2nd Reading

July 8, 2015 10:44 WSPC/S0219-6913 181-IJWMIP 1550027

International Journal of Wavelets, Multiresolution

and Information Processing
Vol. 13, No. 4 (2015) 1550027 (10 pages)

c World Scientific Publishing Company
DOI: 10.1142/S0219691315500277

A local wavelet transform on the torus T 2

Bao Qin Wang∗ , Gang Wang† and Xiao-Hui Zhou‡

Int. J. Wavelets Multiresolut Inf. Process. 2015.13. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

School of Mathematical Sciences

Xinjiang Normal University
by FLINDERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 11/15/16. For personal use only.

Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P. R. China

∗wbq1937@126.com
†angelayy@sina.com
‡wbq1937@sina.com

Received 20 December 2013

Accepted 23 May 2015
Published 9 July 2015

For the smooth surface M , the explicit construction of local flattening map p is given,
where the bijection projection p is the local flattening map from a smooth surface M
to a plane. By virtue of the inverse projection p−1 , the local wavelet transform on M
can be generated from wavelet transform on a plane. Take the torus T 2 for example,
by using the local flattening map p of torus, the construction of the local dilation on
the torus is systematically studied, the local wavelet transform formula on the torus is
offered and the inverse transform formula of the local wavelet transform, that is, the
reconstruction formula is also offered. Finally, we show the graphical representation of
the local wavelet on the torus.

Keywords: Torus; projection; flattening map; the wavelet transform on the manifold.

AMS Subject Classification: 42C40, 65T60

1. Introduction
Ever since the wavelet analysis was born, the application and theory of the wavelet
have been the hot spot of the study. Especially the theory of wavelet on the “flat
space” has become perfect.5 The wavelet theory has applied widely in many fields,
such as the signal analysis and processing, the image compression, pattern recog-
nition, detecting the mutation signal, the military electronic countermeasure and
so on.8,9 However, the data involved in the widespread application may live on
the different various smooth manifolds, such as hyperboloid, paraboloid, or even
more complicated manifolds.2,3 More generally, we will give the data on the two-
dimensional smooth manifold M ,1,6,7 and we give a bijective projection p from

† Corresponding author.

1550027-1
 2nd Reading
July 8, 2015 10:44 WSPC/S0219-6913 181-IJWMIP 1550027

B.-Q. Wang, G. Wang & X.-H. Zhou

manifold M to a plane R2 (such as the tangent plane), then the wavelet transform
on the R2 will be to lift to M by the inverse projection p−1 . If there does not
exist the global projection, we may consider the local method. In the following, we
will focus on torus. In many cases, the data is derived from the torus. For exam-
ple, detecting the crack on the body of torus-like, the satellite’s orbit round the
planet in the solar system is approximately on the torus, some significant problem
of mathematical physics are related to the torus, and so on. For the torus, people
can discuss wavelet transform on the torus from the “global” and “local” viewpoint,
and these two viewpoints can be accelerated each other forward, so these two view-
Int. J. Wavelets Multiresolut Inf. Process. 2015.13. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

points are all meaningful. Recently, we are informed of a good paper. A global, i.e.
not local, solution to the problem of the wavelets on the torus T 2 has been given
in a recent paper in Ref. 4. In the paper,4 by using group-theoretical approach,
by FLINDERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 11/15/16. For personal use only.

the authors construct a continuous wavelet transform (CWT) on the torus T 2 and
thus leading to the concept of modular wavelet, this result is a significant progress.
On the other hand, in this paper, we consider that perform local wavelet transform
on the neighborhood of some point on the torus, which can be flattened smoothly.
And then obtain meaningful results for practical value.
The paper is organized as follows: In Sec. 2, we will describe some preliminaries
on the smooth surface M . For example, we define the projection from surface M to
a plane, define the Fourier transform on M , define the induced inner product on M ,
define the inner product of square integrable function on M , and so on. In Sec. 3, we
compute the local flattening map and a local dilation of coordinates on the torus,
and we focus to discuss on the local wavelet transform on the torus. Then, we give
the admissibility condition and we also deduce the reconstruction formula. Finally,
we show the graphical representation of the local wavelet on the torus.

