be hewasRoute n the xghem

(9.1,403

Transpiration Xylem structure and low pressure

·
It's the inevitable
consequence of
gas exchange in the leaf The cohesive property of water and the ·

Vessels are made

by files of cells which are non-living

The CO2 and structure transport During flowering

exchange of oxygen musto ccur in order to of the xylem vessels allow the cell wall material,
· ·

in some areas some

maintain
photosynthesis under tension plasma membranes, andcells b reakdown
content

The loss of water vapour from the leaves andstems of plants

·

Xylem vessels are

long continuous tubes These will be
non-living xylem cells

is called transpiration ·Walls are thickened and are

impregnatedwith a The water flow is a passive process and the pressure

·Plants lignin (compared

minimize water loss through the stomata
using guard cells
polymer called within the vessels is much lower to the atmospheric onel

·Guard cells are found in pairs and control the aperture the
of
·

Lignin strengthens the walls in order to withstand low ·

The
rigid structure prevents the vessels from collapsing

stoma. They can adjustfrom wide open to fullyclosed pressures Without

collapsing

Cohesion ·
P.n.c.partial negative charge Adhesion Polarity
·
Water molecules are polar ·
Attraction of H20 to hydrophilic parts of Chem book
·P.n.c of
oxygen in one H20 molecule attracts the Hatom the cell wall in the xylem Polarityof water

in a
neighbouring H2O molecule
·

Negative charge on the

oxygen atom

Due to the between the molecules, H20 Attracts the

connections
hydrogen atom
·

in a
neighbouring
is pulled up by the xylem in a continuous stream water molecule

Tension in leaf
cell wall and transpiration stream Active transportofminerals in the roots

The adhesive property of water evaporation generate Active uptake mineral the roots absorption Active transportestablishes the concentration
and of lons in causes
gradients
tension forces leaf by the pump proteins the plasma membrane of
in cell walls of water
by osmosis
using in

· Water evaporation:water drawn from the nearestavailable ·H20 is absorbed into the rootc ells
by osmosis the rootc ell

supply to replace its lost(adhesion=> supply:

xylem vessels ·Solute concentration is
greater in the root cells than in the water
·

Differentpumps for each c on

exist needed
by the plant
·

Adhesion further reduces the pressure In the xylem by pulling the soil ·Mineral absorbed
in lons can onlybe
by active transportif
·Most solutes both in the roots andin the soil are mineral cons contacti s made with a specific pump protein.

·Concentration in the roots is loox or more than in the soil

Mutualistic Relationshipfor ion transport

·Some cons move slowly
through the soil as
they bind
Replacing losses from transpiration
to the surface of soil particles
·

Plants transport water from roots to leaves 1) Water moves from the soil to the roots

Plants therefore fungus to replace losses from transpiration by (olve to active transporto fmineral cons)
develop
a which
grows on the
.
osmosis

surface of the roots times also inside the cells ·Water 2 Water the xylem through (apoplast
leaving through
andsome the stomata due to now into cell walls
goes
The thread like hyphae of the
fungus grows
into transpiration Is replaced by water in the xylem and cytoplasm symplast

the soil particles and absorb mineral cons from 3) Water is now transportedup the stem
by the pull

the surface of soil particles of transpiration and

by forces of adhesion and cohesion

·
Plants can now
grow in mineral-deficients oils
 c.C companion cell
-
=

Phloem a.2 - a.t=active transport

·The phloem transports organic compounds Sieve calls

throughoutthe plant
·

Specializedcells which are alive

·

Rigol butelastic walls allow the necessary

·
Tissue found throughoutthe whole plant ·

Reduced quantities of cytoplasm pressure for the flow in the sieve tubes

·
Made bysieve tubes which are composed and no nucleus
·
Accumulation of sucrose in the sieve tube requiers
bysieve cells->devided by sieve plates Allows the cell to store more water active transportproteins or
enzyme activityin

Phloem must be able to transportbiochemicals

·

Separated by sieve plates companion cells to produce oligosaccharias

either
way as sources can become sink (viceversal Have pores for flow of water) ·

Closely associated with companion cells

Companion cells

Perform many of the

genetic and ·
Plasmodesmata connects the companion cell cytoplasm

metabolic functions of sieve cells with the sieve cells

·Abundance in mitochondrion is used > Larger diameter than in other parts of the plant

to support active transporto f sucrose

Infolding the
of plasma membrane increases the

phloem loading by the

capacity apoplastic route

Traslocation occurs from sources to sinks

·
Translocation:process where the nutrients (organic soluts) are

transported to the various tissues and parts of the plant (sinks

Forhowe Integral proteins
sucrose and aminoaciols /products of photosynthesis) W
Edges the
of phloem are relativelyelastic water will be used
Derives from glucose water
and will
go or down
up
to transports ucrose
to the sinks

