ay ttt | anguage rd etdPreface “The American Language Cowse (ALC) sa comprehensive, multilevel language program for teaching English for vocational and profesional purposes. It is designed primarily for intensive English language tesning ina classroom setting bat can easly be adapted for slower paced instruction, The ALC’s curricular thas been develope by the Delense Language latte English Language Center (DLIELC), which isa US Department of Defense schoa under the operational contol af the US Air Fore. The primary Toots ofthe ALC isto provide a language curriculum fora divers international military population. To that end the ‘curse includes not only gener Enalish topes, bt also militiy topics af a gener nature highlighting the typical language military personel wll encounter in their professional and vocational carer fields, The ALC has, however, also been very successfully used in non-military lating envionment and in US high sehools ‘wth immigrant student populations. Course components ‘The coordinated instctonal packages for Books 1-30 consi of he lowing > Insietortext 1) > Sudent text ST) > Language laboratory elves text with uo serps and answer key LLAT) > Audio econings > Compue based aining (CBT) >» ouirkit > Optional teinng sis Inquiries and orders Please adtess inquires and equests for more information about DLIELC publications to DLIFLOLESL 2035 Anirews Avene SA-Lachand, Texas 78236-5259 Email: dil shook ust (©2010 by Defense Languags Institute English Language Center and its Hicenors. Notice of Rights: All reserve. No pat ofthis book may'be reproduced of tansmitedin any form or by any means, electronic, ‘mechanical, photocopying, cording, or otherwise, without the prior writen permission af the publisher ‘Various photos courtesy of DefenseLINK, National Pak Service, National Digestive Diseases Information Clearinghouse, Bureau of Land Management, Environenal Prowection Agency, Libraty of Congress, US Geologieal Survey, National Science Foundation, Architect of the Capitol, US Department of Agriculture, US Navy, US Air Foee, (Lesson) US. Air orce phota/Senior Ainman Kasey Zickiund Second Filton, November 210 Sint pining, March 2014 WeeALC Book 24: Scope & Sequence, Lessons 1-5 7 | Amazing buildings |» Askior and | Review: Gerunds as ctect |» Listen, repeat, and select Buildings trough | ge facual | objects minimal pais fine" | iformaton | dont enjoy singing in |» Read a sem-technicl text » Skyscrapers iron of people ‘rrmlary report and select owes fo questons > Conner Reducing tine causes Coullyouwakater [> Paci ring an ing Joutor tine nesae®» | stonaon fr questons Eee you waste fae | *SKim a ext and select ingot the hoes? snawers ie + Read a text and wre @ Sain ouns/adecves to” Srtence cutie vos thy Read a xt ante ues: tone, and ord eating ime Alcea Inge abou] Acjecives ot mportance [+ Read txt and write 2 Types of akc |" and exes | tetowod bya ft noon |” sontenceoutine Dtheinsiument | corcemand | clause > Skim atx an eect et 7 evew:Tag questone |” answers > Th imprtanco of aaa +» Rood a oat select the main Tempe Review: Gerunds intiree_ "fea, and wits dete oe ‘sentence pesons "|, Read a text, answer qs rarer fons and record reading time 3 | Taking about our | inquire abou] Tointnwves as rect | Partopato ma pide arin and oxress | "objets Secvssion, Erring tions, | > dames plan fo adopt |» kim a txt an provide promt otme | eis and | itn Fei Enrenment Seriton | erence wing wit bo |» Beadle slet he man ~The Greenhouse | He ttue | ee psent | lea and wit deals Fhect Sndprosomt progresshe | Read test, answer ques Dangers our {ons ana recor eeang ime > Reported spaech using > Write @ paragraph from an ta tine notes pest peroct and past Proc progrossive A Fioating Hospital | inquce about] Review: Indefinte pronouns] » Listen, repeat and select 4 Scanmgtortneaex | ardmate |tmonne agence cone | tinal pars *Alloaing hospital | b8erens|""he smapiace, "| Skim tnt and provide ‘wes nha Symone apace, | em argues > Acamareaton with ower, ro place tons, and ocord reading ie Surgeon eis of percopton (seo | Read a som wchncal txt iotceebsere ote) |” ormiaty fpr and tale >The oot sont Chien bare inte or | Snwersto questions rom the sh ee Bresent partople | Wire peragaph rom an surgeon PTnatced the man Dune ornate >The Sigestve ‘ning pon the door Syston Sutfies: ers o acces wth on-ant 5 | foaee [Loscon 6 reviows all vocabulary and structwes introduced in Lessons 1-4 = RITA COURSENotes to the Student The American Language Course focuses on four components of language learning: vocabulary, grammatical structures, language functions, and skills. + ‘The lessons present vocabulary (individual words as well as expressions) thatthe learner needs to understand and use in order to communicate effectively in English. Each new Iesson builds on the vocabulary of the previous lessons. The language included is appropriate for leamers working in professional and vocational contexts. A significant feature of the General English phase of the ALC is that military vocabulary is included wherever applicable ‘+The presentation of grammar is carefully sequenced. The grammatical structures presented in the lessons are the forms a language learner needs in order to speak and ‘rite standard English, New grammar is often depicted in charts or tables that serve to focus the learner's attention on the particular structure being presented, + Language functions are the ways we use a language to communicate. In each lesson, exercises that focus on functions show the learner how and when to use certain words, phrases, and sentences. + Inaddition, language and academic skills exercises are interspersed throughout the lessons. These focus on developing the learner's language proficiency in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. ‘The Scope and Sequence chart located on the previous page shows the content of the current book. The four columns outline the new material as it relates to the language acquisition components described above. Each lesson begins with a table of contents followed by a. preview page. The preview page provides a summary of the new material presented in the lesson, Each ALC book has four lessons introducing new material and one review lesson, These are followed by a homework section and daily evaluation exercises. Various appendices are also included. ‘The homework and the evaluation exercises are atthe back of this text. It generally takes about two hours to complete the daily homework assignments, The evaluation exercises are short quizzes that give both the teacher and the student feedback on how well students have learned the material ‘The appendices follow the fifth lesson, Appendix A provides an alphabetical list of new vocabulary presented inthis book. The number of the lesson in which each word or phrase is introduced is provided next to the entry. Appendix B presents a list of grammatical structures introduced in the book; a lesson number is provided along with each entry for easy reference. ‘The other appendices are included as reference materials. |= USER NOTES — "REREAN LANGUAGE COURSEBook 24 — Contents LESSON 1: Amazing buildings 1 LESSON 2: —Aviction a 35 LESSON 3: Talking about our earth 63 LESSON 4: A floating hospital : 93 LESSONS: — Review 125, APPENDICES: At: Word List, Seer Ad A2: Glossary A3 Br Structure List : sn Bel Active Tenses cl D: Contitional Sentences = Dal E: Modals and Related Structures in the ALC EA Principal Parts of Some Inegular Verbs FL Patterns of Inegular Verbs Gi H: American English Sounds ....1 Ht Punctuation and Capitalization HW Lesson Res0urees i wl B2ELI#L Reading skill (Timed reading chart) : B B24L1 #2 Reading skill (Reading rate chart) 15 B2L1#3 Reading skill (Reading rate calculatory(optional) .... J-7 B2¢L1 #4 Grammar (Verbs followed by gerunds) 19 B24L1 #5 Reading skill (Timed reading) ssmseninenes FLL B24L2 #1 Grammar (Tag questions) #3 B24L2#2 Vocabulary (The panel’s results) HS B24L2#3 Reading skill (Timed reading) JT B2UL3 #1 Grammar (Verbs followed by infintives! gerunds)... 1-19 B24L3#2 Reading skill (Timed reading) 421 BULA #la Grammar (Pictures)... Ss $23 B2SL4 #2 Dialogs (Making observations) 27 B24L4 #3. Reading skill (Timed reading). 