Chapter 4

Biological Classification
-
~t er Contents
• /run,duction Int rod uct ion
c proc edu re to=classt&,,.the
Biological clas sUk atio n ts the scientifi
• Kingdom Systems of or thei r sim fiar ttics and
QDssfjiamDn Organisms into dUferent groups on the bas is of c a ~
dissim.ilar1ties and la the u In a bi
mpt s were mad e to = ~ Y
• Klngdom : Monera Since the start.In'! ofd\iliz.ation. many atte
n usm at that time. wer e
the orga nism s. The cnte ria of cJassUlcatlo
• Kingdom : l'rotistD. ple. one atte mpt was to
not fit in scientific app roac h. Jus t for exam
d co u.._..;c ~an ism s for our
• Kingdom : Flm gi classify orJ?anlsms on the basis of a nee
. Ove r time . an atte mpt has
ov.n use like food, shel ter and clothing
em whi ch reflects not only
• Kingdom : fTantae been mad e to a'Olve a cJas.sification syst
odu cti\' e slmilanUes, but Is
the mor pho l~ca J. physiological and repr
• Kingdom : Anima1Ja
also phylogenetic i.e.. base d on et"O
lutlonary rela tion ship s. 1n this
of~ om s Monera. Protista
• Vuuses and Udtens chapter, we will stud y. the char acte risti cs
clas slfk atio n. We \\ill stud y
and Fun gi of the WhJ ttak er syst em of
in brief.
Kingdom Plan tae and Aofrnalia al.so but

KINGDOM SYSTEMS OF CLASSIFICATION

s ~ smple ao:f ta. 1 an
The earlier systems d classifir.alion gf organism
one or two charaders- Fm 5qe11tific attt,,:,11( for dassn
atiQn was performed
~ Aril toae in following m;m er ;

_ r -[A-nEln=a ➔Alwra~RSCs
=-L--
Elllinw ➔ AlwratiawvRBCa
.....,......_ 1n1o
Ulld
 BlOlog ca aassifacatiOJl Board & eom
2 petiuve Exams
(Level-I)
-
Try Yourself
, Name th e group
of m wtuch haVe red
woo was th e earuest to bloOd oe
2 a emp a mor
e sa for c1a
fiP.d , livlog
Linnaeus late
r c lW I 81 omarnsmsJntojW
clas
smcatJOll used =
O
1o t::mt:::iP ;\
by him inelud
e cell wa 1, romotion mmaha The
contradlle v acuote r
·- m a l slimu I an
d
features
\ Kingdom Plant
ae K ngdom An m
1 Cellwa!l alia
Present
2 Loc,omotiOn A bs en t
Abs.em
3 Modeci nutnto Present
n D on at ea t
4 R es po ns et oe xt em Eat
al st rr U U S
5 C on tr ac bl esy st em Sl aN
Fast
6. O rg am sm s A bs en t
B a ct e n a Present
a lg a e , fu n g i,
br yo ph yt es, Pro!:>Z.Oa. vertebr
ates
gymnosp ptendophytes
erms. angwosperm es invertebrat
ThtS two king s
dom classific
~- u ation em does not d1
u pro!r,.a!)'OteS an Stinguish betw
d (I i) Photosynt een - ill Umce
organisms hetiC (green al llular and mult1
gae) and non-ph cellular
There are few otosynthetic (fu
organisms l.l(e ngi)
Q! both an mals C h la m ~
and_11lants. Sin s E ~ an
ce th er e are certa d tl'le sltme mou
~rumal kingdom m organtSmS lds w hi ch shar
, ,t was proo'ose th at do not fa e the ~ s t i
es
<fthata'new king ll naturally into
R H Whttaker dom JS to,be ~ e1 ttie{
{19691
~
s h e o to.,aa.Qmmod ~lan t or
Proti ate. .s.uch oman
Fungi, Plantae
and Anlmalia ~~~= isms.
. o n th e ba si s ed organisms
1 of f in to king dom Monera ,
struct ure~ cntena
2
-~~)
Thalius oman sa
tlOD {body diffe
rentiated oc Q91
3 Mode of nu )
trruon {autotro
phic or heterotrC>Phi
4 R~uam c)
5. ~ n e t ic
tor evolutionary
) relationship
'Table : C ha ra
ct er is ti cs of th e F
ive Kingdoms

Cellty;>e
Prokaryotic
C el l wall
N on -c el lu to sl ~
Eukaryotic
~ Anlmalla
c Eu ka ry ol le
(P ot ys ao ch an de Pres&IW1nsam
+ e Pr es en t {wtthou E uk ar yo tic
am m oa ad )
Nuclear cellulose) w ith t P re se nt Absent
Ab se nl ch iti n (cellulose)

.-.-.-.-.-.
rl e~ aJ le
PTes.n
B od y Pr es en t
()(ganlScman Celk.Aar Pr es en t
M od eo f
c .a r Pr es en i

rwruon ~- -o C )h le TISSUelorgan
(c:NlmOSynlhllic Ti ss ue ;o rg an /
.. organ sy st em
~. . .
HelelobOlllllC \Mid
. ~ o p h lc
(Pholoeyn1hetic H et er ot ro ph ic
lsacir~ ) (Holozotc et c.
I I )
Board & Com el1tlve Exams Levol-1
Blolo 1cal Cla s1ficat1on 3
Example 2 : Name the kmgdom systom proposed by R ,., Whltlakor
Solution : Five Kingdom System

Try Yourself
3. th
Wnte e name of five kingdoms which were proposed under Five Klngdom Sy tern
4
Which kingdom Includes only photosynthetic organisms w r 1 Wh,ttakor class1ficat1on s)'S1em?

Earlier classification systems included bactena, blue green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns, gymnosperms and
the angiosperms under 'Plants'• The char~ that unified this whole kingdom was that all the organisms
included had a cell wall In their cells. T~ placed together groups which widely differed 1n other characteristics
It brou ht t ether the prokaryotic bacteria and the blue green algae (Cyanobacteria) with other groups which
~re eukaryotic. It also grouped together the unicellular organisms and the multicellular ones. Chfamydomonas
and Spirogyra were placed together under a19,ae. T~ssificat,on did not differentiate between the
heterotroph,c group - fung, and the autotrophic green plants, though they also showed a characteristic difference
-in their walls composition - the fungi had chitin in their wall while the green plants had a celluloslc cell wall. When
such characteristics were considered, the fungi were placed in a separate kingdom - Kingdom Fungi

All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under kingdom Monera and the unicellular eukaryotic
019amsms were placed 1n l<11}9Cfefrn'Protista . Kingdom Protista has brought together Chfamydomonas, Chfore!la
(earlier placed in Algae within plants and both having cell walls) with Paramoecium and Amoeba (whTcfi were

~- -
earlier placed in the an imal kingdom) which lack ii. It has put together organisms which, ~ e r
classifications, were placed in different kingdoms. T~is happened because the criteria for da~ti._on.._changed
Such kind of changes will take place in future also. This will dei:>end on the improvement in our understanding
of characteristics and evolutionary relationship .

