Harvard Referencing

PIHE Guide to Referencing
(Harvard Referencing Method)

Contributors: Lucia Geyer, Pamela Makati, Mary-Anne Potter, Adam Levin, Robyn Pierce
and Alexandra Wheeler
Editors: Jill Lindsay, Alexandra Wheeler and Pamela Makati
Version 1.0
© 2017 Pearson Institute of Higher Education

Contents
Introduction 1
Unit 1: Academic integrity 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Fundamental values of academic integrity 4
1.2.1 Honesty ......................................................................................................4
1.2.2 Trust ...........................................................................................................4
1.2.3 Fairness .....................................................................................................5
1.2.4 Respect ......................................................................................................5
1.2.5 Responsibility .............................................................................................6
1.3 Basic rules of academic integrity 7
Unit 2: PIHE policy on plagiarism, intellectual property and copyright 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Plagiarism 9
2.2.1 Reasons for plagiarising ...........................................................................10
2.2.2 Types (forms) of plagiarism ......................................................................10
2.2.3 Cyber plagiarism (Digital plagiarism) ........................................................11
2.3 Intellectual property 12
2.4 Copyright 12
2.5 Preventing plagiarism and respecting intellectual property 14
Unit 3: The format and structure of information sources 16
3.1 Structure of books 16
3.1.1 Physical structure of books ......................................................................16
3.1.2 Internal structure of books ........................................................................19
3.2 Structure of academic journals 24
3.2.1 Types of journals ......................................................................................25
3.2.2 Internal structural elements of journals.....................................................25
3.3 Structure of newspapers 30
3.3.1 Physical structure of newspapers .............................................................30
3.3.2 Internal structure of newspapers ..............................................................30
3.4 The structure of electronic resources 31
Unit 4: Referencing 33
4.1 Introduction 33
4.2 Purpose and functions of referencing 33
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Formerly Midrand Graduate Institute
4.3 Direct quotations as referencing techniques 34

4.4 Paraphrases as referencing techniques 35
4.5 In-text referencing 36
4.5.1 Direct in-text references ...........................................................................37
4.5.2 Indirect in-text references .........................................................................37
4.5.3 In-text references to e-books with alternative page numbering ................37
Unit 5: Quick Guide to Harvard Method for referencing lists and bibliographies 39
Comprehensive Guide to the Harvard Method 41
Books, print 41
Books, electronic 51
Periodical 53
Periodical, electronic 56
Websites 59
Government sources 61
Legal sources 66
Conferences 69
Theses/dissertations 73
University course material 76
Data, figures, images 77
Speeches, broadcasts, audiovisual 85
Live performances 89
Ephemera 90
Other material 92
Glossary 99
Bibliography 100
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List of figures
Figure1: Example of book spines 17
Figure 2: Example of a book cover 17
Figure 3: Example of pages in a book 18
Figure 4: Example of a title page of a book 20
Figure 5: Example of a title page verso 21
Figure 6: Example of a contents page of a book 22
Figure 7: Example of a list of figures in a book 22
Figure 8: Example of entries in a glossary 23
Figure 9: Examples of entries in a book index 24
Figure 10: Example of the title page of an academic journal 27
Figure 11: Example of the contents page of an academic journal 28
Figure 12: Example of contents page information appearing on the cover of a journal 29
Figure 13: Example of newspapers 30
Figure 14: Examples of the mastheads of newspapers 30
Figure 15: Example of an e-book 32
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Commonly used abbreviations

(including those used for omissions):
Harvard Method
English abbreviations
Appendix app.
Chapter ch.
Choreographer chor.
Column col.
Columns cols.
Director dir.
Editor ed.
Editors eds.
Edition edn.
Editions edns.
Minute min.
Number no.
Numbers nos.
No date n.d.
No place, no publisher, no page n.p.
Page p.
Pages pp.
Paragraph para.
Revised rev.
Reprinted rpt.
Second sec.
So called (sic)
Supplement Suppl.
Technical Report Tech.Rep.
Translated, translator trans.
Volume vol.
Volumes vols.
Written writ.
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Latin abbreviations
And others
(used when there are too many authors et al.
to list)
In the same work
(Indicates the same work, but a different Ibid.
page)
The same
(Item referred to is by the same author of id.
the item cited immediately before)
In the work cited
(refers the reader to the author’s
op. cit.
previously cited work, but a different
page)
Without place
s.l.
(No place of publication)
Please note:
1. Page numbers for quotations and paraphrasing: page number (2000:5), non-
consecutive pages (2000:6; 2000:19) and page range/consecutive page
numbers (2000:5-10). You must include page numbers when quoting and
when paraphrasing specific ideas, explanations and images from a source.
2. Use an ampersand (&) in the bibliography/referencing list as well as when using
information prominent in-text referencing for paraphrasing.
3. Place additions or changes to a direct quotation in square brackets [ ].
4. Use ‘et al.’ for in-text references to sources where there are three or more
authors.
Ways of Citing
Author prominent: Gives prominence to the author by using the author’s surname as
part of the sentence with the date and the page number in parentheses. This format
can be used for both paraphrasing and quotations.
Information prominent: Gives prominence to the information, with all of the required
referencing details in parentheses at the end of the citation. This format can be used
for both paraphrasing and quotations.
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Introduction
All academic work builds on the ideas, research and/or discoveries of previous
scientists and scholars. It is standard academic practice to acknowledge the use of
another scientist’s ideas and research findings by means of accurate references.
These references show the reader(s) of academic (scientific) texts and manuscripts
exactly where the quote, idea or fact can be found, that is to say, they direct (lead) the
reader to the original source(s) of information.
Colleges and universities can choose from several different referencing systems, with
variations within each. These include the Modern Language Association of America
(MLA), the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Harvard Referencing
System. The referencing technique applied at Pearson Institute of Higher Education is
based on the Harvard Referencing System.
In order to address all the academic practices and processes involved in proper
referencing, we have structured the PIHE Guide to Harvard Referencing Method as
follows:
Unit 1: Academic integrity

Unit 2: The PIHE policy on plagiarism, intellectual property and copyright
Unit 3: The format and structure of information sources
Unit 4: Referencing
Unit 5: Comprehensive guide to the Harvard Method
Glossary
Bibliography
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The following three icons are used in this referencing guide in order to draw the
student’s attention to particular sections or points in the text:
Definition
The definition icon appears when a definition of a particular term or
concept is given in the text.
Example
The example icon points to a section in the text in which relevant
examples for a particular topic (theme) or concept are provided.
Internal reference
This icon is used when the student is referred to a specific section
or page within the Study Guide.

Unit 1: Academic integrity

1.1 Introduction
A university or a college is a place of higher learning where The term ethics
critical thinking is taught and learnt, and where students and refers to
academics are expected to contribute to the process of recognised rules
creating, sharing, exchanging and evaluating new knowledge. of conduct for the
Such institutions should also lead by example where ethics are actions or
concerned, and strive to build learning cultures that support behaviour of an
honest research and teaching. individual, or of a
particular group or
culture.
In the context of higher education, the term ethics usually refers to the concept of
academic integrity.
Academic integrity, which is one of the fundamental values on which the academic
community is built, focuses on respect for knowledge and respect for the ideas of
others.
In essence, academic integrity ensures that scientists and/or researchers receive

merit and proper recognition for their work. Academic integrity exists when students
and academics seek to acquire knowledge honestly and fairly, with mutual respect
and trust, and accept responsibility for their actions and for the consequences of those
actions.
Without academic integrity, there can be no trust or reliance on the effectiveness,

accuracy or value of a university's teaching, learning or research. Therefore, it is
essential for you to understand the nature and importance of academic integrity, and
how to practise it responsibly on your campuses.
We can define academic integrity as a commitment to five

fundamental values: honesty, trust, fairness, respect and
responsibility (Duke University. Centre for Academic Integrity,
1999).
Academic integrity is vital to any university community for a number of reasons.

Students receive credit for completing assignments because they are supposed to
learn from those assignments and most students do so honestly. Anyone who submits
work that is not his/her own, who cheats on a test or who copies an assignment or a
paper is not learning, and is receiving credit dishonestly. This person is, in effect,
stealing from other students.
Students who use someone else’s work or ideas without recognising this work or
these ideas, or who otherwise perform dishonestly in a course, are cheating; in effect,
they are lying. This type of dishonesty not only threatens the integrity of the individual
student, but also that of the entire academic community. Consequently, it is crucial for
students do their own work.

Studying the following fundamental values should make it easier to understand the
concept of academic integrity.
1.2 Fundamental values of academic integrity

Academic integrity is usually characterised by the fundamental values of honesty,
trust, fairness, respect and responsibility.
1.2.1 Honesty
Academic honesty is crucial to the integrity of a college or university. Honesty is the
foundation of academic integrity, and the quest for truth and knowledge requires
intellectual and personal honesty in learning, teaching and research.
Keep the following in mind in terms of honesty as a value of academic integrity:

 Lying is always a violation of the principle of honesty. Lying in all matters
concerning your academic communications, including examinations, assignments,
projects, etc., is regarded as academic misconduct.
 Theft of intellectual property - that is to say stealing an idea, a creation, an
invention, a literary or artistic work, or works that are protected under copyright
laws, is a criminal offence.
See Section 2.2 for more information on intellectual property.
1.2.2 Trust
An academic institution has to foster a climate of mutual trust in order to stimulate the
free exchange of ideas and reach its full potential.
Since people respond to consistent honesty with trust, this is one way of promoting
trust. Other ways include:
 Setting clear and consistent academic standards that support honest and objective
research;
 Setting clear guidelines for assignments and the evaluation of students’ work; and
 Students’ preparing work that is honest and thoughtful.
Keep the following in mind in terms of trust as a value of academic integrity:
 Plagiarism, which refers to representing someone else’s work as your own, is

regarded as academic misconduct even if it is unintentional.
 The receipt of any kind of unacknowledged (unrecognised) assistance may result in
a different grade assessment and is a violation of trust.
 Ghost-writing, which involves writing an examination in someone else’s place, or
composing an essay or writing up a report and submitting it in someone else’s

name, constitutes academic misconduct and carries consequences similar to those

of plagiarism.
See Section 2.1 for more information on plagiarism.
It is only with trust in an academic community that individual researchers can share
information and ideas without fear that their work will be stolen.
1.2.3 Fairness
In order to ensure academic fairness, all interactions among students, academics and
administrators should be grounded in clear standards, practices and procedures. In
order to promote fairness, all actions that produce an unfair advantage may be
penalised as academic misconduct.
Consider the following in terms of fairness as a value of academic integrity:
 Having prior access to an examination, whether bought, stolen or freely offered,

places the student at an unfair advantage and is academically unfair.
 It is academic misconduct to facilitate unfair advantage through actions such as
posting assignment solutions to discussion boards, letting a fellow student sneak a
peek at your answers during an examination or giving fellow students copies of your
past assignments.
 The use of unauthorised aids in examinations (e.g. cheat sheets or unauthorised
calculators) results in an unfair advantage to the user and qualifies as academic
misconduct.
1.2.4 Respect
Respect is not a skill or a body of knowledge; rather, it is an attitude, an approach and
an action that describes a connection to someone or something. The term respect
refers to recognising and believing in the importance and value of another human
being and communicating that recognition through our behaviour (Hansel, 2009). In
the academic community, respect is of crucial importance because learning is
acknowledged as a participatory process, and a wide range of opinions and ideas
should be respected.
Students show respect by:
 Attending all their classes;

 Being on time for classes and appointments;
 Paying attention in class and listening to other students’ point(s) of view;
 Contributing to discussions and debates; and
 Meeting academic deadlines (due dates) at all times.

Academics (lecturing staff members) show respect by:
 Taking students’ ideas seriously;

 Providing comprehensive and honest feedback on students’ work;
 Valuing students’ goals and aspirations; and
 Recognising students as individuals.
Consider the following in terms of respect as a value of academic integrity:
 Inappropriate and disrespectful behaviour undermines the culture of academic

integrity.
 Disruptive or threatening behaviour is disrespectful and should carry penalties.
 Students with academic integrity respect the work of others and in no way obstruct
or interfere with another’s work.
1.2.5 Responsibility
A successful academic community demands personal accountability from all its
members. “Every member of an academic community […] is responsible for upholding
the integrity of scholarship and research” (Duke University, Centre for Academic
Integrity, 1999).
The student’s responsibilities in terms of academic integrity include the following:
 Completing your assignments according to the expectations of each lecturer or

instructor;
 Learning and demonstrating your individual level of competence through each
assignment so that the lecturer can evaluate and certify your knowledge and
abilities; and
 Ensuring that you are honest, transparent and accountable in all your student
activities.

Keep the following in mind in terms of responsibility as a value of academic integrity:
 Students have a responsibility to conform to standards of acceptable behaviour in

the academic community, and actions that fall below these standards are subject to
disciplinary measures. Such actions include plagiarism, cheating and unauthorised
collaboration with others.
 Students have a responsibility to report any suspected academic offence to their
lecturers or academic authorities.
 It is the student’s obligation to communicate with his or her instructor to clarify
expectations and requirements relating to an academic task, wherever questions
arise.
1.3 Basic rules of academic integrity

You may find the following basic rules of academic integrity helpful (Northwestern
University. Office of the Provost, 2011):
1. Acknowledge your sources at all times

Whenever you use words or ideas that are not your own in an information task
such an academic assignment, use quotation marks where appropriate, cite your
source in a text reference and back it up at the end of the assignment with a
bibliography (i.e. a list of sources consulted).
2. Protect your work
In examinations, do not allow your neighbours to see what you have written. You
are the only one who should receive credit for what you know.
In Unit 5, we discuss the correct way of compiling a bibliography

according to the Harvard Referencing Method.
3. Avoid suspicion
Do not put yourself in a position where you can be suspected of having copied
another person’s work or of having used unauthorised notes in an examination.
Even the appearance of dishonesty may undermine your lecturer’s confidence in
your work.
4. Do your own work
The purpose of assignments is to develop your skills and measure your
progress. Letting someone else do your work defeats the purpose of your
education, and may lead to serious charges against you.

5. Never falsify a record

Academic records are regularly audited and students whose grades have been
altered put their entire academic career at risk.
6. Never fabricate data and/or research results
Many professional careers have ended in disgrace as a result of the fabrication
of research results, even years after the fabrication first took place.
When you study the foregoing information, it should become clear that academic
integrity means being honest in academic work and learning the conventions of
scholarship. One of the focus areas of academic integrity and honesty is the absence
of academic cheating and plagiarism. In Unit 2, we will focus on the concepts of
plagiarism, intellectual property and copyright.

Unit 2: PIHE policy on plagiarism,

intellectual property and
copyright
2.1 Introduction
All new knowledge is built on previous knowledge. When writing assignments, journal
articles and research reports, for example, it is standard practice to give an overview
of the current knowledge about a topic and to provide evidence to support the points
that you make. These ideas form the foundation of your own arguments and you can
integrate them into your own work by:
 Quoting: Using the exact words of another

 Paraphrasing: Using the ideas of another in your own words
 Summarising: Using the main points of another
 Translating: Translating the original text and summarising or paraphrasing it
The ability to relate your own work to existing knowledge is a skill that every student
needs to master. This is done by acknowledging all the information sources in the text
of your assignments and by providing a list of these sources at the end of the
assignment in the form of a bibliography, in the Harvard Referencing Method that is
used at Pearson Institute of Higher Education.
All source material (i.e. newspapers, journals articles, books, etc.), reference material
(such as dictionaries and encyclopaedias) and online material (such as information
from websites, electronic journals or online newspapers) must be properly
acknowledged when cited, quoted or otherwise used in academic writing. If this is not
done correctly, it may give the impression that you are trying to pass off the work of
another person as your own and you may be accused of committing plagiarism,
which is a serious offence.
2.2 Plagiarism
Plagiarism essentially involves the practice of taking scientist’s or researcher’s work
and presenting it as one’s own.
According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2011), to

plagiarise means to:
 Steal and pass off (the ideas or words of another) as one’s own.
 Use (another’s production) without crediting the source.
 Commit literary theft.
 Present as new and original an idea or product derived from an existing
source.