29 BOOK2 PRERICEK: US Military, Ranks, Grades, and Insignia L: Language Functions for Better Communication HOMEWORK: EVALUATION EXERCISES: KI Ll Hw. EE:Amazing Buildings VOCABULARY: READING: SKILLS: GRAMMAR: VOCABULARY: SPEAKING: DiaLogs: GRAMMAR: VOCABULARY: READING: SKILLS: GRAMMAR: READING: READING: BooKm LESSON Buildings through time Skyscrapers Understanding a military report Minimal pairs wih silent ‘c* Gerunds as direct objects Copper Review of question intonation Asking for and giving factual information Reducing time clauses Review Skimming text Working withthe organization of texts [dike to clarify what the problem is Skimming text Reading faster for better comprehensiona NEW VOCABULARY Nouns Verbs Other access construct, abundant alloy erect actual architect quety actually brass rine comparatively bronze our extensive cement refine fixed concrete solidify ty rine tum into “ity mineral uilize overall ore vary pure origin relatively steel GRAMMAR STRUCTURES LANGUAGE FUNCTION Joe enjoys going t the movies. Ask rand give factual ntrmatn. ‘You may begin the test when reed How old is that building inthe ‘The teacher clarified his point te the Photo? students EL Morro was builtin 1539, GUAGE COURSERens LIN EVAYEs Buildings through time |Vocabulary Eaceacs For as long as people have been constructing buildings, they have been trying to make trem bigger and taller than those that were built before. With the development of skyscrapers, people have been able 10 construct buildings that reach heights never before imagined. FROM STONE TO STEEL Before the late nineteenth century, buildings that reached more than ten storiss high Were uncommon, Tall towers and other structures were built using stone or bricks which were held together by cement (@ powder mixed with water which hardens when it Aries). However, because of the weight of the materials and the way the buildings were constructed, they were not very comfortable or livable; they contained very few windows and too many staircases. Then, starting =e sound TROD, tories began to proce to Kinds of stonewalls metal, first iron and then steel. These two metals were relatively lightweight and very strong. They were easy to work with and could support much more weight than brick or stone. The origin of the tall buildings we now call skyscrapers lies with the development of these two kinds of metals, ‘THE SECRET OF SKYSCRAPERS ‘The reason that builders are able to erect very tall skyscrapers is because of their basic design. Skyscrapers ulilize a steel frame which carries the weight of the building. The vertical columas of the frame are each attached to something called 8 spread footing. This is basically a series of iron and steel plates which sit on top of a pad. A pad is a large piece of conerete which has been poured directly onto firm ground. An additional layer of concrete is poured over the entire spread footing. When the concrete solidifies, the spread footing becomes fixed to the ground, Because the spread foot ing is larger atthe bottom, it can support a great deal of weight. The advantage of this design is that the walls of the building support only them= selves and not the entire weight of the building, ‘This development makes it possible for the use of more windows in construction or even walls, ‘made completely of glass. RICAN LANGUAGE COURSEUSABLE SPACE IN SKYSCRAPERS ‘Making buildings that reach high into the sky is a great achievement, but height alone is not enough. Skyscrapers also need fo be functional places where peope can conveniently live and work, Luckily, other technological developments occurred around the same timeasskyscrapers, For example, the skyscrapers we have today would not be possible if it \weren’t for the elevator. When a building reaches a height of more than six stories, climbing stairs becomes quite inconvenient. Elevators provide easy access to the many floors that a skyscraper contains. Nowadays, the elevator system is an extremely important part of overall skyscraper design. Electrical and plumbing systems, along with building safety, are ‘other important considerations in the usability of skyscrapers. WHICH IS THE TALLEST SKYSCRAPER IN THE WORLD? Which skyscraper isthe tallest in the world? This question is actually not so easy to answer, Ths is because architects and engineers are constantly trying to erect new structures which go higher than ever before. Buildings that were once considered! comparatively tall now seem small next to ‘modern skyserapers. The desire to construct buildings which reach higher than those built before has turned into arace which willonly be determined by new technology. Experts believe that eventually skyscrapers will be built higher with tke development of stronger, lighter building materials. How high into the sky will skyscrapers rise inthe future? The only limit is the imagination of those who build them. OOK LESSONTESERCISEEY Listen. CircieT for true or F for false according to the char Looe ae oot el ea Sater 6 TF ‘THE TALLEST SKYSCRAPERS IN THE WORLD Building City Completed Height inmetors Buy Khalifa Dubéi 2010 828 Talpel 101 Tape 2008 509 Petronas Towers Kuala Lumpur 1998 452 Wilis Tower Chicago 1974 Empire State ‘New York 1931 381 Chrysler Building 1930 'swer to the question. . You need to take the stairs inthe back |. Are all of the students utilizing the lab? (of the building .. Do you know the origin ofthis dish? 1s Mark constricting a new fence? 2. 3. 4. How can we get access to the third floor? 5. 4.No, it’ Has the concrete solidified yet? kind of soft, b.No, Edon't know what country c.Yes. he's“ eee building one around the back yard a. No, only some of them are using it C—OHEGRE Complete each statement with a word from the bo» fixed architect steel comparatively concrete erect actually 1. My brother wants to design buildings. He wants to become an 2. Thomas works onan Air Force base, but he's _—____acivilian, 3. ‘The city plans to__a new bridge over the Delaware River. 4, We can't move that shelf because it’s to the wall 5, Most sidewalks are made out of. 6. Many modem buildings use a strong metal called —____ in their construction, 7. Allofthe houses n this neighborhood are expensive, but this house is inexpensive. BEERS complete cach sentence witha word from the box. i 1. Could you ___ me some more iced tea, please?” ‘elatively 9. Which door tothe building allows wheelchair __? overall 3. Use that 1 fix the hole in the wall outside. meeess 4, You drove well, considering it was your pour fist time, cement 5. Although there are some areas that need improvement, We are happy with the inspection results. tumed into 6, My science test started out easy, but then it —______ something that was very difficul sok essONT =LSU Understanding a military report Examine the report below to complete the exercise on the following page. 1. Report No. (Assigned by HAZARD REPORT eeey ONE AIT HAZARD (to be completed by person reporting hazard) 2.70: (Safety Office) [3, FROM: (Optional: name, grade, ‘Texiana AFB organization) Metyin Zimmermann 4.DESCRIPTION OF HAZARD (Date, Time, Summary — include who, what, where, how) 27 Mar - The stop sign on the south side of Peters Road, where it crosses Winslow ‘Street, has been damaged for two days now. I looks as though the actual sign has, fallen off the post and is laying in the grass. Although this intersection doesn't get a great deal of traffic, this situation presents a serious safety hazard because many people jog on Winslow Street and must cross that intersection, This problem needs to be dealt with ASAP. 5, RECOMMENDATIONS (net mandatory) Have the stop sign repaired and set up a temporary sign until the repair can be done. 6.DATE ]7 SIGNATURE 28 Mar Melvin. Zimmermann M INVESTIGATION OF HAZARD (to be completed by Safety Office) 8, SUMMARY OF INVESTIGATION ‘The stop sign at tis intersection is damaged and needs to be replaced. The post is ‘made of wood, and the wood is rotten where the sign was bolted to the post. The ‘metal sign is in good cond tion, 9, ACTIONS TAKEN 1. Called Civil Engineering to handle repairs. 2, Recommended replacing wood post with metal post and reattaching stop sign, 3, Erected a temporary plastic sign in place until repairs can be made. 10. DATE 11. NAME AND RANK/GRADE (Safety Office) 12. SIGNATURE | 30 Mar Juan Soto, $Set, Safety Technician Juon Soto — ae "RERICANT LANGUAGE COURSEBRESCEIGISRE Answer tho questions irom the text on the previous page. | |, How many main sections are there in this report? b. two four 2. Who wrote the report? a. Melvin Zimmermann b. SSgt Soo . Civil Engineering 3. Who probably crested the report number? ‘a. Melvin Zimmermann b. SSgt Soto) cc. Civil Engineering, 4, What safety hazard is described in the report? a. attaffc light tat isn’t working b. an unmarked jogging path cc. abroken stop sign 5, What recommenditions are made by the person who wrote the report? 8, Call Civil Bngincering. b. Don’t allow people to jog on Winslow Street Setup a temporary sign until repairs can be made, 6. According tothe salety technician, why did the hazard occur? a. The metal sign was bent, The wood pos: was rotten c. A driver hit th: sign. 7. What did the safety technician do to fix the problem? 1, He called Civil Engineering to repair the sign, b. He put a barrier to stop joggers on Winslow Road, He replaced the rotten wood with new wood 8. When did the safety technician reply to the report? a. 27 March b. 28 March ©. 30 March aooke LESSONTListen and repeat each pair of words, Then read them aloud from Lt ate 6. fin 2 tap tape 7. hop 3. mat mate 8 cod 4 pet Pate 9. not 5. pin pine 10, wh (ESEREEEM Liston and circle the word you 1 kit kite 7. cop 2 Sam same 8. dud 3. van vane 9. fat 4 quit quite 10. hia 5. sit site 11. tod 6. slid slide 12 cap the list. fine hope code note tube cope dude fate hide rode cape ‘ANERICANLANGLAGE COURSEFind a classmate who answers yes tothe questions below, and write his or her name on the lne. Do you enjoy Do you tke not having the | Do you mind waiting watching TV" ‘same routine every day? intong lines? Do you avoid ving | Do you postpone studing neu foods? uni teat night? Do you practice speaking English wih Americans? BESEEEEEEN conpicte the chart with information from the survey above, | subject ver gerund other Li Smith a watching |TV. 1 othaving | the same routine lo wating | inlong ine 3 trying | new fods 4 studying) unt fate at night speaking. with Americans. | 4 Aggerund (ing form ofa verb) acts. EXERRISEIGM Conplete the sentences with the words in parentheses. Change the last verb in () toa gerund, hems 3 and 5 need the DO verb, noun and can follow certain verbs. 