Six kingdom classification : Carl Woese proposed six kingdol"!LJ;lassiftcfilign. Tbese .si.lt.l<ingdoms .!_re
Kingdom-Archaebacteria, Kingdom-Eubacteria, Kingdom-Protista, Kingdom-Fungi , Kingdom-Plantae and
- -
Kingdom-Animalia , He separated the archaebactena from eubacteria on the basis of som.Jt_major differences
such as the absence of peptidoglycan in the cell walls of the former and the occurrence or branched chain
lipidsJ_a monolayer instead of a phospholipld bila~er) in the me~rane

Based on the sequence of 165 ribosomal RNA genes, Woese found that the six kingdoms natural!;' cluster
into three main categories. ~fled these categories as domains o.f_life 6 T.b,_ese domains a~ Bacte!!_a,
Archaea and Eukarya and are believed to have originated from common ancestor called progenote.
- ---------~===--==
Example 3 : In which kingdom, af/ prokaryotic organisms are included?
Solutlon : Kingdom Monera

Try Yourself
5 NametheklngdQm
6. Paramoecium and
 4 8Iologlool CIJsslf1collon Board 8. Competitive Exams ~

EXERCISE I
1 Pos lion or bacteria In o klngclom systom of closs1fication proposed by Linnaeus 1s

(1) Monoro (2) Prottsta

{~ Plantao (4) Mychota

2. ~'htch ono of the following is not the basis of five kingdom classification?

(1) Oell typo (2) Body organisation

(3) Reproduction (4( Reserve food materials

V

3. Mult,cellular eukaryotic organisms with holophytic mode of nutrition belong to how many kingdoms m Whittaker
system?

(1) One (2) Tv.o

(3) Three (4) Frve

4. In six kingdom classification, Monera was divided into two separate kingdoms on the basis of

(1) Cell wall composition (2) Lipid nature in plasma membrane

(3) Absence of sap vacuole lJ4-)-Both (1) & (2)

5. Select correct statement w.r.t. monera

(1) All are autotrophic prokaryotes

(2) All are chemoheterotrophs

J lt / Unicellular, colonial or filamentous organisms
(4) Prokaryotes with 70 S ribosome and histonic DNA

6. Multicellular with loose tissue body organisation is a characteristic feature of

(1) Monera (2) Protista

ffi Plantae (4) Fungi

7. Cell wall is made of polysaccharide and amino acid in most of the members of

(1) Monera (2) Protista

(4) Animalia
_p,r' Fung1

8. Cyclosls ls absent in

Diatoms (2) Eubacteria

(1)
Algae (4) Plantae
(3)

KINGDOM : MONERA ~ ~ ,"

S
~\e \Y". ._:\ NJ~ \;~ rOOtf'o x"~,, k¼W
•cm-organisms.
Kingdom Monera includes the most ancient, the smallest, the simplest and the most abundant mi •
to .h
nouns ·
•
1 1·
These anlsms are habitants of the ea st1I con inue
d O f bactena are
Bacteria are the ■ole membfr1 of lhft kingdom•,They occur almost everr:vhere. . Hundre s and ...-
deeP
present in a handful pf d. They ll■o live In extreme habitats such as ho~gs, deserts, snow . 5
~ns where very few oltW Ire blftl can IUMY9. Many of themTve in or on other organisms as parasite

011-47623456
2

3.
4 Mlf,

--.i
5. 9P!P[ ,..
8 9Dm ldlll . . . . • !IW 8
7 L'! _,,__,,D PIFT ; Tl J(P-
a. ~ • csz:r■ w
•
On. . fll11111r!!!l!tft...
I

1
-
1be aphlriCII en■ Wu Q1Qd'.
2. 1111Nld-thlpld~11a
3.
'-
-
1111!!
 • Purple eulphur bacteria 11) ona graen aulphur baoterla (Cl /ml nla) ,.,,
b■ctertovirf!':
most f ,Av~•"'" .bactarAochloroph acterlopu r u
OI Pm r ~
respect iy
This type of pho o b t anoxygen lc Norm
oxygen
photosyn thes occurrfng In ht oxyJ1e11lc

In bact I photo ynthe Is water ta not the aource of electron lhol act r du ng pow , to conv
CO2 nto glucose The baotONa obtain reducing power from varlou compound UOh a hydrogen
~
thtosulphate or even some organic compound Hydrog n r: le sed by v rlou oompound me1ntlllnM
rong____,Wi:.,,.th::;;:A;::;.Jrap
s ptcked up by NAO• ~ ch gets rQQUced lQ NADH 2 acting a r ducing power NAOH
S.!mpl ~
produced generally b_y entrappin g solar energy are u ed to reduce CO1 to gluco
anoxygen ic _ehotos,mthe..s s m~a..wr l11Wl.ll

CO2 + H2 S (or any other compoun d acting as electron donor) Sugar + (sulphur or other

No oxygen 1s evolved as It does not Involve spllttlng of water

(b) Photoorg anotroph lc bacteria :

Some photosyn thetic bacteria use organic matter as their electron donor and carbon source
Most of the photosyn thetic bacteria are anaerobes (facultat,v e aerobes)

(II) Chemos ynthetic autotrop hic bacteria :

certain Inorganic
Bactena belonging to this c;ate_gQIY o~ner_ gy for the synthesis of rood by oxidising
substanc es hke ammonia , nitrates, nitrites, ferrous rons, etc. Thus they do not utllrae Jlght-n .,,.r.gy
Is then used In
source The chemical energl thus obtain~. S-1(QJ:Ulild rn..ATP mol c.ules This energy
than water, e.g , hydrogen 6acleria,
carbQ[I ~mil~ ~th the he!J? of hydrogen from some source other
nitrifying bactena sulphur bactena,,.,.tls: Tbay pJay a ;9reat role In recycllng nutrlentl Ilk•
IJ1lcmlen,

phoapho rOUS, Iron, sulphur eg Nltrosomonss, Nftrococcus

(Ill) Heterotrophlc bacteria :

~ bfKi111ia am 1tJe mgp pndant in Q1tUnL The majority arl)mport ant decom,eosers. These
bad!ria @ incapable of synth•lztnp ..,..,. own food from tJrople t@.W materials. They obtain nourishment
either from dead and aecaytng ~nlc matf11r or dlrectlY from aJIYIQQ host Heterotrophic: bacteria are
-.a.J..i In curil A~_ ._ cfantlblaticl, fbclNI rtltrogen In legume roots etc
...,
•IVOt""- """" ....- - ·
al
REPRO DUCTIO N
Ba ria r alnl b aaexu,t method and al1,o ahow eexual recombination (True aexu

'

A.
~ard & ComJ?!1!1tfvo Exams (Lovol I) 7

(a) Blnnry Fission A mature hocterlel coll d1vld s Into 1wo diughter I lo t proc lh c: rl v Qn
' amltollc typo / o not lnvolvmalfuulilndle lormvt,on
Tho binary division of o boctorlal coll Involves tnolnly 3 stops