People often think of plagiarism as copying another’s work or borrowing someone

else’s original ideas; and, unfortunately, terms like copying and borrowing may
disguise the seriousness of the offence. Plagiarism is an act of fraud; it involves
stealing someone else’s ideas or work and lying about it.
If you enter the term ‘plagiarism’ in a search engine on the World Wide Web (WWW),
you will find nearly 100 000 links, which is an indication of the fact that plagiarism, a
theft of words, is a serious matter for writers, lawyers, law-enforcement agencies,
publishers and teachers.
2.2.1 Reasons for plagiarising
In general, students normally plagiarise for the following reasons:
 Lack of research skills
 Problems evaluating Internet sources
 Confusion between plagiarism and paraphrasing
 Careless note-taking
 Confusion about how to cite sources properly
 External factors (e.g. pressure from family or peers; attitudes towards school, etc.)
 Internal factors (e.g. poor time management, lack of organisational skills, etc.)
 Culturally based attitudes towards plagiarism
2.2.2 Types (forms) of plagiarism
The following forms of plagiarism often occur at colleges and universities:
 Using or submitting someone else’s work, including ideas, research, statements,

images and statistical data, as your own, without crediting the actual author(s) or
researcher(s);
 Downloading an assignment from an online source and submitting it as your own
work;
 Buying, stealing or borrowing an assignment from another student and submitting it
as your own work;
 Using the words and/or significant ideas from someone else and presenting them
as your own;
 Copying, cutting and pasting text from an electronic source and submitting it as
your own work;
 Copying a section of a book or an article and submitting it as your own work;
 Putting someone else's ideas into your own words and not giving credit to the
original source;
 Copying words or ideas from someone else without giving credit;
 Using a direct quotation from an information source and failing to use quotation
marks;
 Giving incorrect information about the source of a quotation;

 Changing words but copying the sentence structure of a source without giving credit
to the original author(s) or researcher(s); and
 Copying so many words or ideas from a source that it makes up the majority of your
work, whether you give credit or not.
None of these reasons for plagiarism are acceptable in any way. Plagiarism is not
only an unethical practice, but it is also extremely dishonest. If you are guilty of
plagiarism, you run the risk of being expelled from university. It is your responsibility to
determine exactly what your university’s plagiarism policy entails and to adhere to it at
all times.
2.2.3 Cyber plagiarism (Digital plagiarism)
Nothing makes research easier than the Internet, and nothing makes plagiarism easier
either. There are thousands of legitimate articles available on the WWW and a large
number of online sites that offer pre-written papers for free. Plagiarising online
information has resulted in the coining of the term ‘cyber plagiarism’.
Cyber plagiarism is the use and/or copying and pasting of ideas

and information from online sources on the WWW without properly
acknowledging the original source.
When you visit a particular web page, you may find that it is often difficult to identify
the source of the original material because there are no citations of sources, which
gives the impression that the writing has been mechanically produced without any
human input. This makes it easier to plagiarise, as it is an even more anonymous
source than a book. It may even be assumed that students who plagiarise from the
Web are not even aware that they are actually plagiarising a real person's ideas
because they feel no connection between the writer and the content on the screen.
If you study the foregoing information, you will see that plagiarism occurs when you do
not acknowledge the source of the information that you have used in your assignment.
Examples include copying directly from a text word for word, using text downloaded
from the Internet, paraphrasing the words of a text very closely and downloading or
copying pictures, photographs or diagrams without acknowledging your sources.
In conclusion: if you wonder if someone’s ideas can actually be stolen, the answer is
“Yes”. If original ideas are recorded in some way (e.g. in a book or a computer file), it
is considered intellectual property and is protected by copyright laws, just like
original inventions.

2.3 Intellectual property

By law, intellectual property is regarded as expressions of ideas and knowledge.
Intellectual property refers to a legal monopoly over artistic and

commercial creations of the mind,: inventions, literary and artistic
works and symbols, names and brand names, images, logos,
designs and manuscripts, for example, for which a set of exclusive
rights are recognised (World Intellectual Property Organisation).
Similar to any other property, you have the right to own and protect the creations of
your mind. If you have intellectual property over any of your work or ideas, others
need to have your permission before using it and, if they do not obtain permission, you
can take legal action against such persons.
When you write a book, paint a picture, compose a piece of music, write a computer
programme or create a film, you automatically have copyright on your work.
2.4 Copyright
Copyright is a form of protection for intellectual property that gives

the author or creator of an original work exclusive rights in terms of
the publication, distribution and adaptation of the work.
Copyright safeguards all types of artistic expressions, including original writing(s) or

manuscripts, melodies, films, videos, sound recordings, broadcasts, paintings, etc.
The ownership that copyright law grants comes with several exclusive rights for the
owner or creator. These include the right to:
 Reproduce the work.

 Prepare derivative works.
 Distribute copies.
 Perform the work.
 Display the work publicly.
In terms of the South African Copyright Act (No. 98 of 1978), as last amended by
Copyright Amendment Act 2002, the following works, if original, are eligible for
copyright protection:
 Literary works (e.g. novels, poems, textbooks, letters, reports, lectures, speeches)
 Musical works
 Artistic works (e.g. paintings, sculptures, drawings, photographs)
 Cinematograph films
 Sound recordings

 Broadcasts (i.e. electromagnetic transmissions intended for reception by the public)

 Programme-carrying signals (a programme signal which passes through a satellite)
 Published editions of books (usually the first print of a literary or musical work)
 Computer programmes (computer software, i.e. instructions directing the operation
of a computer)
Copyright is an automatic right, which means that the author or creator does not
need to apply for it. The authorship of copyrighted works is frequently disputed;
therefore, the South African Copyright Act also provides the following guidelines on
who willl be considered authors of copyrighted works:
Published editions The publisher of the edition

The person who first makes or creates the
Literary, musical or artistic works
work
The person responsible for the composition
Photographs
of the photograph
The person who made arrangements for

Sound recordings
the making of the recording
The person who made arrangements for

Films
the making of the film
Broadcasts The first broadcaster
The first person emitting the signal to a

Programme-carrying signals
satellite
The person who exercised control over the

Computer programmes
making of the programme
‘Intellectual property’ is the umbrella term for related intellectual creations and their
protection. As such, intellectual property refers to patents, trademarks, trade
secrets, copyright and design rights, as well as the licensing of these rights.
Copyright, in contrast, refers to the area within intellectual property that protects
creative works of the mind. In other words, copyright refers to the protection of specific
rights regarding a specific group of intellectual property creations, whereas intellectual
property is an overarching term that includes copyright.
Most cases of plagiarism can be avoided by citing sources. Simply acknowledging that
certain material has been borrowed and providing your audience with the information
necessary to find that source, is usually enough to prevent plagiarism. In the next
section, we will look into the actions that can be taken to avoid plagiarism and respect
intellectual property.

2.5 Preventing plagiarism and respecting intellectual

property
The following actions can be taken to avoid plagiarism:
 Plan your work well in advance and manage your time effectively.
 Read information attentively and make notes as you go along. Once you are sure
that you understand the information, start writing in your own words. Use your own
words at all times, or use your own words whenever possible.
 Never use text from other people’s work as if it is your own and never copy or copy
and paste content directly from printed or electronic information sources.
 If you have read and/or used content from different information sources on the
same idea, concept or topic, ensure that you refer to all the authors responsible for
the different sources.
 Quote information from original sources only when absolutely necessary.
 Record all the bibliographic details for each information source that you consult
while you are working on an information task. This will help you to compile a
bibliography at the end of the task.
 Always indicate your quotations clearly and compile a proper text reference for
each quotation.
 Do not allow other students to copy your work.
PIHE does not condone plagiarism and has a zero-tolerance policy on plagiarism in
any of its study material or any work submitted by students. Plagiarism and the
violation of the Copyright Act can be avoided by proper referencing.
Referencing is a system used in the academic community to

indicate where ideas, theories, quotes, facts and any other evidence
and information used to support your assignments, can be found.
(Staffordshire University, 2017).
There are two places in your assignments where you will need to acknowledge when
you have used someone else’s ideas or theories to support your research:
1. In the body of an assignment (in-text citations)

This is when you refer to known theories and ideas to support your own work in
the body of your assignment or other information task.
2. In a bibliography at the end of an assignment
This is where you link the citations in the body of your assignment to a
bibliography, which is a list of all the resources that you have used.

Referencing is important in the academic community for the following reasons:

 Referencing makes it possible to avoid plagiarism, which is a form of academic
theft.
 Referencing your work ensures that you give appropriate credit to the information
sources and authors you have used to support your research.
 Referencing the sources that you have used for your assignment demonstrates the
evidence and research that you have undertaken to complete and support your
ideas.
 Referenced work enables the reader to consult independently the same materials
that you have used.
The policies of PIHE demand that any quotations or ideas from information sources
used by a PIHE staff member or student must be properly referenced using the PIHE
standard referencing method, which is based on the Harvard Referencing Method.
The subsequent unit will discuss the format and structure of information sources.

Unit 3: The format and structure of

information sources
Unit 3 sets out to familiarise you with the structure of information sources. The
information in Unit 3 will enable you to locate information in the information sources by
using the elements of their physical and internal structure. We will focus our
discussion on the following basic information sources: books, journals, newspapers
and electronic information resources. We have decided on these information sources,
because they are the formats most often used in information tasks in the academic
environment.
Information sources consist of two separate structures or parts: the physical structure
and the internal structure. The physical structure refers to the (physical) elements
that make it possible for an information source to exist as a physical object, for
example leaves, pages, spines and covers. The internal structure of information
sources essentially consists of the internal information or the content of an information
source.
In the following sections, we will identify and discuss the physical and internal
structure of books, academic (scientific) journals and newspapers.
3.1 Structure of books

As you know, books are one of the oldest formats in which information is recorded
and, in spite of the competition from electronic formats such as computer files and
electronic books (e-books), the printed book remains the most suitable format for the
recording, retrieval and use of information.
Note
When we refer to books in this unit, we are referring to factual material (non-fiction),
not to fiction.
3.1.1 Physical structure of books
The physical structure of a book refers to the elements that make it possible for the
book to exist as a physical object.
The physical structure of a book consists of the following elements (parts):
 Spine
 Cover
 Dust cover
 Leaves and pages

3.1.1.1 Spine
Figure 1: Example of book spines

Source: http://courtcan.com/2011/02/15/why-i-break-the-spines-of-books/
The spine of a printed book is a bound spinal column, i.e. the part of the book that you
see when a book is on a bookshelf. The spine joins the body of a book to its cover.
As you can see in this example, the title of the book and the name of the author(s)
usually appear on the spine.
3.1.1.2 Cover
The cover of a book is the outermost physical part that keeps the pages together and
protects them.
Figure 2: Example of a book cover

Source: https://zngd.wordpress.com/tag/academic-book-covers/
There is a distinction between hardcover and softcover books. Hardcover books are
bound in a strong cardboard cover that is usually covered in linen. Softcover books
are generally not as durable as hardcover books because their covers are made of

thin cardboard. Paperbacks and telephone directories are examples of softcover

books. Apart from the title and the name of the author, other pieces of information may
appear on the cover of a book, such as the edition number and the title of the series of
which the book is a part.
3.1.1.3 Dust cover
Hardcover books sometimes have a dust cover too. The dust cover, which is usually
colourfully illustrated, is a glossy, loose paper cover that is folded over the hard cover.
The title of the book and the name of the author usually appear on the dust cover too.
3.1.1.4 Leaves and pages
Figure 3: Example of pages in a book

Source: https://za.pinterest.com/pin/297448750365658939/
Books are printed on papers which are known as leaves. The term leaf refers to both
sides on the paper. In other words, each leaf has two sides and each of these sides is
called a page.

3.1.2 Internal structure of books

The internal structure of a book, which essentially refers to the internal information or
the content of the book, usually consists of the following elements in this sequence:
 The title page and verso of the title page

 The preface, foreword or introduction
 The contents page
 A list of illustrations, tables or graphics
 The content of the book
 The glossary
 Appendices
 The bibliography
 The index
Note
Please study the following information on each of these internal structural elements
attentively, as you need to consult these internal structural elements in order to
obtain the bibliographic information for your text referencing and bibliographies.
3.1.2.1 Title page
The title page appears at the beginning of a book and it contains essential
bibliographic information about the book.
The title page of a book generally contains the following bibliographic elements:
 The full title and subtitle of the book

 The edition
 The author’s name
 The names of editors, compilers, translators and illustrators
 The title of the series of which the book is a part
 The place of publication
 The name of the publisher
 The date of publication

The following example should give you an indication of the information that usually
appears on the title page:
THE
BUSINESS STUDENT’S HANDBOOK
Learning skills for study and employment
Fourth Edition
SHEILA CAMERON
The Open University Business School
FT Prentice Hall
______________
FINANCIAL TIMES
An imprint of Pearson Education

Harlow, EnglandLondonNew YorkBostonTorontoSydneyTokyoSingaporeHong
Figure 4: Example of a title page of a book
Source: Cameron (2008)
The example in Figure 4 contains the following bibliographic information of the

book:
Title The business student’s handbook
Subtitle Learning skills for study and employment
Edition Fourth edition
Author Sheila Cameron
Place of publication Harlow, England
Publisher Financial Times, Prentice Hall
3.1.2.2 Title page verso
The verso of the title page is the page that appears on the back of the title page. The
title page verso often contains important information which does not appear on the title
page itself. The title page verso may include information such as the names of
additional authors or contributors, publication information (i.e. information on the place
of publication, the name and address of the publisher and the date of publication) and
the edition.

Pearson Education Limited
Edinburgh Gate
Harlow
Essex CM20 2JE
England
and associated companies throughout the world
Visit us on the World Wide Web at:

www.pearsoned.co.uk
First published 1999

Second edition 2002
Third edition 2005
Fourth edition 2008
© Sheila Cameron 1999, 2008
The right of Sheila Cameron to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by her in
accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or
otherwise, without either the prior written permission of the publisher or a licence permitting
restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd, Saffron
House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS.
Figure 5: Example of a title page verso
3.1.2.3 Preface and foreword
In the preface, the author of the book (who is responsible for the preface) usually
explains his or her reason(s) for writing the book and the point of view from which it
was written. The preface may also contain an indication of the audience for whom the
text is intended.
The foreword of a book is usually written by someone who is an expert in the subject
of the book. The foreword usually confirms the author’s authority on the subject and
gives an indication of the value of the book.
3.1.2.4 Contents page
The contents page contains a table of contents, which consists of a list of the
headings and subheadings. The table of contents indicates the following structural
elements of the book:
 The number of chapters in the order in which they appear in the book
 The subjects covered in each chapter
 The page number on which each of the headings and subheadings appears in the
book

BRIEF CONTENTS
List of figures xiv
Guided tour xvi
Preface xx
Part 1 LEARNING, CONTEXT, PROCESS AND MANAGEMENT
1. Learning skills and employment 5
2. Managing your studies 20
3. Learning and reflective practice 49
Part 2 STUDY SKILLS
4. Critical reading and note-taking 79
5. Basic numbers 100
6. Written communication 129
7. Using information and communication 167
technologies
8. Gaining great marks 181
Part 3 WORKING WITH OTHERS
9. Talking and listening 211
10. Working in a team and leadership 237
11. Presenting to others 264
Part 4 CONCEPTUAL SKILLS
12. Complexity, cases and diagrams 282
13. Obtaining data and information 307
14. Making sense of data 327
15. Increasing your creativity 353
Part 5 INTEGRATING YOUR SKILLS
16. Managing projects 375
17. Into employment 402
Bibliography 430
Index 434
Figure 6: Example of a contents page of a book
3.1.2.5 List of figures, illustrations, tables or graphics
If a book contains illustrations, tables or graphics, they are usually listed after the table
of contents. As the following example indicates, this list helps the reader to find a
specific illustration by indicating the page on which each illustration, table or graph
appears.
List of figures
1.1 Framework of a SWOT analysis 13

1.2 A skills framework for the purpose of this book 18
2.1 The basic control loop 26
2.2 Hierarchy of objectives for getting from A to B 30
2.3 Planning chart for course preparation 32
2.4 The expectancy model of motivation 34
3.1 Learning as a continuous process 54
4.1 Typical eye movements while reading 81
4.2 Example of an argument map 91
4.3 Diagrammatic notes on note-taking 96
5.1 An equation as a balance 123
6.1 The elements of communication 131
6.2 Possible layouts for a formal letter 140
6.3 Example of a memo 142
6.4 Example of a title and contents page 149
7.1 Example of a spreadsheet 176
Figure 7: Example of a list of figures in a book


3.1.2.6 Information content (body) of the book

The body of the book contains the actual information content or text, which is usually
divided or structured into a number of individual chapters or units, as indicated in the
table of contents.
3.1.2.7 Glossary
A glossary, sometimes referred to as a vocabulary list, is an internal structural
element that does not necessarily appear in all books. The glossary, which usually
appears directly after the content (text), is essentially a list that explains the
fundamental terms used in the text.
As the following example indicates, the glossary lists these terms or concepts with
their explanations in alphabetical order.
Glossary
Arithmetic mean The average of a set of numbers
The number of units a company must sell to cover all
Break-even point
costs and start to make a profit
Coefficient of A proportion of the total sum of squared errors from the
determination mean that is explained by a regression
Coefficient of skewness A measure of the symmetry or skewness of data
Coefficient of variation The ratio of the standard deviation to the mean
A method applied to problems with the aim of optimising
Constrained optimisation
an objective subject to constraints
The values of x and y that define a point on the Cartesian
Coordinates
axes
A variable whose value is set by the value of the
Dependent variable
independent variable
Deviation The distance of an observation from the mean
Discounting to present Taking a future amount of money and discounting it to
value reflect its current value
Describes the situation where the average cost per unit
Economies of scale
declines as the number of units produced increases
Figure 8: Example of entries in a glossary
Source: Botha (2017)
3.1.2.8 Appendices
Appendices contain important additional information that does not fit logically into the
text. The appendices usually appear at the end of a book after the glossary.
3.1.2.9 Bibliography
The bibliography appears at the end of the book and it contains a list of the
information resources consulted by the author in the course of his/her research. The
bibliography lists these works alphabetically according to the surnames of the original
authors whose works were used. The bibliography can be used effectively to
determine what other information sources are available in a particular subject field.

