KCN Proceedings 2010

Hng dn thit k
Qui hoch xy dng khu cng nghip tp trung

Ban bin tp TT.QHXD2
Ng Minh Hng
Chu Phng Lan
o Th Lan
Nguyn Hng Dip
Xun Lm
L Thanh T
Nguyn Minh Tun

Vin Kin trc, Qui hoch th v Nng thn- Trung tm Qui hoch Xy dng 2

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K yu hi tho: Hng dn Thit k Qui hoch Xy dng
Khu Cng Nghip tp trung
H Ni, ngy 5 thng 8 nm 2010

Vin Kin trc, Qui hoch th v Nng thn, B Xy dng
S 10 Hoa L, Hai B Trng, H Ni- Vit Nam

Ch o thc hin: ThS. KTS Ng Trung Hi- Vin trng VIAP

Ban bin tp- TT.QHXD2
Ch nhim ti: TS. KTS Ng Minh Hng- G TT.QHXD2
M s: TC 35- 09
Nhm thc hin: KS. Chu Phng Lan
KTS. o Th Lan
KTS. Nguyn Hng Dip
KTS. Xun Lm
CN. L Thanh T

Thit k ba: KTS. Nguyn Minh Tun

Trung tm Qui hoch Xy dng 2, VIAP.
Tng 6- Ta nh VIAP, s 10 Hoa L- H Ni- Vit Nam
T: (+84) 4 22 210 888- 604/607; Fax: (+84) 4 39 764 339
Email: minh36osq@gmail.com

Ghi ch :
K yu hi tho ny nhm phc cng tc nghin cu ti m s TC 35- 09. Tnh chnh xc ca s liu, ni dung,
quan im v kin bnh lun do cc tc gi (c bi vit) thc hin. Ban t chc- bin tp ca TT.QHXD2 (VIAP)
ch thc hin cu trc, hiu nh bi vit theo ch . Ti liu lu hnh ni b.

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LI NI U
Trc qu trnh th ha, CNH- HH t nc, s lng cc KCN trn a bn c
nc tng nhanh. Trong khong 1/6 d n u t h tng k thut KCN l
u t trc tip nc ngoi (FDI). Din tch chim t ca cc KCN gia tng tp
trung ch yu Vng ng bng sng Hng v min ng Nam B.
Thc t cho thy, tnh hnh xy dng v vn hnh cc KCN c nhiu bt cp ny
sinh v cha m bo ng yu cu trong cc KCN c thit k. V mt kin trc,
cc loi hnh cng nghip ngy cng n gin ha cha ph hp vi b mt th
ni chung; v cha bm st c im kin trc thit k do kh nng u t xy
dng cn nhiu hn ch. V mt k thut, cc ch tiu k thut khi thit k cha ph
hp vi iu kin thc t ca tng vng, min v a phng. in hnh l tnh
trng nhim mi trng t cc KCN do cha c nhng yu cu hng dn cht
tr v gim st ngay t khi thit k v sau khi hnh thnh cc KCN.
gp phn em li hiu qu hn trong cng tc pht trin KCN tp trung, qun l
nh nc v s dng t, thit k qui hoch v xy dng, khai thc KCN th-
th nghin cu hng dn thit k qui hoch xy dng KCN tp trung cng h
thng cc vn bn php qui v trn c s c kt kinh nghim pht trin KCN trn
th gii- l c s quan trng cho cc nh qun l, nh u t, doanh nghip khi tin
hnh qui hoch, xy dng v qun l cc KCN.
c s quan tm thng xuyn v s ng ca Ban Lnh o Vin Kin trc,
Qui hoch th v Nng thn, Hi tho khoa hc c t chc ln ny: Nhm
tham vn kin cc chuyn gia u ngnh, trao i kinh nghim, trnh by
cc gii php v Hung dn thit k qui hoach xy dng Khu cng nghip
tp trung mt cch hiu qu v pht trin bn vng. K yu hi tho gm 54
trang- tp hp bi vit ca cc chuyn gia u ngnh, a lnh vc v cng nghip,
KCN tp trung- c kt cu theo ch : mi trng, qun l, m hnh CN-TTCN,
thit k qui hoch, kin trc- cnh quan v h tng k thut KCN tp trung.
Nhn dp ny, nhm nghin cu ti chn thnh cm n Lnh o Vin (VIAP),
V Khoa hc- Cng ngh (BXD), cc n v, tc gi gi bi tham lun, cc chuyn
gia ng gp kin qu bu cun K yu, chng trnh Hi tho c phong
ph v ni dung- hnh thc v kt qu ti sm i vo thc tin. Chng ti rt
mong tip tc nhn c kin ng gp ca Qu v i biu, bn c cho ni dung
D tho- hng dn thit k QHXD KCN tp trung.

H Ni, ngy 5 thng 8 nm 2010
TM. Ban bin tp

Ch nhim ti TC 35- 09

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MC LC

TT Ni dung Trang

A Hin trng mi trng khu cng nghip Vit Nam 5
TS. Hong Dng Tng
1 t vn
2 Hin trng nhim mi trng KCN
3 Tc hi ca nhim mi trng KCN
4 Thc trng bo v mi trng KCN
5 Gii php bo v mi trng KCN

B nh gi tng quan v cng tc lp qui hoch KCN Vit
Nam
11
TS. KTS Nguyn Xun Hinh
I Cc khi nim v phn loi KCN
II Thc trng cng tc lp qui hoch cc KCN ti Vit Nam
III Kt lun

C Thit k kin trc cnh quan KCN tp trung 31
PGS. TS. KTS Nguyn Nam

D M hnh qui hoch cng nghip- tiu th cng nghip hng
ti pht trin bn vng
36
TS. KTS Ng Minh Hng
1 Bi cnh chung
2 Cm cng nghip- tiu th cng nghip thnh ph Thi Nguyn

E Qui hoch xy dng v thit k h tng k thut KCN tp
trung ti Vit Nam
43
TS. KSC Nguyn Vn Hng
I Nhng tn ti trong cng tc QHXD v thit k h thng thot
nc v x l nc thi

II xut cc gii php qui hoch, thit k h thng thot nc v
x l nc thi

III Mt s xut v c ch qun l vn hnh h thng h tng k
thut thch hp

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HIN TRNG MI TRNG KHU CNG NGHIP VIT NAM

TS. Hong Dng Tng
Trung tm Quan trc- Tng Cc Mi Trng

1. t vn
Thi gian qua, cng vi s pht trin mnh m ca t nc, cc KCN hin
ng vai tr khng nh trong s tng trng ca ngnh cng nghip. Tnh
n ht thng 10 nm 2009, ton quc c 223 KCN c thnh lp, trong
, 171 KCN i vo hot ng, vi tng din tch t gn 57.300 ha. Cc
KCN c nhiu ng gp quan trng trong chuyn dch c cu, pht trin
kinh t v gp phn nng cao cht lng cuc sng ngi dn. Trong nm
2008, cc KCN to gi tr sn xut cng nghip t hn 33 t USD (chim
38% GDP c nc), xut khu t trn 16 t USD (chim gn 26% tng gi
tr xut khu c nc) v to cng n vic lm cho gn 1,2 triu lao ng.
Tuy nhin, vi c th l ni tp trung cc c s cng nghip a ngnh a
lnh vc, cc KCN c nguy c pht thi mt lng ln cc cht gy nhim
ra mi trng nu cng tc BVMT khng c qun trit v thc thi nghim
tc. Thc t nc ta cho thy, s pht trin ca cc KCN to sc p
khng nh i vi mi trng, nh hng n sc khe, cuc sng ca
cng ng xung quanh v tc ng xu ln h sinh thi nng nghip v thy
sinh.
2. Hin trng nhim mi trng KCN
Vn nhim mi trng ni cm nht hin nay i vi cc KCN Vit
Nam l nc thi sn xut khng qua x l x thng ra mi trng. T l cc
KCN c trm x l nc thi tp trung nc ta ch t khong 43%, trong
rt nhiu cc KCN i vo hot ng m hon ton cha trin khai xy
dng hng mc ny hoc khng vn hnh h thng ny. Nhiu KCN c h
thng x l nc thi nhng t l u ni ca cc doanh nghip trong KCN
cn thp. Theo nh gi s b, ch 50% cc h thng x l nc thi tp
trung hin nay l t tiu chun.

43,9%
43,3%
12,9%
KCN c H thng x l nc thi
hot ng
KCN c H thng x l nc thi
ang xy dng
KCN cha xy dng h thng x
l nc thi tp trung

Hnh 1. T l xy dng v vn hnh
h thng x l nc thi tp trung
ti cc KCN i vo hot ng ti
thi im thng 10/2009 (Ngun:
B KH&T, TCMT tng hp, 2009)

Hin trng mi trng khu cng nghip Vit Nam

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Khong 70% trong s hn 1 triu m
3
nc thi/ngy t cc KCN x thng ra
cc ngun tip nhn khng qua x l gy nhim mi trng nc mt.
Nc thi ny c c trng l thnh phn rt a dng, ch yu l cc cht l
lng, cht hu c, du m v cn cha mt s kim loi nng nguy hi e
do cht lng mi trng.
Bng c tnh tng lng nc thi v thi lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi
t cc KCN thuc cc tnh ca 4 vng KTT ca Vit Nam nm 2009
TT Khu vc
Lng
nc
thi
(m
3
/ngy)
Tng lng cc cht nhim (kg/ngy)
TSS BOD COD
Tng
N
Tng
P
1 Vng KTT Bc B 155.055 34.112 21.243 49.463 8.993 12.404
2
Vng KTT min
Trung 58.808 12.937 8.057 18.760 3.411 4.705
3 Vng KTT pha Nam 413.400 90.948 56.636 131.875 23.977 33.072
4
Vng KTT vng
BSCL 13.700 3.014 1.877 4.370 795 1.096
Tng cng 640.963 141.012 87.812 204.467 37.176 51.277
* Ngun: Trung tm Cng ngh Mi trng (ENTEC) (5/2009).
Kt qu phn tch mu nc thi t cc KCN cho thy, cc thng s nhim
u cao, c bit vi cc KCN cha c h thng x l nc thi tp trung th
cc thng s ny u vt QCVN, c ni vt n hng chc hoc hng
trm ln.

Thc t theo di cht lng nc mt ti nhng vng chu tc ng ca
ngun thi t cc KCN cho thy, ti hu ht cc khu vc quan trc cht
lng mi trng suy thoi ng k. c bit ti 3 lu vc sng ln l
ng Nai, Cu v Nhu - y, nhng khu vc chu tc ng ca nc thi
KCN c cht lng nc sng b suy gim mnh, nhiu ch tiu nhim nh
BOD
5
, COD, NH
4
+
, tng N, tng P u cao hn QCVN nhiu ln.
Bn cnh , kh thi v cht thi rn t cc KCN cng c nguy c gy
nhim mi trng ng k, tuy nhin mc nhim cha nghim trng
nh i vi vn nhim nc.
nhim khng kh cc KCN mang tnh cc b trong ni vi vng sn xut
do hu ht cc KCN c quy hoch tch bit khu dn c. Mc
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Ph Bi
- TTHu
Lin Chiu
- Nng
Ho Khnh
- Nng
in Nam- in Ngc
- Qung Nam
Qung Ph
- Qung Ngi
mg/l
2006
2007
2008
QCVN 24:2009(A)

Hnh 2. Hm lng cc cht l lng (SS) trong
nc thi ca mt s KCN min Trung
(Ngun: TCMT, 2009)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
DO COD BOD5 N-NH3 N-NO2
%
2006 2007 2008

Hnh 3. Tn sut s ln o cc thng s
vt TCVN ti sng ng Nai on qua
Tp. Bin Ho (Ngun: S TNMT ng
Nai, 2008)


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nhim tp trung nhiu cc KCN c, do cc nh my trong KCN s dng
cng ngh sn xut lc hu hoc cha u t h thng x l kh thi, ch
yu l nhim bi v mt s im c biu hin nhim CO, SO
2
. Cha pht
hin thy nhim ting n ti cc im quan trc gn cc KCN.

Khi lng cht thi rn t cc KCN cng c chiu hng gia tng, tp trung
nhiu nht ti vng KTT pha Nam, lng cht thi rn pht sinh chim t
trng ln ti gn 3.000 tn/ngy. Trong thnh phn cht thi rn nguy hi
chim khong 20%, t l cht thi rn c th ti ch hoc ti s dng kh
cao nhng cha c tn dng do thc trng thu gom, vn chuyn v ti s
dng cht thi rn ti cc KCN cn nhiu bt cp.

(Ngun: Vin ha hc cng nghip- B Cng thng, 2009)
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
S.ung-HNS. C L- cu
Gia Tn, HN
Sng Lch
Tray - HP
Mng thot
nc KCN
Nomura,HP
S.Sinh - QN S.Cu - BNS.Ng Huyn
kh - BN
Mng ti
KCN Tin
Sn - BN
S.St-Hi
Dng
S.C L-
P.Yn,VPhc
S.Bn-
Hng Yn
S.Nhu
Vn Phc,HN
mg/l
Nm 2005 Nm 2006 Nm 2007
Nm 2008 QCVN 08:2008 (B1) QCVN 08:2008(A1)

Hnh 4. Din bin COD trn cc sng qua cc nm (Ngun: TCMT, 2009)
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
Ni Bi
- H Ni
Bc
Thng
Long
- H Ni
Nomura
-Hi
Phng
Ci
Ln
- Qung
Ninh
Tin Sn
- Bc
Ninh
Qu V
- Bc
Ninh
Bnh
Xuyn
- Vnh
Phc
i An
- Hi
Dng
Nam
Sch
- Hi
Dng
Ph Ni
A
- Hng
Yn
Ph Bi
- TTHu
Lin
Chiu
-
Nng
Ho
Khnh
-
Nng
in
Nam-
in
Ngc
- Qung
Nam
Qung
Ph
- Qung
Ngi
Ph Ti
- Bnh
nh
mg/m3
2006
2007
2008
QCVN 05:2009 (TB nm)

Hnh 5. Hm lng bi l lng trong khng kh xung quanh mt s KCN t nm 2006- 2008
Tn/nm
0
500.000
1.000.000
1.500.000
2.000.000
2.500.000
1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008

Hnh 6. Khi lng cht thi rn pht sinh ti
cc KCN
Tn/nm
0
100.000
200.000
300.000
400.000
500.000
1995 2000 2005 2006 2007 2008

Hnh 7. Khi lng cht thi nguy hi pht
sinh ti cc KCN

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3. Tc hi ca nhim mi trng KCN
Nc thi sn xut khng qua x l x thi trc tip vo mi trng lm
tc ng n cc ng thc vt thy sinh, gy thit hi ng k ti hot
ng sn xut nng nghip v nui trng thu sn ca cc khu vc ln cn.
Ti KCN Ph Ni A, Hng Yn, n nm 2009 c 77% din tch c lp
y v i vo hot ng nhng vic x l nc thi vn b xem nh. Cng
sut ca h thng x l nc thi tp trung (xy dng t nm 2008) khng
p ng c nhu cu thc t, mt s doanh nghip trong KCN cha u
ni h thng nc thi vi nh my x l m x nc thi trc tip ra mi
trng, gy nhim nng cc dng sng, trong chu nh hng nhiu
nht l sng Bn v sng Bc Hng Hi. Theo nh gi, ngun nc trn
hai dng sng ny v h thng knh mng, sng h trong khu vc khng
t tiu chun B1 (QCVN 08:2008), khng cn kh nng ti tiu cho nng
nghip. Hng chc knh mng bin thnh dng nc cht, bc mi hi
tanh kh chu. Nc chy n u, c tm cht ni n , cy trng cng
ho r. Trn a bn Vn Lm, M Ho do h thng thu li b nhim
khng th ti tiu phc v sn xut, hng chc ha t canh tc phi b
hoang (Ngun: Din n cc nh bo mi trng Vit Nam, 01/11/2009).
Mt khc, nhim mi trng ny lm gia tng gnh nng bnh tt, gia
tng t l ngi mc bnh ang lao ng ti chnh KCN v cng ng dn
c sng gn , t gy ra tn tht kinh t cho khm cha bnh v cc
thit hi thu nhp do b bnh. Thit hi kinh t trung bnh cho mi ngi dn
trong mt nm vng chu tc ng ca cc nh my (phng Th Sn)
cao gp 3,5 ln so vi vng khng chu tc ng (phng Gia Cm).