(I) Rlcpllcn,tlon of DNA ~ t>nctodal chrornosomo dlvl<los (ropllcato ) ,esultmo In I e form hon of two
c rcular ohmmosornes

. .-em
Doughier
Cell w1111 Now Old nuclear Now

Surfoce B Furrow C

D E
Fig. : Binary fission in a bactenal cell
(ii) Mesosome division and membrane formation : The parent chromosome 1s a ached
mesosome. The mesosome b~ins to divide because of the synthesis of membrane between the DNA-
mesosome attachment sites. As a result of the synthesis of cyto~mic membrane bewleen,.Jhe
mesosomes1 each mesosome is pushe~ to the middle of a daughter cell. Because one chromoso~
is attached lo each mesosome, the two daughter chromosomes gel property partitioned into the
daughter cells.
(iii) Cross-wall formation : A peripheral nng of plasma membrane invaginates and continues to grow untl
the two cells are separated The cell wall materials are also deposited between the membranes
completin.9 the division of the cell The two events, s~~ a~cross wall synthesis, occur,.
simultaneously.
(b) Endospores : Cell§_ of certain bacteria, e g_ , Baell/us. Clostndium etc. form thick-walled, highly resistant
bodies within the cell, called endospores. One bacterial cell normally produces only a single endospore -------
B. Sexual Recombination (Genetic Recombination} : The bacteria exhibit a primitive form o{ sexual
reproduction which differs from eukaryotic sexual reproduction because there is no gamete formation and

-
fusion. However, the essential feature of sexual reproduction, i.e., exchange of genetic material does take
place and ·s called genetic recombination.

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
A. Some Useful Bacteria :

(i) Soil fertility / biofertilisers

-A'.
- r\ Free-living N2 fixing bacteria Azotobacter, Clostridlum, Klebsiella, Beijennckia
\ I
l~ Symbiotic N2-fixing bacteria ;. Rhizoblum, Frankie, XaRthemontts-

-> Ammonifying bacteria : Bacillus vul9aris, B.ramosus •

Vinegar production : Acetobacter sceti ~ {I r: •, a \

(iii) Curd, cheese, yoghurt production : Lsctobscillus, sl:,¢ococcus /actis

(iv) Petroleum pollln cgntrol :.PaaudQmonu putids (super bug)

 5 D: It,

........ M•et.,....,_,,...,,,,..~
M d\11(1 $
...... I O , ,.,..,,.
e -··
M 111 ,t- ea
M QlflWa f_.. 'lb lmplM . . tlMur and 11111 In tll b'/ ~ _ _ , lndtn•p
...............
I
. .' . ':ffliili,Gn -
..,.., _ Chollfl
(I)a.on111typN-1Wlhald
(I) ~ ,_,, _ r--
_.llOllfll~-M XlnllonD•., _CINI C... W\ ti

Lal• DI.a•• Wltoul llonlran l In clltall:

1. 11111 11 I 11811'11
'!!-•d r ii n apldal llncl:: Ive
ap1tnga@-e,IICIIC
In eome of the molt hnh hlbltall
lhlN) and -(rrlll llr -
""1' • - - •
o1t-, OIIWII
Bolrd I ConpllllV9 EXlffll (LMM)

1 Eublcterll

There n ttp,.,,,,,, pf different eublctet1a or 'true blctn', Molt of '11m n dlnclpfd bf .. fllllil&II
ofrtgkf call wan, and If motile, 1 flagellum. ➔
(I) Cyr.oblctlrta; ~.obadentnArwu
organisms lo have O
..,,. _~~ ,--• L ..
, ·~ to
added o en to the artmotmMta, which 11 I nalble for the exlltenca of
'!98nlsms. The are also known as BGA (Blue green llgN) and are
ganophYc lll or fflYXophnX.
0cc:un'lnce : TI!Y are mllnlv frNh . , . fprnw. U>AYsm r,w n ..,.,. ThlY-, 111 •rttolri

°ii
8S80CiatiDn with almost every aroup of eu1caryot81 /.e. green algae, big!, ~ . . ffllHIII . . .
....._...... gymnoopamw. ..,..,....., ........ ... IIM•M~~
r:: :.= :a: ::: -s: ~i&
m,n they live .,._...,.,,..,.,, In protozow ""' . , Cllld -····

:=::==-=•=:::.::re~==
9d - itbva.--- . . . . . . . tnugllou&. . . . .
 10 8 olog Board & Compe Ive Exams (l e~

N nccr dia

lmportnnco of Cynnobactcrla
(1) They tho nurn notcnt Ofllnnlsms having
oxygonl:,..c__ep!!;ho~t:.!:!o~sy,ln.!!t!!ho~s~ls
role n th ovolut on of aerobic form ~a~nd~=i..r.,.=---:::'!:..l;:...::.::11!.!!!.2lll
s or ,re
( ) They convert t ~ ri
,tr en into ammonium com
excretoo out.,,ennctung the soil ounds and 8
The death and decay of these s
Tim nitrogen contont of the soil Tolreothnx also increase the sou fertil ty kp
~r ty
and Au/0s1ra fix N2 non-symb1o
ttcally m noe fie ds,
Cyanobactena Ike Nostoc and
Anabaona have been used for
D am reclaimln usar o Is As the
O ua c a I a t e ennc the root environ y can Jive
ment In any wetland condIt1on
~ ) Cyanobacterta are associa as in nee field -
ted in symbiotic relationship and
benefit the partner by prov1d1ng
.@moounds nnrogenous
iv) Some cyanobactena serve
as food to several aquatic anima
cyanobactenum It ls cultivated ls. S irolina 1s edible, non-toxic,
in tanks as sou fast grOW'.ng
rce of protem nch animal food
(v) Some cyanobactena hke M,c
S
rocystis a~ruginosa, Anabaena
n water bodies. The se also flos-aquae, are known to cause..
secrete toxins into the surroundm !,!_gal blooms
and even to human beings Water from s. which are harmful lo aquatic
such sources is harmful and ma an ma's
dnnking 1t They also deplete the y even ~v e fata or organtSms
oxygen from the water reserv
o' the fishes and other aquatic ani oir and thereby, cause large sca
mals. le death