We will outline the referencing techniques and the process of

compiling a bibliography in detail in Unit 5. At this stage, it is
sufficient or you to identify the different elements that should be
included in a bibliographic entry, which you will be doing in the next
activity.
3.1.2.10 Index
The index appears at the end of the book and it consists of an alphabetical list of
names, subjects (topics) and places discussed in the text, together with the page
numbers on which they appear. The index is a useful tool when determining where to
find a specific piece of information in a particular text.
Index
absenteeism 245, 249, 340, 382
Abstracts 148, 315, 316
Agenda 246, 248
Andreas, S. 55
Appendices 151, 152, 399
Assessment 181–206
bar charts 340–2, 393
Bibliographies 152–3, 155, 318
Brainwriting 360
case studies 298–305, 368
Creativity 353–69, 376, 381
cultural diversity 257–8
decision-making skills 8
focus groups 321
Gantt charts 32, 392
investigative skills 8, 388
Keywords 314–5, 383
lifelong learning 50, 417–8
literature search 150, 313–317, 385
Figure 9: Examples of entries in a book index
At this stage, you should have a sound foundation of the physical and internal
structure of books as information sources. In the next section, we will shift our
attention to the structure of the scientific journal, which is one of the most important
information sources in the academic environment.
3.2 Structure of academic journals

A journal can be defined as a publication that appears at regular
intervals, for example weekly, monthly or quarterly, and that is
characterised by the fact that it contains a number of separate
articles and not continuous text (like books).

3.2.1 Types of journals

There are two basic types of journals: general journals and scientific journals
(academic journals).
3.2.1.1 General journals
General journals, also known as periodicals or magazines, contain articles of a more
popular nature which cover almost any subject that may interest its readers. General
journals usually contain a great deal of advertising material.
3.2.1.2 Scientific journals (academic journals)
Academic journals, in contrast, specialise in specific subject fields such as science,
technology and medicine. Scientific journals are academic in nature and they contain
articles that are based on research results, for example the International journal of
Human Resources Management, Journal of Knowledge Management, Journal of
business communication, American economic review and the Journal of finance.
Characteristics of academic journals:
 The articles in academic journals are written by subject experts, scholars in a

particular subject field, or someone who has conducted research in the subject
field.
 Scholarly journal articles often have an abstract, descriptive summary of the article
content, before the main text of the article.
 The main purpose of academic journal articles is to communicate new research
results to members of the scientific community.
 They contain original research; therefore, academic journals are regarded as
primary information sources that contain new information that extends the
boundaries of knowledge.
 Academic journals always give acknowledgement to information sources used or
cited in the form of footnotes, text references and bibliographies.
 Scientific journals are often published with the help of professional organisations.
 Scholarly journals generally have a sober, serious look and they often contain many
graphs and charts but few glossy pages or exciting pictures.
 The language of scholarly journals is that of the discipline covered, therefore
assumes some technical background on the part of the reader.
 The main purpose of a scholarly journal is to report on original research or
experimentation in order to make such information available to the rest of the
scholarly world.
3.2.2 Internal structural elements of journals
The physical structure of journals is rather straightforward, usually consisting of a soft
cover and a number of pages.

Whether an academic journal appears in printed or in electronic form (e.g. on the

WWW), it contains the following internal structural elements:
 Title page information

 Contents page information
 Editorial information
 Publication information
 The actual content of the journal
3.2.2.1 Title page information
The title page information of journals refers to the official title (the title proper) and the
number of the journal. Contrary to books, journals do not have a separate title page,
and the title page information usually appears on the cover of the journal. Although the
title page information of a journal does not always include the names of the persons
responsible for the intellectual content of the journal (i.e. the authors and/or editors), it
always includes the journal title and an indication of the numbering.
The numbering is an essential element in the internal structure of a journal. As
indicated earlier, journals appear at regular intervals (e.g. weekly or quarterly) under
the same title; therefore, the numbering is an extremely important identifying element
of the journal. With each new issue of a journal, the numbering changes in order to
distinguish it from other issues.
Although most journals have a specific date, they are identified primarily by their
volume and number, for example Volume 1, Number 6. In other words, the numbering
of a journal can contain:
 Chronological elements - the date of the journal

 Numeric elements - the volume and the number or
 A combination of chronological and numeric elements
The following examples illustrate the numbering of journals:
 March 2001
 June/July 2007
 Volume 9, Number 6
 Volume 34, Number 6, March 2001
 June/July 2007, Volume 28, Number 6
 Volume 39, Number 5, May/June 2006
 Volume 19, Issue 1 - 2

Figure 10: Example of the title page of an academic journal

Source: https://www.umass.edu/healeylab/publications.html
3.2.2.2 Contents page information

Journals usually contain a table of contents that can appear The inside front
on the cover (title page), the inside front cover, on the first cover refers to the
page of the publication or on the back cover. verso of the front
cover of the journal.
The contents page lists the following information:
 The titles of the articles that appear in the journal
 The authors responsible for the articles
 An indication of the page(s) on which each article can be found

Figure 11: Example of the contents page of an academic journal

Source: http://www.americanarachnology.org/joa_tocs/joa_contents_v26n2.html

Figure 12: Example of contents page information appearing on the cover of a journal
Source: http://oaji.net/journal-detail.html?number=481
3.2.2.3 Editorial and publication information
The content of journals is usually selected, compiled and edited by a number of
editors, with the assistance of an editorial committee. The information about the
editors and/or editorial committees usually appears on the inside cover.
3.2.2.4 Journal content
The content of an academic journal consists of a number of separate articles written
by individual authors. These articles are usually based on scientific research
conducted by the author (scientist).

3.3 Structure of newspapers

Newspapers are information sources that are published and distributed at a high
frequency, usually on a daily or weekly basis. The main aim of newspapers is to
provide the general public with the latest news. In other words, newspapers provide
current information on events that have not yet been recorded and/or published in
other information sources.
3.3.1 Physical structure of newspapers
Figure 13: Example of newspapers

Source: https://www.shutterstock.com/search/newspaper+front+page
The physical structure of newspapers consists of a number of pages, printed in either

A2 (broadsheet) or A3 (tabloid) format. Every newspaper strives towards an individual
style, and newspapers therefore differ from one another as far as their physical
structure and layout are concerned.
3.3.2 Internal structure of newspapers
The internal structure of newspapers refers to the content printed on their pages. A
newspaper does not have a separate title page.
Figure 14: Examples of the mastheads of newspapers

Source: http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/the-front-pages-and-mastheads-of-uk-british-
english-daily-news-photo/556634841#the-front-pages-and-mastheads-of-uk-british-english-daily-
national-picture-id556634841

The newspaper title appears in large bold letters on the front page in an area known
as the ‘masthead’ (banner). The masthead also includes the date of the newspaper.
The headline news appears on the front page.
The term headline news refers to the most important news (stories)
covered in a particular issue of the newspaper.
Although the main objective of a newspaper is to keep the public informed about news
events, its content comprises more than just news reports.
Newspaper content may include the following items:
 General news
 Political news
 Business news (Financial news)
 Sports news
 Entertainment news
 Marketing information (e.g. classified advertisements and property information)
 Regular columns
 Letters from the readers
 Cartoons
The content of a newspaper is generally organised (structured) according to a
standard layout, which means that certain types of news reports or articles are printed
on certain pages. For example, sports news are usually found on the back page. Apart
from the front page, which does not usually contain more than three or four news
items, other important news reports appear on the third page and the fifth page, which
are also considered important news pages.
Apart from the regular editions, newspapers also make use of supplements that cover
specific topics, for example women’s supplements, property supplements, education
and/or other supplements.
3.4 The structure of electronic resources

There are vast amounts of information available in electronic format.
The Library of Congress (2008) defines an electronic resource as

any work that is encoded and made available for access by means
of a computer.
Electronic resources include electronic data available by remote access and by direct
access. Electronic resources available by remote access refer to the use of electronic
resources via computer networks (such as the Internet), whereas direct access refers

to the use of electronic resources via carriers (such as CD-ROMs), which are to be
inserted into a computerised device (Library of Congress, 2008).
Books, journals and newspapers are available in both print and electronic format.
Electronic resources are available in digital format; therefore, their physical structure
differs from that of printed information sources. However, their internal structural
elements are essentially the same as those of printed sources.
Figure 15: Example of an e-book

Source: http://www.exe-ebookcreator.com/images/exeebook1.gif
As you will see in units 4 and 5, the bibliographic information in the internal structure
of e-books, e-journals and e-newspapers is interpreted and recorded in the same way
as those of printed formats.
In the next unit, we will focus on referencing.

Unit 4: Referencing
4.1 Introduction
Apart from formulating your arguments and structuring the information content, one of
the most important elements of academic writing is the use of references and
referencing techniques to quote and acknowledge information sources – both in the
text and at the end of the information task. In other words, when you have completed
all the steps and tasks involved in the information task and you are rewriting your
assignment in its final version, you have to make sure that you have acknowledged all
the information sources that you have consulted.
There are two related topics in terms of referencing: the The term bibliographic
use of references in the text and the technique and refers to information about
standards for compiling a bibliography at the end of an published items such as
academic assignment. In this unit, we will focus on books and journals, and
referencing (the use of bibliographic references in the usually covers information
text). on the following basic
elements: author(s),
title(s), publication
information and URLs.
Before we discuss the actual techniques of referencing, it is important that you

understand why referencing is so important in academic writing. We will therefore
begin by outlining the purpose and function(s) of referencing.
4.2 Purpose and functions of referencing

Information sources are usually quoted and acknowledged for the following reasons:
 Information sources can be used either as ways to illustrate and support your ideas
or as points of departure if you have different perspectives from those of a particular
author. By referencing information sources, you are acknowledging that you have
used information, viewpoints, arguments or research findings of specific authors or
researchers whom you have identified. In other words, you use the arguments and
research results of other scientists to support your ideas and, in this way,
references give strength to your arguments and provide evidence for your
statements.
 By using a range of information sources, you can indicate the main trends in, and
different schools of thought on, a particular topic.
 Quotations and references indicate that you have been able to locate (find) and use
relevant information sources on the topic of a given academic task (e.g. an
assignment).

Behrens, Olën and Machet (1999:197-198) outline the main purpose and function of
references and bibliographies as follows:
 Using references in your assignment text and full bibliographic entries at the end of
your assignment enables the reader or assessor to identify the specific information
sources to which you refer and to verify the information that you have cited or
quoted.
 A bibliography at the end of your academic assignment or research article enables
the reader or assessor to determine which information sources you have consulted.
By scanning the entries in the bibliography, the assessor can immediately
determine whether you, as the student, have actually consulted the latest
information sources, representative of the field of study, in the information task.
 Proper referencing is also a reflection of the type of researcher that you are. For
example, if you have taken the trouble to compile complete and accurate entries for
your bibliography, then your image as a reliable researcher is reinforced.
“For all of these reasons, it is very important to learn the skills for reference techniques
and to practise them from very early in your academic career” (Behrens et al.,
1999:198).
If you acknowledge an information source in the text of an information task, you can
quote the author directly, or you can paraphrase the author’s ideas and views. In the
following two sections, we will consider direct quotations and paraphrases as methods
of acknowledging information sources.
Note
It does not really matter which one of these two methods you choose in order to
acknowledge the information source(s) that you have consulted. The important thing
to remember is that you have to make it clear that it is another author’s ideas and
not your own.
4.3 Direct quotations as referencing techniques

You may quote directly from an information source by repeating the author’s exact
words and placing them in inverted commas. Accuracy is extremely important in direct
quotations and you have to copy the quoted information exactly as it is printed in the
original source.
Try to use direct quotations sparingly. Use the exact words of an author only when:
 The author has a style that is difficult to paraphrase.

 The author’s particular words, and not just his or her ideas, are important.
 You are quoting from legislation.
A direct quotation always has to be accompanied by a bibliographic in-text reference
that acknowledges the original source of information.

The in-text reference usually includes the following elements:

 The surname of the author
 The year of publication
 The page(s) on which the particular piece of information appears
The following examples illustrate the use of direct quotations in an information task.
You will notice that the bibliographic reference may appear at the beginning of a
sentence, at the end of a sentence, or even in the middle of a sentence depending on
how the sentence is structured.
Examples of referencing by means of direct quotations:
 Orna and Stevens (1995:177) are of the opinion that the “ … final
responsibility for researchers is to be the editor of their own work;
you can’t rely on anyone else being able or willing to cast a
critical and meticulous eye over the presentation of what you
have produced”.
 “When we write, we always write for a particular audience or
readers. We write in order to communicate and to say something
to the particular person or people who will read what we write”
(Behrens, Olën and Machet, 1999:218).
 In their argument against human exploitation of nature, Rosman
and Rubel (1998:153) state: “Technology is that part of culture by
means of which people directly exploit their environment”.
 Plagiarism is a serious offence in the academic world. Sheila
Cameron (2008:185) goes as far as to label it as “… dishonesty
of the worst kind: it is stealing other people’s thoughts and ideas”.
Please study the punctuation in the foregoing examples attentively.
Applying the correct punctuation in referencing is extremely
important.
4.4 Paraphrases as referencing techniques

A paraphrase can essentially be regarded as the expression of the meaning of a
piece of information in different words. In other words, if you summarise the views or
perspectives of a particular author in your own words, without altering the author’s
meaning, you have written a paraphrase.
Even if you make use of a paraphrase to acknowledge the views of a particular author,
you still have to include a bibliographic reference with the paraphrase in order to
indicate that it is another person’s work and not your own. Similar to the references for
direct quotations, such a reference usually includes the following bibliographic
elements:
 The author’s surname

 The year of publication
 The page on which the particular piece of information appears

Study the following examples and make sure that you understand how to use
paraphrases and how to acknowledge other information sources and authors.
Examples of referencing by means of paraphrases:
 Lannon (1994:1) compares narrative writing, such as fiction, to

technical writing and indicates that narrative writing appeals to
the reader’s imagination, whereas technical writing appeals to the
reader’s understanding.
 Kebede (1995:40) is of the opinion that traditional African music
is, to a large extent, integrated with cultural activities and that
music is often performed to celebrate a specific deity.
 The characters in the fairy tales of several cultures are usually not
powerful beings, but rather animals, plants and human beings
whose intelligence saves them in the end. It is important for
children to identify with these fairytale heroes because it gives
them confidence, reassurance and comfort (Bettelheim, 1975).
In Section 4.5, we will outline the process of referencing a direct quotation or a
paraphrase that appears in the text of an information task.
4.5 In-text referencing

In academic writing, references should appear in two places:
 In the text itself as an in-text reference

 In the list of references at the end of the document, that is to say in the
bibliography
An in-text reference generally consists of the following three bibliographic elements:
 Surname(s) of the author(s) of the information source

 Year in which the text was published
 Page number on which the information appears
When referring to information sources in a scientific text such as an assignment, it is
essential to use the correct structure, format and punctuation at all times. Therefore,
you should pay particular attention to the format and punctuation in each type of in-
text reference.
See also Section 5.8, where the connection between in-text

references and bibliographic entries is made clear by means of
examples.

In the following sections, we will outline the different types of in-text references that
may be found in academic (scientific) texts.
4.5.1 Direct in-text references
A direct in-text reference usually appears early in a sentence in the scientific text or
information task and is recorded as follows:
 In Wood (2001:121), the preposition ‘between’ is discussed.

 Dessler (2011:9) is of the opinion that both workers and companies have to work
harder and smarter than they did without globalisation.
 Lepak and Gowen (2010:32) point out that small businesses comprise a major
portion of the US economy.
 According to Pratchett et al. (2009:67-69), there are a number of factors that
influence both the rate and enjoyment of learning.
Note
In the last example, which refers to a text written by more than three authors, not all
the names of the authors appear. The name of the first author is mentioned,
followed by the Latin abbreviation et al., which means ‘and others’. Please note that
et al. is used in in-text references only; in the bibliography, the names of all the
authors have to be listed.
4.5.2 Indirect in-text references

The indirect in-text reference normally appears at the end of a sentence. The indirect
in-text reference should be formatted as follows:
 Prepositions used with the verb ‘infatuated’ are ‘with’ and ‘by’ (Wood, 1983:309).
 Workers and companies have to work harder and smarter than they did without
globalisation (Dessler, 2011:9).
 “The reality is that small businesses comprise a major portion of the US economy”
(Lepak and Gowen, 2010:32).
 There are a number of factors that influence both the rate and enjoyment of
learning (Pratchett et al., 2009:67-69).
4.5.3 In-text references to e-books with alternative page numbering
E-books may be based on different digital formats and applications such as e-pub and
e-PDF, resulting in alternative use of page numbering. In the following sections, we
will outline the in-text referencing style for these texts.
4.5.3.1 E-PDF format
E-books based on the e-PDF format typically contain page numbers similar to those of
books in printed format and in-text referencing should be done as outlined in Sections
4.5.1 and 4.5.2.
4.5.3.2 E-pub format
E-books based on the e-pub format function in a flexible manner with page numbers
based on pages in chapters, which adapt to the portrait or landscape view of the tablet

or other device. This makes citing of page numbers potentially inaccurate. (The
situation may change in future when a solution has been developed.) In those cases,
chapter numbers, section numbers and paragraphs are used in the in-text references,
for example:
It is argued that management is a dynamic process (Musengi, 2013:14):
 If there are no page numbers available in an e-text, but the text does contain
numbered sections, these are used in the referencing, for example:
Kotler (2005: Section 5.3) argues that marketing …
 If the sections are not numbered, the “title” of the section can be used in the in-text
reference, as in the following examples:
….philosophy includes the idea that historical thinking is a Western perspective
(Holt, 1997: Introduction)
Kotler (2005: Chapter 3, Consumer behaviour) argues that marketing …
 If more specific references are required, paragraphs may also be used, for
example:
Kotler (2005: Section 5.3, Paragraph 4) argues that marketing …
… philosophy includes the idea that historical thinking is a Western perspective
(Holt, 1997: Introduction, Paragraph 2).
 In those cases where none of the above options are practical, chapter numbers
must be used in the in-text reference, as in the following example:
Sithole compared the different types of organisation to evaluate them (2010:
Chapter 3).
 If none of the foregoing options are feasible, the abbreviation n.p. for ‘no page
number available’ should be used, for example:
Sooklal (2014: n.p.) agreed that this is the last option …
As previously indicated, it is not enough to acknowledge the information that you have
consulted in in-text references. Every in-text reference must have an accompanying
entry in the bibliography at the end of the text. In Unit 5, we focus on the correct
methods of structuring entries in a bibliography.