Tuy nhin, cc s liu iu tra hin nay cn hn ch, cc nghin cu cng
cha y nn cha th hin c cc tc hi ca nhim do hot ng
KCN mt cch r rng v ring bit. y l hn ch ln cn tr hot ng
qun l v bo v mi trng KCN.
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Chi ph khm cha
bnh
Thit hi thu nhp Tng thit hi
1000/ngi.nm
Th Sn
Gia Cm

Hnh 8. Thit hi kinh t do bnh tt ca phng Th Sn v Gia Cm (Tp. Vit Tr)
(Ngun: Chng trnh iu tra, nh gi tc ng sc khe)


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4. Thc trng bo v mi trng KCN
Hin nay, Vit Nam c cc chnh sch pht trin cng nghip gn lin vi
BVMT v cc vn bn c lin quan v qun l mi trng KCN; c s
phn cp qun l nh nc v BVMT KCN; mt s a phng trin khai
quy hoch KCN ng b; p dng cng c kinh t thng qua hnh thc thu
ph mi trng i vi nc thi, cht thi rn; t chc vic thanh tra, kim
tra, gim st cht lng mi trng KCN.
Mt s chnh sch v h thng vn bn quy phm php lut v qun l mi
trng i vi KCN c ban hnh nh: Lut BVMT 2005 (iu 36.
BVMT i vi khu sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v tp trung); Ngh nh s
29/2008/N-CP ngy 14/3/2008 ca Chnh ph quy nh v thnh lp, hot
ng, chnh sch v qun l nh nc i vi KCN, khu ch xut v khu
kinh t; Thng t 08/2009/TT-BTNMT ngy 15/7/2009 ca B TN&MT quy
nh qun l v BVMT khu kinh t; khu cng ngh cao, khu cng ngh v khu
ch xut,...
Theo Lut BVMT v cc Ngh nh hng dn thi hnh lut, h thng qun l
mi trng KCN c hnh thnh, trong quy nh r trch nhim cc
B ngnh v t chc lin quan cng nh nhn mnh vai tr v trch nhim,
quyn hn ca Ban qun l cc KCN.
Tuy nhin, h thng qun l nh nc i vi cc khu cng nghip cn
nhiu bt cp. Cc vn bn quy phm php lut v lnh vc BVMT KCN cn
cha y ; vic phn cp trch nhim i vi cc n v c lin quan
trong bo v mi trng KCN cha r rng, chc nng ca cc n v tham
gia qun l cn chng cho; tuy c quy hoch pht trin KCN nhng cha
thng nht, thiu khoa hc; vic trin khai cc cng c qun l cha thc s
hiu qu; ngun nhn lc cho cng tc Bo v mi trng KCN cn yu
cha p ng nhu cu thc t.
Vic gim st cng tc BVMT i vi cc KCN phn no b bung lng. Tnh
trng cc KCN vi phm cc cam kt BVMT, x thi cc cht nhim mi
trng din ra ph bin. Cc hnh th x pht cc n v gy nhim cn
nh, cha c tnh rn e v ngn chn xu hng tip din cc hnh vi hu
hoi mi trng.
5. Gii php bo v mi trng KCN
khc phc nhng bt cp v kh khn thch thc trn, cc gii php
qun l v bo v mi trng cn c thc hin ng b v kin quyt,
ng thi cn c s phi hp gia cc c quan qun l mi trng t cp
trung ng n a phng v s tham gia ng gp kin v s ng
thun ca chnh cc KCN v doanh nghip trong KCN. Cc gii php u tin
trc mt gm:
- R sot, iu chnh, b sung cc vn bn chnh sch, php lut, bao gm
c vic sa i mt s iu ca Lut BVMT v cc vn bn hng dn, nht

- 10 -
l vn v phn cp qun l mi trng cc KCN theo hng t chc
qun l tp trung v cng tc t chc thanh tra mi trng lin quan;
- Khn trng hon tt cng tc u quyn qun l mi trng cho BQL cc
KCN theo quy nh; cc BQL cc KCN cn nhanh chng thnh lp n v
chuyn trch v mi trng v to iu kin thun li t chc ny hot
ng;
- Thc hin ng b vic quy hoch KCN gn vi quy hoch tng th pht
trin KT-XH v BVMT, trc mt b sung vic nh gi mi trng chin
lc i vi quy hoch pht trin cc KCN;
- Tng cng thc thi php lut v BVMT KCN, ch trng cng tc thanh tra,
kim tra, gim st cht lng mi trng KCN, t chc cng b thng tin v
mi trng KCN theo quy nh q

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NH GI TNG QUAN V CNG TC LP QUI HOCH
KHU CNG NGHIP VIT NAM

TS. KTS. Nguyn Xun Hinh
Khoa Qui hoch Th- Nng Thn, i hc Kin trc H Ni

I. Cc khi nim v phn loi khu cng nghip (KCN)
1.1. Khu cng nghip
Khu cng nghip l khu chuyn sn xut hng cng nghip & thc hin cc
dch v cho sn xut cng nghip, c ranh gii a l xc nh (N 29). Cc
KCN c thnh lp v qun l theo mt quy ch ring.
Trong KCN s bao gm cc doanh nghip sn xut l cc x nghip cng
nghip (XNCN) & cc doanh nghip phc v - dch v cho sn xut. Trong
KCN c th c khu ch xut, khu k thut cao. Trong nhng trng hp c
th KCN c th c khu dch v & nh ... Cc doanh nghip trong KCN cng
s dng chung h thng k thut h tng v h tng x hi.
Trong khi nim ny khng bao gm; khu Kinh t, khu Cng ngh cao, K
thut cao, khu ch xut & mt s m hnh nh: KCN a phng, KCN lng
ngh, khu tiu th cng nghip, khu SX nng nghip (nng, lm, ng
nghip),
1.2. Mt s khi nim khc lin quan
Cho n nay, cha c quy nh no v cc khi nim sau, tuy nhin t thc
tin c th rt ra mt s khi nim:
a. Cm cng nghip: thun li trong vn hnh sn xut, qun l t
c hiu qu cao, KCN c th phn thnh nhiu "cm" hay nhm XNCN
c tnh cht gn ging nhau v cng ngh, d hp tc sn xut, cp v
sinh, s l mi trng, vn ti hng ho, quy m x nghip cng nghip,
v.v... thun li cho cng tc qun l quy hoch xy dng v bo v mi
trng.
b. L x nghip: Mi mt x nghip cng nghip (Doanh nghip) trong KCN
u cn mt din tch t ai c th, mi n v din tch ny ta gi l "l" t
x nghip cng nghip (M un n v trong quy hoch). C nhiu l XNCN
trong mt cm cng nghip .
c. H thng ha tng k thut (hoc "Kt cu h tng" KCN): l cc cng
trnh k thut san nn, ng giao thng, sn bi, cung cp in, cung cp
nh gi tng quan v cng tc lp qui hoch KCN Vit Nam

- 12 -
nc sch, thot nc, s l cht thi v cung cp cc ngun nng lng
khc.
d. H thng ha tng x hi: l h thng cc cng trnh m bo cho cng
nhn KCN v ni , ngh ngi, dch v, thng mi, y t , o to, vn ho,
th thao, gii tr, ...
e. Quy hoach vng cng nghip: l xc nh phng hng pht trin v
s phn b mng li cng nghip trong vng. Xc nh cc ngun nguyn
liu v cung cp nng lng cho cc KCN, nhm b tr hp l v tr cc KCN
vi vic phn b lc lng sn xut, giao thng vn ti nng cao hiu
qu kinh t khai thc cng nghip trong ton vng. Quy hoch vng cng
nghip c tc dng quyt nh ti s hnh thnh v pht trin h thng dn
c th tng lai ca vng.
f. Quy hoach jnh hung pht trin cc KCN: l xc nh c s lng,
a im, quy m, c cu sn xut, b tr cc KCN trn mt khng gian vng
rng ln (thuc tnh, thnh ph hoc lin tnh,...) ph hp vi mc tiu pht
trin kinh t - x hi ca vng.
g. Quy hoach chung xy dng KCN (QHC): i vi KCN hnh thnh c
lp nh mt yu t to th th cn phi lp quy hoch chung xy dng KCN.
Quy hoch chung KCN nhm xc nh tnh cht, c cu ca KCN, xc lp
mi quan h hp l gia KCN v dn c; khu , khu ngh ngi, cc cng
trnh phc v cng cng, khu k thut v m bo bo v mi trng sinh
thi, v.v...
h. Quy hoach chi tit KCN (QHCT): i vi KCN c xc nh trong c
cu QHC th th tin hnh lp n QHCT KCN nhm; T chc phn khu
chc nng s dng t, phn l nh my x nghip, nh hng kin trc
cnh quan, t chc hp l h thng giao thng, mng kt cu h tng v bo
v mi trng trong KCN, phc v cho cng tc lp d n v thit k xy
dng mng h tng k thut KCN.
1.3. Phn loi khu cng nghip
Vic phn loi KCN theo nhiu cch khc nhau: theo Tnh cht ngnh ngh,
quy m din tch, iu kin hnh thnh, theo cp v sinh & c im qun
l v..v... cc KCN hin nay c mt s loi c bn nh sau.
1.3.1. Theo cc tnh cht ngnh ngh
Khu cng nghip chuyn ngnh: l KCN c hnh thnh t cc x nghip
cng nghip cng mt ngnh hoc mt s t ngnh cng nghip khc nhau
cng sn xut ra mt s loi sn phm. KCN chuyn ngnh c hnh thnh
vi mt vi ngnh ch o nh sau; ho cht - ho du, in t - tin hc, vt
liu xy dng, ch to v lp rp c kh.

- 13 -
Khu cng nghip a ngnh: l mt KCN bao gm nhiu x nghip cng
nghip thuc nhiu ngnh cng nghip khc nhau, c c tnh sn xut khc
nhau nhng khng gy nh hng xu ln nhau. KCN a ngnh cho php
tho mn c ton b cc yu cu v lnh th cho sn xut cng nghip. Khi
quy hoch KCN a ngnh cn phn nhm (hay cm) cc ngnh cng nghip
gn ging nhau thun li cho pht trin.
1.3.2. Theo quy m din tch
- Khu cng nghip nh: quy m di 50 ha- 100ha.
- Khu cng nghip trung bnh: quy m t 100 ha- 250 ha (n 10.000
lao ng).
- Khu cng nghip ln: quy m t 250 n 500 ha (n 21.000 lao
ng).
- Khu cng nghip rt ln: quy m trn 500 ha (T hp KCN tng
ng th loi IV).
1.3.3. Theo cc iu kin hnh thnh
a. Loi KCN (1) thnh lp mi; theo ngh nh 29 (36)/CP ca Chnh ph v
quy ch KCN, khu ch xut, khu cng ngh cao.
b. Loi KCN (2) thnh lp trn c s ci to nng cp mt s doanh nghip
c thnh lp t trc; kim sot v hn ch nhim mi trng ti
cc th c.
c. Loi KCN di di tp trung; hnh thnh nhm b tr tp trung cc doanh
nghip nm ri rc nhiu ni v mt khu theo quy hoch, KCN c quy m
din tch nh n va; 15ha- 50 ha.
1.3.4.Theo cp v sinh
- Khu cng nghip sch (khng gy nhim mi trng).
- Khu cng nghip c bit (nguy him v mi trng hoc vn
khc).
- Khu cng nghip trung bnh.
1.3.5. Theo c im qun l
- Khu cng nghip tp trung.
- Khu cng ngh cao, k thut cao.
- Khu ch xut (theo cc khi nim phn trn)....

- 14 -
II. Thc trng cng tc lp quy hoch cc KCN ti Vit Nam
2.1. Khi qut tnh hnh pht trin cc KCN

Nh vy, tnh n ht nm 2008 c nc c 219 KCN v KCX vi tng
din tch ln ti 61.472ha.
Nm 1991 mi c 1 khu vi din tch l 300 ha, cc KCN v KCX c tng
mnh theo cc nm, nm sau cao hn nm trc. n nm 2005 s lng
cc KCN v KCX tng ln 130 khu vi tng din tch l 26.971 ha. c
bit giai on 2005 n 2008 c s tng t bin (t 130 khu nm 2005 tng
ln 219 khu nm 2008 a tng din tch cc KCN v KCX ln thnh 61.472
ha).
Bng 1. S lng v qui m KCN, KCX theo vng kinh t (cui nm 2008)
TT Vng kinh t S lng (khu) Din tch (ha)
1 ng bng sng Hng 49 12.722
2 ng Bc, Ty Bc 19 3.108
3 Bc Trung B 9 1.063
4 Duyn Hi Trung B 11 3.319
5 Ty Nguyn 4 782
6 ng Nam B 89 32.756
7 ng bng sng Cu Long 38 7.626
* Tng cng (c nc) 219 61.472
- V thu ht u t:
Tnh ring nm 2008, trn a bn c nc thu ht c 7152 d n (vi
3.564 d n FDI vi tng s vn 42.667 t USD; 3588 d n trong nc vi
tng s vn 14.8 t USD) hot ng sn xut kinh doanh trong cc khu cng
nghip c th tng Chnh ph cho php thnh lp trong c nc.
- n nay hu ht cc d n i vo hot ng sn xut kinh doanh, c
2250 D n FDI i vo hot ng vi s vn l 16,2 t USD; 2258 D n
trong nc i vo hot ng vi s vn l 7,2 t USD.

1
12
65
130
183
219
300
2370
11830
26971
43687
61472
0
50
100
150
200
250
1991 1995 2000 2005 2007 2008
Year
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
Number of IPs Size (ha)


- 15 -
T l lp y cc KCN, KCX c nc khong 46% cc KCN i vo hot
ng 64%.
- To vic lm v thu ht lao ng:
Cc khu cng nghip v khu ch xut trn a bn c nc to vic lm
cho 1.243.000 lao ng, tng khong 19% so vi nm 2007. S lao ng
ny ch yu tp trung ti mt s a phng trong cc vng kinh t trng
im pha Nam (64,5% lao ng trong cc KCN ca c nc); vng ng
bng sng Hng (19,2% lao ng trong cc KCN ca c nc), Cc khu
cng nghip v khu ch xut khng nhng thu ht lao ng ti a phng
m cn thu ht lao ng t nhiu a phng khc. y l xu th chung ca
nhng vng c tc th ha nhanh v c cng nghip pht trin.
- ng gp vo sn xut cng nghip ca c nc:
Theo bo co ca B K hoch v u t, tng doanh thu ca cc KCN,
KCX tnh n nm 2008 l 28,9 t USD tng 29% so vi nm 2007 chim
khong 30% GDP ca c nc.
Gi tr xut khu t 14,5 t USD tng 34,3% so vi nm 2007, chim
khong 24,7% tng gi tr xut khu trong c nc (k c du th).
Np ngn sch Nh nc 1,3 t USD tng khong 30% so vi nm 2007.
2.2. Khu cng nghip Vit Nam ang u?
Khu cng nghip qua cc thi k pht trin nh sau:
- KCN thi k u: c hnh thnh ven cc th, vi nhu cu b tr cc c
s sn xut v kho tng nhm phc v cho th (khu tp trung cc c sn
xut v kho). Cc khu t c chia l cho cc cc c sn xut, kho cha
hng ho. Cc KCN thi k ny t chc kin trc vi yu cu thp, t chc
mng h tng k thut n gin, tiu chun cy xanh v bo v mi trng
cha c t ra, kh nng hp tc gia cc XNCN cha c nhiu, v.v...
- KCN Thi k th hai ( khc phc mt phn nhng nhc im tn ti ca
thi k u): cc XNCN c t chc theo nhm (cm) cng trnh c th, p
dng tng ca t chc khng gian th trong vic quy hoch t hp kin
trc KCN, tng din tch cy xanh, xy dng ng b v s dng chung h
thng c s k thut h tng trn mt bng KCN, mt s cc hot ng
thng mi- dch v- phc v cho KCN hnh thnh.
- Thi k th ba (KCN c hnh thnh c nhng c im ni bt so vi
trc n) nh sau: b tr cc KCN ch yu ra vng ngoi thnh ph, quy
m din tch rng hn (TB = 150 - 200 ha), ch khai thc cc yu t v
giao thng (ng b, ng st, bn cng, sn bay,..), c s hp tc
nhiu hn gia cc XNCN trong KCN, Phn ra nhiu loi hnh KCN chuyn
ngnh- hn hp,... Vic b tr cc KCN ra vng ngoi thnh ph cng