2. Preliminaries
Let M be a smooth surface, which satisfies the equation as follows:
ζ = ζ(X) = (ζ1 (x, y), ζ2 (x, y), ζ3 (x, y)), X = (x, y) ∈ D ⊆ R2 .

∂ζ

Define the function J : D → R, J(x, y) =
∂x ∂ζ

× ∂y . Let p : M → D be the
projection of the surface M on to the plane Oxy, that is
p(ζ1 (x, y), ζ2 (x, y), ζ3 (x, y)) = (x, y), ∀ (x, y) ∈ D.
This projection p is bijective and its inverse projection is
p−1 : D → M, p−1 (x, y) = (ζ1 (x, y), ζ2 (x, y), ζ3 (x, y)).
If D = R2 , then p is a global projection. If D is the proper subset of R2 , then it is
local. The relation between area element dX = dxdy of R2 , and the area element
dµ(ζ) of M are
1
dµ(ζ) = J(x, y)dX, dX = dµ(ζ), where ζ = (ζ1 , ζ2 , ζ3 ) ∈ M.
J ◦ p(ζ)

1550027-2
 2nd Reading
July 8, 2015 10:44 WSPC/S0219-6913 181-IJWMIP 1550027

A local wavelet transform on the torus T 2

Definition 2.1. For ∀ ω, ζ ∈ M , and p is the bijective projection from M to the

plane Oxy, the induced inner product ω, ζM is defined as

ω, ζM = p(ω), p(ζ)R2 (2.1)

In the L2 (M ) define the scalar product2 ·, ·∗ as

F, G∗ = F ◦ p−1 , G ◦ p−1 L2 (D) , ∀ F, G ∈ L2 (M ). (2.2)

If we consider the functions v : M → R, v = (J ◦ p)−1/2 , then there is

 
Int. J. Wavelets Multiresolut Inf. Process. 2015.13. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

F, G∗ = F (p−1 (x, y))G(p−1 (x, y))dxdy = F (ζ)G(ζ)v 2 (ζ)dµ(ζ).

D M
by FLINDERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 11/15/16. For personal use only.

The scalar product ·, ·∗ is the weighted scalar product, where v 2 is the weighted
function.
On the other hand, if f, g ∈ L2 (D) are given, then there is
 
f, gL2 (D) = f (X)g(X)dX = f (p(ζ))g(p(ζ))v 2 (ζ)dµ(ζ).
D M

It means

f, gL2 (D) = v · (f ◦ p), v · (g ◦ p)L2 (M) .

Or by the definition of the scalar product (2.2), one can write

f ◦ p, g ◦ p∗ = f ◦ p ◦ p−1 , g ◦ p ◦ p−1 L2 (D) = f, gL2 (D) .

So the following lemma holds.

1 ˆ
Lemma 2.1 (Parseval identity). f, g∗ = (2π)2 f , ĝ∗ .

Proof. According to the Parseval identity in R2 , there is

f, g∗ = f ◦ p−1 ◦ p, g ◦ p−1 ◦ p∗ = f ◦ p−1 , g ◦ p−1 L2 (D)

1 1
= f

◦ p−1 , g

◦ p−1 L2 (D) = fˆ, ĝ∗ .
(2π)2 (2π)2

In the L2 (M ), the Fourier transform of f (ζ), ζ ∈ M can be defined as follows:

 
fˆ(ω) := e−iω,ζM f (ζ)dµ(ζ) = e−i,XR2 f (p−1 (X))J(X)dX,
M R2

where  = p(ω), ω ∈ M .
We also define the Fourier inverse transform as
 
1 1
f (ζ) := e iζ,ωM ˆ
f (ω)dµ(ω) = eiX,R2 fˆ(p−1 ())J()d.
(2π)2 M (2π)2 R2
1550027-3
 2nd Reading
July 8, 2015 10:44 WSPC/S0219-6913 181-IJWMIP 1550027

B.-Q. Wang, G. Wang & X.-H. Zhou

3. Local Wavelet Transform on the Torus

The idea of constructing the local wavelet transform is discussed in detail (can
be seen in Ref. 2). Let ℘ = L2 (M, dµ) be the Hilbert space of the square inte-
grable functions on M , for a proper measure dµ and the scalar product ·, ·℘ .
In the sequel, Tζ (M ) will denote the tangent space at ζ ∈ M. The idea of con-
structing the local wavelet transform comes from the differential geometry or it
is rooted in differential geometry. The first step, for any ζ ∈ M , begin with the
construction of a mother wavelet. Generally speaking, this is a square integrable
function ψ (ζ) ∈ ℘, that is a compactly supported function in the neighborhood B(ζ)
Int. J. Wavelets Multiresolut Inf. Process. 2015.13. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

of ζ ∈ M. The size of B(ζ) depends on the property of the local geometry of M.