Unit 5: Quick Guide to Harvard Method

for referencing lists and bibliographies
The following guide is for commonly used sources and indicates the order of the
information required for bibliographic citation or reference lists.
Source Layout
Author(s) surname, initial(s) and year of
publication, title (in italics), series title and
number (if part of a series), edition (if not
Books
first edition), place of publication (if more
than one has been provided, list the first
one), publisher.
Author(s) surname, initial(s) and year of
publication, title (in italics), series title and
e-Books number (if part of a series), edition (if not
first edition), place of publication,
publisher, URL, date viewed.
Author(s) of chapter, initial(s) and year of
publication, title of chapter(in single
inverted commas), editor(s) initial(s) and
surname followed by ‘ed.’ in round
Chapters in edited books brackets, title of book (in italics), edition
(if not first edition), place of publication,
publisher, pages where chapter starts
and ends. If an e-book, add the URL and
the date that the book was viewed.
Author(s) surname, initial(s) and year,
Books in a foreign language title (in italics), translated title, place of
publication, publisher.
title of article, title of journal (in italics),
Journal articles: print
volume number, issue number, page
numbers of article.
title of article, title of journal (in italics),
Journal articles: online
volume number, issue number, page
numbers of article, URL, view date.
Webpages title of article, title of page (in italics),
URL, view date.
Acts of Parliament Name of country, name of act and year.
Government White and Green papers: Name of Government department, year,
online title (in italics), URL, view date.
Name of Government department, year,
Government White and Green papers:
title (in italics), place of publication,
print
publisher.

Author(s) surname, initial(s) year, title,

type of thesis, academic institution, city of
Independent studies, dissertations and academic institution.
theses If viewed online, include URL and view
date after city of academic institution.
Title (in italics), year, edition (if not first

edition), place of publication, publisher.
Often reference materials are cited using
the title rather than the author or editor.
Dictionaries and reference materials
However, if there is an obvious author or
editor use the format for a book. Please
see the Comprehensive Guide for
examples.

Comprehensive Guide to the Harvard Method

Books, print
Quotations Quotations Paraphrasing Paraphrasing Bibliography/
Books, print
Author Information Author Information Reference list
Two authors Brady and Hayes The development of Brady and Hayes Celebrity culture is Brady, S & Hayes, T.
(2014:21) have celebrity culture is (2014) examine examined from 2014. Exploring
indicated that problematic because of celebrity culture from multiple perspectives Celebrity. New York:
celebrity culture “is “the impact it has had multiple (Brady & Hayes, New York University
continuously on teenagers” (Brady & perspectives. 2014). Press.
developing”. Hayes, 2014:21).
Three authors Brent et al. “When beginning to Brent et al. (2011) It is necessary to Brent, J, Matthews,
(2011:36) argue study a text, historical discuss the consider the historical M & Young, S. 2011.
that “historical context is one of the importance of circumstances Reading Texts.
context is one of most important factors foregrounding surrounding the London: Pearson.
the most important to consider” (Brent et historical context. production of a text
factors to al., 2011:36). (Brent et al., 2011).
consider.”

Paraphrasing
Quotations Quotations Paraphrasing Bibliography/
Books, print Information
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Reference list
prominent
One author Buell (1995:185) In terms of imagery, “at Buell (1995:15) It is possible to say Buell, L. 1995. The
states that “at times Blake goes so far claims that the that Blake’s work may Environmental
times, Blake goes as to imagine a poet, William at time conflate the Imagination.
so far as to complete Blake, might have human and with the Cambridge: Harvard
imagine a interchangeability gone as far as to non-human (Buell, University Press.
complete between animal and conflate the animal 1995:15).
interchangeability human” (Buell, with the human.
between animal 1995:185).
and human.”
Organisation, WHO (2010:176) The health of the people The World Health The gap with regards World Health
institution or argues that “the contributing to the Organisation to access to basic Organisation (WHO)
association as lack of access to economic well-being of (2010) healthcare facilities 2010. Basic
Author basic healthcare a developing country “is demonstrates that between developing Healthcare report
impacts upon the of primary concern in there is a and developed 2010: Concerns
(If you have two or economic self- lessening the gap significant gap with countries is a key within, and Impact
more in-text citations sufficiency of between global super regards to access concern (World Health upon, the Global
for a single source developing powers and their less- to basic healthcare Organisation [WHO], Community. London:
then include the countries.” developed counterparts” facilities between 2010). Oxford University
acronym in square (WHO, 2010:178). the developing and Press.
brackets for the first developed
citation. For the countries. Insert the
subsequent in-text organisation’s
citations only use acronym in round
the acronym.) brackets only if you
have used it in your
in-text citation.

Quotations Quotations Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing Bibliography/
Books, print Author Information Information
Author prominent Reference list
prominent prominent prominent
Same author Smith (1999:10) Several critics believe Smith (1999; 2001) There are different Smith, Z. 1999.
different years claims that “it is that “it is important for suggests different ways of interpreting Interpreting Texts,
important for readers to acknowledge ways of interpreting texts (Smith 1999; New York: Palgrave
readers to that differences in texts. 2001). Macmillan.
acknowledge that interpretation exist”
differences in (Smith, 1999:10) and Smith, Z. 2001.
interpretation that “interpretations are Deconstruction.
exist” as well as unlikely to remain static” London: Penguin.
that (Smith, 2001:3).
“interpretations
are unlikely to
remain static”
(Smith, 2001:3).
Same author, Chapman Popular perspective Chapman (1997a; Progressive social Chapman, R. 1997a.
same year articulates the “builds on and 1997b) highlights tropes are indicative of Hidden meanings.
dynamic between reinforces that which is specific differences a specific push New York:
progressive and accepted as truth” between progressive towards cultivating a HarperCollins.
regressive (Chapman, 1997a:46), and regressive social civilised mindset
movement as, and ideology “is a tropes. (Chapman, 1997a); Chapman, R. 1997b.
first, “residing in hidden agreement as to whereas regressive The lens of truth.
perspective” what that truth is” social tropes are New York:
(1997a:45) and, (Chapman, 1997b:9). devolutionary HarperCollins.
secondly, “relying (Chapman, 1997b).
on acceptance of (Order alphabetically
a central point by the next element
that is ideological” in the reference, e.g.
(1997b:9). title.)

Quotations Paraphrasing
Books, print Quotations Paraphrasing Bibliography/
Information Information
Author prominent Author prominent Reference list
prominent prominent
Date of Wright (n.d.:84) If there is to be Wright (n.d.) suggests Many corporate Wright, P. n.d. 21st
publication claims that the improvement in office that many corporate businesses are Century Business:
unknown success of morale, a “team- businesses are developing at a rapid The Way Forward.
businesses building strategy must developing at a rapid pace (Wright, n.d.). Johannesburg:
depends on “the be put in place” pace. Johannesburg
style of (Wright, n.d.:100). Management
management Publishers.
used”.
Single editor Beauchamp “It seems odd today to In his introduction, The historical Beauchamp, TL.
(2000:12) argues say that the goal of a Beauchamp (2000) trajectory of Hume's (ed.). 2000. David
that “the goal of a philosophy is to discusses the history Enquiry is also Hume: An Enquiry
philosophy is to generate a science, but of Hume’s Enquiry. important (Beauchamp Concerning Human
generate a this ambition is 2000). Understanding.
science.” fundamental in Hume’s Oxford: Clarendon
philosophy” Edition.
(Beauchamp, 2000:12).
Multiple editors Andreoli and The “vibrancy of South Andreoli and Wheeler Several notable Andreoli, R. &
Wheeler (2004:79) African cities during the (2004:67) explored historians have Wheeler, A. (eds.).
explored the 1940s should not be the social terrain of explored the social 200. South African
“vibrancy of South underestimated” 1940s South Africa. terrain of 1940s South Cities. Pretoria: BK
African cities (Andreoli & Wheeler, Africa (Andreoli & Publishing.
during the 1940s”. 2004:79). Wheeler, 2004:67).

Quotations Paraphrasing Bibliography/
Books, print Information Information
prominent prominent
Chapter in an Edwards Lord of the Flies has For Edwards (2012), The Hunger Games Edwards, B. 2012.
edited book (2012:320) has had “a significant Katniss Everdeen trilogy is not Considering current
stated that Lord of impact on the way cannot be considered necessarily a ground- YA literature. In New
the Files is “the novels such as The a feminist icon. breaking addition to Approaches to
most revolutionary Hunger Games and the YA literature genre Contemporary
addition” to the YA Divergent have been (Edwards, 2012). Fiction. Ross, P., Ed.
genre. written” (Edwards, North Carolina:
2012:320). McFarland Press,
58-77.
Edited book Burke (1996:xi) “One cannot deny Burke (1996) Merleau-Ponty is Burke, J. Ed. 1996.
translated into contends that Merleau-Ponty’s discusses Merleau- concerned with the The Lives of Others
English “Merleau-Ponty relevance to existential Ponty’s existential existential rootedness in Merleau-Ponty’s
views the self as psychology” (Burke, psychological enquiry. of the subject (Burke, Psychology.
primarily an entity 1996:II). 1996). Translated by P.
that is of space.” Holt. Evanston:
North Western
University Press.

Quotations Quotations Paraphrasing

Paraphrasing Bibliography/
Books, print Author Information Information
Author prominent Reference list
Different McKibben Although “the idea of McKibben (1990) It has been argued McKibben, B. 1990,
authors with (1999:58) argues wildness can survive argues that natural that natural The End of Nature.
the same that while “the the normal environments no environments no New York: Anchor
surname, idea of wildness destruction of longer exist, while longer exist Books.
different years can survive the nature” (McKibben, McKibben (1994) (McKibben, 1990)
normal destruction 1999:58), it is claims that and that McKibben, M. 1994.
of nature”, “unlikely to philosophers need philosophers should Apology for bad
McKibben withstand the to work towards a work towards a new dreams. New York:
(1994:70) claims onslaught of toxic new definition of definition of “natural” Random House.
that it is “unlikely pollution” “natural”. (McKibben, 1994).
to withstand the (McKibben,
onslaught of toxic 1994:70).
pollution”.
Different For Deon Harris A new global Deon Harris (2003) Certain critics (Deon Harris, D. 2003,
authors, same (2003:34), mindset “will change looks at new Harris, 2003) are New world, new
surname, “globalisation, and the way in which we generation thinkers supportive of a way. Chicago:
same year a greater think about while Gregory Harris model of governance Random House.
awareness of boundaries” (Deon (2003) articulates a that fundamentally
world view, has Harris, 2003:37), but need to re-examine rejects views Harris, G. 2003.
perpetuated the may be contradicted older models of adopted from the Ancient blood, new
need for this shift”, by those who would governance. Victorian age while mutiny. Brisbane:
whereas Gregory seek to “solidify others (Gregory Granger Hill.
Harris (2003:67) those boundaries in Harris, 2003) claim
aims to order to preserve a that older forms of (Order
demonstrate that cultural integrity’ government are alphabetically by
“newer political (Gregory Harris, more stable. next available item
tropes deprive 2003:68). in reference. (e.g.
democracy of the initial))
order it needs to
enable
citizenship.”

prominent prominent
Citing a source Sithole (1998 cited The future of South Connors (2009 cited The rise of the DA Andrews, K. 2011.
within a source in Andrews, Africa “depends on in Andrews, has proven to be an Reconsidering
2011:32) claims ‘the direction that its 2011:42) provides increasing threat to South African
(In the that “the absence leadership takes’” an analysis of the ANC (Bryce, politics. In
reference list of Nelson Mandela (Khumalo, 2003 statistics that 2008 cited in Robertson, D. (ed.).
only cite the from politics has cited in Andrews, indicate a drastic Andrews, 2011:84). The State of World
book that you ‘left a void in the 2011:64). decrease in the Politics. Rochester:
actually used political system’”. popularity of the University of
and not the ANC. Rochester Press.
source cited in
the book that (Include author and
you used.) year of publication
for both sources.)
Book in a Ellis and Gerighty Pilots are asked Ellis and Gerighty Minor incidents can Ellis, S. & Gerighty,
series (2008:17) provide “what items do you (2008) offer sometimes develop T. 2008. English for
aviation normally hear in an specialist English into major disasters Aviation, Express
professionals with ATIS broadcast?” communication skills on a long haul flight Series. Oxford:
exercises such as (Ellis & Gerighty, for professionals (Ellis & Gerighty, Oxford University
“You are a 2008:18). involved in aviation. 2008). Press.
controller. Give
advice to the
pilot.”

prominent prominent
Edited volume in a Green and “It is difficult to believe Green and Culliney New research Green, V. & Culliney,
multivolume set Culliney (2006:13) that few work (2006) believe that suggests that there L. (eds). 2006.
find it “difficult to opportunities exist in there are many are many Johannesburg. Vol.
believe that few African cities” (Green & opportunities for opportunities for 4. South African
work opportunities Culliney, 2006:13). immigrants. immigrants (Green & Cities. Pretoria: BK
exist in African Culliney, 2006). Publishers.
cities”.
Sacred book Much like earlier “In the beginning God The New International An attempt is made to The Bible. 1978,
versions of the created the heavens Version of the English clarify Biblical New International
Bible, the New and the earth” (The Bible (1978) tries to scripture for modern Version. London:
International Bible, 1978:3). clarify Biblical readers in the New Hodder and
version opens with scripture for modern International Version Stoughton.
the assertion that readers. of the English Bible
“In the beginning (1978).
God created the
heavens and the
earth” (1978:3).

prominent prominent
Citing multiple Quote sources Quote sources De Fleur et al. Academic De Fleur, G, Rallis,
sources separately separately (1976); Rupert and formatting, if done K, Holding, J &
simultaneously in van Kamp (2003); right, will draw the Montine, D. 1976.
a sentence Granger (1990) and reader’s attention to Academic writing: A
Trentwood (2008) the content of the guide. Sydney:
emphasise the essay, rather than Sydney University
need for detracting from it Press.
consistency in (De Fleur et al.,
academic 1976; Rupert & van Granger, G. 1990,
formatting. Kamp, 2003; Write approaches.
Granger, 1990; London: Hockney
Trentwood, 2008). Press.
Rupert, F. & van

Kamp, T. 2003.
Guide to correct
writing practice.
Oxford: Oxford
University Press.
Trentwood, K.
2008. Changing
type: Reader-
friendly texts.
New York:
Columbia
University Press.

prominent prominent
Book in a foreign Kristeva (1984:23) ‘Jouissance’ Kristeva (1984) Freudian theory Kristeva, J. 1984. La
language introduces the (Enjoyment [my considers language provides a unique lens Rėvolution Du
concept of translation]) has been to be an essential through which to Language Poėtique
‘jouissance’ introduced in relation to tool in understanding consider the evolution (Revolution in Poetic
(enjoyment [my language (Kristeva society. of language (Kristeva: Language). New
translation]) in relation 1984:23). 1984). York: Columbia
to language. University Press.

Books, electronic
Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent Reference list
E-book As Phillips To understand Phillips (2012) Masculinity is multi- Phillips, R. 2012.
(2012:78) notes, masculinity, we must focuses on the faceted (Phillips, 2012). Understanding Gender. 3rd ed.
“we need to consider it “in relation to diverse aspects of E-book. Stanford: Stanford
reconsider the way femininity” (Phillips, masculinity. University Press. [Online]
we define gender 2012:101). Available at:
identity.” http://stanfordpress.com/lit.bn
m/gender [Accessed: 03
February 2014].
E-book, Majlbro (2010:6) “The aim with this series Mejlbro (2010) An introduction to Majlbro, L. 2010. The Laplace
book in a outlines “a handful has been to give the discusses the Measure Theory and Transformation I – General
series of simple rules for reader some knowledge general theory of the Lebescue Principle Theory, Complex Functions
computing the of the mathematical the Laplace precedes a discussion Theory a-4. E-book. London:
residues”. technique used in the Transformation of general inversion Ventus Publishing. [Online]
most common technique Operator. formula (Mejlbro, 2010). Available at: http://www.free-
applications” (Majlbro, ebooks.net/ebook/the-laplace-
2010:6). transformation-i-general-theory
[Accessed: 15 July 2017].