1. (twill continue eal) until someone answers, 2. (She /repret/not 20) Ee alba 3. (We/not mis live) inthe city 4. (Can/you/tolerate/fisten) to loud music? O! Ovi ley al) OK LESSONT reFEEESERGR Write the verbs trom the gray box in the correc category. | begin consider understand advise love discuss start postpone hate can't stand forget report a % 2 ee time feelings thinking communication «geet followed by gerunds can be leaned in groups. Four groups are listed above, but other groups can be made also. Fill in the blanks with verb + gerund. Use the words in (). 1. patient: How do ) doctor Firsof al, — teacher: How does yourson_________enjoy/e) at this new school? Parent: He tikes athe activities and he —____ (appreciate not have) to sit ata Jes all day (stop/gain) so much weight? (start/eat) healt foods friend 1; 1_____(not remember/all) asleep last night, but when I woke up at ewo am., the TV was still on, friend 2: I sounds like you need a break. Just imagine? le) on a beautiful sandy beach, | 4. husband: Does the travel agent (recommend/ visit) any of the smaller cites in aly? wife: Yes, she —__ (suggest/travel) to Modena, 1's & beautiful city which is home to the famous Ferrari sports er, = GE CORE(ESRC Choose verbs trom Exercises C or D to complete the text. Answers may vary. The icon after the line indicates the type of verb needed. I've got the best job. 1 @ being an employee at the Swinson Company. Bach day arrive 9:00 am. and @_____@®) working at 5:00, Ail the employees get lots of taining because our boss © ea developing our professional skills. Leven @__@ taking college cla at night thatthe company pays for I've never ®_________ looking for a different job, Some people complain and say they @___ @ staying at the same job for more shana few yeas, but 'm © retiring from this company. For anyone who wants job advice, 1 @@e 24 finding a job you love and sticking with it! ‘Sickng wih means o conte dong someting even tis cat, (EERE Discuss some of the following sentences with a part 1. Describe several things you enjoy doing in 7 ‘your free time. What is one thing you don't ee) enjoy doing? (itt fng ere water 2. What Deore ond ig een is somethin you've considered dain cently inthe future? 7 3. What is one thing you regretted doing in the past? ‘What is one thing you regretted not doing in the past’? H 4, IFa foreigner traveled fo your country, ‘what would you suggest doing or not doing? 5, Tell a story about one thing you remember doing as a child coe en =Mele TUETNE Copper . ‘| Metals have played an important role in the lives of people since the beginning of history. Metals have been used in one form or another by almost every culture in the world. No other suostance has been used as ex- tersively. The ways metals are used vary widely, For instance, developments in agriculture, warfare, transportation, and ar- chitecture would not have been ronzestauea —PAssible without the different metals we use. One of the earli- est naturally occurring metals used by man is copper Without copper, various technological developments that we rely on today, sch as motors and computer, would nor have been bags Sue possible, THE HISTORY OF COPPER Man first began to use copper around 11,000 years ago in the Middle East to make basie tools and jewelry. Scientists believe that copper was first refined about 7,000 years ago, In this process, pure forms of copper are removed from copper ore which is mined from the earth, Around the same time, people began to combine copper with other metals to make alloys. These alloys, such as brass and bronze, had qualities that pure ‘copper didnt, and people were able to use them in new ways. Copper alloys were used to make money, lamps, and other household items In Egypt, copper was even used as Jong as 5,000 years ago to construct ‘copper pots A complicated plumbing systems. = a RIERA ANGORGE COURSECHARACTERISTICS OF COPPER Copper is a chemical element with the symbol Cu and the atomic aumber 29. Most copper that you see every day is brown or red. However, this ‘color results from a chemical reaction to air. ‘The ‘actual color of copper in its pure solid state is pink, tnd liquefied copper is green. One of the most important characteristics of copper is its softness. This means that itis easy to work with and can be formed into differentshapes. Another characteristic ‘of copper is that it isan excellent conductor of both electricity as well as heat and cold. copper tubes > PRODUCTION & USE OF COPPER, Copper is found in a variety of naturally werals, such as turquoise and malachite. These minerals are abun- dant in various parts ofthe world. How ever, there are four main mining soure- ces: Zambia, the western United States, central Canada, and the Andes region of South Ameria, Today copper ore is tak- en from open mines, the largest of which 2k] To reduce other time clauses, omit the subject and change the verb to its «ing form. pines Tebange into my uniform | { after arrive. ; = | Hchange into my oiform arriving! = REAGAN ANE COURSEEEGEEEEEL Unierline the time clause or phrase. Decide if itis reduced. Cirele Yes ithe rime clause is reduced, No if' tin’ 1, Do you ever feel sick when you fly on an airplane? Yes No 2, While you ate doing your homework, don't listen tothe radio, Yes. NO 3, Before moving tothis country, owned a small business Yes No 4, You may begin the test when you are realy. Yes No 5. Until we visited Texas, we'd never eaten Mexican food. Yes No 6. Tammy has become a great cook sine taking that cooking class. Yes NO [EEIEEEGEN Foiow the steps witha parinerto reduce the sentences. | (One sentence can’t be reduced. 4. Undertine the time clauses. 2. Circe the subjects ofboth clauses. 3. A. the subjects ae the same, dram an X over the subject ofthe time clause, BI the subjects ate NOT the same, STOP, This sentence cart be reduced. 4, Look at the verb olthe time clause. 5, A.Ifthere is a form of BE, draw a line through il. You'e finished 8. Ite ver is NOT BE, draw a line through i, and write its ing form above it. You're finished rosin 1. (diana) went ack to college ate Son er job 2. Gad wi be anne wenn fences. 3. How long did Me Hays work forthe company before became is president? 4 Wile was camping in teste pk, Randy so bea 5. Atte power wet this moming the clastoom became te and her 6. Lara as sn diving t school versine she got her vers ems 7. Since they nove out ofthe city, the Robinsons have heme moe rested 8, People should take care oftheir health while they are still young, Booka essONF =4. When the food is brought to ae the customer's table immediately. she went a. isready ©. bothaand b b. itready c. ready 2. While treatment, ie nurse asked the patient about his day. 5. Don't drive a car when a. she administering you are tired b. administering b. both a and ¢ she was ©. tired 3, We'll ake atest after __this 6. Seth hasn’t seen his old roommate book. since from college. a read a graduating . reading b. he graduating we reading ©. graduated [EGRESS Reduce each time clause to a phrase. 1. After we finish dinner, we always do the dishes right away. _ After finishing dinner . we always do the dishes right away. 2. Why do people talk on the phone while they are driving their cars? Why do people talk on the phone 3. Until {came to this city, Ihad never ridden the subway. Thad never ridden the subway. 4. Before you do anything, you must speak tothe chief. . You must speak to the che, 1g in New York, how often did you visit Times Square? . how often did you visit Times Square? 6. T've been so happy since I started my own business. ve been so happy 7. Don't back the car out ofthe garage until you are certain that the driveway is clear. Don't back the car out ofthe garage =m CN NAGE COURSEVocabulary (avou Match the vo parts to make sentences. 1. Bronze isan at join two things together 2. Cement can be used b. iewill query. 3. Anew skyseraper €. when you boil it? 4. Ifyou leave ice in the sun, dof this word? 5. What's the origin ce. is being erected downtown, 6 What docs water tun into. alloy of two metals eee a Categorize the words in the gray box. Some words belong in mere than one category. ee CCL ee fa oe es] ee Ee BOOK LERSONT =Follow your teacher's instructions 1. What is the topie of the text? ‘a. The time difference berween Hawaii and New York b. Time zones in the US 2. What is the main idea ofthe text? a. New York and Hawaii are in different time zones. ». The US is divided into six time zones. 3. The continental US has 1. four time zones b. one standard time zone 4, The two time zones farthest to the west cover ‘a, most of the US population », Alaska and Hawaii 5. Choose the best summary. 