- 16 -
xut hin cc yu cu v t chc xy dng cc khu nh , cc cng trnh
phc v cho cuc sng dn c KCN.
- KCN thi k th t (thi k khoa hc v cng ngh pht trin): cc KCN
ny mi xut hin ch yu ti cc nc pht trin v mt s ti cc nc
ang pht trin, c tn gi "High technology park" hay "sciene park " v..v...
KCN ny l mt m hnh l tng v trnh t chc cho cuc sng hin
i, m bo ng b v k thut v mi trng sinh thi tt nht cho con
ngi trong cc hot ng; hc tp, nghin cu, sn xut, n, , ngh ngi,
vui chi gii tr v..v...
* nh gi
Vi cch phn thi pht trin cho KCN nh trn chng ta d nhn bit c
cc KCN Vit Nam ph bin vo Thi k th ba (nh N 36 & 29 CP). Cc
KCN thi k th 2 vn cn tn ti tuy nhin khng cn nhiu v ang chuyn
dn ra cc vng ngoi thnh ph.
KCN thi k th t Vit Nam hin nay ang bt u pht trin (Khu cng
ngh cao Ho Lc H Ni v TP H Ch Minh), v xu hng hin nay s
pht trin nhiu trn c s l khai thc cng ngh k thut, vt liu mi v
m bo mi trng sinh thi bn vng.
2.3. Cng tc lp quy hoch xy dng KCN Vit Nam
2.3.1. Quy hoch tng th pht trin KCN
a. Phn b KCN
Quy hoch tng th pht trin KCN c Th tng Chnh ph ph
duyt, n nay hnh thnh mt mmg li KCN trn khp 3 min ca t
nc, nht l 3 Vng kinh t trng im:
- Min Bc: H Ni, Hi Phng, Qung Ninh.
- Min Trung: Hu, Nng, Qung Nam, Qung Ngi.
- Min Nam: TP H Ch Minh, Bin Ho, B Ra - Vng Tu.
hnh thnh mt mmg li KCN c tnh cht, quy m gn vi th theo
h thng tng bc. a s cc KCN u c pht trin da trn cc iu
kin thun li v v tr giao thng v c s k thut h tng.
b. Nhng tn tai trong quy hoach tng th pht trin KCN
Quy hoch pht trin KCN cha c vn hnh ng b bi rt nhiu iu
kin; kinh t, k thut, x hi, t nhin v c ch qun l, v.v... y l mt
lnh vc kt hp gia quy hoch kinh t vi quy hoch vt th, song vic
phi hp thc hin cha tt.

- 17 -
Quy hoch pht trin kinh t- x hi cha d bo v nh gi ng tim
nng pht trin cng nghip v KCN lm c s cho quy hoch pht trin
KCN mt cch kh thi.
Vic lp quy hoch vng cng nghip cng nh quy hoch tng th pht
trin cc KCN theo vng tnh v lin tnh cha y .
Cng tc chn la a im xy dng KCN cn s si, cha c nhng tiu
ch la chn ph hp vi; pht trin kinh t x hi, iu kin t nhin, k
thut, ngun nguyn liu v th trng, ku gi u t v giao lu quc t.
Cc KCN mi c thnh lp c lp cch xa th, hoc l ti cc khu vc
km pht trin l cha pht huy c hiu qu kinh t (iu ny khng nh
ch trng u tin pht trin cc KCN ti 3 Vng Kinh t trng im l hp l
trong giai on trc mt).
2.3.2. Quy hoach chung (QHC) KCN
Quy hoch chung KCN nhm xc lp mi quan h hp l gia KCN v dn
c; khu , khu ngh ngi, cc cng trnh phc v cng cng, khu k thut v
m bo bo v mi trng sinh thi, v.v... Cc KCN c lp quy hoch
chung xy dng; KCN Dung Qut vi thnh ph Vn Tng, cc KCN vi
th Bnh Dng, Tuy H, Cn Th, Vng ng v Chn My v..v...
Vic xy dng cc KCN mang li hiu qu kinh t thy r rng nhng ng
thi pht sinh hng lot vn tc ng n mi trng sng sinh hot ca
dn c th. N i hi phi gii quyt ng b gia pht trin KCN vi xy
dng h thng h tng k thut v h tng x hi (nh , y t, vn ho, gio
dc, vui choi gii tr, mi trng th, v.v...). Vic thu ht lao ng vo cc
KCN bc u to nn hin tng di dn c hc, c bit l lc lng
lao ng tr vi s lng ln t cc a phng khc m ch yu t vng
nng thn vo cc a bn c KCN; c bit l ng Nai, Bnh Dng,
thnh ph H Ch Minh to nn sc p ln v nh v cc cng trnh
phc v x hi nh trng hc, bnh vin cho ngi lao ng.
a. Nhng tn tai cn gii quyt
Trn thc t cc khu cng nghip hu nh nm ngoi th (trung bnh
khong 30km), nh vy vic tt yu hnh thnh cc khu dn c ngay k cn
KCN l hp l v cn thit. Vic hnh thnh cc khu dn c ny l m bo
cho cng nhn v cc doanh nghip KCN c li nht v kinh t, hiu qu v
x hi.
Hin nay ln cn xung quanh cc KCN T nhn xy dng v khai thc
nh theo kiu t pht quanh KCN gy tnh trng xy dng ln xn, ph v
quy hoch th ni chung. Cc khu ti khu cng nghip thnh ph H Ch
Minh, ng Nai, Bnh Dng, ... ang l mt vn gay cn, ngi lao ng
ang phi kh hnh trong mt mi trng lao ng, mi trng ti cc
KCN. Cng tc qun l an ninh trt t x hi, v sinh mi trng ti khu vc

- 18 -
ngi lao ng tp trung thu v t xy dng nh l kh khn phc tp
gy mt n nh.
Cc KCN c u t trc tip ca nc ngoi c quan tm quy hoch v
xy dng cng trnh nh v mt s dch v; KCN Si ng B, Vit Nam-
Singapore, Amata. Song vn thiu nhng cng trnh y t, gio dc, dy
ngh, vn ho v dch v khc. Cc KCN do cc doanh nghip trong nc
u t th hu nh khng c cng trnh h tng x hi.
C rt t KCN lp cc d n xy dng khu nh , trng hc, bnh vin, cc
cng trnh phc v khc cho ngi lao ng trong KCN v ngi nh ca
h. Gii quyt c vn ny c tc dng tt ti tm l lm n lu di,
ngi lao ng yn tm lm vic, m bo v v sinh mi trng, an ninh
trt t, nhm thc y thu ht u t hiu qu.
b. Nguyn nhn
C nhiu KCN hin hu khng hoc cha lp QHCXD- l t hp KCN v
khu dn c, tr nhng KCN k cn thnh ph c tha hng li th s
dng chung qu nh th v cc cng trnh h tng x hi khc ca th
phc v cho dn c KCN.
Hin nay, khi lp quy hoch v d n u t xy dng KCN Nh nc
khng quy nh bt buc phi u t d n quy hoch xy dng khu Dn c
(nh v cng trnh phc v).
Khng ng b trong cng tc pht trin KCN, vi u t xy dng cc khu
dn c, v th tc phin toi mt nhiu thi gian, phi np tin thu thu t
xy dng khu dn c t hn so vi t KCN.
Vic xy dng h thng h tng x hi KCN hin cha phn cng trch
nhim cho c quan no xy dng v qun l.
Nhn chung, cng tc quy hoch trin khai cc khu dn c KCN cn manh
mn, cc gii php quy hoch khu ln cn KCN khng c nghin cu
thc s trn mi quan h chung gia cc khu chc nng th, c bit l
mi quan h gia ni v ni lm vic ca lc lng lao ng cho cc
KCN.
2.3.3. C cu ngnh ngh trong khu cng nghip
Cc KCN c thnh lp mi mang tnh c th theo tng lnh th trn
phm vi c nc, ph hp vi th mnh ca tng vng v nhn lc, nguyn
liu, ti nguyn khong sn, th trng tiu th v..v... Cc th ln nh: H
Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh- c th mnh v ngun nhn cng tr thc v
cng nhn c tay ngh cao, hnh thnh cc KCN in- in t, KCN k
thut cao l ch yu: KCN Si ng B- H Ni, KCN Bin Ho 2- ng Nai,
KCX Tn Thun v Linh Trung- TP H Ch Minh.

- 19 -
Cc KCN gn vi cng bin: KCN Ci Ln (Qung Ninh), KCN Ph M (B
Ra- Vng Tu), KCX Tn Thun (TP H Ch Minh), KCN Nng, KCN
Dung Qut (Qung Ngi) v..v...
Hnh thnh nhiu KCN chuyn ngnh: xi mng v sau xi mng, gch ngi,
gm, s, nhm, knh,v.v.. KCN Nhn Trch 1 (ng Nai), KCN tnh Phong
(Qung Ngi) v Nghi Sn (Thanh Ho) v..v...
Hnh thnh KCN ln nh: in m Ph M (B Ra), lc du v ho du
Dung Qut (Qung Ngi).
Cc KCN chuyn ngnh ny hnh thnh mt s ngnh sn xut chnh,
lm ht nhn cho vic thc y qu trnh thu ht u t vo KCN, m hnh
ny pht huy c kh nng lin kt, hip tc trong sn xut, thun li
cho cc XNCN, mang li hiu qu cao, thun tin trong qun l u t xy
dng v bo v mi trng KCN.
Hnh thnh nhiu KCN a ngnh, khng tip nhn cc ngnh ngh nhim
ti cc KCN gn th. Cc KCN a ngnh thun li cho vic tip nhn cc
nh u t v n a dng trong ngnh ngh, ph hp cho cc th va v
nh, p ng iu kin ca cc nh u t.
c. Nhuc im tn tai
Hnh thnh qu t nhng KCN chuyn ngnh c y tin nghi phc v cho
tip nhn u t. C cu ngnh ngh, quy m KCN cha ng b vi nhu
cu pht trin kinh t trong nc v quc t.
Pht huy s quan h hp tc trong sn xut gia cc XNCN trong KCN cn
km, cc XNCN trong KCN i khi cn gy nh hng xu n qu trnh
sn xut ca nhau. Trng hp XNCN vt liu xy dng, ho cht t bn
cnh cc XNCN ch bin rau qu, hp - gy nh hng xu v v sinh
mi trng.
Ngnh ngh KCN cn n gin, cng ngh c lc hu so v th gii v khu
vc. Khng c iu kin v kinh ph u t v cc c s k thut h tng
xy dng nhiu loi hnh KCN. Kh khn trong qu trnh vn hnh, bo tr
h thng k thut h tng, qun l bo v mi trng, v.v... Lu di s gy
hu qu xu v mi trng sinh thi.
Cng ngh sn xut, nguyn liu v sn phm gia cc XNCN trong KCN
khc nhau nn lng cht thi rn, kh thi, nc thi khc nhau, v vy vic
qun l, thu gom, s l cht thi s khc nhau nn gy tn km trong qu
trnh u t v vn hnh. Cc XNCN c nhu cu v giao thng vn ti, tiu
th nng lng in, nc, nhu cu v nguyn liu, nhn cng lao ng
khc nhau, nn vic hnh thnh mt KCN p ng y cc yu t nh vy
l kh thc hin. y l mt dng ca KCN tp hp cc XNCN vo mt khu
vc sn xut c dng chung h thng k thut h tng.

- 20 -
Trnh sn xut cng nghip ca Vit Nam cn thp, nhu cu v iu kin
pht trin cc cng ngh cao cn kh khn. Kh ch ng trong vic t chc
v nh hng pht trin ngnh ngh, trn thc t khng din ra nh nh
hng quy hoch.
2.3.4. Quy m din tch khu cng nghip
a. Quy m din tch KCN
+ Loi nh < 50 n 100 ha: 13 % .
+ Loi TB > 100 n 200 ha: 19 % .
+ Loi ln > 200 ha: 21 %.
Quy m din tch KCN ln nht khong 1000 ha (KCN Ph M I ti B Ra -
Vng Tu, din tch 954,4ha), KCN c quy m nh nht < 50 ha (KCN Bnh
Chiu ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, din tch 28ha).
Din tch bnh qun KCN l 150 - 200ha, vi vn u t xy dng h tng
bnh qun khong 183.000 USD/ha.
- Quy m kinh ph TB/ d n; 5,15 triu USD/ 1 D n XNCN.
- Quy m din tch TB/ d n trong KCN; 2,44ha/ 1 D n XNCN.
- Lao ng TB/ ha t KCN; 71 lao ng/ ha.
b. nh gi chung
- Din tch cc KCN trung bnh trong c nc l 150-200ha, XNCN
TB: 2 - 3 ha. Trong : vng KTT Nam B c quy m din tch TB: 230 ha.
Vng KTT Bc B: 130 ha. Vng KTT Trung B: 90 Ha. Cc vng khc
din tch KCN TB: 70 Ha.
+ Lao ng 71 lao ng / ha t CN (gim so vi tiu chun tnh ton
l 100 lao ng/ ha t CN).
+ Quy m u t kinh ph ln ti 5,15 triu USD/ 1 d n XNCN.
+ Cha c phng php xc nh quy m din tch KCN ph hp vi
iu kin kinh t ca Vit Nam trong mi trng hi nhp quc t.
2.3.5. Quy hoch phn khu chc nng, phn l t KCN
a. C cu quy hoch s dng t theo chc nng trong KCN QHXD nh
sau:
+ t xy dng XNCN: 60%- 70% (quy chun > 55%).
+ t xy dng khu k thut chung: 1-3% (quy chun >1 %).

- 21 -
+ Xy dng trung tm HC- DV: 1- 3% (quy chun > 1%).
+ Giao thng trong KCN: 10-15% (quy chun > 8%).
+ Cy xanh: 10-15% (quy chun > 10%).
b. Phn l XNCN trong cc KCN
Din tch v hnh dng ca l t xy dng cc XNCN trong cc KCN
thng chn ph bin l 1,5ha- 2,0ha, kch thc c t l (chiu ngang/
chiu su) t 1/2- 1/3, tng ng (100m x 150m hoc 100m x 200m).
Mt s cc doanh nghip cng nghip c nhu cu din tch sn xut nh
(500 m2, 1000 m2 n 5000 m2) c cc KCN xy nh xng cho thu.
V nhiu ni cng hnh thnh cc KCN a phng vi quy m 5 - 15ha
p ng nhu cu pht trin cc doanh nghip cng nghip nh gn vi
cc ngh th cng truyn thng v TTCN.
c. Nhng tn tai
- Vic c cu s dng t theo hng gim; khu t trung tm hnh chnh-
dch v, t giao thng v tng din tch khu t cho sn xut (XNCN).
- Vic phn cc XNCN theo ngnh ngh vo cc nhm (cm) trong khu
XNCN t c hiu qu.
- Khu t k thut chung c xu hng b tr phn tn theo chc nng ring;
trm in, nh my nc v khu x l cht thi.
- Thay i v c cu s dng t theo chc nng trong KCN lm nh
hng n cng tc bo m k thut, nhu cu cp-thot nc, s l cht
thi v bo v VSMT.
d. Nhng nguyn nhn
- C cu quy hoch SDD KCN nh hin nay thay i (so vi trc 2008)
ph hp vi nn kinh t th trng, nhu cu pht trin cng ngh v kt
cu h tng, v.v...
- Vic quy nh tip nhn cc XNCN vo cc cm theo ngnh ngh phi da
trn iu kin tin quyt l xy dng ng b cc cng trnh, c s k thut
h tng, kiu xy dng kt cu h tng "cun chiu" nh hin nay kh p
ng. Cn phi a nng ho, a dng ho trong vic phn cm, song m
bo cc tiu ch v v sinh mi trng, khng quy nh cng v ngnh ngh
v gy cho vic tip nhn u t kh khn.
- Vic a dng v x hi ho trong cng tc phc v sinh hot cng cng -
nh (dch v x hi) lm thay i nhu cu b tr v din tch khu trung
tm KCN so vi thi k bao cp trc y.