Books, Quotations Quotations Paraphrasing Paraphrasing Bibliography/

electronic Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Information prominent Reference list
E-book Suggestions made New concepts in the Holt (1997) states Recent evidence Holt, D. 1997.
accessed via e- by theorists such as realm of philosophy that what many suggests that what many Management
book reader Holt (1997:n.p.) include the idea that consider to be consider to be historical principles and
would lead us to “historical thinking is a historical thinking thinking is merely a practices. E-book.
believe that Western perspective” is a Western Western perspective Prentice-Hall,
“historical thinking is (Holt, 1997:n.p.). perspective. (Holt, 1997). Kindle Edition.
a Western
perspective.”
Chapter in an Balff (1995:23) Items such as Balff (1995) Science fiction bears Balff, C. 1995.
edited e-book argues that many of “microwaves and even demonstrates the testament to fact Looking beyond
“the inventions held the motion-sensor importance of reaching into fiction to science fact. In To
as commonplace sliding door owe their looking beyond progress society (Balff, boldly go where
items in the creation to Star Trek” what is 1995). no man has gone
household are (Balff, 1995:25). scientifically before. F. Froyd.
inspired by known. (ed). E-book. New
descriptions found in York: Beyond,
the works of, for 22-30. [Online]
example, Isaac Available at:
Asimov.” http://www.beyon
d.com/topic/pub/c
vsduhen/23567/Fr
oyd [Accessed:
12 September
2014].
(Include name
and city of
electronic
publisher.)

Periodical
One author Peters (2012:25) claims The retail industry needs Peters (2012) has The South African Peters, S. 2012.
that “the retail industry to focus on “attracting a stated that future service industry has Understanding
has experienced more diverse range of technological improved in recent Service. Economy
numerous setbacks consumers” (Peters, developments in the years (Peters, 2012). Studies, 26(3):25-55.
due to the declining 2012:27). South African
economy.” service industry
need to be more
carefully monitored.
Two authors Joyce and Kelly “It is good that post- Joyce and Kelly The threat post- Joyce, P & Kelly, C.
(1991:204) argue that modernism has at last (1991) consider modernism poses to 1991. History and
“what Stone calls the been brought into open previous definitions history has been Post-modernism. Past
‘ever-narrowing trap’ of view” (Joyce & Kelly of post-modernism. overstated (Joyce & & Present, 67(6):204-
post-modernism is 1991204). Kelly, 1991:204). 213.
grossly exaggerated.”
Three Dennis et al. (1999:13) “Steinbeck’s novels can Dennis et al. (1999) Zoocriticism is now Dennis, W, Chan, A &
authors propose that be read through the lens have discussed how considered a legitimate Ford, Z. 1999.
Steinbeck’s novels can of Zoocriticism” (Dennis Zoocriticism can be lens through which to Zoocriticism and
be “read through the et al., 1999:13). applied to reading examine Steinbeck’s Steinbeck. American
lens of Zoocriticsm”. Steinbeck’s novels. novels (Dennis et al., Literary Journal,
1999). 5(17):13-20.


Periodical
Abstract According to “The social worker must Grosvenor (2008) There are several factors Grosvenor, K. 2008.
Grosvenor (2008:34), bear in mind the notes the value of that contribute to the Helping hearts: The
“encountering a psychological impact on social workers in effective management of role of the social
harmful domestic the at-risk child” bridging the gap the process of removing work in South Africa.
environment and (Grosvenor, 2008:34). between a at-risk children from Sociology Today,
knowing how to detached system of harmful domestic 3(1):34-38. Abstract
navigate its volatility governance and environments only.
for the benefit of the the real-world (Grosvenor, 2008:34).
at-risk child is encounters with at-
imperative.” risk children.
No author It is observed that The syllabus in high The review of Public schools still offer a John Hopper on new
(Use the title “the foundation schools is becoming Hopper’s essay valuable education theories in
in place of children receive in more diverse in order to (“John Hopper on (“John Hopper on new education. 2013.
the author.) primary school is “provide students with new theories in theories in education”, Education in the 21st
essential to their more opportunities to education” 2013) 2013:58). Century Review,
progress in high pursue” (“John Hopper claims that public 33(4):54-65.
school” (“John on new theories in schools still offer a
Hopper on new education”, 2013:58). valuable education.
theories in
education”, 2013:56).
Citing a Manning (2003 cited “World history ... Manning (2003, Discussions of women Weisner-Hanks, M.
source within in Wiesner-Hanks, included little recognition cited in Wiesner- are often left out of 2007. World History
a source 2007:53) notes that “it of gender and little space Hanks, 2007:53- important historical and the History of
remains striking that for women” (Manning, 55) discusses the accounts (Manning, Women, Gender and
the studies of women 2003, cited in Wiesner- patterns of debate 2003, cited in Wiesner- Sexuality. Journal of
and gender roles in Hanks, 2007:53). and discussion in Hanks, 2007:53). World History,
world history have the study of world 18(1):53-67.
developed so slowly.” history.

Quotations Paraphrasing Paraphrasing

Quotations Bibliography/
Periodical Information Author Information
Author prominent Reference List
Article in a Cixous and Kristeva It is important to Cixous and There are unique Cixous, H &
Foreign (1984:3) observe develop an Kristeva (1984) intersections between Kristeva, J. 1984.
Language that an understanding of explore the language and La Rėvolution Du
understanding of “jouissance” (sexual intersections psychological Jouissance
“jouissance” (sexual pleasure [my between development (Cixous & (Revolution in
pleasure [my translation]) in order to language and Kristeva, 1984). Sexual Pleasure).
translation]) is understand the psychological Journal of French
essential to dynamics of the development. Poetics, 5(24):3-
engaging with the feminine psyche 40.
dynamics of the (Cixous & Kristeva,
feminine psyche. 1984:3).
Annual Implats Sustainable “Khotso Mokhele is the Implats Earlier in the year, Implats
Report Development Report lead non-executive Sustainable Khotso Mokhele was Sustainable
(2014:17) director of African Development appointed non- Development.
announced Khotso Oxygen” (Implats Report (2014:17) executive director of 2014. Annual
Mokhele as the “the Sustainable stated that Khotso African Oxygen Report.
lead non-executive Development Report, Mokhele was (Implats Sustainable Johannesburg:
director of African 2014:17). appointed non- Development Report, Implats, Seriti.
Oxygen”. executive director 2014).
of African
Oxygen.

Periodical, electronic
Quotations
Quotations Paraphrasing Paraphrasing Bibliography/
Information
Author prominent Author prominent Information prominent Reference List
prominent
One author As Gleckner Therefore, “without Gleckner (1974) Blake’s poem offers a Gleckner, RF.
(1974:555) suggests, words is no prophecy” discusses Blake’s striking description of the 1974. Most Holy
It is “Blake’s greatest (Gleckner, 1974:559). description of the apocalypse (Gleckner, Forms of Thought:
achievement.” apocalypse. 1974). Some Observations
on Blake and
Language. ELH,
41(4):555-577.
Two authors Macalister and Wiel Digital environments Macalister and The study demonstrated Macalister, F &
(2013:15) argue that may create a space Wiel (2013) the possibility of marking Wiel, R. 2013.
“the digital space that allows “for the demonstrate that being achieved in a digital Digital Marking.
allows for the easy easy completion of marking can be space (Macalister & Wiel, Education in the
completion of marking” (Macalister done digitally. 2013). Digital Space,
marking.” & Wiel, 2013:15). 6(4):12-40.

Periodical, Quotations Quotations Paraphrasing Paraphrasing Bibliography/

Three Data collected by Therefore, it becomes Harris, Verbeek and The British Pound has Harris, C, Verbeek, L
authors Harris, Verbeek necessary to “gauge any Marsden (2009) maintained its strength & Marsden, H. 2009.
and Marsden threat to the European demonstrate that despite economic The importance of the
(2009:34) confirms economy based on how European economic recession (Harris, British Pound in 21st
“the relative the Euro weighs up in growth still rests on the Verbeek & Marsden, century European
strength of the relation to the Pound” power of the British 2009). economics.
British Pound … in (Harris, Verbeek & Pound. Europeconomy,
relation to other Marsden, 2009:36). 13(2):32-38.
European
markets”.
Second
appearance in
text: Data
collected by Harris
et al. …..
No author It is stated in “John It is worth noting that “of The article “John Locke was well versed in “John Locke”. 1853.
Locke” (1853:181) the four books of which Locke” (1853) offers a the philosophies of The Illustrated
that “he applied the essay consists only, good overview of the Bacon and Descartes Magazine of Art,
himself with great the last is devoted to an thinker’s contribution to (“John Locke”, 1(3):181-183.
diligence to the inquiry into the objects popular notions of 1853:181).
study of classical within the sphere of knowledge.
literature.” human understanding”
(“John Locke”,
1853:182).

Periodical, Quotations Quotations Paraphrasing Paraphrasing Bibliography/

Article from a Warkentin (2006:87) One of the most common Warkentin (2006) The experiences of Warkentin, T. 2006.
database focuses on transgenic arguments against claims that there is animal subjects, when it Dis/integrating
animals, claiming that bioengineering is that little moral comes to bioengineering, Animals. Canadian
(No URL or there “is no moral there “is no moral consideration for the is of little consideration Literary Studies,
view date consideration for the consideration for the animal subjects (Warkentin, 2006:87). 3(8):82-102. [Online]
required.) animals involved.” animals involved” when it comes to Available at
(Warkentin, 2006:87). bioengineering. Ebscohost.
Citing a Robertson (2008 cited “Sex and gender are Blake (2009 cited in New approaches to Carter, S. 2011.
source within in Carter, 2011:63) terms that need to be Carter, 2011:45- feminist discourse need Renegotiating
a source suggests that young differentiated from one 116) claims that to be considered (Blake, Feminism. New
girls need to become another” (Taylor, 2008, feminism has 2009 cited in Carter, Directions in Gender
(In reference more aware of the cited in Carter, 2011:47). become increasingly 2011:48). Studies, 6(24):47-
list, cite the gender divisions (sic) misunderstood. 66. [Online] Available
article that in society. at Sociology Direct.
you used, not (Include year of
the source (Include year of publication for both
cited in the publication for both sources.)
article.) sources.)

Websites
One author Segev (2014: para. “The ideal customer to Segev (2014) notes The team at Microsoft Segev, L. 2014.
3) writes that have is one that helps that customers will are looking to improve Microsoft will
“Microsoft wants build their own product assist with the Windows 10 with the crowdsource Windows
much more to buy from you” development of help of their customers 10. Mail & Guardian, 14
collaborative, (Segev, 2014: para. 7). Windows 10. (Segev, 2014). October 2014. [Online]
hands-on Available at:
involvement from http://mg.co.za/article/2
customers to shape 014-10-03-microsoft-
the new platform.” will-crowdsource-
windows-10 [Accessed:
15 July 2017].
Organisation, The World Wide “It tells us that climate The WWF (2014) Sufficient evidence has World Wide Fund for
institution or Fund for Nature change is already has provided been provided that, Nature (WWF). 2014.
association (2014: para. 2) affecting people evidence that people globally, people are No More Debates on
as author claims that “climate everywhere” (WWF, are being effected being effected by Climate Science, over
change is already 2014: para. 2). by climate change climate change (World to Leaders. World Wide
(Always use affecting people globally. Wide Fund [WWF], Fund for Nature, 02
the full name everywhere.” 2014). November 2014.
of the [Online] Available at:
organisation, (In the case of the first http://www.wwf.org.za/?
institution or citation, include full 12601/IPCC-response
association name of organisation [Accessed: 15 July
for first and the acronym in 2017].
citation. square brackets.)
Thereafter,
the acronym
may be
used.)


Websites
Report from The South Africa “The global financial The South Africa The report examines the Department of
an Department of National crisis that began during Department of negative impact of the National Treasury,
institutional Treasury (2015:1) 2008 has had far- National Treasury worldwide economic South Africa. 2015.
website reports that “The global reaching consequences (2015) reports that crisis (Department of Intergovernmental
financial crisis that for South Africa, most the worldwide National Treasury, South Fiscal Reviews
began during 2008 has notably a sharp fall in economic Africa, 2015). (IGFR) – 2015 –
had far-reaching employment from which catastrophe that Provincial Budgets
consequences for the economy has yet to started in 2008 has and Expenditure
South Africa, most fully recover” led to high Review: 2010/11 –
notably a sharp fall in (Department of National unemployment 2016/17. [Online]
employment from which Treasury, South Africa, rates in South Available at:
the economy has yet to 2015:1). Africa. http://www.treasury.g
fully recover.” ov.za/publications/igf
r/2015/prov/default.a
spx [Accessed: 21
May 2017].
Bulletin For Elsenberg In addition to this, “make Elsenberg One needs to make sure Elsenberg, A. 2014.
boards, (2014:para. 2), this is sure that inside Eclipse, (2014:para. 1) to include all of the Re: Problem
Forums, likely “a problem that you can see all of the suggested necessary files when exporting adjt file.
Usenet, you are not exporting class files in the aspect including all of the exporting (Elsenberg, Eclipse Community
E-mail lists everything that you jar” (Elsenberg, first class files in 2014:para. 1). Forums. 18 March
need to.” 2014:para. 1). the jar file in order 2014. [Online]
to export the ajdt Available at:
project. https://www.eclipse.o
rg/forums/index.php/t
/673733/ [Accessed:
15 July 2017].

Government sources
Hansard: According to “[T]he administrative The Parliament of It was pointed out that Parliament of the
published discussions held in system will strive to the Republic of the administrative Republic of South Africa.
parliamentary the Parliament of deliver all developmental South Africa system will attempt to 2014. Proceedings of
proceedings. the Republic of objectives” (Parliament (2014:4) recently achieve the identified Extended Public
South Africa of the Republic of South pointed out that the objectives necessary for Committee: Official
(Always (2014:4), the Africa, 2014:4). administrative furthering development Hansard, 1-85.
referenced “administrative system will attempt in the country
as if in print system will strive to achieve the (Parliament of the (Insert the volume
even if to deliver all identified objectives Republic of South Africa, number after the title of
viewed developmental necessary for 2014:4). the proceedings if
online.) objectives.” furthering available.)
development in the
country.
SA Bureau of Statistics South At present, many Statistics South Emigration to South Statistics South Africa.
Statistics, Africa (2013:18) townships are Africa (2013) has Africa has increased 2013. 2011-2012 South
print states that “prices developing “in close noted that (Statistics South Africa African Housing
for homes in South proximity to suburban emigration to South [Stats SA], 2013). Developments. Pretoria:
(Use full Africa are areas” Africa has Statistics South Africa.
name of escalating at a (Stats SA, 2013:26). increased. (If you have two or more Catalogue no: 5302.4.
organisation rapid rate.” in-text citations, include
in first the acronym in square (For print: include
citation. brackets inside the catalogue number after
Thereafter, round brackets for the title.)
use acronym first citation. For
for second subsequent in-text
and citations use only the
subsequent acronym.)
citations.)

Paraphrasing
Government Quotations Quotations Paraphrasing Bibliography/
Information
sources Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Reference list
prominent
Government Dugdale and Jama “Recent research has Dugdale and Jama The report showed Dugdale, G. & Jama,
documents (2012:6) argue that shown that the likelihood (2012) note that that young people in D. 2012. Literacy: State
with one or “Parents are the of fathers reading to there are still many the United Kingdom of the Nation. Report.
more authors, most important their children is linked to people in the have lost interest in London: National
print reading role models their socio-economic United Kingdom reading (Dugdale & Literacy Trust.
for their children.” background” (Dugdale & struggling with Jama, 2012).
Jama, 2012:6). literacy. (Insert report, research
report etc. if it does not
appear in title.)
Government Dunne, Smith and “Labour law experts Dunne, Smith and Since the 1990s, Dunne, A., Smith, X. &
documents Webber (2014: 2) agree that the current Webber (2014) challenges in the Webber, C. 2014.
with one or state that “Labour challenges in the state that there regulatory Educators: Scarce and
more authors, law experts agree regulatory environment has been an environment have critical skills. Research
online that the current have arisen increase in increased (Dunne, project commissioned
challenges in the disproportionately since challenges in the Smith & Webber, by the Department of
regulatory the 1990s” (Dunne, regulatory 2014). Labour South Africa.
environment have Smith & Webber, environment. [Online] Available at:
arisen 2014:2). http://www.labour.gov.za
disproportionately [Accessed: 15 July
since the 1990s.” 2017].
Insert report, research
report, discussion
paper, working paper,
occasional paper, fact
sheet, white/ green
paper, media release
etc. if it does not
appear in the title.