4, The US has six time zones that show a difference of six hours between the easternmost and the westernmost zones. ». New York is in the Eastem Standard Time, and Hawai is in the Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time zone, ‘Skimming -- is @ quick way to preview a factual text oe berainad Pay attention to + ile * photographs words in + itoucton + ctanings + ilies * fistand st + mapsidagams + bold semesters * unde + covelsion ‘ captonsiabels + ALLCAPITALS ERICA LANGLAGE COURSEWhat time is it you were in New York, would ‘you know what time itis in Hawaii? ‘To figure that out, you have to know bout the time zones in the United States. A time zone isa region, usu- ally made up of several slates, which follows a standard time that is unique {o that region. The US is divided into six time zones, Most Americans live in one of the four standard time zones that cover the 48 continental states from New York to California The time zone on the east coastis called Eastern Stan- dard Time (EST). The first time zone to the west of New York follows Cen- tral Standard Time (CST). Itis one hour behind EST, West of that zone is Mountain Standard Time (MST) which is two hours behind New York, Next is the Pa coastal region, ast Pst ust in Hawaii three hours behind New York, in the Pacifie Standard Time (PST) zone. A small percentage of Americans live in the last two time zones to the ‘west that include the states of Alaska and Hawaii, both of which are sepa- rate from the continental states, as ‘well as from each other. The standard time in Alaska (AST) is four hours behind! New York. The time zone fur thest from the east coast covers Ha \waii and the Aleutian Istands, and is thus named Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time (HAST). This zone is unique in that it is two hours behind its closest of just one hour, making it six hours behind New York. So now you know: If it’s 12 p.m. in New York, i’s 6 aim. in Hawaii cst est Bam Sam 10:00am. 1:00am, 120m OKs LESSONTFo) Ky Working with the organization of texts Complete the model sentence ouiline with information from the text on the previous page. TOPIC: time zones, MAIN IDEA: The US is divided into six time zones. 1. Most Americans live in o A. The the four time zones in the continental US. ast coast time zore is called Eastern Standard Time (EST), B. West of EST is Central Standard Time (CST), which is one hour behind EST. C. Mountain Standard Time (MST), west of CST, is two hours behind EST 1. Few Americans live in eitter ofthe two time zones outside the continental US. ‘cote B, The Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time (HAST) is five hours behind EST, HESEEEEEEM Read tne ext on the following pa 1, Which choice is the main idea? ‘to answer the questions. 4a, The Ford Mustang represents the American families that lived in 1964. >. The Ford Mustang is a symbol of youth and freedom to Americans, cc, Young drivers wanted the Ford Mustang because it was small and affordable. 2. Which details support the main idea? estes A. B. small c. 1, three symbols of freedom, = "RECN SORGE COURSEA Unique American Car In 1964, one of the most popular of all American ears, the Mustang, was created by the Ford Motor Company. Iwas designed to satisfy the demand by young drivers fora car that suited them. From that year tothe present, the Mustang has remained a symbol of youth and freedom to Americans. ‘Three characteristics made the Mustang symbol of youth, Since the Ford Mustang was designed for young divers, it had tobe different from their parents" boring, lags, and expensive [EEXEIEEER conpiote the sentence outline ofthe text abov ‘A. The parents’ car was boring, but the Mustang looked sporty. family cars, Thus, it looked sporty, it ‘was small (since young drivers had no children), and it was affordable (since they had little money). ‘A Ford Mustang symbolizes freedom in three ways. I's a reminder of the freedom from adult worries that young people enjoy. People also think of the ‘wild and free horses, called mustangs, that live in the American West. A third ‘way il symbolizes freedom also comes from its name. Some people think of the tough litte fighter airplane, the P-S1 Mustang, which fought for the freedom of European skies during World War II. ‘Youth and freedom. Who could have imagined years ago that a small, expensive car would become such an sportant symbol? C, The parents’ car was expensive, but the Mustang was affordable, I. e europe during World War Ml. ‘Books LESSONT |. People think of the airplane, P-51 Mustang, which fought for freedomFollow you teacher's instruction: do son thing to solve it” Local hospital needs more nurses Star City - Wigfield Hospical President, HLL, Haverton, recently spoke to reporters, about the problem of not hving enough nurses on the hospital staff. The president said, “We have been able to clarify why the problem exists, and now we need 10 ‘The president went on to say, “The hospital directors have been able to ve The Star City Dai identify two solutions specify exactly how many new nurses we heed, And second, we need to simplify the training process for new nurses. This will make it much easier to certify new nurses and get them into the work force.” ‘The president will be meeting with local colleges and universities in the future to discuss new training programs. rst, we need 10 ‘Some verbs use the suffix -ty to express to make or become. BEEEEEGEN compiioie chart with the correct form ofeach word.) Verbs Nouns | Adjectives 1 justification jst 2. simplify simplicity 3. beautify beatiful 4 clarification clear 5. elecwify electric 6 purity ewe | 7. falsity falsification 8 ceniticaion certain rrr COURSEWrite the correct word on the ti 1. PFCSmith : the qualities of a perfect soldier. ‘exemplifies / example 2 de —____] Graduating gave me a feeling of —__ = fe satisfy / satisfaction 3. Can you everyone in the office thatthe water is out? notify / notification 4. When water freezes, it fe ‘solids 5. We have a large of products to sel. quantify / quantity 6, The police asked me to __the man in the photograph. : identify /identiey 7. Can we drink this water? Has it been —___! purified pure Justify just 8, [don’t think your d 9. Volunteers will be parks across the city this weekend. beautifying /beawtifel Discuss the questions in small groups. 1, What forms of identification do people carry in your country? Is it easy to identify people from your country just by looking at them? 2. Do you enjoy a compli In what ways can people simplify their lives? sed life ora simple one? 3. What makes your city or town beautiful? ‘What could be done to beautify it? ay y ¥> | Poke neon eae enema : =ERI eens Follow your teacher's instructions 1, What isthe topic of the text? a. Safety at sea b. Lighthouses 2. The main idea ofthe text is: Safety at sea depends on ships" crews following guidance provided by more modern methods than lighthouses can provide. a. Tre b. False 3. Using only their eyes and ears, a ship’s erew could gather plenty of useful information from a lightheuse. a, True ». False 4, How many elements assisted in carrying out the mission of a lighthouse?” a3 b6 5. Light pattems used by lighthouses included fixed, flashing, and a. group cireles ». group flashing 6, When the light was useless, a ship’s captain listened for the sound of the a waves hitting the coast b. lighthouse horn 17. The physical characteristics of a lighthouse were also useful for guidance, a. True », False Skin 1 quick way to proview a factual text. Read Examine Pay attention to + ity + photographs words * invodution + awings * italios * first and last + mapsidiagrams * bold teal + tabesicharts * undetine ‘each paragraph ee * captons/abels—* ALL CAPITALS = TANASE COURSELighting the way In the past, ships’ crews at sea had little besides eyesight to guide them safely when they approached a coast. The problem was solved by ‘building lighthouses, structures whose purpose \was to provide information and warnings to ships traveling along the coast, Lights, sounds, and the physical characteristics of the lighthouse itself assisted in its mission of guiding ships. ‘One way lighthouses guided ships was by the use ‘of a rotating light. Some lighthouses used a fixed light pattern, where the light did not flash, some used a flashing light pattern composed of a single repeated flash, and yet others used group flashing, ‘where several flashes occurred in a sequence. Aloud or functioned as replacement forthe lgh when bad weather or techs! tients made ght ates A seven of Blast from hl for, which could be hear E in almost any vente, ere sounded 0 that \ Captains could ke ation, any Tn the daytime, a ship's crew identified particular lighthouses by their physical characteristics, Lighthouses had a variety fof shapes, suca as tall and thin, or short and wide. Additionally, the exteriors were painted with unique patterns of stripes, squares, or diamonds, By recognizing, those characteristics—which were unique to cach lighthouse—the captain knew his location along the coast someon SSSEVI Reading taster for better comprehension Follow your teacher's instructions, ‘What isthe topic? a, ways to prepare for a career b. reasons to prepare for a career ‘What isthe main idea? 4 High school graduates have three reasons to prepare for a career, . There are three main ways to prepare for a career after high school. University students study afield of knowledge while technical school students study a set of skills, a, True », False A nniversity graduate would probably prefer to work ina ‘a. barbershop. », restaurant . hiigh school A university degree in not availabe, a. languages ». mathematics «. carpentry A student normally earns an associate degree in years. a. two b. four High school graduates are accepted in all branches of the mil a. Tue ». False Military personnel are not offered any ‘money for further education, a Tue b, False The career of a military nurse can continue in a civilian hospital after retirement, a. True », False . The ways to work towards a career include earning a bachelor's degree, zaraduating from a technical school, and obtaining medical traning, a. True b. False Time Score Words por ‘minute ~FERICAN LANGURGE COURSEAircraft VOCABULARY: GRAMMAR: READING: VOCABULARY: READING: GRAMMAR: VOCABULARY: GRAMMAR: VOCABULARY: wririne: DiaLoss: READING: moka ESSOND 4K = + + * ‘Types ofarerat [es important thatthe government increase taxes Main idea and supporting information The instrument panel Skimming a text You're ready for tag question qui, arent you? ‘The importance of checklists Gerunds in three sentence positions Interview with retired pilot Writing a sentence outline Inquiring about and expressing concern and fer Reading faster for better comprehension 37 4 45 a 9 3 35 38 6 aNeW VOCABULARY Nouns —o Verbs sire een cosccnis atimeter tantra croso atiude @ tee aus aviation a crossheck cockpit tine ve ate selocty ensure disaster aed fear fea in sori fap to wrong fuselage other ignore ingeument tumpy keep tack of mnanever = lose tack of tak precise mnaetner mise navigate needle propel GRAMMAR STRUCTURES LANGUAGE FUNCTION 1’smandatory that you be on ine. Iie st an ress coca are a Seffha bother, dest he? What are you word abou? Camping is tt of fan Tm afi won't pss my et ’s.a lot of fun camping. Janice thought about taking a vacation, =m ~ RUERICAN LANGUAGE COURSErane a Bey | Speople | 132°7" | 155,0001b,| 374 mph | Transports equipment, vehicles, ‘and mitary personnel, ‘peron | 36° | 50,0001b. | supersonic") Makes skiful maneuvers to engage enemies in combat 2pecple | 172 —|938.500In.) high | Approaches enemy targets ‘subsonic? | undetected and destroys them. “4pecple | 130! 