(ii) Mycoplasma

E. Nocard and E.R. Roux {18

98)-two Fre
<ett es.suffenng from pleuropneumonia nch Sqentists, discovered these organisms from p1eura1 flutd.nf
. .Ibe
se are_pl eo mo ~h ic and were
Like Organisms) or Jokers of called PPLO (Pleuropneumorua
plant kingdom.
N ~(1929) placed them und
er the genus Mycoplasma All
or MLO's1Mol 1cu1es like ocgaois such organisms are now called
ms.) Mycoplasma,
Mycoplasma infects arnmals (e.g .
., dog, sheep, mice and man)
They are genera!!y..f®Jld in soil and plants (e.g., potato, com,
, sewage water. plants and ani bnnJal etc)
mals,.
Nature of Mycoplasma : Mycop
lasma can pass through bacteri
tha t they are not bactena Since ol icat filters ack cell wall T h i ~
the ca lti in a tic medium havin
as ~ Due to many similarities sterols, so the are not conside
with bacteria they are said to be red
"Bacteria with their coats off
Mode of nu trit ion 1s hetero ".
trophlc. Some are saprophyt
parasitic because they are una ic, but mostly they are paras1t1
ble to s thes1ze re ulred row c Th ~r e
JUD 1iroaJlest prokaryote). The th fad r .g., M. gall,septicurii(O 3 toj..5
y can survive without oxygen (Fa
cullat1ve anaerobes .
From foregoing d1scusston, it 1s
quite clear that bacterial atructy
IIL_behav\our compared to ma re l1 very simple but they are Y@JY compteg
ny other organisms, bactena as
actMty a group show the most extens
ive m e~
 Board & Compe111,ve Exams (Level I)

[ EXERCISE I
9. Select lncorroct sta1c.m1enI w rt ouhnotorta
(1) Hovo very slmplo structu10
(2) Poptldoglyoan nature of 0011 wan
(3) Hetorotrophs ero n1ost abundant In nature (4) Shuw most s!mplo metabol10 drvers ly
10. Select correct match
Column-I
Column-II
8 Rettlng of fibres (I) Psouclomonas putido
b Po!lutton control (II) Psoudomonss lluorosconoo
C Curing of loaves (Ill) Bac1llus //chonlform1s
d. Bacltrncln (Iv) M1crococcus csndldans
(1) a(tl), b(I), c(iv), d(iil) (2) a(II), b(i), c(III), d(lv)
(3) a(1), b(h), c(,v), d(lil) (4) e(lh), b(i), c(lv), d(h)
11 Archaebacteria do not show
(1) Peptidoglycan in cell wall (2) Intrans In DNA
(3) Branched chain lipids in cell membrane (4) Ribosomal proteins with highly acidic nature
12. Thennoacidophlles are capable or withstanding extremely low pH and hrgh temperature due to the
(1) Presence of branched chain or lipid in cell membrane
(2) Presence of resistant enzyme which can operate In basic conditions
(3) Presence of higher concentration of KCI in their cells
(4) More than one option is correct
13. Which group of monerans played significant role in the evolution of aerobic f~rms of life?
(1) Mycoplasma (2) Cyanobacterla
(3) Archaebacteria (4) Actinomycetes
14 Smallest wall-less monerans
(1) Develop fried egg appearance in culture (2) Are motile
(3) Have definite shape (4) Are mostly saprophytic

KINGDOM : PROTISTA
All uniceJMauuka[Yotes, irres_p_d~lhe.iLinoda..oli.tion...Pre include~ the kingdom Protista in
Whittaker's system. T_!!~lll'L.Pro.ti_sta w~s c.oined b1_ Ernst H!!_ck~I. This kingdom forms a hnk betwe~
kingdom Mooera__cn.Q.n~ hand and other three kjngdQffitiaJ>Janta.~ i and Animalia on the other hand.
Protjstans are_a~stors of all mulllcellular eukaryotes (plants, fungi and animals). -
Kingdom : Protista includes
Protlsta

(1}.AutotroP-hic (2~- (3) Protozoans

or 0ecompoaer oraanlsms
Photosynthetic organisms
e.g., Dinoflagellates e.g., Cellular slime moulds e.g., Zooflagellates
Diatoms Acellular slime moulds Sarcod,nes
Euglenoids Sporozgans
Cillales
~~~~.

..
II~ •~ 1 - - --- - - - - - - --~ r \."",

~~ -
 12 Board & Com ot1hve Exam

Goncirnl Chnractcrlst lcs o f Prollsto:

1 Unl@llul.ar. eulillrvptlc organisms Some aro colonial without much cellular dlfforentlallon
Issue fcvol 1s absent
2 Mostly aquatic organisms
3 Cell structure Is eukaryouc tyRJLJ.1~1ng all kinds or membrane bound orgAnolle~ cyid 80 S ~ op~
rioosomes and cells may possess cellulostc cell wa!L
4. Flagella and clha have (9+2) pattern of mIcrolubule organiwtlon cons,sllng of tubulin m:0tein.
5 Movement by pseudopodia, flagella or ciha where c1fiary mode 1s fastest
6 Mode of nutnt,on may be photosynthetic (holophyt1c)1 holozoic (ingestive), saprobic or earg_s11Jc {a~tive)
Some have mlxotrophic nutrition (photosynthetic and saprobic) as in Euglena ~
7 Reproduction occurs by asexual and sexual means.
8 Lrfe cycle is of two types- (i) Showing zygotic meiosis (ii) Showing gametic m eiosis.
9 . These are decomposers, photosynthetic or parasites. Parasitic protists may cause diseases fik
dysentery, malana, sleeping sickness, etc . - - ------_;..----~=!....!J e
Photosynthetic protists and Slime moulds are described below :
(1) Photosynthetic Protists
These 2.!.e eppula rly called protistan algae. Protistan algae constitute the major_pol!lo..!!.J)f the
phytoplanktons.
A. Diatoms : Diatom s a re_gQ!Q_en._q_rown photosynthetic protists and are called Chrysophytes (including both
diatoms and desmids). They are bnth aquatic aod terrestrial Some are marine. They support much of
marine life. Their impo rtant characters are...:. - -
1. These a re m icroscopic organisms possessing varyin~olours.
2. They are basically unicellular, but may form pseudofllament and colonies, lacking flagella exce_pt
in the reproductive stage. They may be free floating (phytoplanktonic), remaining afloat on surface
_Qf water due to presence of light weight lipids
3. Tihe cell wall 1s impregnated with silica to form transparent siliceous shell known as frustule_Sillca
she Us of dead diatoms are nearly jndestrycfjbTe andthu.§.....9.et accu mulated at the sea bed. Such huge
r~ k e deposits of hard shells of diato ms 9onstitute diatomaceous- earth, which is mined to obtaui
a whitish P.QWder called diammlte or kleselg.ubr Q.r d i~aceousearth--: It is used in filters m
brew1ng lnd1,Jstry1 sugarcane refineries. in polishes for metals
4. The cell wall 1s characteristic, made up of two halves; one half covenng the other (epitheca over
hypotheca} resemoffng a soap box .
5 7"111ode ~ utrlfu;)~ holophytic (photoau~e_hic)i photosy nthetic pigments are c hlorop hyll ~·
chloro pJlYlJ c4 f}-carotane and_si:2ecial caroteno l9s..9onta inlng fucoxanthin; x anthophylls hke
·diatoxanthin r diadlnoxanthln.
6 The reserve food Is oil and a .P_2lysaccharide called leucosin (chry.§Qlamlnarin), volutin granules aCE!
a fso present.
7 They are responsible for a lmost 50% Qf.lhe totaLQrgamc .matter~nthesized in the biosphere.
8 They mainly undergo asexual reproduction by binary fission
9 ResITng~res are called 1tato1pore1.
. 1 as diatoms are
10 Sexual reprod uction vanes from laogam y to oogamy;_Jt involves gametic meios 5 . called
generally CftploTd" {alplonllc life cycle) Zygoteformed during sexual reproduction m diatoms 15
Auxoipc:Sr&"
11 . They are very good lnd lcatora of water pollution.
12 They are chief producer of ocean.
eg Tnceratium, Ma/o:stca, Nevfco/e QmaMU.,
Board & Compol livo Exoms (l ov, 11)
----
0 I IfI f 1s
B, Olnoflaoollntes: Oh,oflogollnio
Olnoph).'coao (Pyrro"h lll) l I Oro c,nldon hruwn flhO l01y11llU1tl prnll1111 lJ I fi
t' l'J my nro 111n1n1y mnrlr101 1110111111 f wnr frn eh wit rt,,,

Fig. : A Dlno0ngollale
General characters of dlnoflagellates aro as follows :

1. Th!)'. ar~icellular, motile and biftagellated.

2. ~ody is enclosed by a rigid coat called theca or lorlca consisting of 2 10,,mnny @rtl!31lfl'nd,or
sculptured plates of cellulose and pectin, hence are also called armourod dlnofla9l)llatc1

3 Flagelm_are heterokont (different). One Is longitudinal and other Is transverse. The lon,9ltu~
~ llum is narrow, sm'ooth directed _P.osterlorly~ and the transverso flagellum 1s nbbon l,~.e B~th
are oriented at right angle to each othe,!_P,roduc1!l9 spinning movements Therelore, those proti!lt6 am
~callecJ 'whirling whips!:--

-- -
4. Photosynthetic pigments are chlorophyll a, c, ~-carotene and a-carotene, xanthophyll (o.g .
Peridinin).

5. Reserve food is carbohydrate and oils.,_

6. Reproduction is C,£!!!monly asexual and occurs through cell division
7. lsogamous and aniso.9amous sexual reproduction is reported from some dinoflagellales
~-· Ceratium.
8. Life cycle involves zygotic meiosis (Ceratium, Gymnodinium). Gametic meiosis occurs 111 Nocll/uca.
9. Some marine dinoflagellates show blolumlnescence, i.e., emit light, e g.• Noct1luca, Pyrodmlum,
Pyroqsti~JQ pbaspbocesceoce the &ea glow& al night.

10. Some dinofla.9ellates lil<e.Gonyautax catenslla produce a toxin called saxltoxln into the se,a water

-
which is highly poisonous to vertebrates, e,g,, fishes and other aguatic animals Marine shell fish
saeH fish (mu.s:el)
consume dinoflagellale~ and accumulate tbe poiaOA wlllcb i$...aolharmfuJ taJha
but upon being consumed causes severe Illness IO man caned AICA~C.JibtU flab palaoolng~P-SP.)
and even prove fatal.

11. Some dmoflageOale& pcolitecale lo lacge rn,rnbec aod C':IIIM red tide a[ the sea, e.g, Gonr_sulax.
Gymnodinium...
4
C

s.

~c_-~~~~~~~~
~~~~"!~~~~~~
4