Sources:where sucrose andamino-aciols are loadedinto separation

c ells
of
sucrose pumped in sieve cells

-> area
higher
of
-
sucrose concentration

the phloem and where they are produced

Sinks:parts of the plantwhich need sucrose and

amino-acidls and where are unloaded

they

E.C Companion cell

=

Phloem loading Apoplast rorte Figure 3

·Active transport is used to load
organic compounds
· Sucrose travels through cell walls from mesophyll cells Active transport:sucrose concentration gradient

phloem att h to cell walls of Iactively c.c=)ATP

into sieve tubes source companion cells trans. outo fthe
energy source

Plants differ ·In transportCo-transportproteins make H build up flow down

way they bring sugars sieve cells have sucrose
·
in the some cases

into the phloem proteins activelytransportthe

that
sugar in

Symplastic route
·

Sucrose travels between cells through plasmodesmata

·Once sucrose
gets to the c.c its converted to
oligosaccharide
to maintain the sucrose concentration
gradients

Oligosaccharides:type of carbohydrate chain made by 3

to 10 simple Sugars /monosaccharides

 Water Pressure
·

Incompressibility of water allows transport by When the is

sink reached, sucrose is with drawn

hydrostatic pressure gradients in order to be used as

energy source or converted

·
Sucrose build-upandother carbohydrates draws to Starch

water into the c.C byosmosis

·
Loss solute=
of less osmotic pressure >Water is drawn

H20 will flow from high to low pressure areas backinto the xylem stream

Growth in plants a.3

Meristems Apical Growth

·
Tissues consisting of undifferentiatedcells capable ofindetermined growth cambium:
layer actively dividing
of cells found between
·

Repeatedcell division and cell enlargement

Indetermined growth cells continue to divide the
xylem andthe phloem
Growth by section=> nodes andinternodes
·

occurs
=

Totiponency:genetic potential a plantc ell to

of produce the entire plant An auxillary bud is leftb ehind

·
Meristematic tissue allows plants to
regrow structures or form a new plant Initiallyinactive =>new shootcreated= >hormonal inhibitor

a.M=apical merister
Young leaves which appear removed=> bud starts becoming a leaf, flower, branching shoots

A pical meristem Lateral Chemical influences have a determining which specialized tissue
meristem as small bumps big role in

Found on the shoot and tips

root Found on the cambium rise to vascular bunolle arises from unspecialized tissues

Responsible for primary growth ·

Secondary growth activate onlyif the a.m is

damaged
Lengthening t he plant
of
Widening thickening rise to epidermis

Produce leafs and flowers ·

Produce bark rise to pith

Cytokinins and Gibberellins

Hormones in plantgrowth AUxInS a.m:apical meristem
·

Cytokinins are hormones producedin the

Hormones releasedin the shoot apex >control formation and

growth of Initiate rootgrowth ·

Axillary buos are found at

the bottom roots which promote axillary buols
growth

Influence fruita ndleaf developement leaves Ratio

nodes and Stem t he
cytokinins:auxins determine whether
·
·
of

Main (indole - 3 acetic acid, IAA) Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA):mostabundant Regions of meristem left atthe node
group for shoot growth:Auxins
root the
axillary bud will develope
·
· ·

auxin

Controls growth t he shootapex as the merister

Gibberlins hormones which contribute
·

of
grows are

Promotes stem
elongation Apical dominance:nodes inhibited by to stem
elongation
PlantTropism High concentrations inhibit
growth auxins producedin the shoot

Response to the environment Synthesized in the shoot a.m and transported down the Stem

Direction ofplant determined Stimulates growth

growth by lightandgravity
·

is

Stems grow towards the source of light

3
·

) phototropism
Tropisms Auxins andgene expression
·
If no
lightis presentthey grow upwards, opposite gravity of
PIN3 Proteins
. Gravitropism ·

Absorption light (specific wavelength) through phototropins(proteins)

of foundin the plasma membrane of cells in the stem

=>Conformation
change >bind to receptors which control the transcription Pump out andtransport auxins