10" | 22,8001 | 530m ph, | Retuels aircraft in ita aooK Es LESSONE 4 ~supersonio= greater han tho speed of sound 2 high subsonic = Us bo he sped of sound =zPARTS OF AN AIRCRAFT ———= propellers/props. windscreen =e ~~ RERIGAN LANGUAGE COURSEEEE Listen to the function of the aircraft parts and take notes. Part; flap. Part eaeeee FUNCTION: lowered to affect air Fuuctrow pressure around wing. ParT Function: Function: = ° ° Part: Paat Function: Funerion: Books SSOND ==Complete the sentences witha word Wom the gray box] cockpit aircraft missile-—= maneuvers. runway propeller 1. Planes usually take off from and land on a 2. A___was fired rom the plane and hit its target, 3. Keep away from the plane's _ when the engines are running, Its blades are very dangerous when they are turning, 4, According to American history, Orville and Wilbur Wright flew the first 1903, — in the ye 5, In order to become a pilot, cadets study a plane's different in the ai 6. The pilot radioed from the. that his plane had been shot BESET Leber the parts ofthe plane. KC-135 rr rsIt's important that the government increase taxes. | EYE ON GOVERNMENT > el won || AND Monica, LA_| |_Kevin, NYC_| | _with Tony Philips ~ (Darian, Chicago| | Karen, Miami ‘Monica: It's important that the government increase taxes, Many programs don’t Ihave enough money to be effective, Kevin: I disagres, I's essential that our lawmakers be cautious and not inerease taxes, WWe need to start saving money. Darian: In my ofinion, i's better that the government maintain the current level of {axes and see if the situation improves. Karen; Well, I think it’s necessary that the government eliminate taxes, We are taxed too much, and the money is usually spent incorrectly ap Weuse ite an adjective of mportance +2 THAT cause fo give strong opinions or [ adjectives of mporance subject | bare inntive | other words I ] 3 beter mandatory you So) vg| erie “necessary helshe provide | insurance s chan ( WS) essentiat required |“! ig |) | protected. important "urgent ve ea i ie they eee | a |HESTEEEGEN compictethe chart according to your own opinion. + Circle the bare infinitive. Pura check above the adjective of importance. 1. It is essential that all governments collect taxes. 2. It's important that a government allow news companies to report information freely. 3. Itis critical that a government not control the cost of | health care, = 4. Ttis mandatory that a government offer free education to C O all ofits citizens, 5. It's required that the leader of a country's government be Oo O ‘born in that country. 6. Ibis urgent that governments require their citizens to drive fuel-efficient vehicles, [EEXGEEESEN Use the words in the box to complete the sentences. ‘4p Inthe THAT clause, the bare infinitive (or “base form”) is used for all subjects, even ‘he, sho, and it follow be appeint’ —noteat_ = get_—inspect not bend, 1. Is mandatory that the pilbt___ his eyes checked regularly. 2. It's required that the guard ___the interior of all vehictes, 3. Its better that he reassigned immediately 4, I's important that you _ the envelope. It contains photos. 5. It's urgent thatthe president new advisors 6, It’s necessary that she _______ 12 hours before the medical exam. 7. Is critical that military personnel_____ all safety procedures ee eeeHEGRE Write a sentence using the adjective in parentheses. 1. Ts 11 pam, and Andrew hasn't begun to study for the test tomorrow. (urgent) t's urgent that he begin to study for the test If Cindy doesn’t ass the next exam, she won't be able to graduate. (critical) 3. John will lose the business deal if he doesn’t sign the agreement soon. (important) 4, To apply fora government job, you must be a US citizen. (mandatory) 5. Nicole is driving during a snowstorm. She needs to pull over. (necessary) 6. Adam needs to get in shape, but he continues to eat too much, (better) [EEEEEEEIE Read the problems and provide possible solutions. Work in small groups. Be orepared to share your solutions withthe class een [+ sateen ga = Ioteusone nelson months If things don't change C Nxegeat >) | iets neato goon . D | Sostess \ 4: Naa fas bern spa 7 for several weeks, but her _ x insurance company retuses © Wsimportant that, | to pay for her treatment. Se v (C thesirtine... | coesnt have enough mney to |__ pay ort ( Wsessential >) d \ that Maria... 7 CsINCE YIT Main idea and supporting information Buy Our Product! ‘Advertisements (ads) affec: our daily lives whether we want them toor not. We hear, see, and read ads nearly all day, every day. Companies put ads everywhe because they want to persuade us to buy their products. Companies use three kinds of advertisements to sell their oducts: the bpandivagon, the testimonial, andthe plain folks a. The bandwagon is one type of advertisement. It says that everyone has bought the product and are very happy. Then it suggests tht we should buy itso that we could be happy, oo. Another kind of advertisement is the testimonial. This type often shows celebrity telling us that he or she uses the product because itis the best. People ‘who like that person are likely to trust the product to be of good quality A third type of advertisement is called the plain foiks ad. In this ad, ordinary people (plain folks) tellus they use this great product and try to convince us, as similar ordinary people, to buy the product. The people in the ad are supposed to represent people we know, such as neighbors and friends, We should be able to trust what they say. HESGEEESEME ead the text to answer the questions. J 1, Select the main idea. 44, Companies use three kinds of advertisements to sell their produets. 'b. Most people will buy the products they see in advertisements, ¢. Famous people and ordinary people tell us to trust the advertisers, 2. What are the major points and their supporting details? 1 'A, _produet makes people happy B. I. A B. trust the product - mL, | [enews ‘a popular point o |, ° duoc aero testimonial: a statement @ ‘amous pesOn "pain folks: | ordinary people Fie } you ae yourtrerds "RUEICAO LANGUAGE COURSE| Neer lela The instrument panel THE MOST NOTICEABLE FEATURE When you first step inside the cockpit of a large aircraft, you'll immediately no- tice several things: the seats for the pilot and copilot, the windscreen, emergency ‘equipment including ar oxygen mask and 4 frst aid kit, and the instrument panel. ‘The instrument panel is what attracts the ‘most attention with its complex system of switches, Ievers, and instruments, The pane!'s| switches tum air- craft systems on and off, such as the switches that powertheengines ‘and propel the sieraft forwards Levers. are used. to maneuver the different parts of the aireraft; for example, a lever lowers the land- ing gear. Instra- the conditions that pilots must he aware of, such asthe vertical veleity indicator which shows how fast an aircraft is climbing upwards or diving downwards. Pilots have {o eross-eheck these instruments continu- ously throughout their flight. This means ‘that they compare the data from one instru ment with that of another to get the most precise information possible about the state of the airerat ‘plot cectng his instruments lore a fght THREE EXAMPLE INSTRUMENTS ‘Some instruments are used by pilots to ‘navigate the plane ( its destination. Three ‘examples of this type of instrument are the attitude indicator, the altimeter, and the compass. The attitude indicator shows hhow level the plane’s position is with the surface of the earth, The altimeter indi- cates at what altitude the plane is flying. ‘The compass, with its needle pointing north, ensures pilots that they are flying in the right direc- tion. These three instruments help pilots keep track. of their posi tion and. direc- tion even without the assistance of daylight or good ‘weather, Although the instrument pane] ‘may appear con- fusing to someone who has never been inside a cockpit, pilots are completely familiar with the location of cach instru- ment and how every switch and lever ‘works, Ii eritical that a pilot know how to read the instruments correctly, turn ‘on and off the appropriate switches, and raise or lower the levers at precisely the right time so that he can salely navigate the airerat S ‘Booker TeSSONZ —Listen to a description of an instrument, and write its name. Match the word with its definition. ee ede 4. tomake cenain 2. twensure >. to