r:~
~ ~ \- C IQ l!
M lJ n C M "m
i' I' !\ ;
nd mntnbo

I=~~:..:=:~~-~-- prrm
orange p gmen
chod \o \he\ m m
bmno at lho
t cnllod
~s\t\Xlnlliln .. p\\an.clJJQ~
7
n lha on\orlar cm
d

m o. ccntro at tb
N~'irl o.ptntopln.\
d ! S , iS.Q
d d M c1 DO\O.'\U\o\ro )1
)'\ng argon c mn\ \l ~ m -L U a .t tU
lar In lhe obs no lC lU to
o~Ulnh\ 'Tt\\ du:.11 .. o L g ~ ia h m a ru h o m .
mado al nu\rl\la
n bJ s
---.-'--"-'-"-'-""~men
ts...am ~h\oro.,e.h
1 \ - = ~ 10
yll_,, c!)lot9ehy\\
00 materia\ ls P!" b 1 xonlhophyll an
mYIQQ lchemIcaI1y d ~-c rol no
,2. ~ tavaum
ble oond \ions, they
0•1, 3:9lucan1)
ro nd ma\nly reproctuoe
Q!lmel(i •tat! po by
to 00Qll' eug d cu\l 111 tOffl)ld to longltudlnal blna!Y t\.!_1lon ,,_Q1.1rlng u { n
enolds. e g Eug
lena and Ptra"
e Dl(JQQ8\lon , S,1xual ~
I
'"' re_pr_od~10\I
o nown

S\\ehontm1\1C ftlg
elum
C ~ h ar y n •
P nf tl Q ll la f bo
dy
Board & Competitive Exams (Ltvwl•I) Biolof!! CfnllflcatJOn lllllli
(2) Sllme mould■ or con1umtr-decompoeer prot11t1
General characteristica of the slime moold1 are •

1 They are usually free.living, creeping over debrie Hfct ftUtn IHm and
rotting kg q( mzgd

2. They have naked protoplast, not covered by any cell DI! lo Y8fW!e
!/"! stage.
3. 'T!!!Y IQ chlorophyll and have Hprob fc or phagotrophlc mode of nutrftlon.
l. Under flMuabfe conditions,
4. The body moves along decaying twigs and leaves engulfing organic materia
they form an &ggragatlon call~ pfasmodium wtJlch may grow and spread
over several feel Ourtng
conditions, the plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting bodies bearing
PD! at their
_unfavourable
~-
have celtulolic wait so 1h11 t1111r
5. During life cyge Ibey are Mklftboid ind non-cellulosic, but •pores
yegetative phasa resembles with animals while 19productlve phue
wbl N Wllh plants;.
nature is like ~ (Ploa.tan fun@l)-
6. Amoeboid plasmodial stage resembles protozoa and spore forming
under adverse conditions. The 8P!!5
7. Spores are extremely resistant and survive for many years, even
~ dispersed by ale mrr.Rlfr.