The second step is to define a suitable local dilation operator. In order to apply
dilation in R2 , we will equip M with a local Euclidean structure by mapping B(ζ)
by FLINDERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 11/15/16. For personal use only.

to Tζ (M ).
Let the smooth surface be M = T 2 = S l × S l . We will compute the local
flattening map, define the local dilation operator properly, then we compute local
wavelet transform and discuss the reconstruction formula and the admissibility
condition.

3.1. Construction of local dilation

The parameter equation of T 2 is given by
T 2 = {(x, y, z) ∈ R3 : x = (2 + cos u)cos v, y = (2 + cos u)sin v, z = sin u},
where 0 ≤ u, v < 2π. If 0 ≤ u < π2 and 3π 2 < u < 2π. Then the point on the
surface is elliptic point, that is, the outer lateral point on the torus is elliptic point.
If π2 < u < 3π 2 , then it is hyperbolic point, that is, the inner lateral point on the
torus is hyperbolic point. Finally if u = π2 , 3π 2 , then it is parabolic point, that is,
the point on the up and down latitude circle is parabolic point.
Let ℘ = L2 (T 2 , dudv) and (u, v) ∈ T 2 . In the case of elliptic point and parabolic
point, the points on the surface is on the same side of the tangent plane Tϕ (T 2 )
of ϕ = (u0 , v0 ). In the case of hyperbolic point, the points on the surface are at
the different sides of the tangent plane. But the flattening mapping of which is
consistent in the representation.
After calculation, the flattening mapping at the point ϕ = (u0 , v0 ) may be
denoted by the following explicit form:
pϕ (u, v) = {sin(u − u0 ), (2 + cos(u)) sin(v − v0 )}. (3.1)
The operator is defined in a neighborhood of size π × π which is centered on ϕ, i.e.
Bϕ = [u0 − π/2, u0 + π/2] × [v0 − π/2, v0 + π/2]
In Ref. 2, a local dilation of coordinates is defined as
αa → p−1
ζ ◦ a ◦ pζ .

1550027-4
 2nd Reading
July 8, 2015 10:44 WSPC/S0219-6913 181-IJWMIP 1550027

A local wavelet transform on the torus T 2

Then the dilation of coordinates around ϕ will be given by

αa : (u, v) → (ua , va ), a > 0, (3.2)
a(2+cos u) sin(v−v0 )
where ua = arcsin(a sin(u − u0 )) + u0 , va = arcsin( 2+cos(arcsin(a sin(u−u0 ))+u0 ) ) + v0 ,
and the maximum local dilation of a point (u, v) is
 
−1 1 −1
amax = min |sin(u − u0 )| , |sin(v − v0 )| .
3
Next we construct a dilation operator acting on functions with support in B(ζ) .
For convenience, we will denote this subspace of ℘ by ℘(B(ζ) ). Given ψ (ζ) ∈ ℘(B(ζ) ),
Int. J. Wavelets Multiresolut Inf. Process. 2015.13. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

the following operator maps ℘(B(ζ) ) one by one to itself:

Dζ (a) : ψ (ζ) (α) → λ1/2 (a, α)ψ (ζ) (αa−1 ), (3.3)
by FLINDERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 11/15/16. For personal use only.

dµ(α
a−1 )
where λ(a, α) = dµ(α) is the corresponding Radon–Nikodym derivative which is
related to the possible change of the measure µ under the dilation.
In order to define the dilation operator acting on ℘(B(ζ) ), we will compute the
Radon–Nikodym derivative:
dua−1 dva−1 cos(u − u0 )
λ(a, u, v) = =
dudv a2 − sin2 (u − u0 )

cos(v − v0 )
· .
a (2 + cos(arcsin(a sin(u − u0 )) + u0 ))2
2
− sin2 (v − v0 )
(2 + cos(u))2

If ψ (ϕ) is a bounded function with compactly supported in [u0 −

, u0 +
] × [v0 −

, v0 +
] ⊂ Bϕ . By (3.3), we have
ψa(ϕ) (u, v) = λ1/2 (a, u, v)ψ (ϕ) (ua−1 , va−1 ). (3.4)
(ϕ)
And the maximal dilation applicable to the wavelet ψ is
 
1
aψ (ϕ) = min |sin(u0 +
− u0 )|−1 , |sin(v0 +
− v0 )|−1
3
= |sin(
)|−1 .