Government Quotations Paraphrasing Bibliography/
sources Author prominent Author prominent Reference list
prominent prominent
Government The Parliament of A significant number The Parliament of the The classrooms in The Parliament of the
documents, the Republic of of schools are Republic of South rural areas are often in Republic of South
department as South Africa, currently “being built Africa, Portfolio poor condition Africa, Portfolio
author, online Portfolio Committee in rural areas” Committee on Basic (Parliament of Committee on Basic
on Basic Education (Parliament of the Education (2012:86) Republic of South Education. 2012.
(2012:32) says that Republic of South has observed that Africa, Portfolio South African State of
the high school Africa, Portfolio the matric pass rate Committee on Basic Education Report
curriculum is Committee on Basic has remained steady Education, 2012:86). 2012. [Online]
“experiencing many Education, 2012:86). since 2009. Available at:
promising http://www.parliament.
developments.” gov.za
[Accessed: 15 July
2017].
Government The Scottish TSG have identified The Scottish The benefits of The Scottish
white paper, Government 25 March 2016 as “a Government (2013:3) Scottish independence Government (TSG).
online (2013:3) argue that realistic expressed the view was communicated to 2013. Scotland’s
“with independence independence day” that Scottish the public (The Future: Your Guide to
(Use full name of we can make for “the new powers independence would Scottish Government an Independent
organisation in Scotland the fairer of independence to allow the country to [TSG], 2013). Scotland.
first citation. and more successful be completed” (The make greater http://www.scotland.go
Thereafter, use country.” Scottish Government, economic progress. (For two or more in- v.uk/resource/0043/00
acronym for 2013:71). text citations to a 439021.pdf [Accessed:
second and source, include the 15 July 2017].
subsequent acronym in square
citations.) brackets inside the
round brackets for the
first citation. Thereafter
only use the acronym.)

prominent prominent
Government The Presidency In order to assist The Presidency The green paper puts The Presidency:
Green paper, (2010: n.p.) has other governmental green paper (2010) forward ways that may Republic of South
online stated that the programmes, the puts forward ways help to address the Africa. 2010. National
NPC has been put NPC has been put in that may help to economic inequalities Planning Commission.
in place to “reduce place to “reduce address the present in South Africa Green paper. [Online]
poverty and roll poverty and roll back economic (The Presidency, 2010: Available at:
back the extreme the extreme inequalities present n.p.). http://www.thepresiden
inequalities of the inequalities of the in South Africa. cy.gov.za/pebble.asp?
apartheid era.” apartheid era” (The relid=1821 [Accessed:
Presidency, 2010: 6 November 2014].
n.p.).
(In place of the author,
cite the governmental
department.)
Patents, database, Watson (1972) “The toothpaste was Watson (1972) It was reported that the Watson, Z. 1972.
online claimed that the the first of its kind” stated that it was patent had been Visually clear
“toothpaste was the (Watson 1972). difficult to get the difficult to get (Watson toothpaste containing
(Identifying first of its kind.” patent. 1972). a synthetic
elements such as If no individual author precipitated hydrated
patent numbers If no individual is available, a (If no individual (If no individual author silica. US Patent
should be author is available, corporate author can author is available, a is available, a corporate 3864470, filed 6
included.) a corporate author be used in-text. corporate author can author can be used in- January 1972. [Online]
can be used in-text. be used in-text.) text.) Available at:
www.google.co.za/pat
ents/US3864470
[Accessed: 15 July
2017].

prominent prominent
Standards, online The South African “The yield strength of The South African Accepted minimum South African Bureau
Bureau of structural steel is Bureau of standards for structural of Standards 2001.
Standards (2001:4) noted as being Standards (2001) steel should be noted SABS 5460-2001
demonstrates that between 275 and 355 specifies the (South African Bureau Structural Steel. 4th
“typical grades of newtons per square accepted quality of Standards 2001). ed. Standards.
structural steel are metre” (South African standards for https://www.sabs.co.
‘S275J2’ or Bureau of Standards structural steel. za/standardss/sabs5
‘S355K2W.’” 2001:4). 460-2001 [Accessed:
12 September 2004].
Industry report, Stelzner (2014:5) “Only about one in Stelzner (2014) Blogging is one of the Stelzner, MA. 2014.
author identifies Facebook three [marketers] identifies social social media trends Social Media
and LinkedIn as agreed that they are media as one of the that marketers have yet Marketing Industry
“the two most able to measure their most important to fully utilise (Stelzner, Report. Social Media
important social social activities” marketing tools for 2014). Examiner, 18
networks for (Stelzner, 2014:9). new businesses. November 2014.
marketers”.
Industry report, no The Social Media “Only about one in The Social Media Blogging is one of the Social Media
author Marketing Industry three [marketers] Marketing Industry social media trends that Marketing Industry
Report (2014:5) agreed that they are Report (2014) marketers have yet to Report. 2014. Social
identifies Facebook able to measure their identifies social fully utilise (Social Media Examiner, 18
and LinkedIn as social activities” media as one of the Media Marketing November 2014, 5-9.
“the two most (Social Media most important Industry Report,
important social Marketing Industry marketing tools for 2014:9).
networks”. Report, 2014:9). new business.

Legal sources
Quotations
Information
Author prominent Author prominent Information prominent Reference list
prominent
Bill The Medical “Under current The Medical The minister of health is Parliament of South
Innovation Bill 2014 legislation, medical Innovation Bill 2014 authorised to establish Africa. 2014. Medical
(Bills are cited (2014: Section 76) practitioners are being (2014: Section 76) and resource one or Innovation Bill 2014.
in-text by title. defines cannabinoids legally prevented from proposes the more cancer treatment Cape Town:
Legislation as “any part or prescribing and legalisation of centres to distribute Parliament of South
should be chemical constituent administering cannabis for the cannabis for medical Africa.
referenced as if of the plant known as effective and treatment of cancer treatment (Medical
in print even if cannabis, harmless treatments, patients. Innovation Bill 2014, (To cite legal
viewed marijuana or dagga, including those 2014: Section 76). sources, include the
electronically.) any genetic involving the use of country of origin.
modification thereof, cannabis, with respect List Acts/Bills
and any extract to several life- alphabetically in a
thereof or product threatening diseases, separate section of
containing it or including cancer” your reference list.)
resulting from the (Medical Innovation
processing thereof”. Bill 2014, 2014:
Section.76).

Quotations
Legal sources Information
prominent
Act of Parliament In the Sexual “The Minister may In Section 15P (6B) The Minister has made Parliament of South
Offences Act 2007 amend the SOA” of the Sexual a number of Africa. 2007. Sexual
(Acts are cited in- (2007: Section 15P (Sexual Offences Act Offences Act 2007 amendments to the Offences Act 2007.
text by title. (6B)), it is stated 2007, 2007: Section (2007), there is a SOA (Sexual Offences Cape Town:
Legislation that “the Minister 15P (6B)). specific focus on Act 2007, 2007: Section Parliament of South
should be may make what can be 15P (6B)). Africa.
referenced as if amendments to the classified as an act
in print when act if required.” of sexual (List Acts/Bills
viewed harassment. alphabetically in a
electronically. For separate section of
the first citation your reference list
indicate section labelled
of the act as well ‘Legislation’.)
as date,
thereafter use the
title of the act.)


Legal sources
Author Information Author Information Reference List
Case In Lund v Boisoin It was found that Lund v Boisoin Dr Lund’s human Lund v Boisoin
[2012] ABCA 300 the letter’s [2012] ABCA 300 rights complaint was [2012] ABCA 300.
(Cases should (para. 27) it was “language did not set a precedent for ultimately dismissed
appear in a argued that “it was go ‘so far as to fall published (Lund v Boisoin
separate beyond the power within the homophobic [2012] ABCA 300,
section within a of the Act to prohibited status of opinion. para. 27).
reference list.) regulate and hate’” (Lund v
restrain Boisoin [2012]
‘disparaging ABCA 300, para.
remarks’ or ‘same 58).
or similar
contraventions’ of
the Act.”

Conferences
Quotations Paraphrasing Paraphrasing
Quotations Bibliography/
Author Author Information
Information prominent Reference list
Conference Berry (2012:79) “Education is the key to Berry (2012) Educational Berry, H. 2012. Energy
paper in states that changing consumer believes that programmes must be Behavioural Outreach
conference “education is behaviour” (Berry, change can be put in place in order Campaigns. Paper presented at
proceedings, the key to 2012:79). achieved by to change the the 30th West Coast Energy
print changing educating the behaviour of Management Congress, 4-6
consumer consumer. consumers (Berry, May. New York: Harrisburg,
behaviour.” 2012). Curran Associates, 78-86.
Conference Ambrose “Such a paradigm Ambrose (2003) The majority of Ambrose, H. 2003.
paper, online (2003:14) schism implies that the identifies several responses are noted Fundamentalism and
highlights a concept of good vs. evil Western as negative, even fundamental flaws in Western
“paradigm has both sides viewing responses to hostile, with little to no perception. Paper presented at
schism” the other as the villain Muslim Jihad. consideration of other The International Home
between views before viewing them as perspectives or Philosophies Conference, 12-14
of the West and human” (Ambrose, religious motivations September, Madrid. [Online]
the Middle East. 2003:15). (Ambrose, 2003). Available at:
http://ihpc.org.sp/papers/2476.pdf
[Accessed: 14 November 2014].


Conferences
Conference Van der Walt and The significance of Van der Walt and Schools need to Van der Walt, P &
proceedings, Johnson (2012:34) History is “not Johnson (2012) redesign their History Johnson, K. 2012.
published, print state that History acknowledged by public claim that schools syllabuses in order to Teaching History in
should be school educators” (van need to redesign address post-apartheid South Africa.
“compulsory for der Walt & Johnson, their History concerns (van der Walt Conference
high school 2012:36). syllabuses in order & Johnson, 2012). proceedings. New
learners”. to address post- Approaches to
apartheid concerns. Secondary
Education
Conference
(NASEC’12). 6-7
July, Johannesburg,
South Africa.
Johannesburg:
South African
Education Institute.
Conference Butt and King The conference Butt and King The conference Butt, M & King, TH.
proceedings, (2013:4) dedicated celebrates Ivan Sag who (2013) offer papers considers specific case (eds.) 2013.
online the conference to “significantly advanced which discuss the studies in relation to Proceedings of
Ivan Sag who “was our understanding of theoretical basis of theories of grammar LFG13. CSLI
the main how language works” grammar. (Butt & King, 2013). Publications,
proponent of (Butt & King, 2013:4). Stanford University.
HPSG, a [Online] Available at:
constraint-based http://web.stanford.e
theory of grammar du/group/cslipublicati
which shares ons/cslipublications/L
architectural FG/18/papers/lfg13.p
properties with df [Accessed: 15 July
LFG”. 2017].

Conferences Information Information
prominent prominent
Conference As stated in the “Such discrimination Impact of Such prevalence is Impact of
proceedings, Impact of renders most court Globalisation on of concern, Globalisation on
with title only Globalisation on proceedings, based International Law especially as it International Law
International Law on western legal Precedents (2008) impacts on citizens Precedents. 2008.
Precedents prescript, as demonstrates the of Asian and African Conference
(2008:39), unconstitutional prevalence of countries (Impact of proceedings of the
“western law tends should the affected Western legal Globalisation on 8th annual
to discriminate parties fall within the precedents in International Law conference: Halo
against specific group of people international court Precedents, 2008). International Law
ethnic and discriminated against” proceedings. Conference 2008,
religious groups of (Impact of Netherlands,
people.” Globalisation on conducted by the
International Law UN International
Precedents, 2008:39). Court Alliance. The
Hague: UN
International Court
of Justice.
Review Kruger (2004:52) “This new archetype Kruger (2004), in The novel’s central Kruger, B. 2004. Of
states that such effectively disables his review of Allan protagonist, Leo, Lions and Lambs.
representation the reader’s ability to Calder’s novel represents those Review of
“dehumanises draw on empathy for Children’s Call, who possess the Children’s Call.
such children, this child” (Kruger, highlight’s the heart of a lion and Literature in
elevating them to a 2004:56). novel’s central the fragility of a lamb Context, (13)1:55-
new form of concern with the (Kruger, 2004). 56.
archetype within a silenced voices of
postcolonial orphaned street
world.” children in
Johannesburg.

Conferences Information Information
prominent prominent
Unpublished Eliot (2013:4) “Africans differ a lot in Eliot (2013) The interaction Eliot, P. 2013.
paper argues that “the the way they highlighted the between local Change and
presented at a impact of big approach business” importance of economies and diversity in African
meeting business on local (Eliot: 2013:6). considering local regional markets States. Paper
businesses is economic was discussed (Eliot, presented at The
difficult to dynamics before 2013). Southern African
quantify.” debating regional Economic
market changes. Association
(SAEA),
Johannesburg.

Theses/dissertations
Thesis, print Logan (2013:12) At present, it seems that Logan (2013) The current solutions to Logan, P. 2013.
claims that “pollution is getting argues that the stop global warming Threats to
“pollution is increasingly worse” current solutions to are ineffective (Logan, Environmental Growth
getting (Logan, 2013:12). stop global 2013). in the 21st Century.
increasingly warming are Doctoral thesis,
worse.” ineffective. University of
Johannesburg,
Johannesburg.
(Insert Master’s
thesis/dissertation,
Honour’s dissertation,
or Doctoral thesis
where necessary.)
Thesis, online Kumalo (2014:1) It seems that “there are Kumalo’s (2014) The study attempts to Kumalo, L. 2014. The
notes that “of the stages of development, thesis considers understand how the multiple
29 peacekeeping from the involvement of local, regional and interaction between transformations of
operations a single state, to global actors in the various actors peacekeeping and its
undertaken by the regional organisation, to interstate influences the actors: an analysis of
United Nations a global or international peacekeeping maintenance of peace Burundi and Somalia.
(UN) ... more than institution” (Kumalo, efforts. in the area (Kumalo, Master’s thesis,
half are currently 2014:2). 2014). University of the
taking place in Witwatersrand,
Africa”. Johannesburg.
[Online] Available at:
http://wiredspace.wits.
ac.za/handle/10539/1
5735 [Accessed: 15
July 2017].

Quotations
Theses/ Quotations Paraphrasing Paraphrasing Bibliography/
Information
Dissertations Author prominent Author prominent Information prominent Reference list
prominent
Thesis, Draper-clarke “There are few Draper-clarke As a result of the Draper-clarke, L.
database (2014:1) says that teachers who have (2014) claims that challenges and 2014. From
“there are few not felt the tight-belly as a result of the demands of the student to
teachers who grip of terror at some challenges and profession, many Teacher: finding
have not felt the point in their demands of the teachers will experience mindful ways to
tight-belly grip of careers” profession, many high levels of stress grow in the face of
terror at some (Draper-clarke, teachers will (Draper-clarke, 2012). stress. Doctoral
point in their 2012:1). experience high thesis, University
careers.” levels of stress. of the
Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg.
[WIReDSpace]
Dissertation/ Blackhouse “By examining the In her abstract, The main research Blackhouse, JP.
Thesis (2009:iii) notes evolution of the PhD Blackhouse (2009) question addressed in 2009. Doctoral
abstract that “there is little in greater depth, it notes that little the abstract considers Education in
South African- becomes clear that it research has been what outcomes PhD South Africa:
based empirical has undergone done into what research methods are Models,
research into what continuous change” individuals hope to meant to address Pedagogies and
makes people (Blackhouse, gain, and do gain, (Blackhouse, 2009). Student
undertake 2009:iii). from studying a Experiences.
PhDs”. PhD. Abstract. Doctoral
thesis, University
of the
Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg.

Theses/ Quotations Paraphrasing Bibliography/
Dissertations Author prominent Author prominent Reference list
prominent prominent
Published McDonald With high-profile McDonald (2012) The link between McDonald, J. 2012.
Dissertation/ (2012:36) also celebrities highlights the clinical depression Supportive strategies
Thesis notes that highlighting the proportional rise of and high rates of for the diagnosis of
“incidents of clinical need for a more diagnosed clinical suicide in urban clinical depression in
depression that effective diagnosis depression as areas is also urbanised areas.
remain of clinical being aligned with noteworthy Master’s thesis.
undiagnosed are of depression to the rise of the (McDonald, 2012). Arizona: Arizona
concern in prevent suicide, “it middle class in State University
determining the has become ever highly urbanised Press.
accuracy of the more necessary to areas in America.
influence of an alleviate the social
urban environment stigma associated
on psyche.” with the disease”
(McDonald,
2012:40).
Unpublished Kane (2014:42) There are growing Kane (2014) claims There are a Kane, P. 2014. The
Dissertation/ states that concerns that that there are a number of different Impact of Terrorism
Thesis “international “international number of different terrorist on International
security has been security has been terrorist organisations Security.
affected by the rise affected by the rise organisations operating Unpublished doctoral
of terrorist groups”. of terrorist groups” operating throughout the thesis, University of
(Kane, 2014:42). throughout the world (Kane, Johannesburg,
world. 2014). Johannesburg.

University course material

Author prominent Author prominent Reference List
prominent prominent
Source from These are These are collections These are These are These are
a university collections or lists or lists of sources. collections or lists of collections or lists of collections or lists
unit of sources. Use Use the appropriate sources. Use the sources. Use the of sources. Use the
reader/study the appropriate format for the source, appropriate format appropriate format appropriate format
guide, print format for the e.g. book, article, for the source, e.g. for the source, e.g. for the source, e.g.
source, e.g. book, thesis etc. book, article, thesis book, article, thesis book, article, thesis
article, thesis etc. etc. etc. etc.
Course Linde (2013:13) Keeping a visual diary Linde (2013) briefly The complexity of Linde, D. 2013.
materials says that keeping is important as it discusses how to developing a visual Applied Colour and
produced by a visual diary is makes “recording and develop a visual aesthetic was Design. Study
lecturer, print important as it finding inspiration” aesthetic. discussed (Linde, Guide 2013.
makes “recording easier (Linde, 2013). Midrand: Midrand
Not usually and finding 2013:13). Graduate Institute.
acceptable – sources of
speak to inspiration” easier.
your lecturer.
Course Same as print Same as print Same as print Same as print Linde, D. 2013.
materials Applied Colour and
produced by Design. Study
lecturer, Guide 2013. Online
online course materials.
Midrand: Midrand
Not usually Graduate Institute.
acceptable –
speak to
your lecturer.