8. Reproduction is both asexual and sexual.

cellular. eg. Ptrpanln.
This group itt-PlpC8SW)!ed by two separate types of oroanjsrns i,e, wflular and
f'hysarella, Fu/Igo, Dictyostellum, Polysphondylium.
16
PROTOZOANS
tr I n 1 t y r bo ved to b
r

1
(aquatic) or Fr o b wa
ter or
marine, fow para 1te

2 Locomotory structure
P s e ~ {false1eet) ~ a
C1ha Absent
3 Special feature
some Rare sexual reproduct
ion Possess oefln1te
wiffi oiv ers e fype of region Infect ous SPore-lilr,e
essoctattons-1:0mmensal, of mg_est1on stageispresent1r1l
(gullet}and egest1on. cycle. 'e
symbTont, ra ill

4 Example and diseases

Amoeb.n. Eatamoeba Try
panosoma ,.{Sleeping Param
(Dysentery) sickness) oecium Plasmodium {Most
notorious causing
malanaJ

ANTERIOR END

Trlttlocv
c,1
Antlfior
contractUe
VIC uole
(In d111101t)
Felde.
ce n,11---
{IJI IY'tole)

--., ..-V est ltK !lt

luc ulu v,r v

w,th 0111 c,ha
CytotlCIIIW

CYIDPYII

Newdve
loo '°""'"'
ly cvo
ll

POITIIIIOII 1NO
.... ~
)
 on 17

-
Bosrd & Compet livo fah!'ll!I {L(\VCI-I)

EXERCISE I
,s Which k ngdom Includes nulrit onolly niost dlvorood group of orgnn ms and h no we I d fined bOUfldaries?
(1) Monera \,c (2} ProU to

(3) Fungi (4) Plnntoo

15 (',hrysopt\)18S QM
(1) D atoms and desmlds
" ('l) Diatoms ond d nofl:igellatos
(3) SI mo moulds ond desmlds
(4) SI me moulds and diatoms
7 Which of the follo\\ing ophon for diatoms i!l correct?
1
{1) Pecto-cellulostc cell wall
(2) Stllcrfied cell wall
(3) Mulltoollular eu~-aryotes
(4) Produce saxftoxin
1s. Red tide IS caused by rapid mulllphcation of
(1) Nostoc
(2) Desm1ds
(3) Diatoms
JA(" Gonyaulax
19 Mart,; the mis-matched pair ;
(t} P}lfOCYSlis - B,oluminescence
(2) Whirting whips - Soap box like body structure
(3) Oiatomlte - Kleselguhr
(4) Gymnodmfum - Zygotic meiosis
20. Red-orange photosens1t1ve pigment in Euglena is
(1) Astaxanthin (2) Chlorophyll
(3) Phycocyanin \;(4) Phycoerythrin
21. Mark the correct match :
(1) Amoeboid protozoan - All endoparasite
(2) Flagellated protozoan - Paramoeclum
'-{3( Sporozoan - Absence of locomotory structure

(4) Cill81ed protozoan - Entamoeba

KINGDOM : FUNGI
This Nll90Qm cootains achlorop_fil!_lous, euka~c, heterotrophic, SP!! produclng,Jhall~S Fungi
include diverse organisms which range In structure from unicellular veasis lo--highl>'.-complex edible
mushrooms.JlQ!l-edlble toad stools. They a r e ~ In 99lolf'[IOQO belog present in air, water, solJ and
on the animals and plants Tney are mori a&.intinwirm and humid areas. So, they show great d1verslty
In morph®gy end habitat.
, OeMf'81C Mnlc.,.
Board & Competitive Exams ~

1 They are mMtty temtstrial They prefer to grow In wart"TI and humid places They may grow on tree ha...
dung wood burnt wood and keratiMUs material e ~ halt hom.Jlind ar.9 ca ed cortJcoaoue ~
caprclphllo ue f~ ch,~ ~ l e (woodJ !009.ehllou e (burnt wood) and keratlnoph lfous ~
lftlrw:1hretY . =:~
The t,ogy s haptofd (a) and thallOki. 1.e • not differentiat ed lntq [001.~ aodJuves . Thao. _
mullK:ell• (except YNSI a n d ~ ~ The fungal ~ made UQ of thread l i k e ~
Slrudures ~ hyphae These ens-cross with one another.Jo .fcrm..aoetw ock..k®Ytn :'-:·~
(3 The hyphae may be aaeptate and multlnuctea te. Such a hypha ,s termed coenocytlc In most ~
fungi the mycel,um 1s Mplate The se_etum however. 1s not complete, but has a pore t h ~
~ Ql_the ~oplasm of the adJOlning cells 1s maintained The septum may have • T m ~
pore as in ~ but in ll~her rungt tc••••
basldtomyc«eeT,lne septum 1s aonoora- -::.
except rust and smut fungi) in which central pore possesses a barrel shap,e.d..iol@Uo~ ~,~
myoilium iod1v.iduaT~uamay cootaio single nucieu~ (monc,gao.th: - teatuce of _pnmary mYteliin
ao. ilD(mertaale qse of two nude1 (dikaryotlc - feature of secondary mycehum) 1a,
~) The eel wal of the h ~ as made up of c;hitjn or fu"9!I cell.YktH..w fl1ch 1s a polysacchar jdA QOlib&i
d'mganou s compound arl4 ft-4& basically made UQ of acetylgluc osamlne In some fungi, t h e ~
IS made up of celluloM (e.g. Peytapblhcva £'¥thlllm and atbe.r .oomycete~ Reserve
~
sirid in the farm of au aod glycogen ~~- --:..:~>
(5) Cels have untdstemal golg1 bodies ,t
(6) Nulritiof'I IS heterotroph ic which includes saprophyte s, paras,tes and sy_mb1onts
(7) In ffJ0ISl..Of ..Iba fuogi there are lWo dlSti'Kt ~ k l the 1ife. C)'de. ~ vegetative or assimllallw .._.
and 1'18 repraduc:ttve phase. In vegetative phase, fungus 1s m1croSQ9P1c hidden tr1 the substratum ii
• haldlli= ni fflta ID the aakec' ~ The fungus enters into ~Uctiv! !_pha§e aQgr atta1010Q Pllbdv-,
• _,,, Pl• phan, In •eok:eltqc ~S!s the same cell Qedormi. .b.othJ.s~1m1lative and rep,odudhe
t•w •-• Suell W■ el ftaigal bad1ee IA,.._. . MIIM eefl g e l & - n n s f ~ c t i v i suuc@!I
. . llnMn • hala carplc Fungal body IS lenned eucarph; 1n which a ~rt Qf mx_gw m used up In
Iii W4 tee•• d ~ 111Ncturas.
A1pn • .._lnA a91
Furv ~!'f ......... ....... Lf:, JI ti Ji> raef eoc1 • ••te8
1 ... _el liuu I J Jllu I .W:
!.95Da-1w•e

N n 1Scn·
N-19._ _
 Board & C<>m ollttvo Exams Lovol 1
01010 c I Closstflootlon 19

-tpc)ron(j!OphOl't!

A B C

Condta
~
0
Oldia 0
~
Hy~a
Raml

61 D E F
Fig. : A - F Different modes of asexual reproduction

{b) Sporangiospore: S~orang1ospores are thin walled non-motile spores produced endogenouslyJ2_a
sporangium during favourable conditions, which after liberation g,ve rise to new mycelium, e.g, Rhizopus,

-Mucor. -

(c) C~idla: Conidla are non motile, thin walled exo9!!1ous spore~ _pr~uced at the tips of erect hyphae
called conldi~phore, They are arranged in chains upon~n1diophore, e.g., Aspergillus and Penietl/Jum

(d) ~hlamydospore: In some fungi th~yphae under unfavourable conditions, forms thick walled re_!ting
resistant spores which late_r.get separated frorn each other. They may remain viaoTinor several years
On return to favourable conditions they germinate to give rise to new individuals. Thus.cb@..rm,dQsQQres
are structures for perennation also,M,, Rhiz_of)_us.