- 22 -
- Vic thay i cng ngh v x l nc, x l cht thi cng nghip, cc
phng tin vn chuyn cng lm cho vic thay i chc nng khu k thut
v quy m ca h thng giao thng KCN.
2.3.6. H thng ha tng k thut KCN
a. H thng ung giao thng
- Giao thng (i ni) trong KCN: hnh thc t chc h thng ng giao
thng KCN hin nay ch yu theo dng bn c, dng vng v di, hnh
thnh cc l t xy dng nh my bm theo hai bn ng giao thng.
ng trong KCN c phn ch yu lm 3 cp:
+ ng trc chnh c mt ct ngang 4-6 ln xe (3,5- 3,75 m/ln xe), chiu
rng lng ng xe chy 15m - 22m, va h 6- 8m cho mi bn (phn lt
gch di b 1,5- 3m). Khong cch cc ng trc chnh KCN c thit k
cch nhau 800m - 1000m. Cc ung trc chnh c ni vi giao thng
bn ngoi KCN bng hnh thc trc tip hoc gin tip.
+ ng chnh KCN c mt ct ngang 3-4 ln xe, chiu rng lng ng xe
chy 11m - 22m, va h 6-8m cho mi bn(phn lt gch di b 1,5- 2m).
Khong cch cc ng chnh trong KCN c thit k cch nhau 300m -
500m. To thnh cc l t c b ngang (mt ng) 50m- 150m, chiu su
150m-250m. Cc ung nhnh cch nhau khong 500m.
+ ng nhnh (Ph) KCN c mt ct ngang 2-3 ln xe, chiu rng lng
ng xe chy 7m - 11m, va h 3m - 6m cho mi bn (phn lt gch i b
1,5m).
+ Cc KCN mi c h thng giao thng tng i thun tin ph hp cho
sn xut v lu thng.
- Giao thng (i ngoi) bn ngoi KCN: i a s cc KCN Vit Nam, trc
tip hay gin tip u c s dng tt c cc h thng giao thng (ng b,
ng thy thng qua cc cng sng bin, ng st, ng hng khng),
xp theo th t nhiu nht vn l ng b, ng thu, ng st v hng
khng.
- Tn ti:
+ Mt ct ca h thng ng b KCN a s l qu rng gy lng ph, cc
KCN c chc nng v quy m khc nhau song vic thit k mt ct ng
gn ging nhau.
+ Chiu rng ca va h (phn cho ngi i b v cc h thng ng dy
ng ng k thut chim ch): ti cc mt ct ng trong cc KCN chn
cha thng nht; cc KCN do Vit Nam thit k thng c va h hp 3-5m,
khng b tr cc h thng k thut. Cc KCN do nc ngoi u t
thng c va h rng 6-8m.

- 23 -
+ T chc giao thng ra vo KCN giao ct vi giao thng chnh thnh ph
qu mau (< 400 m). Cc nt giao thng gia ng th vi ng trc
chnh KCN thng bng cc nt giao thng n gin cng ct, cha c nt
giao thng lp th.
+ C ch qun l u t cn bt cp; ng vo cc KCN hin thng do
Nh nc u t xy dng, cht lng khng ph hp ng b vi giao
thng trong KCN. Nhiu KCN xy dng xong kt cu h tng k thut bn
trong ri m giao thng bn ngoi vn khng c ng vo hoc chm xy
dng.
+ KCN m qu nhiu cng ra vo trc tip v tuyn giao thng bn ngoi,
khng qua cc tuyn ng ng gom gy tc nghn giao thng.
+ Nhiu KCN c cc tuyn ng khu vc i ct qua KCN gy ln xn trong
qu trnh i li gia hai h thng giao thng khu vc v KCN, nh hng
n cng tc qun l hnh chnh v h tng k thut.
+ Vic chn khong cch cc loi ng trong KCN cha ph hp vi cc
quy m XNCN d kin u t, dn n vic cho thu t rt kh khn (lun
tha hoc thiu din tch) do kch thc l t khng ph hp.
+ Nhiu KCN c cc tuyn ng c mt ct gn nh nhau, khng phn bit
tuyn chnh, ph,v.v...
- Nguyn nhn:
+ Cng tc thit k h thng giao thng cha phn bit r chc nng v
quan h gia giao thng bn ngoi v giao thng bn trong KCN. Mt ct
ng cha ph hp vi nhu cu ca phng tin giao thng vn ti chnh
ca KCN.
+ Cha phn bit r cc tuyn ng theo chc nng trong KCN; trc chnh,
ng chnh, ng ph.
+ Khi thit k mng li giao thng KCN cha tnh n s a dng ca m
un; din tch, chiu ngang v chiu su ca l t (XNCN), khng xc nh
c khong cch cc tuyn giao thng chnh, ph trong KCN, m bo
ph hp vi quy m cc XNCN v tit kim t ai.
+ Chiu rng ca lng ng, va h cha hp l b tr cc ng dy,
ng ng k thut v phng n kt hp trng cy xanh theo tuyn.
b. Cp nuc cho KCN
a s cc KCN ch ng xy dng nh my x l nc cung cp cho
nhu cu tiu th, cc KCN ny thng nm nhng ni c ngun nc
ngm, nc mt (sng, h) phong ph d khai thc. Mt s KCN khc k
cn thnh ph th dng ngun cung cp nc ca thnh ph. Nhiu vng ni
trung du Bc B v Min Trung, Min Ty Nam b rt him ngun nc m

- 24 -
bo cht lng cho sn xut v sinh hot, cc KCN c nhu cu dng nc
nhiu khng ph hp.
- Tn ti:
Cha c y ti liu v ti nguyn nc trn ton quc phc v cho
vic la chn a im xy dng KCN.
Vic tnh ton nhu cu s dng nc, thit k nh my x l nc v thit
k mng ng ng cung cp nc ti cc KCN cn ph thuc vo tnh cht
KCN cng nh cc s liu d bo quy hoch cha khp vi thc tin, v vy
la chn gii php kh thi cp nc tng i kh khn.
c. Thot nuc cho KCN
Hin nay vic quy hoch h thng thot nc trong cc KCN thc hin
theo nguyn tc tch ring ra cc h thng:
- Mng thot nc ma (nc mt): tt c nc ma trn mt bng KCN
c thu qua cc h ga lng bn t, nc c dn theo cc ng ng
i v h thng thot chung ca khu vc.
- Mng thot nc sinh hot c x l qua cc h thng b ti cc XNCN,
nc m bo tiu chun c a v khu tp trung x l sinh hc ri
thot- nhp vo h thng chung.
- Mng thot nc thi cng nghip: theo quy nh cc nh my x nghip
cng nghip phi x l nc bn cng nghip, m bo tiu chun trc khi
thot ra ngoi, sau khi ra khi nh my nc c a theo h thng ng
ring v khu x l tp trung bao gm: h thng x l c, l, ho hc v h
thng b x l sinh hc, nc thi ra phi m bo sch theo tiu chun quy
nh.
C mt s khu xy khu x l tp trung nh: Tn Thun, Nomura v..v
Hnh thc ny c cng ngh x l phc tp hn, song vic u t tp trung
c KCN ch cn mt trm, kinh ph u t s tit kim hn, song ch thc
hin c khi nh u t pht trin KCN c kh nng v ti chnh, cc KCN
do cc doanh nghip trong nc u t, do thiu vn nn c t KCN xy
dng c trm s l nc thi, vn x l nc thi cha trit cn
gy nhiu hu qu xu n mi trng sinh thi.
d. Xy dng cc cng trnh k thut ngoi hng ro KCN
Cc cng trnh ngoi hng ro KCN l nhng cng trnh h tng k thut bao
gm: ng vo KCN, ngun v ng dy ti in vo KCN, x l cht thi
rn chung, v.v...Quy hoch cc cng trnh ngoi tng ro KCN khng kp
thi v khng ng b, nn nhiu d n pht trin KCN cha c hiu qu.
Hu ht cc KCN u gp kh khn trong vic trin khai xy dng cc cng
trnh ny bi:

- 25 -
- Cc cng trnh k thut ny nm ngoi ranh gii KCN, c cc c quan ch
qun ring, khng thuc quyn qun l ca KCN. Vic xy dng cc cng
trnh ny ph thuc vo cc ngnh Ch qun (Giao thng, Nng lng,
Nng nghip, Mi trng...) v cc a phng qun l t ai.
- Xy dng cc khu x l CTR thng phi t xa khu Dn c v KCN, cng
trnh ny thng phi kt hp phc v chung cho c khu vc th v dn
c.
- Cn ngun kinh ph u t ln nn cc KCN kh c iu kin thc hin.
- Khi thnh lp KCN, Nh nc cha giao trch nhim v ngun vn cho cc
ngnh c lin quan (giao thng, in, nc), cc a phng, cng nh
doanh nghip pht trin h tng, m bo s u t ng b cc cng
trnh k thut ngoi tng ro th KCN mi iu kin hot ng v pht
huy c hiu qu. Nhiu cng trnh h tng k thut ngoi hng ro gy
nn tn km thi gian trong vic iu chnh quy hoch, tho thun vi cc c
quan hu quan.
2.3.7. T hp kin trc cnh quan khu cng nghip
Vic tp trung cc XNCN vo KCN trn tng mt bng thnh ph c nhiu
thun li cho vic t chc kin trc cnh quan c tnh c trng, kin trc
KCN chim mt v tr quan trng, c quan h cht ch v lm phong ph
thm vi hnh thc kin trc ca cc khu chc nng khc trong th.
Cc KCN ngy nay ang vn ti mt m hnh cng vin cc nh my, cc
khu cy xanh trc KCN c t chc nh: nhng vn hoa, di cy xanh
cch ly, cc thm c phn cch trn cc tuyn ng xanh mt m. Vic t
chc trng cy xanh, s dng cng vin mt nc to nn cnh quan p -
KCN Amata ng Nai . Cc biu trng, tng i v..v... c s dng
nhiu v hiu qu trong t chc kin trc cc KCN.
Hnh thc kin trc KCN p ln nh s dng nhiu vt liu v cng ngh
xy dng mi, s dng nhiu XNCN cao tng lm cho cao thay i
thm sinh ng- KCN Tn To TP H Ch Minh. H thng giao thng KCN
c hon chnh kt hp vi h thng ng dy, ng ng ng b, sch
s lm tng v p chung - KCN Bin Ho 2. T chc chiu sng ban m,
chn mu sc sn trn cc cng trnh cng c ch , gy nhiu n
tng tt cho kin trc KCN.
iu quan trng l hnh thnh mt thc; coi vic t chc tt hnh thc
kin trc cng trnh, cnh quan KCN l mt tiu ch nh gi s thnh cng
ca cc XNCN trong KCN v doanh nghip kinh doanh pht trin h tng
KCN trong vic mi cho thu ht u t.

- 26 -
a. Nhng tn tai
Hin nay vic t chc kin trc KCN t c quan tm, hu qu l s ln
xn, tu tin v t hp khng gian ca cc cng trnh trong KCN.
Kin trc KCN cha c ting ni ring, cha c nh hng nhiu trong
khng gian cnh quan kin trc th.
C cu t chc khng gian theo chc nng khng cn gi c nhng tiu
ch quy hoch t ra ban u. tng t chc khng gian kin trc ca
n quy hoch KCN khng thc hin c.
b. Nguyn nhn
- Cha c quy nh v bin php kim sot hu hiu v hnh thc kin trc
cc XNCN trong KCN.
- Vic quy hoch t chc cnh quan kin trc KCN thng t ra cc tiu ch
theo cc quy nh mang tnh l thuyt ch quan, cha ph hp vi thc tin
nn kinh t th trng.
- nh hng t hp kin trc cc tuyn, trc v cng trnh chnh cha tm
c mt gii php thc tin p ng cho nh u t, nh qun l xy dng
thc hin theo quy hoch.
- Quan nim n gin, xem nh v thm m kin trc cng nghip, cha
thy ht c ngha ca thm m kin trc KCN vi cht lng cuc sng
hin i.
- Do yu cu mong sm hon vn u t h tng (nh u t s cp), do
sc p ca cc doanh nghip thu t (ch u t th pht), do vic khng
kinh ph u t ng b c s k thut h tng KCN, v vy phi cho thu
t khng tun th tuyt i cc quy nh v quy hoch phn cm (ph v
nh hng c cu quy hoch) theo yu cu t chc sn xut v bo v mi
trng.
2.3.8. Bo v mi trung khu cng nghip
a. Nhng uu im
+ V tr xy dng cc KCN vi khu vc xung quanh a s u nm cui
hng gi chnh v cui ngun nc, thun li v giao thng, hn ch gy
nhim mi trng do sn xut v vn ti gy nn.
- Quy hoch phn khu chc nng trong KCN rt thun li cho vic bo v v
s l nhim mi trng; trn mt bng KCN ch b tr cc khu vc
thu gom, phn loi, x l cht thi, h thng cy xanh c quy nh v din
tch v phn b to mi trng vi kh hu v cnh quan p, ng giao
thng v cc cng trnh k thut khc c thit k ng b, khng gy nh
hng n mi trng v cnh quan KCN.

- 27 -
- Cc KCN t chc h thng ng ng thot nc tch ring cho nc
ma, nc thi sinh hot v thi cng nghip.
- Hnh thnh cc di cy xanh cch ly v sinh cng nghip, cc cm cy
xanh tp trung kt hp mt nc t nhin to mi trng vi kh hu tt v
cnh quan KCN thm sinh ng.
b. Nhng tn tai v nguyn nhn
- Vic chn la v tr xy dng KCN cha gn vi quy hoch mi trng
chung, cha theo quan im bo v mi trng, cha c xem xt nh
gi trn c s cc quy nh tiu chun c th trong qu trnh quy hoch pht
trin KCN.
- C cu quy hoch phn khu chc nng KCN mi thc hin c giai
on lp quy hoch, giai on tip nhn u t xy dng cc XNCN, cng
trnh ph tr v hon thin cha tun theo quy hoch chi tit.
- Khi tip nhn u t xy dng KCN kh tun theo s phn cm, nhm cc
XNCN theo cp v sinh.
- Cha tn dng trit hin trng cy xanh trn mt bng KCN, vic trng
thm cy xanh theo quy hoch KCN cha c ch ng mc.
- Cy xanh cch ly KCN vi cc khu vc xung quanh theo cp v sinh,
cha thc hin nghim chnh theo quy phm.
- Cc im tp kt, trung chuyn v x l rc thi cng nghip cha c
u t ng b cng vi qu trnh xy dng KCN.
- Cc gii php quy hoch bo v mi trng KCN cha c tnh kh thi,
cha iu kin thc hin trong iu kin Vit Nam.
- Cng ngh, k thut bo v v x l nhim mi trng KCN Vit Nam c
v lc hu do ngun vn ln nn cc KCN cha c kh nng u t.
+ Cng tc qun l bo v mi trng ti cc KCN Vit Nam cha hiu qu,
bi cha c phn trch nhim gia cc c quan qun l nh nc vi doanh
nghip u t pht trin h tng v cc XNCN trong KCN, phi php l ho
theo tiu chun quc t.
2.3.9. Nhng tn tai trong cc giai oan quy hoach
- Quy hoch tng th pht trin cc KCN Vit Nam: ch yu da trn c s
tng hp bo co ca cc a phng nn lun phi b sung thay i vi s
lng ln do cn c khoa hc cn thiu v nng v ch quan. y l mt
lnh vc kt hp pht trin gia quy hoch kinh t x hi vi quy hoch
khng gian, v vy cn phi c s nghin cu phn tch khoa hc v hp l.