3.2. Local wavelet transform

Choosing a signal f ∈ ℘, we compute the wavelet transform of f at ζ ∈ M
(ζ)
Wf (ζ, a) = f, ψa ℘ (see in Ref. 2). then the wavelet transform at ϕ is offered
as follows:

(ϕ)
Wf (ϕ, a) = ψa (u, v)f (u, v)dudv
T2

= P (u, v)Q(u, v)f (u, v)dudv, (3.5)
T2

1550027-5
 2nd Reading
July 8, 2015 10:44 WSPC/S0219-6913 181-IJWMIP 1550027

B.-Q. Wang, G. Wang & X.-H. Zhou

where
1
P (u, v) = (p(u)q(u, v)) 2
cos(u − u0 )
p(u) = 
a2 − sin2 (u − u0 )

cos(v − v0 )
q(u, v) = 
a (2 + cos(arcsin(a sin(u − u0 ) + u0 ))2
2
− sin2 (v − v0 )
(2 + cos u)2
Int. J. Wavelets Multiresolut Inf. Process. 2015.13. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

and
Q(u, v) = ψ (ϕ) (r(u), s(u, v))
by FLINDERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 11/15/16. For personal use only.

r(u) = arcsin(a−1 sin(u − u0 )) + u0

 
a−1 (2 + cos u) sin(v − v0 )
s(u, v) = arcsin + v0 .
2 + cos(arcsin(αa−1 sin(u − u0 )) + u0 )
In this special case, we have a nice group of translations which is acting on the
torus, so that we can write any function ψ (ϕ) defined at arbitrary points by
ψ (ϕ) (u, v) = ψ(u − u0 , v − v0 ).
By acting Dϕ (a) on the function ψ (ϕ) yields a simpler expression for the dilation.
ψa(ϕ) (u, v) = ψa (u − u0 , v − v0 ).
Taking the above expression into (3.5), we show that the continuous wavelet trans-
form takes the following form between the signal f and dilated wavelet:

Wf (ϕ, a) = P (u, v)ψ (ϕ) (ua−1 , va−1 )f (u, v)dudv
T2

= dudvP (u, v)R(u, v)f (u, v)
T2

= f, ψa(ϕ) T 2 ,
where
R(u, v) = ψ(t(u), h(u, v))
t(u) = arcsin(a−1 sin(u − u0 ))
 
a−1 (2 + cos u) sin(v − v0 )
h(u, v) = arcsin .
2 + cos(arcsin(αa−1 sin(u − u0 )) + u0 )
(ϕ)
It is easy to see that, the factor λ1/2 (a, u, v) makes ψa (u, v)℘(T 2 ) =
ψ(u, v)℘(T 2 ) . Assume that ψ(u, v)℘(T 2 ) ≤ 1, then Wf (ϕ, a)T 2 ≤ f ℘(T 2 ) .

1550027-6
 2nd Reading
July 8, 2015 10:44 WSPC/S0219-6913 181-IJWMIP 1550027

A local wavelet transform on the torus T 2

(ϕ)
We give the transformation formula of Fourier transform of ψa :

(ϕ)
ψa = e−i(ω1 ,ω2 ),(u,v)T 2 λ1/2 (a, u, v)ψ (ϕ) (ua−1 , va−1 )dudv
T2

= e−i(ω1 ,ω2 ),αa (ua−1 ,va−1 )T 2 λ1/2 (a, u, v)ψ (ϕ) (ua−1 , va−1 )dudv
T2

= e−iαa (ω1 ,ω2 ),(ua−1 ,va−1 )T 2 λ1/2 (a, u, v)ψ (ϕ) (ua−1 , va−1 )dudv.
T2
Int. J. Wavelets Multiresolut Inf. Process. 2015.13. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

3.3. The admissibility condition and the reconstruction formula

Definition 3.1. Assume ψ ∈ ℘(T 2 ), which satisfies
by FLINDERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 11/15/16. For personal use only.

 aψ (ϕ)
ψ(αa

(ω1 , ω2 ))2
0 < Cψ = da < ∞. (3.6)
0 a3

Then ψ (ϕ) is a local mother wavelet on the torus, and (3.6) is called the admissibility
condition.

