Writing IELTS Task 1

– Grammar for Academic Task 1 Essays –

For Writing IELTS Task 1 essays, you are required to describe the detail in a chart, graph,
table, map or diagram, most especially, to record changes in data.

This will involve:

● Describing trends
● Describing increases and decreases
● Making comparisons

To do this, you will need to use particular sentence structures and these are one of the
things we’ll be learning about in this lesson.

We’ll also be looking at common Task 1 verb tenses and other elements of grammar that
frequently cause problems for students.

Here's an overview of the lesson:

1) Verb tenses

2) Key sentence structures

3) 2 Common grammatical errors

1) Verb Tenses
The choice of which tense to use will be determined by whether or not the graphic contains
dates and, if it does, whether the dates are in the past or the future.

Follow these guidelines:

● No date – use the present tense

● Dates in the past – use the past tense
 ● Dates in the future – use the future tense

The tenses you are most likely to need are:

– Present tense – present simple, present perfect or present perfect continuous

– Past tense – past simple

– Future tense – future simple or the future perfect

The table below gives explanations of these verb tenses and examples from Task 1 essays.

Common Writing IELTS Task 1 Verbs

Most graphics will require you to compare data from two or more time periods, for example,
past and present or present and future predictions, so you will need to use a range of
different tenses in your essay, as appropriate.

The key word in the sentence above is ‘appropriate’. Whilst you will gain marks for using a
good range of tenses in your Writing IELTS Task 1 essay, you should never do so just to
show that you know many different tenses. Only use the tense that is 100% correct for
expressing a specific piece of information. It is accuracy that the examiner is looking for.
 2) Key Sentence Structures
The first two steps of writing a great Academic Task 1 essay are to:

● Analyse the question

● Identify the main features

Once you’ve done this, you'll understand what you’re required to write about. It will be one or
more of these things:

● Describe trends
● Describe increases and decreases
● Make comparisons

There are specific sentence structures that you can use for each and these are what we’re
going to look at next.

How to Describe Trends

The two most useful grammatical structures for describing trends are:

1) Noun phrase + verb + adverb

For example,

The number of unemployed women fell significantly.

2) There + be + adjective + in + noun phrase

For example:

There was a dramatic improvement in the percentage of people in employment.

How to Describe Increases and Decreases

The two most useful grammatical structures for describing increases and decreases are:

1) Noun phrase + verb + adverb

For example,
 The popularity of social media climbed steadily.

2) There + be + noun + in + noun phrase

For example,

There was a fluctuation in university applications.

There is now a swimming pool in the location of the old factory.

How to Make Comparisons

Useful vocabulary for making comparisons includes:

more

most

high (er) (est)

large (er) (est)

less

least

few (er) (est)

low (er) (est)

small (er) (est)

These words can be used to form many different sentence structures useful for making
comparisons, such as.

1) More/fewer/less + noun + than

For example,

More teenagers play computer games than a sport.

2) Most/least + adjective

For example,

The most common childhood illness in 1979 was chickenpox.

3) More/less + adjective + than

For example,

Cruises were more popular than beach holidays in 2012.

4) High/low/few -er + than

For example,

A lower number of teenagers play a sport than play computer games.

5) High/low/large/small -est

For example,

The largest proportion of immigrants came from Mexico.

These sentence structures are valuable tools for getting high marks for your Writing IELTS
Task 1 essay, so practice using them.
 3) 2 Common Grammatical Errors
For many students, two aspects of grammar that are a particular problem are:

● Prepositions
● Articles

Prepositions

There are two specific prepositions that you will probably use numerous times in your Task 1
essay when reporting change – ‘in’ and ‘of’. They are easy to get wrong.

Follow this general rule:

● When stating the specific value of the change (number, amount, percentage etc.) –
use ‘of’.
● When stating what has changed – use ‘in’.

For example:

● An increase of 20%.
● An increase in the number of over 60’s taking exercise classes.
● A drop of almost a half.
● A drop in house prices.
● An improvement of 45 units per week.
● An improvement in retail sales from April to June.

‘Of’ is also used after a value. You will probably want to use proportional values in your Task
1 essay so here are some examples.

● a small percentage of
● just under a quarter of
● exactly a half of
● roughly three quarters of
● a significant majority of
● a high number of

Another preposition to learn is ‘between’ which you will need to make comparisons. For
example,

The price of houses went into sharp decline between 1980 and 1985 but increased
significantly from 1986 to 1990.
 Articles

Many languages do not have articles, and native speakers of those

languages can find it a huge challenge to remember to use them.

In English, there are three articles – the, a, and an. Each is used in specific
instances.

1) With singular and plural nouns:

● Use the before singular and plural nouns when the noun is a specific
thing. For example,
The bar graph illustrates how many male and female students were studying full-time
and part-time in Britain during the years 1970/1971, 1980/1 and 1990/1.

● Use a or an before a singular noun or noun phrase when the noun is non-specific
and could be any one of a group or type.
● Use a before a noun or noun phrase beginning with a consonant. Use an before a
noun or noun phrase beginning with a vowel.

For example,

Less than 30% of the population took a foreign holiday between 1975 and 1985.

There was an upward trend in families taking an annual holiday abroad after 1990.

2) Noun combinations:

Also, use a/an before adjective singular noun combinations such as these from our
preposition list:

● a small percentage of
● an insignificant minority of
● a high number of