- 28 -
- Quy hoch nh hng pht trin cc KCN ca vng tnh hoc lin tnh: vic
thc hin quy hoch vng cng nghip hay quy hoch nh hng pht trin
cc KCN cha y vi cc a phng. y l bc quan trng ca vic
pht trin cc KCN mang tnh lu di bn vng cho cc a phng trn c
s quy hoch tng th pht trin cc KCN c nc c Th tng Chnh
ph ph duyt. Hin nay, Nh nc cha c hng dn cng nh cc quy
nh lp n ny.
- Quy hoch chung KCN (t hp KCN - Dn c): lp mt s khu song
nhn chung trnh t, ni dung, i tng phi lp v phng php cha c
th, thiu s lng ghp hp l gia quy hoch kinh t- x hi (do B K
hoch v u t qun l) v quy hoch xy dng (do B Xy Dng qun l)
dn n tnh trng khng ng b, khng m bo tnh kh thi cho s pht
trin cc KCN (V d: quy hoch KKT B Y vic d bo tng trng trong
n QHC khc rt nhiu vi quy hoch kinh t-x hi).
- Quy hoch chi tit KCN
T chc phn khu chc nng v c cu t l s dng t ai theo quy chun
cha ph hp vi nhiu lai hnh KCN (phi theo quy m v tnh cht cc
XNCN d kin vo KCN).
Phn chia cm theo ngnh ngh v l trong KCN cha c tun th.
Quy hoch pht trin kt cu h tng ly chung cho cc loi hnh KCN, v
vy khng kh thi gy lng ph hoc thiu so vi nhu cu (nhu cu in
nc cho cc XNCN khc nhau...).
- Nhng vn cn khc phc:
Cn c phng php iu tra s liu hay d bo tt lp cc quy hoch
pht trin KCN mang tnh kh thi cao.
Phng php, ni dung la chn a im, xc nh tnh cht v quy m
KCN cha c quy nh c th.
Cng tc lp quy hoch KCN cn nh hng bao cp, h thng quy chun -
tiu chun c xut bn qu lu, nhiu vn khng ph hp vi nn
kinh t th trng.
Trnh t quy hoch KCN cha theo h thng t vi m n v m.
Ni dung quy hoch cha ph hp vi pht trin cng ngh sn xut mi
hin i v vic kinh doanh pht trin trong c ch th trng.
Cha c quy nh quy hoch v u t cc d n cc cng trnh ngoi
tng ro phc v cho KCN.

- 29 -
III. Kt lun
nh gi tng hp tnh hnh v hin trng quy hoch xy dng v pht trin
KCN. Rt ra nhng vn tn ti nghin cu cc c s khoa hc nhm
xut cc gii php quy hoch v i mi cng tc lm quy hoch xy
dng KCN ti Vit Nam l cn thit. Chng ti xin tp hp mt s kin c
bn nh sau:
1. Pht trin KCN l mt nhu cu tt yu ca qu trnh y mnh cng
nghip ho hin i ho nn kinh t mi quc gia. Quy hoch pht trin
KCN lun gn vi k hoch pht trin kinh t x hi, quy hoch phn vng
lnh th, quy hoch dn c, th, kt cu h tng v bo v mi trng
sinh thi.
2. Quy hoch chung KCN nhm xc lp mi quan h hp l gia KCN, khu
dn c, cc cng trnh phc v k thut v bo v mi trng. Quy hoch
xy dng KCN phi ng thi gn vi vic quy hoch xy dng cc khu nh
, cc cng trnh cng cng; y t, gio dc, vn ho-th thao, vui chi gii
tr, ... phc v cho KCN.
3. La chn a im xy dng KCN l mt mt khu quan trng trong qu
trnh hnh thnh v pht trin KCN, n phi gn vi pht trin kinh t - x hi,
ngun nguyn liu, th trng tiu th sn phm, iu kin t ai, iu kin
t nhin, iu kin k thut v thun li trong giao lu quc t.
4. La chn c cu sn xut (tnh cht KCN), xc nh quy m KCN phi
theo yu cu pht trin kinh t- x hi trong nc, ph hp vi nn kinh t
th trng v hi nhp quc t .
5. Quy hoch phn khu chc nng, phn l trong KCN cn phi p ng cc
yu cu sn xut cng ngh, bo v mi trng, song phi to nn mt m
hnh khng gian m (khng gian mm) ph hp vi s i mi ca cng
ngh sn xut v phng thc kinh doanh qun l pht trin KCN.
6. Cc cng trnh kt cu h tng k thut trong KCN; h thng giao thng,
san nn, cp in, cp- thot nc... phi c quy hoch xy dng ng
b vi h thng cng trnh h tng k thut bn ngoi KCN.
7. Kin trc cnh quan KCN chim mt v tr quan trng trong th, c mi
quan h cht ch v c cc kh nng ring, c trng ca loi hnh kin trc
kho, honh trng, v vy cc KCN cn to c cnh quan kin trc hiu
qu.
8. Quy hoch bo v mi trng KCN l nhm ch ng kim sot v hn
ch nhim mi trng; cn c cc gii php b tr a im xy dng KCN,
t chc khng gian, phn khu chc nng KCN hp l m bo pht trin bn
vng.

- 30 -
9. Cng tc lp QHXD v pht trin KCN phi ng b, tng bc t: nh
hng pht trin quc gia, vng, QHC gii quyt quan h gia khu sn xut
vi cc khu chc nng khc trong tng th khu vc hay khu th, QHCT
cc khu chc nng sn xut trong KCN. Ni dung phng php lp, xt
duyt quy hoch xy dng KCN cn c ci tin ph hp vi nn kinh
t th trng v hi nhp.
10. Cn phi xy dng m hnh qun l quy hoch xy dng, qun l u t
KCN thng nht c chiu su, chiu rng theo c ch "mt ca" c th
qun l c nhiu loi m hnh KCN mi xut hin, cn cp nht b xung
cc quy chun, tiu chun quy hoch ph hp vi iu kin i mi v thng
l quc t q


- 31 -
THIT K KIN TRC CNH QUAN
KHU CNG NGHIP TP TRUNG

PGS. TS. KTS. Nguyn Nam
Khoa Kin trc- Qui hoch, i hc Xy dng

phn bit gia Khu cng nghip tp trung (KCNTT) vi cc loi hnh KCN
khc, chng ta s coi tt c cc KCN chu s chi phi ca ngh nh 36CP
ca Th tng Chnh ph l cc KCNTT
C nhiu khi nim v kin trc cnh quan (KTCQ), tuy nhin v c bn kin
trc cnh quan l nhng gii php kin trc kt hp hi ha cc yu t t
nhin v nhn to trong mt tng th thng nht khng ch v b cc thm
m, m cn trong cc quan h sinh thi t nhin ca mi trng thin nhin.
Chnh v vy, KTCQ l ngh thut, lp k hoch pht trin, thit k, qun l,
bo tn v phc ch li cnh quan ca khu vc v a im xy dng. Phm
vi hot ng ca KTCQ lin quan n thit k kin trc, thit k tng mt
bng, pht trin bt ng sn, bo tn v phc ch mi trng, thit k
th, quy hoch th, thit k cc khu vc ngh ngi gii tr v bo tn di sn.
Trn c s cc khi nim nu trn, c th thy vn thit k KTCQ trong
cc KCNTT ca chng ta thiu s ng b v cc gii php thit k KTCQ
m chng ta ang lm ch mi chm ti phn ngn ca vn m cha gii
quyt c nhng vn c tnh ct li ca KTCQ.
Trong lch s pht trin ca kin trc cng nghip, chng ta thy s hnh
thnh ban u ca cc XNCN l s hnh thnh t cc c s sn xut nh,
phn tn thnh mt khu vc sn xut vi quy m ln, dn n s tp trung
cao ca cc cng trnh xy dng v cc loi cng ngh sn xut khc
nhau (yu t nhn to). Chnh s pht trin ca cc XNCN em li cho
th va s phn vinh v c nhim mi trng sinh thi ln mi trng thm
mV vy, khc phc, cc XNCN c tp trung trong cc KCN v y
xa ra khi th, v cc vng t nhin khc m mi trng cn sc cha
v c nh vy XNCN, KCN ang b chuyn t ng vnh ai ny ti
ng vnh ai kia theo qu trnh th ha.
Thc t pht trin cc KCN hin nay ca chng ta cng theo quy lut nh
vy, chng ta ang pht trin cc KCN em li s phn vinh v kinh t,
song cng cn thy rng, pht trin cng nghip cng ng ngha vi vic
u t khai thc ti nguyn thin nhin (trong c t ai v h thng sinh
thi t nhin trn ). Vn mu thun ch phn li nhun do pht trin
cng nghip em li c th tnh ton tng i r rng, song phn ti
nguyn b hao ph do b nh hng ca sn xut li rt kh nhn thy . Liu
gi tr ca ci thu c v ci mt i c cn bng vi nhau ? Li ch trc
mt thng t c nhanh chng v c tnh cc b, trong khi nh
Thit k kin trc cnh quan khu cng nghip tp trung

- 32 -
hng v mi trng thng phi ko di v c tnh tng th, vt ra ngoi
hng ro ca cc KCNTT rt xa.
Trn th gii, khc phc cc vn nu trn ca KCNTT, ngi ta s
dng cc gii php quy hoch v thit k KTCQ ngay t cc bc la chn
a im v a ra cc tng quy hoch xy dng KCNTT.
Thc t hin trng thit k KTCQ trong cc KCNTT ca chng ta ang ch
yu thin v cng tc hon thin khu t ca KCN. H s thit k KTCQ ch
yu l t chc cy xanh, xc nh cc khong li, chiu cao nh.vi cc
tiu ch thin v vic lm p, to s hp dn bn ngoi cho cc KCNTT. V
c bn mi ch l cc gii php th ng c tnh cht iu chnh phn no
cc tn hi v mi trng do vic xy dng cc KCNTT gy ra.
pht huy c hiu qu cao, cc gii php quy hoch, thit k KTCQ
phi c th hin ngay t giai on u ca qu trnh QHXD KCNTT, t
khi la chn a im, tnh ton quy m , la chn tng v a ra cc gii
php t chc khng gian c th ca KCNTT Ngha l cn nhn nhn KTCQ
nh mt gii php QH-XD c tnh bn vng v mi trng ( v d nh nu ta
nhn nhn vic la chn t cho KCN khng ch trn cc tiu ch qu t c
th pht trin, th trng, HTKTm cn c thm cc tiu ch khc lm nh
hng ti mi trng t, nc, khng khc th chng ta khng c nhiu
KCN nh by gi, song cng khng phi i mt vi vn mi trng
xung cp trm trng nh hin nay) .
Trong phm vi bi vit, tc gi s tp trung vo vn thit k KTCQ trong
KCNTT (khi n c hnh thnh). S khc bit trong cc gii php thit
k KTCQ ca giai on ny so vi giai on u l quy m v hnh thi
khng gian m trong KCNTT nh hnh, do cc gii php thit k
KTCQ s khng c tc ng mnh trong quan h vi mi trng thin nhin
bn ngoi, m ch mang tnh cht iu chnh vi kh hu, hn ch nhim v
nng cao cht lng thm m ca KCNTT.
Xt trn phng din KTCQ, cc KCNTT c hnh thnh bi hai yu t
quan trng: l cc cng trnh xy dng v phn khng gian trng cn li.
Cc yu t ny c lng ha bng mt xy dng v h s s dng
t. Nhn chung cc KCNTT u c mt xy dng cao hn hn cc khu
vc chc nng khc ca th, cc loi hnh cng trnh kin trc thng
cng rt ln, nhng thp, khng ph hp vi cc yu cu ca thm m
thTuy nhin trong KCNTT c nhiu khu chc nng v loi hnh cng trnh
c hnh thc v chc nng gn ging vi cng trnh trong th, c b tr
phn tn, ri rc trong KCN. Thi gian qua, cc gii php thit k KTCQ ch
yu tp trung vo t chc cy xanh, nn cha pht huy c th mnh ca
cc yu t ny, do vn thit k KTCQ trong KCNTT cn m rng ra
nhng hng khc, cho php nng cao cht lng mi trng v thm m
kin trc ca KCN trong quan h vi th.
Trong KCNTT, ch yu tn ti hai khu vc chc nng c khc bit c bn
gia cc khu vc chc nng trong KCN: l khu chc nng sn xut , bao

- 33 -
gm cc nh sn xut v khu chc nng phc v sn xut, gm cc cng
trnh hnh chnh qun l, phc v sinh hot cho ngi lao ng v cc cng
trnh phc v cho sn xut nh kho tng v phc v k thut. S khc bit
c bn gia hai khu trn chnh l mt xy dng, iu cng th hin
s khc bit trong quy m ca cc khng gian m trong KCN. Vi cc khu
sn xut, chim khong 60% din tch t KCN, vi mt xy dng trung
bnh 50%, ngoi ra cn din tch giao thng khong 10 15%, din tch
khng gian m cn li s rt khim tn v b phn chia nh l trong cc khu
t dnh cho XNCN, nn vic t chc KTCQ ti khu vc ny c nhiu hn
ch.
i vi khu vc phc v chung, din tch dnh cho khng gian m ln v tp
trung hn, v mt xy dng ti khu vc ny thp, ch t 20 30 % do h
s s dng t cao hn v yu cu khong cch v sinh cng nghip cng
nh phng chy n i hi khong cch ln hn gia cc cng trnh. Ngoi
ra cc khu vc ny, v nguyn tc u cn b tr gn khu sn xut ca cc
XNCN, nhng li gn cc tuyn giao thng lung hng v lung ngi, tip
gip vi khng gian th.
T nhng phn tch nu trn, cho thy cc gii php t chc KTCQ cho
KCNTT khng nn dn tri, cn tp trung c trng im v c h thng trn
c s ton b h thng khng gian m ca KCN.
vic t chc KTCQ cc KCNTT c hiu qu, cn phn khu cnh quan
cng nghip thnh hai khu vc cnh quan, vi cc yu cu khc nhau v
nhim v v chc nng:
- Cnh quan bn ngoi, bao gm h thng khng gian m v cc cng trnh
kin trc ca khu phc v sn xut, c nhim v cch ly v sinh cng nghip
i vi khu dn c chung quanh, ng thi l cu ni v b cc thm m
gia khu vc thm m th vi thm m cng nghip, iu c ngha l
ton b h thng cy xanh , cht lng thm m cng trnh kin trc khu vc
gn hng ro KCN c vai tr quan trng trong vic kt ni cnh quan bn
trong v bn ngoi KCN. c bit im nhn ca h thng khng gian cnh
quan ny l khu vc qung trng trc KCN. y l khng gian thm m
quan trng ca KCNTT, l ni tp trung nhiu nht cc cng trnh kin trc
c cht lng thm m, cc cng trnh kin trc nh, h thng cy xanh, mt
nc trang tr, qung co, mu sc, chiu sng trang tr , tng i c cht
lng thm m caocn c t chc b cc hi ha trong khu vc ny.
Bn cnh khng gian qung trng c th t chc cng vin cy xanh hoc
cc vn hoa nh thu ht ngi lao ng trc v sau gi lm, thu ht
ngi dn a phng chung quanh trong mt khng gian cng cng , to
thm khng gian giao tip cng ng, gip vic a cc cng trnh cng
nghip gn gi hn vi th.
- Khng gian giao thng trong khu vc ny cng rt quan trng, c bit l
trc giao thng chnh (ni giao thng lung ngi ca KCN vi h thng giao
thng bn ngoi ca th ), y thng cng l trc quy hoch ca KCN,
ni vi giao thng bn ngoi v c chuyn tip vo bn trong qua qung

- 34 -
trng KCN. Trc giao thng ny c chiu rng ln , h thng cy xanh v
kin trc nh c tp trung nhn mnh trc ny. Cui trc hoc gia
trc, ni tch ra cc ng giao thng chnh KCN, cn tp trung b tr cc
o giao thng vi cht lng thm m cao (nh cc vn hoa nh, cc tc
phm kin trc nh, lm im nhn v nh hng trong khng gian). Nhn
chung , tuyn giao thng trc chnh KCN l ni c kh nng tp trung ng
nht ngi lao ng khi n lm vic, cng nh khi ht gi lm, do cn
tp trung nhiu nht cc yu t to cnh quan y nng cao cht lng
thm m , mi trng KCN, ng thi to ra cc sc ht i vi ngi lao
ng , h s dng khng gian ny nh l mt khng gian m mang tnh
cng ng, gip kt ni ngi lao ng t nhiu vng min trong mt khng
gian cng nghip nhng mang nhiu sc thi nhn vn.
- i vi khng gian sn xut, nm su bn trong KCN, l ni din ra cc
hot ng sn xut cng thng, c nhiu nhim, do KTCQ ti khu vc
ny nn c mc thm m gin d hn, cc gii php KTCQ nn tp trung
vo cc gii php hn ch nhim, nng cao kh nng an ton lao ng v
vn chuyn. Ti khu vc sn xut, cc cng trnh sn xut rt khc nhau v
xa l vi thm m th, do cc gii php t chc KTCQ y nn tp
trung vo vic kt ni cc cng trnh sn xut trn nhiu l t khc nhau
ca cc XNCN, nm to ra s thng nht chung cho ton b khng gian
cnh quan sn xut. C th l yu t hng ro cc XNCN v khong li ca
cc XNCN l mt thnh phn cnh quan rt quan trng , gip cho vic lin
kt cc XNCN khc nhau trong mt tng th chung. Cc hng ro ca XNCN
khng nn xy c, cn to ra cc hng ro mm bng st tha hoc cc
thanh b tng, trn t chc cc gin cy leo c hoa nh (hoa giy), hoc
cy bi (nh bch o) tng thm din tch cy xanh khu vc ny vn
t, do mt xy dng cao. Cc hng ro cy xanh, cng vi h thng
cy xanh ti cc khong li ca XNCN s to ra thnh phn kin trc, lin kt
cc loi cng trnh rt khc nhau ca XNCN vo mt tng th thng nht,
ngoi ra trn thnh phn ny cn c cc im nhn, to ra cc nhp iu vui
v cho cnh quan cng nghip khi ta s dng cc cng vo XNCN nh mt
loi hnh kin trc nhgip h thng KTCQ ca khng gian m ton tuyn
t c s thng nht cao khng ch trong khng gian sn xut, m cn tr
thnh mt b phn hon chnh kt ni vi h thng khng gian KTCQ trc
chnh KCN trong mt tng th KTCQ thng nht.
c th thc hin vic t chc KTCQ cc KCNTT mt cch ng b nh
nu trn, chng ta cn c nhng quy nh nh sau:
- Cn nng cao vai tr ca t chc KTCQ ngay t giai on la chn a
im v thit k tng cho cc KCNTT, iu ny gip cho chng ta s
dng ti nguyn thin nhin mt cch hiu qu v bn vng hn.
- V bn v : bn v thit k KTCQ cn chi tit hn v ng b hn. Cy
xanh trong kin trc cnh quan l mt thnh phn rt quan trng, nhng n
cn c kt hp vi nhiu thnh phn cnh quan khc to nn s cn
i, hi ha ca tng th kin trc cnh quan KCN.