push forward 3. to proper €. tostay informed 4, tomanewer 4. to move skilfully 5. tonavigae ¢. to godownwards suddenly 6. tokeepirck of ftw eampate data or information 7. toeross-creck & toplan and guide a route of travel FSERSESEM Complete each sentence with co-and a word from the box. | The prefix co- is added to words to mean together with for example: copilot) workers signed owner operate ‘Tim and Kevin were ©. sata company for 10 years before they decided to start their own business. They were very nervous when they @ the papers to open their own computer store, but they quickly became some of the most successful businessmen in ther city. “We have always worked well together. Being able to is essertial to our success.” The proud @______plan to open several more stores son GUAGE COURSEReading rod Follow your teacher's insructions. |. Major General Holm made her eareer in the US Army. a, True b, False 2. She successfully irereased servicewomen’s opportunities inthe military. a. Te bs. False there were negative altitudes, all branches of the military improved their trestment of servicewomen, 1, Whenever », Although «. Before 4, Tt seems that Major General Holm was the military's atitude, a. very motivated o change », ordered to change 6. ineffective in ctanging 5. She probably believed servicewomen servicemen, a were as capable as b. were better traiged than €. should be assisted by 6. The number of women who eventually joined the military a, stayed the same b decreased increased —-_ Skimming = lek way to preview a factual text Read Examine Pay atetonto te « proiogaphs ———_wordsin * inteduction «+ drawings + italics * isaac + mapsidiagrams * bold Sera a aks CRON | opntabes + ALLCAPTALS (BOOK 24 LESSON 2 =z‘Major General Jeanne Holm Major General Jeanne Holm was a US military -woman whose career started at a time when the US Air Force wanted {o eliminate female airmen alto- gether. Though there were nega- tive attitudes towards service- ‘women, she accomplished many “firsts” and succeeded in increas- ing opportunities far women in all US military brarches. ‘She was the first woman to attend the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base, the first woman in the US Air Force to be promoted to brigadier ‘general, and the firs female major general in the entire US military. Because she strongly believed that the US would benefit greatly by allowing womer to serve in al roles in the military, she worked hard to remove laws and policies which limited women’s earcers in the military. Due to her efforts, servicewomen were allowed to have overseas assignments, trained for jobs that only men could do before, offered better assignments, and given the same benefits that | servicemen were given, In addition, Major General Holm called for women to be allowed to participate in militay officer training programs such as the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC), located at civilian universities. She also fought for women to be accepted into US military academies. Because of Major General Holm’s tireless efforts and many suecesses, female recruitment into the military more than doubled, alec aE COURSEready for a tag question quiz, aren't you? TAG QUESTIONS: ROUND f Complete the tag questions by writing the correct tag from the box. 1. You haven't seen nny keys anywhere, have you_ isi? ‘Thore won’ be a storm tonight, — did you? ‘They speak English really fast, — have you? 4, That's not your cell phone, ——_______ don’t they? ‘5, You didn’t like the movie, ——_____ 2 aren't I? 6. You have a cold, oe 2 will there? 7, Tm very late for class, —______________? don't you? fp Intag questions, on afrmative main clause is followed by a negative tg, - and a negative main clause is followed by a positive te (O haven't you? @ iste Match the anawers below tothe ta ‘questions in ROUND 2 | write she number ofthe tag question inthe box next ro the answer (Tn fh cous) Wshard forme f aK sourpeckes?/ otnesand ex, De ve ha ons) \ them, for three days, fes, you are! >) Lived, tS x a an ) ane oe ane interesting. /_ | “ a eee V (wens @ there won't be, 7 2MSTEEEGEN Use the words inthe box to complete the rules.) BONUS ROUND they aformofBE ita formaf DO 1, Tf the subject of the main clause is anything, something, nothing, or everything, then the subject of the tag will be 2. In the main clause, ifthe first part of a verb phrase isa form of BE (be able to sim, am watching), then the verb in the ta is also 3. Ifthe subject of the main clause is anyone, somebody, no one, ot everybody, then the subject of the clause will be 4, In the main clause, ifthe first part of the verb phrase is used fo or have 10, then the verb in the tag is MEXEREEERGN Compiote each sentence with atag question, 1. Nothing interesting happened yesterday, SS 2. Something in the reftigerator really smells, a 2 3, Ms. Sayers is unable to attend the wedding, = 4. The mecting was supposed to start at 9:00, 5. Our home was builtin the 1970s, 2 6. You're going to study at the library tonight, 7. No one told Mark about the party, 8. Anybody can apply for this job, 9, Prank used to work here, 2 10, Everybody has t0 come to work tomorrow, 2 to IC RTANGURE COURSEDecide if the statements are true or false by writing T for mue or F for false 1, Before the conversation, Janet's friend knew for sure that Janet was sick. 2. During the conversation, Janet's friend realized that Janet was to0 ill © go out for dinner. ee RISING INTONATION: “The speaker ist sure about the listener's answer. Rasa eessesaaaaaaas FALLING INTONATION: | ‘The speaker is sure about the listener's answer, and wants te listener to agree. ~~ ‘You don't feel like going out, do you. Vv ee ESEGREEGEE Liston to the sontences, and check the intonation pattern. 3 8 fe] ok oO » O O 5 0 (B00K24 LESSON? =i aes ae II. Write three tag questions for things you're not sure about your partner. Ml, Ask your partner your questions using the correct intonation, Listen to your gp A Hee RICAN NINE COURSE partner's questions and answer them. BEER Fotiow your toachors instructions. WC (“You called las night.) ~NeYer-\e1IWas The importance of checklists Pilots use checklists as a precaution against the many things that could go wrong dur- ing a flight, There ate normal checklists (preflight, starting engines, landing, ete.) and cemergeney procedure checklists (e.g. for an engine failure, a fue! leak, smoke in the cock- pit). Pilots keep their checklists with them by using a piece of equipment called a “knee board.” The knee board is a device which contains checklists and other important papers. During a bumpy fligh, loose objects will roll around the cockpit, but the knee board is fas tened to the pilot's leg, o the pilot won't lose track of his checklists when he needs them. Although the steps on fa checklist are designed to help pilots avoid an acci dent, sadly, accidents. still ‘occur. When they do, other types of checklists are ex- important tools used to find out what happened In the US Air Force, @ panel, called an Accident Investigation Board, con sisting of officers and tech- nical advisors, meets a short time after an accident to de- ‘ermine the possible causes. ‘The panel follows of ficial checklists to be sure t0 consider all influences, events, policies, and procedures that led up to the accident, One checklist has action steps that the panel must follow. As each step is com pleted the pane! members can cross off the step. Another checklist is a predetermined list of ac tient causes which are possible for any aire. As panel members gather information, they can feross out the causes that are not possible for the accident they are investigating. Final- ly, the panel's offcid report must include specific information required by another spe cial checklist. The list of steps on this checklist isthe same for all ateraft accident investiga tions. Checklists used by both pilots and accident investigation panels provide critical procedures which help pilots fly mote safely. Two pets gong oer the preigh chock « BOK LESSON[SEREISELW Feed tho instructions below. Then listen toa report.) ‘Apanel gathered 10 examine why a plane crashed. Listen to the results of the panel's discussion. Cross off each action step that waz completed. Then write down what you think the most probable cause was ‘Acton Steps Observe the damaged aircraft Question crew members. ‘Talk with the crew’s families. Check the maintenance records, Go over crew members’ records, ). Check the accuracy of instruments. Obtain weather conditions data. Examine aircraft parts, Probable cause: —___ ESEEENSEM Write the vocabulary words in the correct category. Then review the meaning of each word with a partner 20 wrong cross off precaution precise panel velocity cross out bumpy mask lose track of, Verbs Adjectives TTAB COURSEGerunds in three sentence positions Underline any verb + rg ee: Thank you forcalling ABC Computers. How can I help you today” Carl; Pm thinking about getting a new computer But buying a computer is such a major decision for me. Choosing the best one seems really d ficult, Dee: Yes, it can be difficult figuring out \Which computer is best for you. At ABC Computers, our job is to match customers with the compater that best meets their needs, It would be my pleasure helping you do this. Le’s get started FEGEEEEEN compete the chart with sente from th log above. Gerunds can be Subject position, + 24 in savoral positions ofa sentence: after a preposition, in the wd after it+ BE + adjective/noun phrase. preposition + GERUND (phrase) ‘Thank you for calling ABC Computers.IESEEESEER Listen and write the preposition + gorund for each sentence. —] 1, Sam has a fear 2. Mike apologized ee 3. What do you know computers? 