(e) Oidia: Non-motilalbin walled spaces de.'ieloQlQg_ u~der sugar rich conditions in medium. Their bud$09
condition ls_called torula stage.

3. Sexual reproduction: It occurs through oospores,

ascospores and basidlosporn. The various ~ are
produce<!_ in distinct structures called fruiting bodies. The
fruiting bodies ~re ascocarps and basidiocarp which
contain asci and ba~idia respectheely +l:le aac;gapoces
are a ty~e of non-motile spores which are produced
Sterlgmata
inside special sacs called asci (singular-ascus).
Ascus
Basidiospores are non-motile which ace tocrned
exogenousJyji.e. outside the body) on short outgrowths
of dub-shaped structure called basidlum.

Sexual cycle involves three steps :

(ij Plllrnopmy-..1MAI II 11118R

twg_baplold hY,phae !f
If,,.. n
A B
Ag. :A. Aacospores, a. Basidiospores
if
20
Pl smog m) occurs b) t ho following m thods
(

Hrr~I H
<;Jp@;;\
taogamy
~ Oooamy
C• PtanogametJc copulation
Oogant ....._...,,.._

Cb) Gamcang al conact

Gamatang¼a

\ . \
(c) Gametangial copulation
Fig.: Different modes of plasmogam y in fungr
ThJS process 1s usually of three types ls ogamy, Anisogamy, Oogamy
(b) Gametang ial contact : In this process two gametang1a come tn contact w1th one anot e! A
fertilization tube 1s d eveloped to facahtate the migration of enl.ite.contents..ai..D:mle gametang um
nto the female 9.ametan9l':J_m Both the gametang1a never fuse together losm the r identJtyJ.
Pyth um Albug_o (Oomycete s)

(c) Gametang lal copulation : In this process. direct fusion of entire=.COntents of two gametangm is
aocomphshed by dissolution of their common walls resulti1]9_ m the formation of a single oell In
which pro'toplasts of two 9ametang1a fuse, e g , Mucor. Rhizopus (Zygomyce tes)

(d) Spermatiz atlon : Some fung1J)rodu ce ma~mut e, spore hke, sm~esi...s ttwru.i.ms caned
sp_ymatla (non motile male gametes} on spermatlo phores=1!?.¥phae These structures are
transferred lhrough agencies like water. wmd and insects to~ ecaal female receptive hyphae
(Basidlom ycetes) The contents m lQr.ate .inloJ.ecepl ive str:uctum.._ It}us d1karvottc cond tton is
established, e g , Pucclnia
(a) Somatopm y : Thts takes pl80ft ID DY>S! of the blQbec. J.rue. fWlQ1.-where..faanation o( :game S 15
absent In such fungi, direct fusion of somatic hyphal cells occur to establish d1karyoph se
eg .Agancus
(ii) K.-yagamy · Fuaioo .d two rvedet is caned t s ~ llL.some f i m g j . ~ o f two ha__pJotd cell
~ QI It( ...... in dlpold 0111a (2n). t:rrw iJ 1QQW . . . , . (I . , . . ..., A..,,,..15). 80 l(ltervenin9
dlayotic atage (n + n / e two nuc:lel per cell) occurs, MJCh a 001 ldltton
Is called a dikatYO{l and the phaS8
fa ailea' dikaryophM e ~ ltle e-,nii o,di;. 1-- wt 118 5JIJ tw ,,me diploid JO.k!ltYQg8 0lY
(Ill) ll1la■la : 'lbl t19._...fNl ll•111,a11 1 • NII ...... 4 I I fr I nts) gpp leadiugJo the fQml3tiOfl
dhaploid .,,..
 Board & Compo1111ve EJCams (lovol I) Biolog,c ,1 Cln rl1ce11on 21
- Kingdom ~ 1 Is classlflod on tho bosls of Morphology of tho Mycollum, Modo of Spore Formation end
~ tin Bodies Into vanous c elsi:;os

Funul
s I
Phycomycotos
~ i t
Ascomycotos Basldlornycoloo Doutcromycmes
I
~ +
OonlYOOtes Zygomycetes
---~-~---:------------------~
Example 5 : Name the asexual reproduct,ve spores m lung,,

solution : Conid,a or sporangiospores or zoospores,

Try Yourself
13. What~ the basis of classification in kingdom fungi?
14 Name the sexual spores in fungi
I. ~ cetes : The Algal ~
--
1. Hyphal wall contains cellulose and other glucans in many members.
2. The mycelium is coenocytic (multinucJeate arid aseptate).
-
3. ~ al f$pr.oduction ,nvahles !he formation oTspore containing sacs .£!:._Sporangia In aquatic forms,
the sporangia Rm!LY..~ z~~s.
4. Zoospores generally have.J.wo laterally inserted flagella with heterokont condition, in which one
flagellum is smooth {whiplash) while the other is of tinsel type (having fine surface outgrowths called
mastigonemes).
5. Sexual reproduction is by planogametic fusion or g~metangia!_contact.
~ 6. The product of sexual reproduction and site of m~iQsis is oospore.
eg. Albugo candida (the parasitic fungi on mustard causing white rust of leaves), Phytophthora,
SaerolegJJta, Pyth,urfl"" _ _-
II. ~_gomycetes : The Conj49ation Fungi_J
1. It is class of terrestrial fun.9J which are mos!~ saprotrophic and rarely para ~
2. .J::!tehal wall contains chitin or fungal cellulose.
3. The mycelium is coenocytic.
4 Motile cells (zoospores or planogametes) are absent.
5. Mitospores are non_ motile. Jheure called sporangiospores as the spores are formed inside
sporangla that are borne at the tips of special hyphae called sporangiophores
6. ~exual reproduction occurs through gametangjal copulation or conjugation. Because of it.
~_gomycetes are also caHed conjugation fungi.
7 ~ ametes are commonly multinucleate and are called coenogametes.
8. _§_exual reerodu~ion produces a resting diploid spore called zygospore. Because of the presence
of zygospore, the group of fungi Is called zygomycetes. Zygospore differs from ooepore-m that,
for its formation a distinct food laden, non motile, large female gamete is not produced.
9 ] y.9oswre is the site of meiosis and does not give rise to new mycelium directly. ,;tead it produces
a new sporangium called germ 1porang um previous y ca zygosporang um . Germ sporangium
~s me1ospores called germ SQQres.
~