- 35 -
- Cc quy nh kim sot xy dng v pht trin cn dc nh u t h
tng KCN v cc nh u t sn xut trong KCN c thc thc hin mt
cch t gic, coi l mt trong nhng yu t to nn s thnh cng ca
KCNTT
T chc KTCQ cc KCNTT mt cch hiu qu cng s gp phn tit kim ti
nguyn, phc v cho pht trin cng nghip theo hng bn vng. Cc
KCNTT thu ht cc nh u t sn xut khng ch v s thun li v v tr,
HTKT ngoi hng rom cn v cht lng mi trng v thm m ca
chnh bn thn KCN, do u t cho KTCQ cc KCNTT cng chnh l s
u t cho thnh cng ca KCN q

- 36 -
M HNH QUI HOCH CNG NGHIP- TIU TH CNG
NGHIP HNG TI PHT TRIN BN VNG

TS. KTS. Ng Minh Hng
Trung tm Qui hoch Xy dng 2
Vin Kin trc, Qui hoch th v Nng thn- B Xy dng

1. Bi cnh chung
Nhng nm qua pht trin ngnh cng nghip l mt trong nhng Ngnh
c ng, Nh nc v cc Ban Ngnh ginh s quan tm c bit vi
hng lot chnh sch u i, khuyn khch v thu ht u t cho lnh vc
chim u th thc y pht trin kinh t t nc. Chin lc ny c
khng nh trong qui hoch tng th pht trin cng nghip v kt cu h
tng ti nm 2010 nh sau: Mc tiu lu di thc hin CNH, HH t nay
cho n nm 2010 l bin i nc ta v c bn tr thnh mt nc cng
nghip. Hnh thnh nn kinh t pht trin nng ng, t ch, sc cnh
tranh, hi nhp vi cc nc trong khu vc ng Nam v th gii. Trong
, quan im, nh hng pht trin cng nghip v xy dng kt cu h
tng ly CNH-HH phi theo hng x hi ch ngha, l s nghip ca ton
dn, ca mi thnh phn kinh t; ng thi ly vic pht huy ngun lc con
ngi lm yu t cn bn cho pht trin nhanh v bn vng.
Nhn chung, pht trin ngnh cng nghip- tiu th cng nghip (CN-TTCN)
c qui nh da trn c s phn cp qun l (decentralisation) nhm pht
huy ti a cc ngun lc tng vng. Do , nhiu Tnh- Thnh ph v
ang tin hnh xy dng qui hoch pht trin CN-TTCN trc mt cng nh
lu di cho mnh lm nn tng thc y tng trng kinh t bng ni lc
bn thn ho cng xu th pht trin chung ca t nc.
Thc t cho thy ch trng ny c nhiu thun li v cng khng t kh
khn do nhiu yu t khch quan v ch quan t cc qui hoch Ngnh, qui
hoch tng th kinh t- x hi n lp qui hoch-d n cc khu- cm CN-
TTCN.v.v. gy nn. Hng lot cc cm CN-TTCN ra i vi hnh thc trm
hoa ua n c v qui m ln hnh thc, trong khng t d n mi ch tnh
ton n hiu qu kinh t trc mt m qun i v sao nhng n lnh vc
mi trng sinh thi- cnh quan thin nhin. Hu qu l cc vn v
nhim ngun nc, khng kh, ting n v cht thi cng nghip, c bit l
phi k n hin tng nng cc b (heat island) trong cc KCN ni
chung v cm CN-TTCN ni ring gy mt cn bng sinh thi, hu hoi mi
trng ngy cng nghim trng v iu chc chn l rt kh c th khi
phc li nhng g mt. Cu hi t ra (?) : Liu ci c t cm CN-
M hnh qui hoch CN- TTCN hng ti pht trin bn vng

- 37 -
TTCN so vi ci mt ca mi trng sinh thi cnh quan thin nhin th ci
no ln hn?. Nn chng, chng ta cn phi xem xt vn ny khi cn
trong giai on nghin cu lp d n qui hoch? hn ht vn l: phng
bnh hn cha bnh.
Khai thc cm CN-TTCN hiu qu v bo v mi trng chnh l nhng
thnh phn chnh yu trong m hnh qui hoch cm CN-TTCN theo xu
hng pht trin bn vng, ng thi l gii php ton din cho mi trng
x hi xanh, sch, p v nng cao cht lng cuc sng th-nng thn,
pht trin di lu. Do vy, mt minh ho c th cho xu hng ny bc u
c nghin cu thng qua d n qui hoch cm CN-TTCN ti thnh ph
Thi Nguyn, tnh Thi Nguyn v c ph duyt theo Q s 2850/Q-
UB ca UBND Tnh Thi Nguyn ngy 23/9/2002.
Nh chng ta bit, quy hoch chung xy dng thnh ph Thi nguyn
c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt theo quyt nh s 802/TTg ngy 30
thng 10 nm 1996 xc nh: l Tnh l ca tnh Thi Nguyn, l thnh
ph cng nghip, l trung tm ca vng Vit Bc, u mi giao thng ca
cc tnh min ni pha Bc v c v tr chin lc v an ninh v quc
phng. K t n nay, thnh ph Thi Nguyn pht huy ni lc, tp
trung thc y pht trin mi ngun lc v t c nhiu thnh tu ng
k. Nm 2001, tng trng kinh t ca thnh ph t 10,8%, GDP chim
71,4%, cng nghip v XDCB chim 46%, dch v 45,2%, nng-lm nghip
chim 8,8%. Nhng n lc y c khng nh khi thnh ph Thi
Nguyn chnh thc uc cng nhn l th loi II ng dp k nim 40
nm ngy thnh lp Thnh ph (19/10/1962- 19/10/2002).
2. Cm CN-TTCN thnh ph Thi Nguyn
Cm CN-TTCN thc hin trc nhng i hi v thch thc ca qu trnh
th ho din ra kh nhanh khu vc thnh th, ngoi nhng mt tch cc th
mt tri l nhng vn tiu cc v nhim mi trng, khong cch giu
ngho gia tng, an ninh- x hi phc tp bi s pht trin t pht, phn tn
ca cc ngnh-ngh v dn cHn na hot ng CN-TTCN ca thnh
ph Thi Nguyn c qui m sn xut nh, thit b cng ngh gi ci v
hiu qu cha cao. thc hin mc tiu Ngh quyt i hi ngh ln th
XIV ca ng b Tnh Thi Nguyn xc nh trong 5 nm 2001-2005 l:
Pht huy mi ngun lc, y mnh cng nghip ho, hin i ho; xy dng
Thnh ph giu v kinh t nn nhu cu thit yu ca thnh ph v hnh
thnh xy dng cc cm CN-TTCN trn a bn c t ra nhm thu ht
u tu manh vo cc ngnh cng nghip uc khuyn khch lm
chuyn bin tch cc nn kinh t ng thi lm phong ph thm cc loi hnh
cng nghip, kin trc v m bo s pht trin bn vng trong tng lai.
Cm CN-TTCN ny c qui m va, bao gm cc ngnh ngh ph tr cho
CN luyn kim v c kh, ch to ng c, SX hng tiu dng, ch bin nng
lm sn v hn nasn phm sn xut ra s thay th hng nhp khu,
phn ln s phc v cho s pht trin ca khu vc v xut khu hng cng

- 38 -
nghip c u th cnh tranh. Bn cnh , vic xc nh cc loi hnh CN
trong cm CN-TTCN lun tun th v bm st thng t s 08/TT-KHT
(29/7/1997) ca B Cng nghip v quyt nh s 5207/2001/Q-UB
(31/12/2001) ca UBND Tnh Thi Nguyn v chng trnh pht trin CN-
TTCN tnh Thi Nguyn giai on 2001-2005.
(*) Quan im chung cho cm CN-TTCN ny l ly (i) hiu qu kinh t- x
hi lm tiu chun c bn xc nh phng n pht trin, la chn d n
u t v cng ngh. u t chiu su khai thc ti a nng lc sn xut
hin c. (ii) To vic lm nhiu hn, s lao ng tng thm hng nm, gim
ng k tht nghip; (iii) Ci thin cht lng cuc sng, mi trng th;
(iv) i mi cn bn t chc, qun l v nng cao hiu qu khu vc doanh
nghip nh nc. i mi v pht trin a dng cc hnh thc kinh t hp
tc t thp n cao. Pht trin cc hnh thc lin doanh lin kt trc tip
gia cc doanh nghip nh nc vi nhau, gia kinh t nh nc vi kinh t
hp tc, kinh t t nhn, c th v cc cng ty nc ngoi.
(*) Mc ch chnh: (v) cm CN-TTCN h tr pht trin ngnh Cng nghip
c vai tr l ng lc v nng ct qu trnh HH-CNH khu vc; (vi) Khai thc
trit cc ngun ni lc v thu ht s dng c hiu qu cc ngun ngoi
lc (input), tip nhn vn v chuyn giao cng ngh tin tin, hin i v hi
nhp vi th trng khu vc v th gii (hnh v 1).
(*) Trn c s nhu cu pht trin, quan im, mc ch m vic la chn
nhng ngnh cng nghip theo nhm cng nghip ch o, u tin nh: 1)
cng nghip VLXD; 2) c kh phc v nng lm; 3) Sn xut v gia cng
thp ngui; 4) ch bin nng- lm sn thc phm v; 5) sn xut hng tiu
dng. Quan trng hn ht l phi m bo mi ch tiu kinh t k thut do
Nh nc qui nh i vi cc KCN ni chung v cm CN-TTCN ni ring.

i vi xu hng pht trin bn vng th s quan tm n mi lnh vc, a
ngnh l rt cn thit bi m hnh simulation hnh thnh s nh gi ton
b nh hng din ra trong mi qu trnh vn hnh ca cm CN-TTCN ni
chung v tng nh my, XNCN ni ring. Ngoi nhng yu cu i vi qui

M hnh CN-TTCN hng ti pht trin bn vng

- 39 -
hoch cm CN-TTCN theo qui chun, qui phm ca B Xy dng v vic lp
cc n quy hoch xy dng th d n cn quan tm thm nhng lnh vc
nh:
- Chun b cng tc qui hoch;
- M phng nhng nh hng, tc ng qui hoch (Output);
- nh gi vng i ca d n qui hoch (Life Cycle Assesment);
a. Chun b cng tc qui hoch
Cng tc chun b qui hoch i hi da trn nhng phn nh thc t ri
lng ghp mt cch hiu qu, tng thch vi nhng kha cnh kinh t- x
hi, xy dng, qun l th v mi trng. Tuy nhin, c l hu ht cc
cm CN-TTCN cha quan tm y n s cn bng gia cung- cu do
s chnh lch hin nay gia hai thi cc ny cng tr thnh ch chnh v
cn c s tham gia ca nhiu Ngnh bi bt k s bin ng gia cung-
cu u nh hng rt ln ti s pht trin bn vng ni chung. Theo s
liu bc u v nhu cu ca cc doanh nghip trn a bn thnh ph Thi
Nguyn cho thy y chnh l tim nng tim n ln trong khu vc bi cm
CN-TTCN thu ht s quan tm su st ca h ngay t giai on lp qui
hoch, cng l mt yu t tch cc ca xu hng ny. V vy, vic sp
xp, b tr cc XNCN v cc chc nng khc cn phi tun theo nhng
nguyn tc, t hp v qui hoch cng nghip (theo kiu hp khi lin tc,
n nguyn, chu vihnh v 2). Tuy nhin, t chc qui hoch ny cha thc
s i vo cuc sng khi cha tnh ton v xem xt cn trng n hin tng
nng cc b trong li cm CN v th.

Hin tng ny l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn tc ng lm bin i kh
hu, gia tng hiu ng nh knh, hp ph hm nng li cc th hin i
v cm CN vo ban ngy v tn lnh t ngt vo ban m, hu qu l to
ra nhng cn lc xoy trong khu vc ni th, trong KCN ri bc ln cao bin
ton khu vc nh mt cho nng-lnh khng l m con ngi s phi gnh
chu cng vi nhng him ha khn lng.
Phng n qui hoch cm CN-TTCN thnh ph Thi Nguyn bc u
c thit k trn quan im tn trng a hnh thin nhin, y chnh l u


- 40 -
im m cnh quan thin nhin vng Vit Bc ban tng. Song song l t l
xanh ho tng v phn b linh hot- hi ho vi tng th cm CN-TTCN
c tc dng lm gim, thm ch c th ho gii c hin tng nng ln
cc b v lm cho mi trng ngy cng tr nn l tng. V phng n c
hng lng ghp cc chc nng vi cc i cy xanh sinh thi tr thnh
qun th kin trc cnh quan sinh ng trong h sinh thi ton vng. Tuy
nhin, gii quyt ng b vn ny ph thuc trc tip gia cc mi lin h
v c cu phn khu chc nng cm CN-TTCN vi cng ng dn c xung
quanh sao cho khai thc ti a cc ngun lc: (1) ngun nguyn liu; (2)
ngun nhn lc; (3) ngun ti nguyn thin nhin v (4) kh nng qun l,
vn hnh cm CN-TTCN song hnh vi h thng hnh chnh Tnh, Thnh
ph. Do , phng php m phng v nh gi s giao thoa ngun lc s
c th l cng c mang tnh chin lc, hu hiu cho cm CN-TTCN ny.
b. b. b. b. M phng nhng nh hng, tc ng t hot ng ca cm CN-
TTCN
Simulation c hiu nh mt m hnh khp kn c tnh ton t: 1)
u vo (input) ca ngun (hnh v 3); 2) nhng sn phm chnh- ph thng
qu trnh vn hnh; 3) u ra l thnh phm cui cng ca mi dy chuyn.
Bn cnh , hot ng ca cm CN-TTCN thnh ph Thi Nguyn s c
nhng nh hng v tc ng nht nh qua hai loi dy chuyn chnh l:
dy chuyn tng th v dy chuyn trong mi XNCN theo tng tnh cht, loi
hnh v c im chung ca chng.
(*) Dy chuyn tng th cm CN-TTCN
Mc tiu ca dy chuyn t ra gn lin vi tiu ch pht trin chung cm
CN-TTCN sao cho tc dng, ngha ca n ng gp tch cc vo tin trnh
sn xut qua to cng n vic lm v tng thu nhp cho cng ng dn
c khu vc, mt s mc tiu l:
+ Bo v mi trng pht trin bn vng th v vng ln cn;
+ Nng cao cht lng cuc sng cho cng ng dn c;
+ Gii quyt trit hin tng nng cc b;
+ S dng hiu qu ngun lc, v x l cht thi cng nghip;
+ H gi thnh sn phm, nng cao cht lng, hiu qu kinh t-x hi v
gn gi vi thin nhin (green productions v environmental friendly);
+ To hnh lang php l ni tri cho hot ng, hp dn u t vo cm CN-
TTCN.
Nhng iu ny lun gn lin vi s tn ti lu di cm CN-TTCN bi nhng
rng buc nht nh c ngha thc y nhanh qu trnh HH-CNH khu vc.

