultural water utilization. The present paper put forward a
modified calculation method to quantify the water footprint of crop. On this basis, this paper
calculated the water footprint of major crop in Hetao irrigation district, China. Then, it evaluated
the influencing factors that caused the variability of crop water footprint during the study period.
2.3.7. The potential health risks and environmental pollution associated with the
application of plant growth regulators in vegetable production in several suburban areas of
Hanoi, Vietnam
Plant growth regulators (PGRs) play a pivotal role in increasing vegetable productivity, but they
have many drawbacks that can include health and safe concerns of consumers. In this study, the
plant growth regulators (PGRs) contents of 111 Brassica juncea (L.) Czern. samples collected
from six main suburban areas of Hanoi, Vietnam, were determined by liquid chromatography—
electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
2.3.8. IOT Based Smart Agriculture and Soil Nutrient Detection System
Development of agriculture using technology will be very much useful in cultivation. For a new
agricultural area, without knowing or monitoring the important parameters of the soil, cultivation
will be difficult and so the farmers suffer financial losses. This project provides a brief overview
of the soil monitoring system using sensors. Various soil sensors are used to measure
temperature, moisture and light, humidity and ph value. The information from the sensors in the
soil is sent to the MCP3204 A/D converter then from A/D converter it sends to the cloud through
Raspberry pi. Finally, we can see the information saved to cloud on mobile phone as well as
laptop. On the basis of information, we know which crop is suitable with given soil parameter.
Thus, this advanced technology helps the farmers to know the accurate parameters of the soil
thus making the soil testing procedure easier
2.3.9. "Mobile Apps for Agriculture: A Comprehensive Review" (2020)
This paper reviews recent developments in mobile apps for agriculture, including apps for farm
management, weather forecasting, and market analysis. It discusses the benefits of these apps in
terms of improving productivity and profitability for farmers.
Mobile apps have become so integral to our daily lives that most of us can’t imagine living
without them. In fact, consumers in more than a dozen markets worldwide are now spending four
to five hours per day in apps, according to a recent report from app intelligence firm data.ai. But
to truly understand how mobile apps have become the center of our attention, we must first look
back at when they finally went mainstream.

CropX is an easy-to-use integrated hardware and software system that connects farm data, real-
time conditions. and agronomic recommendations, all while keeping farm data in one place for
easy tracking and sharing. Install and communicate with CropX soil sensors,

2.3.10. Farm to Table: A Review of Emerging Trends in Local Food Systems" (2021)
This article reviews emerging trends in local food systems, including the farm-to-table
movement and community-supported agriculture. It discusses the benefits of these trends in
terms of improving food security and supporting local farmers.
Farm to table generally refers to the movement or concept of sourcing and consuming locally
grown or produced food directly from the farmer or producer, without intermediaries such as
distributors or retailers. The aim of the Farm-to-table movement is to promote sustainable and
responsible agriculture, reduce the environmental impact of food transportation, and support
local farmers and communities

2.3.11. Market participation of smallholder maize farmers in the upper west region of
Ghana Abu et al. (2014)
This study investigated farmer characteristics, private assets, public assets and transaction cost
variables influencing the probability and intensity of participating in the market by smallholder
maize farmers in the Upper West Region of Ghana. The Household Commercialization Index
was used to estimate the level of market participation and the Double Hurdle Model was used to
estimate the factors influencing both market participation and intensity of participation. The
results indicated that about twenty-four percent of maize is sold in the region within a production
year which implies low commercialization index. The study concludes that maize is produced as
a staple for household consumption. The study recommends that government through the
Ministry of Food and Agriculture should institute productivity enhancing measures to increase
the productivity of maize as well as establish rural finance schemes to address the credit needs of
smallholders.
2.3.12. Impact of information and communication technology on marketing of rice: A study
of Uttar Pradesh September 2019 B Kakali Majumdar and Rajeev Kumar Singh
The lack of proper dissemination of market information is observed as the main reason of poor
marketing of the agricultural produce in India. Application of information and communication
technology (ICT) can bridge this information gap by means of dissemination of required
marketing information specifically targeted at the farmers. The purpose of this paper is to study
the impact of ICT on marketing of rice in Uttar Pradesh, one of the biggest northern states of
India. An attempt is also made to identify the factors that influence the use of ICT. Primary data
are collected through a multistage sampling technique. Single, multiple dummy and binary
logistic regression models are used in the present work. Findings A significant difference is
observed in the NPf of the farmers using ICT than that of non-users. Education and land holding
type also have a positive and Originality/value in the existing literature, the study related to the
impact of ICT on agricultural marketing is almost absent for India in general, and Uttar Pradesh
in particular. ICT has created impact in almost all directions of life. It is expected that the
implementation of ICT will create a notable impact on the income level of the farmers. The
present study will give a direction in this regard. The study is based on primary data and original
work of the authors.
2.3.13. Precision Farming: Sensor Analytics
The role of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) in agriculture has become prominent as part of the
precision farming initiative. In the future, multiple WSN systems will be deployed on every
farm. Accurate and timely analyses of the data collected by these systems will become
paramount for increasing efficiency and sustainability of farming. Conventionally, analyzing
monitoring data is considered to be beyond WSN capabilities, and, therefore, carried out
remotely. Meanwhile, in recent years, complexity of the tasks performed by WSNs has been
constantly increasing. Modern wireless sensors possess computational capacity sufficient for
certain data-analytics functionality. This article overviews modern WSN functionality that
incorporates a certain level of intelligence, while the authors explore challenges and potential
benefits of WSN-based analytics in the scope of precision farming.
2.3.14. Technological Revolutions in Smart Farming: Current Trends, Challenges &
Future Directions
With increasing population, the demand for agricultural productivity is rising to meet the goal of
“Zero Hunger”. Consequently, farmers have optimized the agricultural activities in a sustainable
way with the modern technologies. This integration has boosted the agriculture production due to
high potentiality in assisting the farmers. The impulse towards the technological advancement
has revived the traditional agriculture methods and resulted in eco-friendly, sustainable, and
efficient farming. This has revolutionized the era of smart farming which primarily alliance with
modern technologies like, big data, machine learning, deep learning, swarm intelligence,
internet-of-things, block chain, robotics and autonomous system, cloud-fog-edge computing,
cyber physical systems, and generative adversarial networks (GAN). To cater the same, a
detailed survey on ten hot-spots of smart farming is presented in this paper. The survey covers
the technology-wise state-of-the-art methods along with their application domains. Moreover, the
publicly available data sets with existing research challenges are investigated. Lastly, the paper
concludes with suggestions to the identified problems and
Vivek Sharma, Ashish Kumar Tripathi, Himanshu Mittal,
2.3.15. "The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Agriculture: A Review" (2020)
This journal article discusses the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in agriculture, including its
applications in crop management, pest control, and yield prediction. It highlights the potential of
AI to revolutionize the way farmers manage their farms and improve crop yields.
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