Data, figures, images

Paraphrasing
Information
prominent
Figure, print If a figure is If a figure is reproduced Trebeck (1993, This rise in CO2 levels Trebeck, G. 1993.
reproduced in your in your work, you must Figure 2) is directly proportionate Rise in levels of CO2
work, you must provide a caption and a demonstrates the to the rise in average and the effects thereof
provide a caption citation (citation format: consistent rise in temperatures in the on mesospheric
and a citation author(s) surname and CO2 levels in the mesosphere (Trebeck temperature
(citation format: year, page number, mesosphere. 1993, Figure 3). fluctuations. Journal of
author(s) surname figure number). Advanced
and year, page Atmospheric Study,
number, figure (23)3:126-137.
number).
Figure, online If a figure is If a figure is reproduced Blair et al. (2013, When it was first built, Blair, P, Khumalo, S,
reproduced in your in your work, you must Figure 3) describe it was believed that Schneider, L, Singh, K
work, you must provide a caption and a Montecasino as a Sandton City could be & Robertson, N. 2013.
provide a caption citation (citation format: place which South Africa’s version Rethinking South
and a citation author(s) surname and evokes the sights of Rockefeller Centre Africa’s Architecture.
(citation format: year, page number, and sounds of (Blair et al., 2013, Architecture Today,
author(s) surname Figure number). Italy. Figure 3). 6(2), p. k.f64578,
and year, page doi:12.3671/journal.
number, Figure Today.6572456
number).

Paraphrasing
Data, figures, Quotations Quotations Paraphrasing Bibliography/
Information
images Author prominent Information prominent Author prominent Reference list
prominent
Table, print If a table is If a table is reproduced in Smith and Stein Different information is Smith, C & Stein, L.
reproduced in your your work, you must (2012, Table 10.2) required when 2012. Building a
work, you must provide a caption and a explain the referencing journal Bridge to University
provide a caption citation (citation format: difference between articles (Smith & Stein, Success. Essex:
and a citation author(s) surname and referencing a book 2012, Table 10.3). Pearson.
(citation format: year, page number, and an edited
author(s) surname Table number). collection.
and year, page
number, Table
number).
Table, online If a table is If a table is reproduced in Riehl (2010, Table The species Riehl, C. 2010,
reproduced in your your work, you must 1) presents the measurements can vary Greater Ani
work, you must provide a caption and a measurements greatly (Riehl, 2010, (Crotophaga major),
provide a caption citation collected from Table 1). Neotropical Birds
and a citation (citation format: multiple museum Online, Cornell Lab of
(citation format: author(s) surname and specimens. Ornithology. [Online]
author(s) surname year, page number, Available at:
and year, page Table number). http://neotropical.birds
number, Table .cornell.edu/portal/spe
number). cies/overview?p_p_sp
p=205176 [15 July
2017].

Quotations Quotations Paraphrasing Paraphrasing

Data, figures, Bibliography/
Author Information Author Information
images Reference list
prominent prominent prominent prominent
Map, print If you reproduce a If you reproduce a map Data provided by Soil erosion impacts Department of Forestry.
map in your work in your work you must the Department of on the amount of land 2004. Deforestation and soil
you must provide provide a caption and Forestry (2004) able to be cultivated erosion, map, 1:1 500 000.
a caption and citation (citation indicates a large in any given area Department of Forestry,
citation (citation format: author(s) area of deforested (Department of ‘Western Cape’, 34.0000° S,
format: author(s) surname/ organisation land is increasing Forestry, 2004). 20.0000° E.
surname/ and year, page soil erosion in the
organisation and number, map number). Western Cape. Provide the author, year, title
year, page of the map collection, map,
number, map scale, publisher, map sheet
number). name, and latitude and
longitude if possible.
Map, online If you reproduce a If you reproduce a map A newly A 2003 map of Africa Naicker, S. 2003. Modern
map in your work in your work you must constructed map highlights the most Maps of Africa. Mapping the
you must provide provide a caption and by Naicker (2003) developed areas of Modern World, P Solomon
a caption and citation (citation uses distinct the continent (ed.). map, sa. 1: 22,000,000.
citation (citation format: author(s) markers to draw (Naicker, 2003). No Publisher (Printed for T.
format: author(s) surname/ organisation attention to the Jordon) Johannesburg.
surname/ and year, page areas of the [Online] Available at:
organisation and number, map number). African continent http://sa.gov.za/sa.maprm382
year, page which are most [Accessed: 12 June 2014].
number, map developed at
number). present.

Paraphrasing
Information
prominent
Atlas, print National Geographic “Globes present a model National Colourful and intricate National Geographic.
(2014:6) notes that of the Earth as it is – a Geographic (2014) maps cover every page 2014. Student World
maps “tell a story sphere” (National provides a (National Geographic, Atlas. 4th ed. National
about physical and Geographic, 2014:6). comprehensive 2014). Geographic Children’s
human systems, and easily Books. Washington
places and regions, accessible atlas for D.C.
patterns and students.
relationships”.
Atlas, online Christopher’s ‘The detailed analysis Christopher (2000, The analysis examines Christopher, AJ. 2000.
(2000:6) work demonstrates the spatial Plate 4) presents changes made to the Atlas of Changing
If you demonstrates the impact of apartheid’ an analysis of the South African South Africa. E-book.
reproduce a “spatial impact of (Christopher, 2000:6). changes made to landscape London: Routledge.
map provide a apartheid”. the South African (Christopher, 2000). [Online] Available at:
caption and landscape. https://www.amazon.c
citation om/Atlas-Changing-
(citation Indicate the map South-
format: number or plate. Africa/dp/0415211786
author’s [Accessed: 16 July
surname and 2017].
year, page
number, plate
number).

Paraphrasing
Information
prominent
Electronic Do not quote raw Do not quote raw data. The data provided A higher alkalinity level Stern, W & Jacobs, J.
dataset, doi data. by Stern and was recorded across 2011. Data from:
Jacobs (2011) the board with an Levels of acid to
shows the ratio of average pH of 8.56 alkaline in succulent
acid to alkaline (Stern & Jacobs, plants. Electronic data
levels in succulent 2011). set. GyroStats
plants. Database, doi:
34.20567/gyrostats.7g
344.
Computer Not applicable. Not applicable. Michaels (2014) Excel provides a Michaels, L. 2014.
software, online provides a useful function for elementary Elementary
analysis of Mantel regression analysis Regression, Version
software. (Michaels, 2014). 3.0, software, Mantel
Software, London.
http://www.mantelsoft
ware.com/htm/elemen
taryregression.html
[Accessed: 04
November 2014].
Computer Not applicable. Not applicable. The WinRAR Compressed files can WinRAR. 2014.
software, no (2014) archiver is then be shared Version 5.11,
programmer, used widely. (WinRAR, 2014). software, Rarlabs,
online Berlin. [Online]
Available at:
http://www.rarlab.com/
download.html
[Accessed: 04
November 2014].

Quotations
Data, figures, Quotations Paraphrasing Paraphrasing Bibliography/
Information
images Author prominent Author prominent Information prominent Reference list
prominent
Source code Long excerpts of Long excerpts of Gavin and This geonometric code Gavin, B & Hendriks, Q. 1999.
code should be code should be Hendriks (1999) is, however, not fool The geonometric determinant,
reproduced as a reproduced as a indicate a specific proof (Gavin & Version 12.3.4, source code,
figure. figure. geonometric code Hendriks, 1999). graphite ex, Grantsville,
for earthquake Pennsylvania. [Online]
detection. Available at:
http://graphx.net/code/456s.do
wnload [Accessed: 04
November 2014].
Work of art Not Applicable. Not Applicable. Prinsloo’s (2014) The series of 30 Prinsloo, M. 2014, I Have
viewed in series of 30 headless sculptures of Called You By Name,
person headless the female form are sculpture, Johannesburg Art
(In sculptures of the hauntingly beautiful Gallery, Johannesburg, viewed
bibliography/ female form are (Prinsloo 2014). 6 November 2014.
reference list, hauntingly
the type of beautiful.
work must be
indicated e.g.
painting,
photograph,
sculpture etc.)

Quotations
Data, figures, Quotations Paraphrasing Paraphrasing Bibliography/
Information
images Author prominent Author prominent Information prominent Reference list
prominent
Images, online If you reproduce an If you reproduce Greystone’s (2013) The photograph shows Greystone, F. 2013. Hagia
image in your work an image in photograph of the the pink façade and Sophia of Constantinople.
you must provide a your work you Hagia Sophia in strong geometric Image. [Online] Available at:
caption and citation must provide a Istanbul forms part domes and right http://greystonephoto.com/234
(citation format: caption and of the collection angles, characteristic 5/hag/jpeg [Accessed: 23 July
author(s)/ artist(s) citation (citation that highlights the of the Hagia Sophia 2014].
surname and year, format: need to preserve and its twin, the Blue
page number, image author(s)/ monuments of Mosque (Greystone,
number). artist(s) Constantinople. 2013).
surname and
year, page
number, image
number).
Images from a If an image is If an image is Curtis (2014) uses The artwork uses many Curtis, J. 2014. A Helping
database, reproduced in your reproduced in unique graphic soft pastel colours Hand no.4. Digital image of
known creator work, you must your work, you imagery to indicate (Curtis, 2014). painting, ArtSmart, ID number
provide a caption must provide a that the painting 546831, [Online] Available at:
and a citation caption and a portrays issues http://nyl.image.net/42183/deri
(citation format: citation (citation that relate to child v/652398.object_id=546831
author(s)/ artist(s) format: trafficking. [Accessed: 12 November
surname and year, author(s)/ 2014].
page number). artist(s)
surname and
year, page
number).

Paraphrasing
Information
prominent
Images from a If an image is If an image is Assistance (2014) The artwork uses many Assistance. 2014.
database, reproduced in your reproduced in your work, is an artwork that soft pastel colours Pollock Library, New
unknown work, you must you must provide a was created in (Assistance, 2014). York Public Library.
creator provide a caption caption and a citation response to the Digital image
and a citation (citation format: Ebola crisis. collection, image
(citation format: author(s)/ artist(s) number 4526/4/20.
author(s)/ artist(s) surname and year, page [Online] Available at:
surname and year, number). http://nyl.image.net/42
page number). 183/deriv/652398
[Accessed: 12
November 2014].

Speeches, broadcasts, audiovisual

Paraphrasing
Information
prominent
Broadcast Zuma (2013: min. “The loss of Madiba will Zuma’s (2013) The speech indicated Zuma, JG. 2013.
speech 3.07) stated that greatly affect the speech that Mandela’s death Mandela Memorial.
“the loss of Madiba country” (Zuma, 2013: demonstrated that would have an impact Video. [Online]
will greatly affect min. 3.07). he felt that the loss on the country (Zuma, Available at:
the country.” of Mandela would 2013). https://www.youtube.c
have an impact on om/watch?v=tjPsBvYv
South Africa. s9w [Accessed: 18
May 2017].
Transcript/ text Du Plessis “Without resting time, Du Plessis (2013) An intense touring Du Plessis, F. 2013.
of a speech (2013:3) states careers are invariably defended the poor schedule, coupled with Address to the ICC on
that “such cut short as the only performance of the the players’ club cricket Player Fitness.
commitments, at possible defence against South African commitments at T20 Transcript. Sportsman
international level, burnout is early cricket team. level, were to blame Now, 23 April. [Online]
mean that resting retirement from the (Du Plessis, 2013). Available at:
time between game” (Du Plessis, http://www.sportmann
matches is too 2013:3). ow.com/interview2356
limited.” /dup-text [Accessed:
viewed 14 June 2014].
Radio Robbie and The programme aims to Robbie and The contributors to the Robbie, J & Williams,
Broadcast Williams (2014: explore controversial Williams (2014) programme became C. 2014. Talking
min.1:30) were issues within a space examined a wide extremely heated when News. Radio
careful to consider that is both “safe and range of current discussing issues programme. Radio
“the sensitivities of informative” (Robbie & affairs issues in pertaining to the Middle SA, 22 July.
listeners” when Williams, 2014: min. this programme. East (Robbie &
developing the 1:30). Williams, 2014). (Insert producer,
programme. presenter, or sound
engineer as author.)


Transcript, In the radio “Proposition 8 passed In Carrick’s (2014) The filming of legal Carrick, D. 2014. The
radio, online interview (Carrick November 2008, it was documentary, proceedings is a delicate dance of
2014: para. 15) the same night that Ryan White and delicate process documentary film
Ryan White noted President Obama was Liz Burke were (Carrick, 2014). makers & lawyers.
that, “the state elected, so it was a very interviewed about Law Report. ABC
can't deny gay bittersweet night in the difficulties Radio National, 18
people from getting Californian civil rights” involved in filming November. [Online]
married because (Carrick, 2014: para. 14). legal Available at:
it’s guaranteed by documentaries. http://www.abc.net.au/
our protections radionational/program
under the US s/lawreport/the-
Constitution.” delicate-dance-of-
documentary-film-
makers-26-
lawyers/5897246#tran
script [Accessed: 17
July 2017].
Television Where possible, Where possible, use an Attenborough’s Life Story Attenborough, D.
broadcast use an online online version and use (2014) Life Story demonstrates the 2014. Life Story.
version and use closed captions for demonstrates the complexity of the Television
closed captions for quotations. complexity of the natural world documentary. BBC1,
quotations. natural world. (Attenborough, 2014). 19 October.

Paraphrasing
Information
prominent
Transcript, Social media “One has to only Garrison and A-list celebrities who Garrison, C &
television, watchdog consider that Paris Hilton Reynolds (2012) make use of social Reynolds, R. 2012.
online Genevieve has stopped using social scrutinise the media as a means of Interview with Kelly
Landers (Garrison media after a harrowing online branding of branding their image Friedman: keeping
& Reynolds, experience at the hands celebrities. are more at risk of celebrity safe.
2012:12) states of a stalker who entered being stalked (Garrison Hollywood truth.
that “while her home with a gun, to & Reynolds, 2012). Television transcript,
celebrities’ understand that social TMZ. [Online]
intentions to media, while giving Available at:
include fans in celebrities a new http://www.tmz.com/h
their lives is good, platform for fan ollt/celeb/ikf/htm
careless giving exchange has also put [Accessed: 12 March
away of their these celebrities in 2014].
location at any danger – it is a double-
given point in time edged sword” (Garrison (Place programme
makes it easy for & Reynolds, 2012:14). episode in quotation
stalkers to keep marks, programme title
close tabs on in italics.)
them.”

Paraphrasing
Information
prominent
Podcast/ The Academic A learner’s uncertainty The Academic Diverse solutions to Academic
Vodcast Development with regards to how to Development grappling with Development
Association (2013: approach an assignment Association (2013) language issues are Association. 2013.
sec. 00:24) notes is “the primary cause of poses solutions covered in university Dealing with
that “more effort plagiarism” according to towards dealing study guides Language Barriers in
must be put into the Academic with language (Academic the Classroom.
developing Development barriers in a Development Education Forward.
curriculums that Association (2013: sec. classroom Association, 2014). Podcast. [Online]
are sensitive to the 00:24). environment. Available at:
difficulties http://ada.academicde
experienced by velopment.edu.za/edu
many learners.” cationforward-
archives/Winter13/pod
cast.html [Accessed:
22 June 2013].
(Insert ‘podcast’ or
‘vodcast’.)
Film Christian (2000: Humorous lines such as Christian’s (2000) In its efforts to channel Christian, R. (dir.).
min. 30:18) caused “while you were still science-fiction film the dynamics of its 2000. Battlefield Earth.
audiences to cringe learning to spell your Battlefield Earth source material, DVD. California:
by incorporating name, I was being remains one of the Battlefield Earth makes Warner Bros.
lines of dialogue trained to conquer worst films ever subtle references to
such as “while you galaxies” (Christian, made. other works of science- (Insert ‘motion picture’,
were still learning 2000: min. 30:18) made fiction (Christian, 2000). ‘DVD’ or ‘video
how to spell your audiences cringe. recording’.)
name, I was being
trained to conquer
galaxies.’

Live performances
prominent prominent
Play Not applicable. Not applicable. Luscombe (2014) Carley Stenson and Luscombe, C. (dir.).
maintains the crisp Dominic Wood gave 2014. Spamalot, by
silliness that people notable performances E Idle. Theatre
have come to (Luscombe, 2005). performance. 12
expect from a November 2014 - 2
Monty Python April 2015. London:
production. The Playhouse.