- 41 -
Qui hoch bc u xem xt, xc nh v nh tnh nhng yu t bt li c
th khi a vo vn hnh bng cch phn loi nh my theo mc nhim
nh cc XNCN: (1) sch; (2) c th gy nhim; (3) t gy nhim; (4)
nhim v sau cng cc cht thi qua s dng trit c a vo khu
x l lm sch nhm m bo tiu chun cho php trc khi thi vo h
thng thot chung ca Thnh ph thng qua h thng quan trc (monitoring)
v bo v ti a, bo tn ngun ti nguyn thin nhin c din ho hnh
v 3.
Phi ni rng, vic b tr cc hnh thi kin trc CN y s to nn mt b
mt kin trc- cnh quan th khang trang, hin i ph hp, hi ho vi
cng nng, cm dn c v c bit l tuyn quc l 3 huyt mch lin kt
Thi Nguyn vi H ni ni ring v vng Vit Bc ni chung. trnh lp
li trng hp trn tuyn QL. 5, cm CN-TTCN thnh ph Thi Nguyn
c kt ni nhng di cy xanh cch ly cng vi khong li ln rt linh hot
cho qu trnh pht trin th cng nh kh nng nng cp, m rng quc l
3 trong nm 2010.

(*) Dy chuyn khp kn trong mi XNCN
Dy chuyn khp kn trong mi XNCN l thnh phn cu thnh nn dy
chuyn tng th cm CN-TTCN ny, n c lng ghp thch hp vo trong
vng quay chung v ng gp vo s thnh cng ca m hnh pht trin bn
vng tng lai. Mi dy chuyn cn phi c tnh ton thng qua cc
tiu ch c th v: (1) cng ngh; (2) hiu qu kinh t; (3) cht lng sn
phm ; (4) qu trnh vn hnh, bo tr v (5) nin hn. c th xut khu
sn phm c cht lng v hi nhp quc t th vic khuyn khch p dng
cc tiu chun ISO 9000, 9001, c bit ISO 14000 hay h thng EMS
(Environmental Management System) s lm tng hiu qu khai thc dy
chuyn khp kn cng nh dy chuyn tng th v cng ln.


- 42 -
c. nh gi vng i ca d n qui hoch (Life Cycle Assesment)
tng giai on phn k s phn nh nhng tiu chun c th, chi tit
nhm a ra nhng nh gi xc thc ti thi im , qui trnh ny s
c thc hin lin tc v lu di trong ton b qu trnh hot ng cm CN-
TTCN. Da trn nhng kt qu t cc trm quan trc monitoring phi kt
hp vi c quan chuyn ngnh a ra nhng iu chnh c th nhm lm
tng gi tr v thi gian hot ng cm CN nh nh t tha ban u m
bo thnh cng cho m hnh pht trin bn vng.
Qui hoch chi tit CCN-TTCN thnh ph Thi Nguyn l minh chng cho xu
hng pht trin cho s ch o ng n ca Nh nc i vi ngnh cng
nghip, lnh vc ch cht trong nn kinh t cho qu trnh HH-CNH. c bit
m hnh CN-TTCN theo xu hng pht trin bn vng t nhiu c tc ng
gim thiu nhiu nh hng tiu cc n pht trin th-nng thn mi ca
t nc q

Ti liu tham kho:
1. Statistic publishing house, Master plan of sectors and National programs
in Vietnam to the years after 2000, Hanoi, 12.1997.
2. B Xy dng. Quy hoch qun l v pht trin cc khu cng nghip Vit
nam, Nh xut bn xy dng, H ni, 1998.
3. NMH, QHCT cm CN-TTCN thnh ph Thi Nguyn, Tnh Thi Nguyn,
Vin Quy hoch T-NT, H ni, 6.2002.

- 43 -
QUY HOCH XY DNG V THIT K H TNG
K THUT KCN TP TRUNG TI VIT NAM

TS. KSC. Nguyn Vn Hng
TCT T vn Xy dng Vit Nam- B Xy dng

I. Nhng tn ti trong QHXD v thit k h thng thot nc v x l
nc thi
Cc KCN, KCX v cm cng nghip (CCN) to ra nhiu sn phm cng
nghip cho nn kinh t quc dn, song trong qu trnh hot ng hng ngy
li x ra mi trng mt lng nc thi rt ln, c thnh phn nhim
phc tp. y l nguy c tim tng dn n nhim mi trng. Tuy nhin,
hin nay cng tc quy hoch, thit k, vn hnh qun l h thng h tng
khu cng nghip tp trung c bit l vn thot nc v x l nc thi
cn nhiu bt cp. Khi lng nc thi x ra v cht lng nc thi sau
x l ti nhiu KCN, KCX cha c quan tm theo di v qun l cht ch.
Cng tc qun l vn hnh cc h thng h tng KCN hin nay ang l vn
bc xc i vi Ban qun l cc KCN, KCX v cc c quan qun l th.
1.1. Hin trng xy dng h thng thot nc
Tt c cc KCN u c h thng thot nc kiu ring, bao gm:
- H thng thot nc ma.
- H thng thot nc thi sn xut, nc thi sinh hot.
i vi cc KCN tp trung, vic thit k h thng thot nc ring l rt cn
thit, nhm m bo nc thi cng nghip c thu gom v x l trit .
Vic qun l u ni h thng thot nc ca mi nh my trong khu cng
nghip rt quan trng, y l cng vic cn c gim st t khu thit k
n khi thi cng. Rt nhiu nh my v nhiu khu cng nghip c h thng
u ni thu gom nc thi khng tt. T xy ra hin tng nc thi
chy vo h thng nc ma v ngc li. Mt s KCN khi c ma ln,
lng nc ma chy vo h thng thot nc thi lm cho trm x l
nc thi b qu ti. Do vy, mi KCN cn phi c quy nh cht ch vic
u ni h thng ngay t khi ph duyt bn v thit k.
H thng thu gom nc thi c thit k v xy dng c th l rnh b
tng, rnh xy gch y an kn. Nhiu KCN do cc doanh nghip trong
nc u t s dng ng trn BTCT sn xut ti nh my. Ngoi ra thi
gian gn y mt s KCN cng s dng cc loi ng nha PVC ca cc lin
doanh trong nc v nhp t nc ngoi.
Qui hoch xy dng v thit k h tng k thut KCN tp trung ti Vit Nam

- 44 -
Cc tuyn ng ng thu gom nc thi c thit k theo nguyn l t
chy theo dc san nn. Trong trng hp ng ng t qu su c b
tr cc trm bm chuyn ct.
Cc tuyn ng nc thi ch yu i di va h dc theo cc tuyn ng
giao thng.
V cht lng xy dng mng li ng ng: cc tuyn ng thot nc
thi thng c xy dng theo kiu cun chiu theo giai on, khng ng
b. Nhiu tuyn ng thi cng xong khng vn hnh ngay do cha c nc
thi v khng c qun l bo dng nh k nn b h hng nhiu.
n khi c nc thi vn hnh cn mt khon kinh ph thng tc, sa
cha... gy tn km cho cc doanh nghip.
Lu lng nc thi cng nghip c tnh ton ch yu da vo tiu
chun thi nc trn mt n v din tch chim t cc nh my, x nghip:
- Trung bnh khong 40-60m
3
/ha i vi KCN do cc doanh nghip trong
nc u t.
- Khong 60-100m
3
/ha i vi cc KCN c vn u t nc ngoi.
Vn tnh ton ng khi lng nc thi c tm quan trng c bit v n
nh hng n vic la chn quy m ng ng, trm bm v cc cng
trnh lm sch nc thi. Thc t iu tra, kho st ti mt s trm x l
nc thi ang vn hnh cho thy cng sut nc thi thc t nh hn rt
nhiu so vi cng sut tnh ton thit k ban u. Nh vy c s lng ph
u t h thng thu gom v x l nc thi.
1.2. Hin trng cng tc x l nc thi
Theo s liu tnh ton, cc KCN tp trung khu vc pha Bc c tng lng
nc thi d bo khong 250.000m3/ngy. Song cho n nay tng lng
nc thi c x l ch khong 50.000m3/ngy(chim khong 20%).
Khu vc min Trung c tng lng nc thi cc KCN tp trung d bo
khong 120.000m3/ngy. Cho n nay mi x l khong 15.000m3/ngy
(chim khong 12,5%).
Khu vc pha Nam c 48 KCN c trm x l nc thi, tng cng sut nc
thi c x l khong 185.000m3/ngy.
Vic u t xy dng chm v cha xy dng cc cng trnh x l nc thi
ti nhiu KCN c nhiu nguyn nhn ch quan v khch quan. Bn cnh
vic chm tr gii phng mt bng v xy dng ng giao thng n khu
vc dnh cho trm x l cn c nguyn nhn ch yu l thiu kinh ph u
t.

- 45 -
C nhiu trm x l nc thi xy dng nhng khng hot ng. Vic
cc trm x l xy dng nhng khng hot ng hoc c hot ng
nhng km hiu qu c 2 nguyn nhn chnh:
- Th nht: cha c nc thi hoc cha cng sut nc thi theo thit
k(do tin thu ht u t b chm). Do c KCN phi nh k cho vn
hnh trm x l vi ngun nc sng hn ch hng hc, xung cp thit
b v ng ng nu trm dng qu lu (KCN Bc Thng Long-H Ni).
- Th hai: thiu kinh ph cho qu trnh qun l vn hnh v bo dng h
thng thit b trm x l. Theo tnh ton vn hnh 1m
3
nc thi/ngy
m tn khong 2 ngn ng. Nh vy vi 1 trm cng sut 5000m
3
/ngy s
tn khong 10 triu ng trong 1 ngy.
a. V cng ngh x l nuc thi
- C nhiu KCN c cng ngh x l nc thi hin i nh: Si ng,
Nomura, Thng Long- p dng cng ngh x l bng vi sinh ti cc b
aeroten sc kh b mt hoc thi kh di y. Sut u t xy dng cc
trm x l nh vy trung bnh khong 5-6 triu ng/m
3
nc thi ngy m.
- Nhn chung cht lng nc thi cng nghip thay i rt nhiu gia cc
khu cng nghip v ngay c trong mi nh my ca mt khu. Nc thi sn
xut c thnh phn v mc nhim bn phc tp do c th khc nhau
ca cc cng ngh u t nn nhiu nh my phi u t xy dng h
thng x l nc thi sn xut ca mnh t tiu chun dng thi ri mi
chung vo h thng x l nc thi tp trung ca KCN. Nc thi ca trm
x l tp trung ca KCN sau khi x l t cc tiu chun mi trng quy nh
theo TCVN 5945 - 2005 v TCVN 6980-2001 mi c x ra mi trng.
- Vic quy nh x l s b nc thi ca mi nh my t tiu chun loi
C trc khi x vo h thng thot nc thi chung ca KCN l cn thit, v
trong mt KCN c rt nhiu nh my khng c trm x l ring. Nu khng
quy nh phi c bin php x l s b n mc C th s lm qu ti cc
cng trnh x l ca trm tp trung, lm hiu qu x l tp trung khng cao,
cht lng nc thi sau x l rt kh t yu cu, hn na nc thi c
pH dao ng qu ln s ph hu cc cng trnh x l v cc thit b x l rt
mau xung cp.
- Cc dy chuyn x l nc thi cng nghip c kho st cho thy
nu nc thi u vo t yu cu loi C hoc vt qu loi C khng nhiu
th cc dy chuyn x l s dng bn hot tnh u t yu cu. Nhng
trong thc t c nhiu nh my c cht lng nc thi rt xu, khng c
x l cc b trc (v d: KCN Tn To, L Minh Xun,...) dn n cht
lng nc thi sau x l khng t yu cu trong mt s thi im v
mt vi ch tiu.
- Cc KCN tp trung thng c t 1 n 2 trm x l vi cng sut trung
bnh t 1000-5000m
3
/ngy. V tr trm c t ti im thp ca mng ng

- 46 -
thu gom tn dng kh nng thot nc t chy. Nhn chung, v tr chn
hp l, cui gi, gn im x vo cc ngun nc.
b. Qua kho st tai ch cng tc thit k v xy dng cc cng trnh x
l nuc thi cn mt s bt cp
- Vic chn s lng trm x l: hu ht mi KCN c mt trm x l tp
trung t ti v tr hp l, thng l v pha cui gi. Do a hnh bng phng
hoc c nhiu lu vc thot nc ring bit nn gim chiu su chn ng
cn nhiu trm bm chuyn ct. Ti cc KCN ln, a hnh li bng phng
th khong cch t im u tuyn ng thu gom n trm x l tp trung l
rt xa. Do , ng ng cui tuyn phi t rt su v cc trm bm
chuyn ct c quy m ln s lm tng chi ph u t xy dng v vn hnh.
- Cc trm x l c thit k c cng sut kh ln: trung bnh khong
2000-5000m
3
/ngy. C trm x l cng sut ti 10.000m3/ngy. Tuy c
c phn t u t xy dng song tin xy dng cc nh my thng
khng t nh d n ra. Do , xy ra tnh trng khng c nc thi
hoc khng nc thi cho trm vn hnh.
- Do quy m trm x l tp trung v yu cu vn u t ban u ln nn
nhiu KCN hot ng m cha xy dng c trm x l nc thi. Cc
ch u t kinh doanh h tng ch c kh nng u t xy dng mng
ng ng k thut ngm kiu cun chiu theo giai on ch khng kinh
ph xy dng trm x l. Kt qu, ti mt s KCN nc thi c x tm
vo h thng nc ma hoc x thng ra mi trng.
- Vic tnh ton lu lng nc thi cng nghip cha c cn c thuyt
phc v cha c tiu chun thi nc cng nghip thng nht. Thc t xy
dng v vn hnh mt s trm x l cho thy sut lu lng nc thi/ 1
n v din tch KCN chnh lch kh ln. Quy m cng sut cc trm x l
nc thi ca mt s khu cng nghip c th hin bng di y:
Bng 1. Kt qu kho st lu lng nc thi ti mt s KCN
Tn KCN Din tch
(ha)
Cng sut trm x l
(m
3
/ngy)
Sut lu lng
(m3/ha.ngy)
Thit k Thc t Thit k Thc t
KCN Vng ng 116 4.800 2.500 41 21
KCN Ci Ln 150 4.000 2.000 26 13
KCN Thng Long 128 5.000 2.000 39 16
KCN M Xun A2 312 10.000 1.000 32 3,2
KCN L Minh Xun 100 4.000 2.000 40 20
KCN Tn Thun 300 10.000 3.000 33 10
KCN Bin Ha 1+2 700 30.000 4.000 43 6
KCN Amata 129 4.000 1.000 31 8
KCN Sng Thn 1 180 8.000 4.000 44 22
KCX Linh Trung 1 62 5.000 4.000 80 64