Theorem 3.1 (reconstruction formula). Let ψ ∈ ℘(T 2 ), a continuous wavelet

transform Wf (ϕ, a) is defined as (3.5). For every f ∈ ℘(T 2 ), then there is
  aψ (ϕ)
da
Cψ f (u, v) = du0 dv0 Wf (ϕ, a)ψa (u − u0 , v − v0 ). (3.7)
T2 0 a3

Proof. By the given condition, we compute the reconstructing formula from the
right side.
  aψ (ϕ)
da
du0 dv0 Wf (ϕ, a)ψa (u − u0 , v − v0 )
T2 0 a3
  aψ (ϕ)
da
= du0 dv0 3
f, ψa(ϕ) ℘(T 2 ) ψa (u − u0 , v − v0 )
T 2 0 a
  aψ (ϕ)
da 1 (ϕ)
= du0 dv0 3 2
fˆ, ψa ℘(T 2 ) ψa (u − u0 , v − v0 )
T2 0 a (2π)
  aψ (ϕ) 
1 da
= ψ a (u − u 0 , v − v0 )du 0 dv 0 fˆ(ω1 , ω2 )dω1 dω2
(2π)2 T 2 0 a3 T 2

× e−iαa (ω1 ,ω2 ),(ua−1 ,va−1 )T 2 λ1/2 (a, u, v)ψ (ϕ) (ua−1 , va−1 )dudv
T2
  aψ (ϕ) 
1 da
= ψ(ua−1 − u0 , va−1 − v0 )du0 dv0 fˆ(ω1 , ω2 )dω1 dω2
(2π)2 T2 0 a3 T2

1550027-7
 2nd Reading
July 8, 2015 10:44 WSPC/S0219-6913 181-IJWMIP 1550027

B.-Q. Wang, G. Wang & X.-H. Zhou


× e−iαa (ω1 ,ω2 ),(ua−1 ,va−1 )T 2 λ(a, u, v)ψ (ϕ) (ua−1 , va−1 )dudv
T2
  aψ (ϕ)
1 da
= 2
ψ(ua−1 − u0 , va−1 − v0 )du0 dv0
(2π) T 2 0 a3

× fˆ(ω1 , ω2 )dω1 dω2
T2

× e−iαa (ω1 ,ω2 ),(ua−1 ,va−1 )T 2 ψ (ϕ) (ua−1 , va−1 )dua−1 dva−1
T2
Int. J. Wavelets Multiresolut Inf. Process. 2015.13. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

  aψ (ϕ)
1 da
= ψ(u a −1 − u0 , va−1 − v0 )du0 dv0
2
(2π) T 2 a3
by FLINDERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 11/15/16. For personal use only.

0

× fˆ(ω1 , ω2 )eiαa (ω1 ,ω2 ),(u0 ,v0 )T 2 ψ(αa

(ω1 , ω2 ))dω1 dω2
T2

1
= ψ(ua−1 − u0 , va−1 − v0 )eiαa (ω1 ,ω2 ),(u0 ,v0 )T 2 du0 dv0
(2π)2 T 2
 aψ (ϕ) 
da
× fˆ(ω1 , ω2 )ψ(αa
(ω1 , ω2 ))dω1 dω2
0 a3 T 2

1
= ψ(u1 , v1 )eiαa (ω1 ,ω2 ),(ua−1 ,va−1 )−(u1 ,v1 )T 2 du1 dv1
(2π)2 T 2
 aψ (ϕ) 
da
× fˆ(ω1 , ω2 )ψ(αa
(ω1 , ω2 ))dω1 dω2
0 a3 T 2

1
= fˆ(ω1 , ω2 )eiαa (ω1 ,ω2 ),αa−1 (u,v)T 2
(2π)2 T 2
 aψ (ϕ)
ψ(αa
(ω1 , ω2 ))2
× dadω1 dω2
0 a3
= Cψ f (u, v).