Ephemera
prominent prominent
Exhibition Taylor (2012:3) A common concern of Taylor (2012:3) The catalogue displays Taylor, P. 2012. The
catalogue or suggests that many many of the artists is examines the the diverse range of Evolution of Modern
brochure, modern artists “the impact social complexities of modern art that has Art. Exhibition
author or “explore the notion media has had on the modern art. been produced over the catalogue, 2 July -
curator, print of gender through an creative process” last decade (Taylor, 16 August. New
alternative lens.” (Taylor, 2012:14). 2012). York: Museum of
Modern Art.
Exhibition Hoptman (2014:14) “A work of art that Hoptman (2014:13) The catalogue Hoptman, L. 2014.
catalogue or argues that “Artists refutes the possibility of discusses how discusses a collection The Forever Now:
brochure, have always looked chronological contemporary of contemporary art Contemporary
author or to art history for classification offers society is defined by (Hoptman, 2014). Painting in an
curator, online inspiration, but the a dramatic challenge to atemporality. Atemporal World.
immediate and the structure that Catalogue. 14
hugely expanded disciplines like art December 2014 - 5
catalogue of visual history enforce” April 2015. New
information offered (Hoptman, 2014:14). York: Museum of
by the Internet has Modern Art. [Online]
radically altered Available at:
visual artists’ http://www.moma.org
relationship to the /momaorg/shared/pdf
history of art.” s/docs/publication_pd
f/3208/MoMA_Foreve
rNow_PREVIEW.pdf
?1414419175
[Accessed: 17 July
2017].

Quotations
Ephemera Information
prominent
Theatre or Reproduced tickets Reproduced tickets The ticket for the The ticket was Tori Amos Concert.
concert ticket must be must be accompanied Tori Amos Concert designed to reflect the 2011. Concert ticket.
accompanied by a by a caption and (2011) is designed concerns of her new 14 November.
caption and citation citation (citation format: to reflect the album (Tori Amos Johannesburg:
(citation format: concert name and concerns of her new Concert, 2011). Emperors Palace.
concert name and year). album.
year).
Theatre Reproduced Reproduced Hollard (1999) The production Hollard, J. (dir.).

programme programmes must programmes must be describes the mise programme (1999) 1999. Waiting for
be accompanied by accompanied by a en scéne of Waiting includes a brief history Godot by S Beckett.
a caption and caption and citation for Godot as of the theatre of the Programme. 15 June
citation (citation (citation format: minimalist. absurd. 1999. New Modern
format: Director(s) Director(s) surname Theatre Company,
surname and year). and year). New Brunswick
Theatre, Lincoln
Auditorium.
(Insert the name of

the director in place
of the author.)

Other material
prominent prominent
Newspaper Glenn (2006: para. “Statistics that reflect Glenn (2006: para. This has a significant Glenn, A. 2006. The
articles 5) pre-empts the this are not made 5) indicates a impact on the ability ofdumbing down of a
ability for skills accessible to the significant drop in a matriculant to acquiregeneration. The New
acquirement by public” (Glenn, 2006: post-matric skills at a meaningful Sun. 12 January.
stating that this is para. 14). academic aptitude. level (Glenn, 2006: [Online] Available at:
“not because para. 13). http://www.newsun.c
matriculants are not (Use page numbers if (Use page numbers o.za/article/glenn/256
capable of learning, in print and paragraph if in print and (Use page numbers if in 90765.aspx
but rather that this numbers if online.) paragraph numbers print and paragraph [Accessed: 24
capability is if online.) numbers if online.) November 2014].
hindered rather than
enabled by the (Include page
education system.” numbers after title if
in print. Do not
(Use page numbers include a URL or a
if in print and view date if the
paragraph numbers article was viewed in
if online.) print.)
Magazine Seltzer (2014:32) The history of country Maureen Seltzer’s The future of country Seltzer, M. 2014. The
articles suggests that music makes it a genre (2014) feature article music is called into Future of Country
“figures … such as that “speaks specifically questions the future question (Seltzer, Music. Music in
Taylor Swift have to an American of country music. 2014). Focus, 32(6):32-48.
subverted the audience” (Seltzer,
conventions of the 2014:34). (If there is no author
Country music insert title in place of
genre.” author in reference
list and in-text
citation.)

Quotations
Other material Information
Author prominent Author prominent Information prominent Reference List
prominent
Encyclopaedias, Encyclopaedia As many Encyclopaedias Computer technology Encyclopaedia
no author Britannica encyclopaedias such as developed at a rapid Britannica. 2012. 7th
(2012:514) observe computer Encyclopaedia rate in the 1950s ed, vol. 8. Illinois:
observes that technology has Britannica (Encyclopaedia Encyclopaedia
computer “diversified in many (2012:512) provide a Britannica, 2012:512- Britannica.
technology has ways” (Encyclopaedia detailed outline of 513).
“diversified in many Britannica, 2012:514). how computer
ways”. technology was
developed.
Encyclopaedia, Simmons (2012:59) Many skin care Simmons (2012:57- The most effective skin Simmons, P. 2012.
one or more observes that many products have 58) notes that the care products are Production of Skin
authors, specific skin care products “benefited from most effective skin manufactured in Japan Care Products. In
entry have “benefited celebrity care products are (Simmons, 2012:57- Encyclopaedia of
from celebrity endorsements” manufactured in 58). Dermatological
endorsements”. (Simmons, 2012:59). Japan. Sciences, by Byars,
T (ed.), vol. 3.
Harvard: Harvard
University Press.

Other material Information Information
prominent prominent
Encyclopaedia, Robert Greenstein It has been observed Robert Greenstein Greenstein’s work Robert Greenstein.
no author, (2014: para. 3) that “contraceptives are (2014) observes that examines the latest 2014. Encyclopaedia
specific entry observes that still not completely contraceptives have developments in Britannica. [Online]
online “contraceptives are effective” (Robert become more widely contraceptive research Available at:
still not completely Greenstein, 2014: para. available in recent (Robert Greenstein, http://www.britannica.
effective.” 3). years. 2014). com/pbsk/topic/6751/
Robert-Greenstein
[Accessed: 14 June
2014].
Dictionary, with Simpson and Weiner This differs from the Simpson and Weiner A phenon refers to a Simpson, J &
one or more (1989:674) define a philosophical definition (1989) make use of group of animals or Weiner, E. (eds.).
authors/ editors phenomenon as “a which describes a the International plants with similar 1989. Oxford English
thing that appears, phenomenon as “that of Phonetic Alphabet. characteristics Dictionary. 2nd ed.
If viewed online, or is perceived or which the senses or the (Simpson & Weiner, Oxford: Oxford
provide a view observed”. mind directly takes 1989:674). University Press.
date and URL. note” (Simpson &
Weiner, 1989:675).

prominent prominent
Dictionary, with Light energy The definition for Kinetic energy Elastic and chemical Energy. 2013. Oxford
no author, (Energy, 2013:79) is chemical potential (Energy, 2013) is (Energy, 2013:78) are Student’s Science
specific entry defined as “energy energy is “stored defined as energy both types of potential Dictionary. Oxford:
emitted by luminous energy in chemicals, that results from energy. Oxford University
(If viewed objects”. fuel and food’ (Energy, movement. Press.
online, provide 2013:78).
a view date and
URL. If an e-
book, then
insert e-book
after the title
and provide the
view date and
URL.)
Blogs See next entry. See next entry. Ingram (2014) has Such blogs are one of Ingram, G. 2014.
developed a blog many online support New mother blog.
that specifically tools that new mothers Web log. [Online]
helps first-time can draw on (Ingram, Available at: http://
mothers cope with 2014). www.newmother.com
the various demands /blog [Accessed: 12
of motherhood and June 2014].
caring for a
newborn.

prominent prominent
Blog posts Edwards (2012: The high school Edwards (2012, High school education Edwards, M. 2012.
para. 12) reports curriculum needs to para. 12) suggests does not adequately The Downfall of
that the high school “prepare students that high school prepare students for South African High
curriculum “needs to adequately for the education does not university life (Edwards, School Education.
be closer to the demands of a tertiary adequately prepare 2012: para. 12). EduPress Blog. Web
standard of tertiary education” (Edwards students for log post. 23 June.
education”. 2012: para. 12). university life. [Online] Available at:
http://blogs.edupress.
za/edu/2012/05/-
downfall-of-
southAfrican-High-
65&5556-school-
education [Accessed:
24 August 2012].
Facebook, McGrath (2014: “Access to actors McGrath (2014) The use of Twitter as McGrath, H. 2014.
Twitter para. 2) linked the humanises or puts a used various social part of a social media Twitter update. 12
film’s Twitter face to the film which media platforms strategy allowed for October. [Online]
account to the enhances the viewer’s such as Twitter to greater interest in the Available at:
actors’ accounts to experience in that it enhance the film prior to its release https://twitter.com/lot
“encourage followers becomes more viewer’s experience (McGrath, 2014). u [Accessed: 13
of the actors to also personal for them” of the film, Lotus. October 2014].
follow the film’s (McGrath, 2014: para.
Twitter feed.” 4).

Author prominent Author prominent Reference List
prominent prominent
YouTube Avoid using this During the interview Avoid using this Tyler Perry believes Perryfan. 2013. Tyler
format as the user Tyler Perry stated that format as the user that his films represent Perry on being black
who uploaded the his own religious beliefs who uploaded the black culture in America and religious in
video may not be the are “reflected in the video may not be the in an authentic way America. Video.
author. Madea films” (Perryfan, author. (Perryfan, 2013). [Online] Available at:
2013: sec. 00:42). http://www.youtube.c
om/watch?v=p_sh65f
trpg8&feature=youtu.
be [Accessed: 15
January 2014].
Websites for a Johnson (2013: There are websites Johnson (2013) The republican Johnson, F. 2013.
non-academic para. 5) claims that dedicated to extreme offers very little webpage (Johnson, Where America went
audience “Obama would like right-wing political evidence for his 2013) offers many wrong. Republican
to destroy every opinions which claims that homophobic and sexist because it’s Right.
Christian family in espouse maxims such democrats are opinions. [Online] Available at:
America.” as “Democrats will predisposed to http://www.rbr/article/
destroy America” socialism. 2013/10/12
(Johnson, 2013: para. [Accessed: 9
15). November 2013].
Wiki entry Avoid this type of “While erosion is a Avoid this type of It provides a general Erosion. 2014.
referencing because natural process, human referencing because overview of how Wikipedia. Wiki
the author(s) of a activities have the author(s) of a erosion occurs article. [Online]
wiki entry cannot be increased the rate at wiki entry cannot be (Erosion, 2014). Available at:
reliably identified. which erosion is reliably identified. http://en.wikipedia.or
occurring globally” g/wiki/Erosion
(Erosion, 2014: para. [Accessed: viewed
5). 17 July 2017].

prominent prominent
Personal G Ross (2014) “Many security Ross (2014) in a It has been argued that Not published,
Communication observes that companies are almost personal the government does therefore do not
(Letters, e-mail, “many security unaffordable” observes conversation, not do enough to assist appear in the
telephone calls companies are Ross (2014). argued that the in combating crime reference list.
etc.) almost government does (Ross, 2014).
unaffordable.” not do enough to (Gain permission
assist in combating from the author
crime. before using a
personal
communication.)
Government fact The South African “Tuberculosis is often The South African This information about South African
sheet, print Department of spread by tiny droplets Department of TB is provided to Department of
Health (2013:1) released when Health (2013) patients on a detailed Health. 2013. Know
defines tuberculosis coughing” (South provides patients government fact sheet the facts about TB.
as “a dangerous African Department of with information (South African Johannesburg.
infection that Health, 2013:2). regarding the Department of Health,
generally affects treatment of TB. 2013).
the lungs and is
highly contagious.”
Government fact The South African “Such exports are The South African These resources South African
sheet, online Government important for drawing Government’s include provisions for Government. 2013.
(2013:3) states that foreign currency into (2013) new periods of drought as Emergency
“such provision is the country” (South agricultural fact well as fire (South resources for
necessary as the African Government, sheet indicates African Government, agricultural areas.
country relies on 2013:3). emergency 2013). Fact sheet. [Online]
agricultural export.” resources available Available at:
to primarily http://www.statssa.go
agricultural areas. v.za/agri2013_fact_s
heet.pdf [Accessed:
3 January 2014].

Glossary
A commitment to five fundamental values: honesty, trust,
Academic integrity
fairness, respect and responsibility
An alphabetical list of consulted information sources (books,
Bibliography articles, web pages, etc.), which appears at the end of any piece
of academic writing
A form of protection for intellectual property that gives the author
Copyright or creator of an original work exclusive rights in terms of the
publication, distribution and adaptation of the work
The use of the WWW to copy and paste information from online
Cyber-plagiarism
sources into word-processed research papers or assignments
References in an academic text (such as an assignment) to
In-text referencing known theories and ideas to support a researcher’s or a student’s
own work
A legal monopoly over artistic and commercial creations of the
mind, for example inventions, literary and artistic works and
Intellectual property
symbols, names and brand names, images, logos, designs and
manuscripts
The practice of using another person’s ideas, statements,
Plagiarism graphics, pictures, etc., giving the impression that it is your work
and not crediting the actual (original) authors
A system used in the academic community to indicate where
information, ideas, theories, quotations, facts and any other
Referencing
evidence, which has been used to undertake an academic task,
can be found

Bibliography
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Botha, J. 2017. Business Management 2B Study Guide. Johannesburg: CTI Education Group.
Cameron, S. 2008. The business student’s handbook: learning skills for study and
employment. 4th edition. England: Financial Times, Prentice Hall.
Duke University, Centre for Academic Integrity. 1999. The fundamental values of academic
integrity. [Online] Available at:
http://www.academicintegrity.org/fundamental_values_project/pdf/FVProject.pdf [Accessed:
21 May 2017].
Hansel, B. 2009. Intercultural eyes. Issue 83, Respect. [Online] Available at:
http://interculturaleyes.wordpress.com/2009/10/19/issue-83-respect/ [Accessed: 21 May
2017].
http://www.americanarachnology.org/joa_tocs/joa_contents_v26n2.html
http://courtcan.com/2011/02/15/why-i-break-the-spines-of-books/
http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/the-front-pages-and-mastheads-of-uk-british-
english-daily-news-photo/556634841#the-front-pages-and-mastheads-of-uk-british-english-
daily-national-picture-id556634841
http://www.exe-ebookcreator.com/images/exeebook1.gif
https://www.shutterstock.com/search/newspaper+front+page
https://zngd.wordpress.com/tag/academic-book-covers/
https://za.pinterest.com/pin/297448750365658939/
JISC Digital Media. 2015. Introduction to e-books. [Online] Available at:

http://www.jiscdigitalmedia.ac.uk/guide/introduction-to-e-books
[Accessed: 21 May 2017].
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guidelines. [Online] Available at:
http://www.loc.gov/acq/devpol/electronicresources.pdf
McCabe, DL and Pavela, G. 2007. Ten principles of academic integrity. [Online] Available at:
http://www.csub.edu/studentconduct/documents/principlesacademicintegrity.pdf
Merriam-Webster online dictionary. 2011. [Online] Available at:

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/plagiarize

Monash University. 2012. Harvard referencing guide. [Online] Available at:

http://guides.lib.monash.edu/ld.php?content_id=8481587 [Accessed: 21 May 2017].
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detail.html?number=481 [Accessed: 21 May 2017].
Pearsall, J. (ed.) 2001. The Concise Oxford English dictionary. 10th, rev. edition. Oxford:
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Copyright Amendment Act 2002. [Online] Available at:
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arvard%20style%202012.pdf
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PIHE Guide to Referencing

(Harvard Referencing Method)

Editors: Jill Lindsay, Alexandra Wheeler and Pamela Makati

© 2017 Pearson Institute of Higher Education

Pearson Institute of Higher Education / V1.0 / 2017 Page | i

4.3 Direct quotations as referencing techniques 34

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Commonly used abbreviations

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Unit 1: Academic integrity

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Unit 1: Academic integrity

In essence, academic integrity ensures that scientists and/or researchers receive

Without academic integrity, there can be no trust or reliance on the effectiveness,

We can define academic integrity as a commitment to five

Academic integrity is vital to any university community for a number of reasons.

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1.2 Fundamental values of academic integrity

Keep the following in mind in terms of honesty as a value of academic integrity:

See Section 2.2 for more information on intellectual property.

 Plagiarism, which refers to representing someone else’s work as your own, is

Pearson Institute of Higher Education / V1.0 / 2017 Page | 4

name, constitutes academic misconduct and carries consequences similar to those

See Section 2.1 for more information on plagiarism.

Consider the following in terms of fairness as a value of academic integrity:

 Having prior access to an examination, whether bought, stolen or freely offered,

Students show respect by:

 Attending all their classes;

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Academics (lecturing staff members) show respect by:

 Taking students’ ideas seriously;

Consider the following in terms of respect as a value of academic integrity:

 Inappropriate and disrespectful behaviour undermines the culture of academic

The student’s responsibilities in terms of academic integrity include the following:

 Completing your assignments according to the expectations of each lecturer or

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Keep the following in mind in terms of responsibility as a value of academic integrity:

 Students have a responsibility to conform to standards of acceptable behaviour in

1.3 Basic rules of academic integrity

1. Acknowledge your sources at all times

In Unit 5, we discuss the correct way of compiling a bibliography

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5. Never falsify a record

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Unit 2: PIHE policy on plagiarism,

 Quoting: Using the exact words of another

According to the Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2011), to

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People often think of plagiarism as copying another’s work or borrowing someone

 Using or submitting someone else’s work, including ideas, research, statements,

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Cyber plagiarism is the use and/or copying and pasting of ideas

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2.3 Intellectual property

Intellectual property refers to a legal monopoly over artistic and

Copyright is a form of protection for intellectual property that gives

Copyright safeguards all types of artistic expressions, including original writing(s) or

 Reproduce the work.

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 Broadcasts (i.e. electromagnetic transmissions intended for reception by the public)

Published editions The publisher of the edition