/ /
22

Sttmn
Sp a& ~

.)! L,.L

~- A!JX:Or
Fig. : Common Phycomycetes

Ill. '\Ascomycetes : The Sac Fun

gi.,
1 1_n~~UID..1DlDSiSt!...O:.'sepJtatEuiy
:pna,e (Yeasts are an exception n
that the y are basicall)• ~
2 Th ~ are sa p_ ~ decomposers
3 _
paras I
or ~ m.m
lousjg'DWID9 on dung)
__c_=- 6
oentra pores ca ;ed septa! pores
between adJaoent oens The pores a ow commun cation and
~
4
5
-Mo-tile-stru-ctures
do not occur in the life cxs;le.
6 In ma of
asco_!!!Yoetes the common mode
of asexual reproduction 1s throu
conid,a Conidia are borne on branch h the fonnaton 01
ed or unb rarrlled hyphae ca ed conldiopho
Aspe us res, e g Penmum.
Ves de

COllidioplue

Fig. : Alp e,g li& A -

~ b• ing - - • • .nt chains of
7 F. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a conidia
• ..
8
. . . . . . , . spermatiz.atiOn som
ato9amy ard
aoaro & eornpet ve Em.rns {level.t) 21
9 Karyogamy IS de!ayed ~~A reN
dikirjophase The ~ s af d ~hase are ca d ..,..,,m..,.. Ead:
ctfferern nudet CO ka:yon) This forms ashorter Pbas! of rift cyde
10 Once a ce[J beco,ies ~d transfefs Ole oodeus to othe1
o1 dikafycffization) to ~ di\-~
11 Some dikaryotic ceus function as ascus mother cells This c:x:Km!l'1s oe!s asd (rJ!XWJI
aswst Ascus is a sporamJ sac pegfrar to A.scomvce!.es Ascus)! the site of b,Jopmy atld
meiosis 4 to 8 haploid meospores named ascospores are pnxtw encfogenOUlly eact. ~ 1

In most of the cases, half the number of ascospores be2Pg:l tn ope ff:!T'9 t,:peffwf.' me r/:e!
ha f_belong to the second matmg type H
12. Ascospores may be ana'lged Ci:nearly (Neurospcxa) or ~ o~}
13 The asa may oc:cur freely or get aggregated into specific ~ gt:eg ncoc«PS ~
pre absent 111 yeast
Examples:
Yeast· used to malce bread and beer:
Penici!.ium .
(i) ~cul~ parasrte and saprophYfic fungi.
J_t rs source of antih;Jtj;c oeo;n;Tm
(ii)
Asperg us : 'tfeed ofJ_abora~
.Neurospora : Used exteQSJYely mbiochemical and genetic wen also caUed Drosophila of plant kingdom
Morels and Truffles : Edible and COl1Sldered delicacies

-
Clawceps : Causes 8fQOt disease

Example 6 : What is the name of bread mould?

Solution : Rhaopus

TryYounel
15.
16 \\11al-n

IV. Basidiomycetes ; Jbe Ckeb Few

1. ~ are the moat adva &£ ~ - ~ Their t.uetificatiolis are often large
~c:o11sp1cuous, e.g., llilioari@!@ii. llacbt Ulf etc.
2. BasidiolllMlla. are able ID dec:Ofn.lPSft ball
celc even badena. GalJOdarnll

3.
4 COlllains mo,IOlla~ ()Ills and
 m
Fi g. : Dolrpore septu
morpfts
wo od by m ea ns of sclerotla or rhlzo
soil or
can perennate jn the lam dos ea
8 Secondary mycelrum diffe rent t
mu ll! I b
da m celium ma
9 Dikaryqphase or seco ore:t ere
ospores, teleutosp lOSpOres anc
ec,dlospores, ured
n~ In ste ad fus ion occurs between basid
does 00 1 ,avolve sex
or ga een two hyphaJ -
10. Sexual reproductioo or e or sp er m atium and a hypha or betw
SfX?!BS, between a sp
~ e r monokaryotic
of primary mycelia. ingula· - basid lllr.
sh ap ed str uc tu re s known as pasldla (s
eiosis occur in clu
b-
11. Ka ry ~a m y and m the m.
ss is based af te r s of f:.ie
The name of the cla ba sid ios res ex o en ou sl at the tip
spores or
ly produces four meio
12. A basidium common or Irect y on the basidium .
outgrowths called ma
oc ar ps . The basid
iocarps vary tror.i
s ca lled ba si di
fication n be ove·
ay not produce fructi lls and brackets ca
13 Th e fungi may or m structu re s. So m e pu ff ba
large macroscopic
m1croscopIc forms to
@ an in diameter.

Examples :
basidio-..arp .
s : Comm on field m ushroom with edible
Agancu
st disease in wheat
Puccinfa : Causes ru
ut disease
Ustilago Causes sm

-- -- - - Pileus

Gills

.- 1 -- -- s1 ,p e

h
~ -- -R h izomorp

Fig Agarlcu1

-
Example 7
SolUtion :
: ~ " ,,, . ,,. ,,, . "' "" "
Pucclnia
~ .,
I
 ___pc_t1_1ve_Ex_a_m_s..,(L_a_ve;.;.l. , 1)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~fJ~,~!!!.:!.!~~=:.:.:.Inn::.:
!:'.:~::;;;;,.:ro;..&_Com 25

Try Yourself

17 N m the group to whl ll brackelfungl belong

18 Wh karyog my and meiosis take pl

v. Oeuteromycetes : Tho Fungi lmparfectl

There 1s onl al end ve otatrve phase known so lhoso are commonly regarded a Im vrfed fu
It 1s also possible thal the asexual and vegotat vo stAge ave eon g,von one name (al"ld placad ul"lder
deuteromycetes) and the sexual stage another (and placed under another class)
By the estabhshment of linkages, the perfect stage (or sexual form) discovered tn these tung,, rtieu.ce
m~~ul of deuteromv cetesJcu~e tes and bas1diornycetes. The deuteromycetes reproduce only
!>' asexual spores known as caoidia, The mycehum ,s septate and oched m lhese fung Some of
Jt,em are saprophytes or parasites while a large number of them are decomposers of fitter (orgarnc matter)
.filll!_.tlltlpJrl.JnineraL.cycimg.
Examples : Altemaria, Colletotnchum and Trichoderma.

After this discussion, we can easily differenllate between various classes of fungi.

Features Phycomycetts Alcomycete1 BalldlomycetN

1. Myceltum Septate, branched Septate, branched Septate, branched
Aseptate/coenocyt1c
2. Asexual spore Zoospore (Planospore)/ Conidia Generally absent Conidia
Sporangiospore
(Aplanospore)
3. Sexual spore Zygospore/Oospore Ascospore Basidiospore Absent
4 Fruiting bodies Absent Ascocarp Basidiocarp Absent

Example 8 : Name the asexual reproductive bodies of Deuteromycetes.

Solution : Conidia.

Try Yourself

MYCORRHIZA (FUNGAL ROOTS)

The mutual beMflrial or symbiotic asaocjation pf afungus with roots of htgher plants (gEnospenns and
angiosperms) represents mycorrhlza.

1. for .
2, supply 2 ' "