4, Lam not accustomed so cay Gry plana ee le ca 6. The kids are sad____not ‘on vacation this year HEEEEEEMAT Complete cach sentence with a word from the box plus “ing. swim te speed smoke argue 1, —__ atthe city poo! is one way to keep cool in the summer. os —— in the mititary means you must always be combat read fe and wot wearing a sea belt wall get you a traffic ticket, Noe eee ee ee pour ee eal 5. The neighbors’ could be hear from two houses away. HEXEN Unscrambie the words to complete each 1 mM tence Iwas funplaying _ games when I was a child. ‘was /t/ fun playing os —— = ‘our team win the football game. watching Tt exciting was 2 3. the party a litte bit early? Willa probleme Teaving Fi ae " —— ee bicycle without a helmet, TSTanot a good riding idea s. eee in lees everya ulte THT not falling dicut asleep ind ~AERIOAN TANGUNGE COURSEBESEEEEGERE Complete each sentence with a gerund phrase, =i Mae the sentence re fer you 1 Making coffee is something that I do everyday. 2. Lam really afraid of 3, Ik was the best decision of my life —___ ae is the hardest part of learning English 5. Ialways takes a lot of time 6. 1am really interested in a ho is very aittieut for me. 8. Its fun 9, 1 dream about someday 10. My is. bad habit WEEDING Wite a complete sentence to answer each question, | Use genunds or gerund phrases. Then, take turns asking and answering questions with a partner Dy 4, What do you look forward to doing after you retire? | What activities do not cost much money in your country? ook TERONE |Mele VTE TANI Interview with a retired pilot Q: What got you interested in aviation? ‘A: During basic training, I remember sitting outside in freezing cold weather and watching an aircraft demonstration. My only thought was, “Those pilots don’t look as cold as I fee Not long after tat, there was a request for volunteets to enter the flight program, I volunteered, and that’s how I started my aviation career. : Can you describe your fist solo Flight? < ‘A; Well, actually don’t remember that ight. All [ean say is Col Henry Fortnbery that pilots hope ther first fight is uneventful and that every- ‘en the Ft and F-16. ies gta Q When things go wrong, how should a pilot respond? [A: A pilot’ firs esponsibility sto control the areaft. The pilot has to concentrate on keep- ing the plane level and ignore the fact that parts may be falling off he airplane. If he's un able to do this that’s when things ean really end up in disaster: Q Were you ever afraid while lying an aiteratt? ‘A: One thing that every pilot fears is making & night landing on an aircraft carier because there are so many things tht could go wrong. For example, you could fly too low when ‘preparing for a landing anc risk erasing into the ship. Do you have any advice for future plots? re Keep a good attitude even when everything seems to be going wrong. A good atiude can go a leng way. Forinetry standngnent ‘ons ra Prariom which ‘splay. = "ANIERIGAN LANGUAGE COURSERewrite the sentences with the words in parenthest 1. Tony is imterested in studying the science of flying. (aviation) 2. Lreally hope that everything doesn’t go wrong. (go right) 3. You really have tothink hard when you take a test. (concentrate) 4, Pay attention tothe safety rules. (ignore) 5. Lam scared of flying on an aitplane. (fear) 6. Debbie has such a good way of thinking about life. (attitude) 7. The hurricane was nota lucky event for the city, (a disaster) [ESE discuss the statements and questions in small groups. | 1. Deseribe an experience in your life when everything went right 2. Why ia person'satiude important during e's dificueimes? 3. During a time of a disaster, what do people need to corcentrate on? 4, Have you ever been part of a pane! which had (o make an important decision? Describe your experience. | BOOK24 LESSON ==A Natural Process A natural emotion that all people are born with is fear, and it can be, in some situations, very good for us. Extreme fear makes our bodies go through a process known as fight or flight, which enables us to either fight the danger or escape from it, As we get ready for fight or flight, organs and systems in our body make adjustments. Our heart stats to beat faster. This increased rate means more blood is sent to our larger muscles and to our brain, As a result, we become for ‘atime physically stronger, and we can think better and mote quickly. We begin to breathe faster, t00, which sends more oxygen to our major organs. The pupils in our eyes enlarge, which allows us to see better, Our skin starts to sweat, which keeps our body cool. Our digestive and urinary systems slow down to help us ‘concentrate only on what ve are doing, ‘These natural physical effects of fear help us to live through life-threatening, situations. And that is geod thing, MAIN IDEA: The fight or flight process enables our body to prepare for danger 1 eee B, We become physically stronger, and we can think better and more quickly. Mm, TV, Our skin starts to sweat and keeps our body cool v. aa TANGLE CORETE eff Inquiring about and expressing concern and fear. Mike: Greg, you Ibok tired today. Are you worried about something? $$$ Greg: Yes, I'm concerned about my cat. Pye been having. {rouble staring it I think a mechanic should look at it, Dut T can’t «fford expensive ear repairs. ‘Anna: Robin, the TV news said there’s a severe thunderstorm coming. It makes me feel nervous because I'm afraid of lightning. When I was a child lightning struck my house and started the house on fire. It was really scary. Tike storms either, I've had a fear roa Robin: I'll bet it was. I don Of ongens sce my pans Hose goted O when wate eenager va afi waive droga thunderstorm because ofall the rain, Check (V) the boxes of the statements that are true for you. ‘Then witha partes, compare lists and discuss wheat people can do about concerns and fears, Chart 1: Concerns a. not graduacing. Db. the future, my family, my career my health, 1000 f ‘2, earning enough money. h, iy children’s education BOOK LESSONS Chart 2: Fears a, heights. b, flying. — 4, snakes. . failure £. tunnels, 8. doctors / hospitals b, speaking in public, =Ry Reading faster for better comprehension Follow your teacher's instructors 1, What is the topic ofthe text? a. rules of English », English class ¢, learning English 2. What is the main idea? a, The students have different ways. of learning English. ’. The students think their English classes are useful cc The students spend a lot of time studying grammar rules, 3. Which student doesn’t feel nervous anymore when talking toan ‘American person? a. Capt Mia ‘b. Maj Tully 4, Who is more concerned about speaking correctly? a. Capt Mia b, Maj Tully 5, Capt Mia says real life can teach her more than a, studying from a book b. taking weekly tests c. speaking freely can, 6. Capt Mia will her next assignment, ». rarely ©. often use English at 10, Capt Mia probably enjoys studying grammar a. True b, False Maj Tully believes that is the best way to improve his English, 4. practicing English every day ’. having all his errors corrected c, looking up every word in a dictionary Maj Tully is probably a disciplined student. a. Te b. False Maj Tully worries that people ‘will think he is 4 not experienced b, uneducated «. irresponsible Score, Words per ‘minute | "RNERICAN LANGUAGE COURSETalking about our earth SPEAKING: VOCABULARY: GRAMMAR: READING: VOCABULARY: GRAMM DiaLocs: VOCABULARY: READING: GRAMMAR: READING: warn: oOKaN LESSONS ‘What will happen to our eath? Enforcing protection of the environment ‘Tovinfntive as direct object Main idea and supporting information ‘The Greenhouse Effet Four ways to express the fatore “Talking about the future. Dangers to our earth. Skimming text Reported speech: the past perfect tense Reading faster for beter comprehension ‘Writing a paragraph from notes 68 1 n 16 80 81 . 85 87 89Lact anme What's new in Lesson 3? | NEW VOCABULARY Nouns Verbs environment accumulate excess, adapt (to) gravity condense moisture discard precipitation dissolve principle exceed reservoir ook into soil penetrate well saturate windshield vaporize GRAMMAR STRUCTURES ‘Ms. Duff refused to answer the question. ‘The students are taking a test ext Friday, Jack said he had eaten before ke went 10 the gym. |e Other especially eventually fertile for instance ordinary principal rior prior to saturated scientific LANGUAGE FUNCTION Inquire about and express actions, evens, and condion in the future. When does the next flight depart? leaves at 9 pam, ~RRERICAN LANGUAGE COURSEEBay What will happen to our earth? -Mark each statement with A for Agree or D for Disagree IN MY OPINION... 1... people save the right to use nature in any way that they choose. 