Through the above theorem, Cψ may be considered as an operator acting on the

function f (u, v). So, by acting Cψ on the functions e−i(ω1 ,ω2 ),(u,v)T 2 , we obtain

Cψ (e−i(ω1 ,ω2 ),(u,v)T 2 )

  aψ (ϕ)
da −i(ω1 ,ω2 ),(u,v)T 2 (ϕ)
= du0 dv0 e , ψa T 2 ψa (u − u0 , v − v0 )
T 2 0 a3
 aψ (ϕ)
ψ(αa
(ω1 , ω2 ))2
= da · e−i(ω1 ,ω2 ),(u,v)T 2
0 a3
= Cψ · e−i(ω1 ,ω2 ),(u,v)T 2 .

1550027-8
 2nd Reading
July 8, 2015 10:44 WSPC/S0219-6913 181-IJWMIP 1550027

A local wavelet transform on the torus T 2

Int. J. Wavelets Multiresolut Inf. Process. 2015.13. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com
by FLINDERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 11/15/16. For personal use only.

Fig. 1. Tensor product of the Morlet wavelet on plane and the torus.

Fig. 2. The graph of the local wavelet on the torus.

3.4. The graphical representation of local wavelet on the torus

In this section, we give the graphical representation of local wavelet on the torus.
By choosing the Morlet wavelet and the local flatting map defined in (3.1), the
two-dimensional wavelet can be generalized by the tensor product of the Morlet
wavelet. And through the inverse map of the local flattening map at (0, 0), the
two-dimensional wavelet is projected to the local two-dimensional wavelet on the
torus, where the Morlet wavelet is
t2
ψ(t) = Ce− 2 cos(5t),
and C is the normalized constant in the reconstruction. We can see figures as follows:
The left of Fig. 1 shows the graph of the wavelet generalized by the tensor
product of the Morlet wavelet, and the right of Fig. 1 gives the graph of the wavelet
projected on the torus. Figure 2 shows the graph of the local wavelet at (0, 0) on
the torus.

1550027-9
 2nd Reading
July 8, 2015 10:44 WSPC/S0219-6913 181-IJWMIP 1550027

B.-Q. Wang, G. Wang & X.-H. Zhou

Acknowledgments
This work is supported by Development Program for young teacher in the Science
Research Project for colleges and universities of Xin Jiang Province of China: No.
(XJEDU2009S67).

References
1. J.-P. Antoine, I. Bogdanova and P. Vandergheynst, The continuous wavelet fransform
on conicsections, Int. J. Wavelets, Multiresolut. Inf. Process. 6 (2007) 137–156.
2. J.-P. Antoine, D. Roşca and P. Vandergheynst, Wavelet transform on manifolds: Old
Int. J. Wavelets Multiresolut Inf. Process. 2015.13. Downloaded from www.worldscientific.com

and new approaches, Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal. 28 (2010) 189–202.

3. I. Bogdanova, P. Vandergheynst and J.-P. Gazeau, Continuous wavelet transform on
the hyperboloid, Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal. 23 (2007) 285–306.
by FLINDERS UNIVERSITY LIBRARY on 11/15/16. For personal use only.

4. M. Calixto, J. Guerrero and D. Roşca, Wavelet transform on the torus: A group theo-
retical approach, Appl. Comput. Harmon. Anal. 38 (2015) 32–49.
5. C. Heil and D. F. Walnut (eds.), Fundamental Papers in Wavelet Theory (Princeton
University Press, Princeton, NJ, 2006).
6. D. Roşca, Weighted Haar wavelets on the sphere, Int. J. Wavelets, Multiresolut. Inf.
Process. 5(3) (2007) 501–511.
7. D. Roşca, Wavelet bases on the sphere obtained by radial projection, J. Fourier Anal.
Appl. 13(4) (2007) 421–434.
8. Y. Y. Tang, L. M. Cui and N. Jing, Wavelet decomposition of pseudo-motion image
and application to frequency segemntation, Int J. Pattern Recogn. Artif. Intell. 25(2)
(2011) 1089–1112.
9. J. W. Yang, R. S. Lan, Y. Y. Tang and Y. J. Chen, Radial centroid curve for affine
invariant teasures extracion, Int. J. Wavelets, Multiresolut. Inf. Process. 10(4) (2012)
1250035.

1550027-10