Intracellular pumps l Move

3
establishmento fconcentration gradients from the
light => accumulation
·

S pecific source
away
of
of
genes

Code for PIN3

Higher light intensity (glycoproteins) of auxin the shaded part (stem) => allongation of the Unbalance
·

sensed on one sidle=>auxins transported proteins in

laterally opposite to the light Nauxin concentration

source= shaded part > Stem will bend towards the Sun

causing greater growth on thats ide >Stem

growing towards the sun
Micropropagation ascauxins and
cytokinins
·

Ifbalanced the stem

grows vertically
In vitro For
procedure to produce large quantities i dentical plants
bulking
·

of

Dependento n the totiponcy of planttissue ·

Creation v irus-free
of strains

Explants:planttissue cut in small pieces and Sterilized

·

Propagation of orchiols
placedin
growth media containing hormones
=
proportion of aD =) formation ofa n undifferentiatedmass callus

a:) 10 1 =)
=
ratio 10 1 (rootmedia
=) rootdevelopement

See better for grantropism a:<0 1 =) ratio inferior to 10 1 =) developementshoot media

Shoot
:
:
:
:
 Reproduction in plants a

Flowering Photoperiods and Flowering

·

Involves a change in
gene expression in the shoot apex
·

Flowering is a response to the length lightanddarkperiods

of
·

Pr binds to receptor proteins

·Switch between the

vegetative phase andthe reproductive phase Flowering needed for sexual reproduction by pollination, fertilization In
long day plants by the end
·

t he shortnightthere
·

is of is

·Flowers allow sexual reproduction and Seed dispersal enough Pfr which then binds to the receptors

Trigger for the activation of

genes responsible for flowering mainly is
·

Length of darkness are the needed ones for flowering Then

promoting
the transcription of
genes
for flowering

the
daylightperiod /photoperiods) Phytochrome:pigmentreceptor nightlength In
short-day plants flowering inhibited
·

which
·

measures is

Switches between PR and PFR= two forms of phytochrome

Short day plants

Long day plants Pr:inactive form which converts into r when red
light(660nm) is absorbed

·Dark periods critical night. Short Predominantduring the nightas Pr is

night:flowering reverted
during the night

length flowering
=

Pr:active form which is broken into Pr when far red

light(725nml Is absorbed

Converted Pr absence of
into in
light
·

Light has a role in the production either inhibitors

of or activators Predominantduring the day as
sunlighthas much red light(660nm)

of
genes
whom control
flowering
Pollinators andflowers
·

Flowers and pollinators have a mutualistic relationship for sexual reproduction

Flowering plants ofseason

out
·
Sexual reproduction:transfer of
pollen from the stamen stigma another plant
of

Inducing shortday plants to flower outof season

by ·Pollinators andwind are the main means of
transfering pollen

covering them with a blackcloth for ich to

prolong the "night" length Animals, birds, insects, bees, butterflies
·

Long-day plants can flower ofseason

out ifexposed to bursts of ·Pollinators gain foodin form ofnectar and plants transfer pollen

red
light, which "re-start"the
biological clocko fthe cycle, thus
additional
providing lightin the middle t he
of
night
listen to avolio clips of the
bioknowlogy Pollination,Fertilization,Seed dispersal
presentation Success ofplantreproduction comes from these three
·

Pollination= >Fertilization Seed dispersal

·Pollination:

SeedStructee female Plant

structe

Transfer ofpollen
grains from an anther
male plantstructure

Some plants can self-pollinate as

they have both parts monoecious
=>

Embrgoroner
-

Cross-pollination:transferring pollen grains from one plantto the ovule another

of

more diversity

Fertilization:

Tube from the stigma intothe

through the style
grows ovary

Tube carries male

gametes into the to form
zygote
-

ovary a

foundin pollen the stigma

grains on

Fertalized ovule=> becomes a seed =>

ovary becomes a fruit

Flower Structure Seed dispersal

Stxle

3
Stigma Seed
~> from the parentplant
·

moving away

in↑ &flamen
*
-> Petal=> help animals find the
flower
-

Helps spread the species

94 ~no ->
anther -

competition for resources between the parentplanta ndthe

germinating seed

↑
- -

Wind, Fruits, animals, water mechanisms dispersal

88
v
of

4↳ovary
↳ t S Seed structure depends on them
(according to which the plantemploys
Petals:help animals find the flower

Filament:supports
anther]
the

stamen=> Male parto fthe flower

Anther:produces pollen

Style:trbe-shaped connection connecting stigma and ovary

Stigma:Sticky part which catches pollen

Ovary:contains the female reproductive cells
Sepal:outer covering of the flower when its still a bud