- 47 -
c. Qun l h thng thot v x l nuc thi
- Nhn chung do cc cng ty pht trin h tng KCN qun l. Khu vc pha
Nam b my qun l gn nh, chuyn nghip, khu vc pha Bc cn hn ch
v trnh qun l h thng h tng.
- Cc trm x l nc thi trong cc khu cng nghip ni chung u c
thit k hin i, c th iu khin bn t ng hoc t ng. Vic vn hnh
cc trm x l khng kh khn.
- Vn qun l h thng u ni, thu gom nc thi sn xut nhiu khu
cng nghip cha tht tt dn n cht lng nc thi sau x l khng t
yu cu hoc khng th x l c do qu ti.
- Cha c c ch thu ph x l nc thi thng nht, cha c bin php ch
ti mnh bt buc cc doanh nghip phi x l nc thi s b trc
khi a v khu x l nc thi tp trung.
- V qun l chung tm v m: vic cc trm x l nc thi gp s c, cht
lng nc thi sau x l khng t yu cu kh nhiu. V vy, khng nn
b tr cc KCN c nc thi c hi cao khu vc d gy nhim cho
ngun cp nc sinh hot.
- Vai tr ban qun l trong qun l mi trng KCN: giai on trc
25.10.2006, Ban qun l hot ng theo Ngh nh 36/CP v c coi l c
quan TW ng trn a bn. Theo Quy ch ban hnh km Ngh nh ny,
iu 11 v iu 14 quy nh ngha v ca Cng ty pht trin h tng KCN v
doanh nghip KCN trong cng tc bo v mi trng, nhng khng c iu
khon no trc tip giao nhim v bo v mi trng cho Ban qun l.
- Ban qun l cc KCN v Ch xut khng c phn cp r rng v chc
nng, nhim v v qun l mi trng, do khng c bin ch cn b
chuyn mn v mi trng, khng c trang b cc my mc, thit b phc
v cho cng tc qun l, kim tra, kim sot tnh trng nhim mi trng
trong cc KCN.
Tuy nhin, do l c quan qun l trc tip cc KCN, nn cc Ban Qun l
vn c gng v ch ng tham gia vo cng tc bo v mi trng trn c
s mc quan h gia ban qun l vi cc s, ngnh chc nng ca a
phng. Cc Ban qun l nu khng lp phng qun l mi trng thc
hin cng tc bo v mi trng th cng phn cng mt phng chc nng
kim nhim chc nng theo di v bo v mi trng.
V c bn, hot ng bo v mi trng ca Ban qun l thng tp trung
vo mt s ni dung sau:
- Xem xt v gc mi trng (thng qua nh gi trnh cng ngh,
thit b, nguyn liu u vo, cht thi v ph liu u ra) khi tip nhn h s

- 48 -
xin cp Giy php u t trc y v cp Giy chng nhn u t hin
nay.
- Tun th QHCT, phn khu chc nng khi cho d n vo khu v gim st
khi xy dng m bo cc d n hot ng pht trin bn vng, khng
tc ng xu n mi trng v cc d n xung quanh.
- Hng dn cc ch u t, cc doanh nghip tm hiu v tun th lut
php v bo v mi trng. y l hot ng rt cn thit, c bit vi cc
ch u t FDI.
- Ra cc vn bn nhc nh, n c cc doanh nghip thc hin cng tc
bo v mi trng, khai bo ch ngun thi cht thi nguy hi hoc khi c
hin tng vi phm.
- Qun l hot ng dch v thu gom, vn chuyn v x l cht thi cng
nghip; gii thiu nhng n v dch v mi trng c chc nng, nng
lc cho cc doanh nghip c nhu cu.
- Phi hp vi S chc nng ca Thnh ph (tnh) trong cng tc ph bin,
tp hun chuyn ngnh, trong cng tc kim tra, thanh tra bo v mi trng
khi c yu cu.
- Phi hp, to iu kin gip cc on cng tc ca cc b, ngnh chc
nng, cc c quan nghin cu khoa hc vo khu cng nghip kho st, iu
tra s liu phc v nghin cu khoa hc v ra chnh sch v mi trng.
Tch cc tham gia kin trong cc hi tho khoa hc v mi trng.
- Thng xuyn trao i vi cc cng ty pht trin h tng KCN nm tnh
hnh, cng cng ty v cc c quan chc nng gii quyt cc khiu ni lin
quan n mi trng.
II. xut cc gii php qui hoch, thit k h thng thot nc v x
l nc thi
2.1. Qui hoch s dng t h tng k thut
QHCT s dng t KCN thng dnh 1 qu t t 1,0% n 5,0% xy
dng cc cng trnh h tng k thut, bao gm:
- Trm cp nc sch.
- Khu x l nc thi tp trung.
- Trm bin p trung gian.
- Khu t tp kt cc loi cht thi rn.
- D kin xy dng cc nh my kh, hi phc v cho KCN.

- 49 -
- Trm cu ho.
- C quan qun l kim tra mi trng.
Vic xc nh qu t hp l cho cc cng trnh h tng k thut s lm tng
hiu qu u t h thng h tng k thut ni chung v cc cng trnh bo
v mi trng ni ring.
Din tch chim t ca cc trm x l nc thi ph thuc ch yu vo
phng n cng ngh x l nc thi v x l bn thi. Nu p dng cng
ngh x l sinh hc khp kn nh: h aeroten, UASB, SBR, Biofilter, AAO vi
thit b x l bn bng c hc th din tch trm x l gim. Nu p dng
cng ngh h sinh hc, knh xy ha tun hon th din tch cn rt ln.
Ngoi ra, ty phng n x l cht thi rn m c ni khng cn dnh t
lm khu tp kt CTR, nh vy s gim ng k din tch t cho khu h tng
k thut.
T l qu t hp l dnh cho cc cng trnh ha tng k thut nn ly
khong 1,5-2,5%
2.2. Thit k h thng thot nc ma
- Cn tun th Ngh nh 2006 v thot nc th v KCN.
- Cc KCN, khu ch xut, cc cm cng nghip, cc x nghip cng nghip
cn thit k h thng thot nc ma ring.
- Ch hot ng ca h thng thot nc ma l ch t chy.
- H thng thot nc ma mi khu cng nghip phi tun th theo quy
hoch thot nc vng ca th ni c KCN v ph hp vi quy hoch
thy li v tiu nc ca th .
2.3. Thit k h thng thot nc thi
2.3.1. Tiu chun thot nuc thi cng nghip
a. Cn c ti liu Waste Water Engineering ca Metcalf & Eddy
Gi tr lu lng dng thit k cho cc trm x l nc thi cng nghip
l:
- T 9 14m
3
ha-ngy i vi cc ngnh ngh cng nghip dng t nc.
- T 14 28m
3
/ha-ngy i vi cc ngnh ngh s dng nc trung bnh.
- Trn 50m3/ha-ngy i vi cc ngnh ngh CN dng nhiu nc.

- 50 -
b. Theo tiu chun cp nc TCXDVN 33-2006
Tiu chun dng nc cho nhu cu sn xut cng nghip phi xc nh trn
c s nhng ti liu thit k c, hoc so snh vi cc iu kin sn xut
tng t. Khi khng c s liu c th, c th ly trung bnh:
- i vi cng nghip sn xut ru bia, sa, hp, ch bin thc phm,
giy, dt: 45 m
3
/ha/ngy.
- i vi cc ngnh cng nghip khc: 22 m
3
/ha/ngy.
c. Cn c kt qu kho st mt s trm x l ang vn hnh ti cc KCN:
Sut lu lng nc thi trung bnh: 22m3/1ha
xut tiu chun thi nc cng nghip theo yu cu dng nc:
1. i vi KCN c tnh cht dng t nc: 20-30m
3
/ha.
2. i vi KCN c tnh cht dng nc trung bnh: 30-50m
3
/ha.
3. i vi KCN c tnh cht dng nhiu nc: 60-80m
3
/ha.
(Xc nh mc dng nc cn theo loi hnh cc ngnh ngh u t vo
mi KCN)
2.3.2. Thit k h thng thot nuc thi
- Cc khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, cc cm cng nghip, cc x nghip
cng nghip cn thit k h thng thot nc thi ring.
- Ch hot ng ca h thng thot nc thi l ch t chy kt hp
trm bm chuyn khi cn thit.
2.3.3. Thit k cc cng trnh x l nuc thi
a. Cc yu t c bn la chn cng ngh x l nuc thi
- Lu lng nc thi.
- Thnh phn cht nhim trong nc thi.
- Yu cu mc lm sch trc khi x ra mi trng.
- iu kin a cht thy vn.
- Quy hoch s dng t khu vc.
- Trnh qun l vn hnh h thng.
- Ngun vn u t.

- 51 -
- Kh nng ti chnh bo tr vn hnh h thng.
b. Cc cng ngh x l nuc thi c th p dng
- H sinh hc t hoi & tch cc (BIO-LAKE).
- B Aeroten lin tc.
- Phng php knh sinh hc tun hon (Bio-Ditch).
- B x l theo m (SBR).
- B Aeroten cao ti.
- B lc Bio-Fillter.
- Cng ngh V-69, CN2000.
- Cng ngh AAO-MBR.
c. Thit k cc cng trnh x l nuc thi
- V tr quy hoch trm x l, s lng trm v cng sut trm x l cho mi
KCN cn xc nh c th theo iu kin thc t. Khng nn my mc b tr
cho mi KCN ch c 1 trm x l.
- Cc trm x l nc thi nu c u t dng nhiu mun song song s
trnh c s c ng lot, thun tin cho bo dng chu k lun phin.
i vi nhng KCN thu ht u t chm, u t dng m un cn to cho
ch u t phn k v u t vn.
- Khi x l nc thi cng nghip bng cng ngh vi sinh, vi nhng KCN t
c s ch bin thc phm th nc thi cng nghip tp trung v nh my
x l thng ngho dinh dng, khng m bo t l thch hp gia BOD, N
v P nn cn tn dng nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn hoc khu th
gn cng x l.
- Nghin cu quy m trm x l v cng ngh x l thch hp cho cc KCN,
bo m ph hp u t theo giai on, theo tnh cht khng ng u ca
dng nc thi v khi lng v hm lng cht bn.
- Cc trm x l nc thi tp trung cho n nay thng c thit k vi
quy m kh ln (cng sut khong 4.000 - 6.000m3/ngy cho KCN c din
tch 70 -100 ha t). Vn u t xy dng ban u cho nhng trm x l
nh vy khong 30-35 t ng. Ngun vn ch yu l Ngn sch nh nc
v vn ng gp t cc doanh nghip u t vo khu cng nghip. Trong
khi thc t qu trnh lp y cc cm v khu cng nghip thng theo
hnh thc cun chiu ko di nhiu nm. Do n v ch u t h tng
KCN khng c vn ban u xy dng trm x l nc thi.

- 52 -
- i vi cc trm x l xy dng th li c tnh trng hot ng khng
ng cng sut thit k do thc trng lp y cc cm v KCN din ra khng
ng tin d kin. iu ny dn n cc trm x l hot ng khng hiu
qu, lng ph cc chi ph vn hnh bo dng.
- Nhiu cm v khu cng nghip c a hnh t nhin phc tp. gim chi
ph san nn thng c thit k v xy dng vi nhiu hng dc thot
nc. i vi cc cm v KCN ny th vic chn xy dng 1 khu x l nc
thi tp trung lm tng vn xy dng h thng ng ng v trm bm trung
chuyn nc thi.
gii quyt cc vn nu trn cn nghin cu thit k v p dng cc
m un x l nc thi c quy m xy dng v vn u t ban u hp l
(cho cc din tch t xy dng cm v KCN khong 20, 30, 40, 50 ha).
- Thit k cc modun x l hp khi c cng sut thch hp cc nh u
t c th la chn ph hp phn t xy dng v kh nng v ngun vn:
Mi modun c cng sut khong 500-1000m
3
/ngy m.
- Ty theo a hnh, s phn b cc lu vc thot nc v phn b cc nh
my c th c 1 trm tp trung hoc 2, 3 trm phn tn.
V d:
- a hnh khng thun li v thot nc: nhiu lu vc kn, dc san nn
nh, tuyn ng ng thu dn nc thi qu di...nn b tr cc trm phn
tn.
- Cc cm nh my c tnh cht nc thi khc nhau. V d: nhm cc nh
my c nc thi m c, c hi v nhm cc nh my c nc thi
thng thng khng c hi nn thu gom theo mng x l ring.
- Nn dng cng ngh x l sinh hc trit (s x l bn hot tnh tun
hon) gim khi lng bn cn d.
- Tng x nghip phi c trm x l s b nu cha cc cht c trng v
sau x nc thi ra mng li ring ton khu cng nghip dn n
trm x l tp trung.
- Nc thi sinh hot ti cc KCN c x l bc 1 ti cc b pht ca cc
c s sn xut trc khi thi vo h thng cng thi chung ca KCN.
- Nc thi sn xut: do c th khc nhau ca cc cng ngh u t nn
tng nh my phi u t xy dng h thng x l nc thi sn xut
ca mnh t tiu chun dng thi ri mi chung vo h thng x l nc
thi tp trung ca Khu cng nghip. Nc thi ca trm x l tp trung ca
Khu cng nghip sau khi x l t cc tiu chun mi trng quy nh mi
c x vo cc ngun tip nhn.

- 53 -
Nhn chung nc thi cng nghip ti cc KCN c phn thnh 2 nhm
chnh:
1. Nc thi cc ngnh cng nghip khng c tnh cht c trng: cng
nghip c kh, sn xut hng tiu dng v VLXD...
2. Nc thi cc ngnh cng nghip c tnh cht c trng: cng nghip
thy sn, ngnh giy, ch bin thc phm, ha cht...
III. Mt s xut v c ch qun l vn hnh h thng h tng k thut
thch hp
Tng cng u t cho cng tc qun l mi trng cc KCN. Cc a
phng cn c k hoch u t thm v phng tin, my mc thit b cho
cc n v c trch nhim v qun l mi trng trong cc KCN nh S Ti
nguyn v Mi trng, Ban Qun l cc KCN v KCX. K c cc phng th
nghim cng nh cc thit b vn phng, Cc phng tin thng tin lin lc
v phng tin i li, nhm to iu kin thun li cho i ng cn b qun
l mi trng hon thnh tt nhim v. Cn b sung kinh ph cho vic o
to i ng cn b chuyn trch v qun l mi trng cng nh m cc lp
bi dng cho s cn b bn chuyn trch v qun l mi trng cc DN
nhm tng cng nng lc ca i ng cn b ny. Ngoi ra, Thnh ph
cng cn c nhng chnh sch u i mnh khuyn khch cc DN kinh
doanh c s h tng KCN u t cc nh my x l nc thi ti KCN ca
mnh.
ngh Chnh ph khi ban hnh Ngh nh v chc nng, nhim v, quy ch
hot ng ca Ban qun l KCN nn quy nh vic thnh lp phng Qun l
mi trng (khng nn kim nhim) vi nhng tiu chun v nhn s,
nghip v v quyn hn c th, nht l vn p dng cc bin php ch
ti. Thc t cho thy cng tc bo v mi trng KCN nu thc hin y
s rt phc tp, nng n. Trong trng hp nu cc doanh nghip c cc vi
phm v bo v mi trng th Ban qun l ch c th ra vn bn nhc nh
bi v khng c quy nh no cho php Ban qun l c p dng bin php
ch ti i vi cc hnh vi vi phm bo v mi trng.
i vi cc c s sn xut kinh doanh trong KCN cn c quy nh phi b tr
mt cn b ph trch v bo v mi trng (ging nh vic quy nh b tr
cn b ph trch an ton lao ng). Khi c quy nh nh vy s trnh c
nhng hiu lm b coi l gy phin h trong vic tip xc trao i gia c
quan qun l nh nc vi c s sn xut kinh doanh v lm tng trch
nhim ca cc c s trong vn bo v mi trng.
Cc d n thot nc v x l nc thi l nhng d n c tnh cht c
bit, i hi mt lng vn u t rt ln, l d n khng c kh nng tr n
v ch yu mang tnh cht cng ch khng c ngun thu. Nhn chung cc d
n thot nc v x l nc thi v ang xy dng nc ta cn t, ch
yu do cc nc: Nht, c, Php, an Mch... cho vay vn v thit k vi
sut u t kh cao. Nht l i vi cc trm x l nc thi. Cn nng cao

- 54 -
hn na trnh , nng lc v kinh nghim qun l v thot nc v x l
nc thi cho i ng t vn trong nc.
Vn qun l, vn hnh cc trm x l cn c xc nh r rng vi cc
nh mc chi ph phc v cho qu trnh vn hnh, bo dng thit b, c ch
thng pht trong vic qun l cc trm x l.
Cn c c ch thu ph x l nc thi thng nht v bin php ch ti
mnh bt buc cc doanh nghip phi x l nc thi s b trc khi
a v khu x l nc thi tp trung.
M hnh cc n v trc tip qun l h thng thot nc ti cc khu cng
nghip cn c thng nht gia cc a phng. Hot ng ca cc n v
ny cn thiu hiu qu do cha c c ch ti chnh hp l.
T chc o to ti ch lc lng cn b v cng nhn k thut qun l,
vn hnh h thng thot nc v trm x l nc thi.
Bo m cc ngun kinh ph cho cng tc qun l duy tr v vn hnh h
thng q


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