2. ... plants and animals have as much right as people to exist 3... inthe fature, people will eam enough about the natural world to be able 10 contro —— 4. .... damaging the environment is okay if it helps people get jobs, makes medicine, or produces things that people need. destruction of the environment is not as important as other problems in the world, 6... there should be very strict laws and strong punishments for people who destroy the environment. [EESGEEEGEE with a group, discuss your opinions about the topics above Use the phrases below in your discussion. Cross off each card until you've use them all I think You're right. I disagree In my opinion ‘That's how feel, Tsee your point, but If you ask me $ Lagree 100 percent. That's not how Ise How do you feel about agree somewhat. don’t think so. 00K LESSONSMeler-\AN EINE Enforcing protection of the environment | THE US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY ‘The US Environmental Protee- or thrown out with the garbage. As a tion Agency (BPA) is a federal agency result, chemicals would saturate the whose mission is to enforce environ- ground and enter the water supply be- mental laws made by the USCongress, neath the earth's surface, Later, when ‘These laws often serve to control the people dug wells to access this water, practices and activities of industries, they discovered that it contained poi especially when the actions harm the _sonous substances, Moreover, the sat= environment, making uurated land Was also it unsafe for people 10 often no longer suit- live in, able for farming. As more and more citizens became sick, people began 10 real- ize that there was a efinite connection between the environ- ‘ment and some of the illnesses. from which people suffered. Pub: Few regulations existed (© help. pro- tect the environment and keep people safe prior to the EPA's establishment, Prior efforts to keep the en- vironment clean were bften unsuccessful cause people weren't lic interest in these aware of the relationship between the problems began to grow, and US citi environment and health. For example, zens began to demand that something iscarding hazardous waste by put- be done. President Richard Nixon sug- ting it imo man-made reservoirs used gested the formation of a government to hold drinking water for cities was agency to enforce laws to protect the once an ordinary practice for faeto- environment. After he obtained the ap- ries and hospitals. Hazardous waste proval of the US Congress, the EPA. ‘was also frequently put in the ground was established December 20, 1970. EXEREISEELY Listen to your instructor. Circle for true or F for false. 1 F 40007 F 2 F ST F oo F co F = "AVERIGAN LANGUAGE COURSEESSE oe ich the two parts to make sentences. 1. Old cartatteries &. tobe eligible for this job, 2 Prior experiences required —b, to collect and hold rain water. —— 3. Oilwells . the ground was already saturated, 4, Thecity seated a reservoir d. are often drilled under the ocean, __ 5. Floodingoccurred because ¢, should be propery discarded. 6. Plans, animals, and water fare all partof the environment. (HEEGEEEEEET Complete each sentence with a word from the box. ssurate prior to ordinary prior especially discarded 1. Te was an____day because we didn’t do anything special. 2, Jenny _______ the box because she didn’t need it anymore, 3. [like to eat fresh fruit in summer, __ strawberries 4, You need to______ the brush with paint if you want to cover the whole wall 5. Inspector Wilkes served in the military ___her career as a police officer. 6. Robert wasn’t selected for jury duty because he had —___ knowledge of the court case. ook LESSONSTo-infinitive as direct object Label the sentence withthe correct parts of speech: subject, verb, and object (rwo of each) © ___ subject e If you fail to prepare, you arg preparing to fail. ° oe A toinfintive can be used.as a direct object immediately after the verb. Underline the fo-infinitive phrase, and circle the verb before it. 4 1. If you want to judge a man’s character, give him power: 2. Opportunity is waiting, you just need to open the door. | PROVERg: 3. Ifyou spend too much ime looking atthe fur, | ststonen you may fal to live inthe aesent | sesteeaan 4, Don’t try to walk before you can crawl 4 5. Try not to become a man ef success, but a man of good character. Fill in the blanks with verb + fo-infinitive. Use the words in (). ‘Welcome travellers! We have © (arrange / take) you on «series of tours around the city this week. We @ (plan J visit) 2 variety of places, so be sure to bring your cameras. According to the weather forecast, ivs@ (threaten / rain) tomorrow, so pack your umbrellas as well Ifyou @ (wish / do) some shopping, we ca how you the best places to go. Andif you @®__________ (prefer / not go) on one Of the tours, notify the travel office, and we can make other arrangements for you. Please remember, don’t @®__ (hesitate /ask) questions whenever you need something, We're here to help! 77: 2‘Complete the statements with a to-infinitive + your own words. | 1, Treally need . Sometimes (pegied i 3. My fiends try 4. Inthe future, I expect 5. My friends don't want ———————— 6. Toten choose not 7. My boss refuses. [EERIE stucy the intormation below and match the sentences. | «fp Some verbs can be followed by ether gerunds o nfintves, but the choice may ‘change the meaning of the sentence. Ean BL Formos verbs (ike hate continue, pee, et},| | Te choie of using a gerund or anniv ator the choice of either a gerund or an infinitive as certain verbs (forget, remember, stop, try, etc.) can ‘adrect object does ra crange the meaning ot |_| change he meaning fhe sentence the senteree. ‘ike to wake up ear. =1 he waking up early. | | Horgtto maith eter. + | xgot malig the letter. ‘The meaning ofthe setencesis the same, | |{'ddnotmailtheleter) {mailed helt, tut forgot that Ici) For each pair, write a 0° in the box next tothe sentence that has the same meaning, f 1, a) Trememberec calling, First I remembered to call, then I called, ) Frememberec tocall. — [_] First I called, then later I remembered that Tealled, 2. a) Tstopped smoking. [don’t smoke cigarettes any more. ») [stopped to smoke. stopped what I was doing so I could smoke. 1 did not sleep because people were too loud. 3. a) Lured sleeping b) [tried to seep. I slept because I wasn't feeling wel. Dea1. Jake a, chose to learn Spanish b. Spanish chose to learn . learn Spanish to chose instead of Russian, 2. My teacher agreed not ___ us homework this week. a. gave b. to give ©. give 3. The students afternoon, a. to play not decided b. not decided to play c. decided not to play — soccerin the 4. Tike a. to visit b. visiting ©. cither a orb (no change in meaning) ‘museums. With EEE Circle the best answer. 5 61 | volunteered candy to class. a, to bring b. brought . will bring the filter in the engine. 2. didn't forget to replace b. fongot didn’t to replace . replace to forgot didn’t ‘The baby refuses _ carrots. a. eats b. must eat ©. toceat Bob stopped flowers for his wife. a. tobuy b buying €. either a orb (meaning chunges) ariner, make sentences using the verbs in Appx. J. ‘Student A, pick a verb, Student B, make a sentence with that verb + an infinitive or gerund. Then switeh roles ae os iD demanded to speak) 1 \ with the manager RAR ANIASE COURSE[ECGs Main idea and supporting information ‘Read the text to prepare for the exercise below: Where Are They Going? PSE Adult honesbees are disappearing, but no one knows exactly why. Beekeepers are finding their beehives empty of ‘the hundreds of worker bees ‘hat should be there, Seientists save led inquiries into this ‘problem and discovered several ‘possible reasons for the disappearance. [ESGRGEGME select the main idea and fil i Main idea a. Honeybees are dying due to an increase in their nctural enemies. b. Several causes contribute to the disappearance of honeybees. Some scientists believe that the honeybees’ natural enemies, such as tiny inseets, fungus, and viruses, have been rising in number due to a general increase in the cearth’s temperature. The abundance of natural enemies may be killing large numbers of beehive populations, ‘Other scientists say that the inereased use of pesticides (chemicals which kill insects) is a strong possibilty ‘These poisons are applied to farm crops. When a hon- ceybee flies from flower to flower, it picks up the poi- sons, which may end up killing the bee itself and even- tually the entire hive. Radiation from wireless communication towers may be another problem, The radiation’s effect may interfere so greatly with the bees’ navigation that they can’t find their way back to the hive, Lastly, poor beehive management may be weakening. honeybees so much that they die mote quickly from causes that might not have killed them before. So far, the disappearance of honeybees has remained ‘unexplained. However, most scientists feel that a ‘combination of problems i the most likely answer. the list of details. _ Major points 1 ae 2 3 e. The sharp deerease in the honeybee population is a temporary probiem. ‘bookar LESSONSMele EINEM The Greenhouse Effect A goontouse has glass wals anda (Jess rool ot sun energy rough HOW DOES ITWORK? If you've ever gotten inside a ear that thas been parked ditectly in thesun, you've seen the greenhouse effect in action, The Tight from the sun penetrates the glass of the car's windshield, and some of the light is bounced back through the glass. ‘However, a large part ofthe heat energy is tapped inside and begins to accumulate. ‘This process eventually resuls in the in- side temperature becoming much warmer than the outside temperature. This effect ‘occurs not only when it’s hot outside, but also when it’s cold, ‘This same set of scientific prineiples explains how the earth's climate is regu- lated. The earth's atmosphere acts like the glass in a car window. Approximate. ly 30 percent of sunlight is Beunced back into space by the atmosphere, The rest of the sunlight gets through, and this energy is absorbed by the earth and trapped by gases that surround the earth, These gases What oreales and maine earlve climate? We can answer this question bylooking int a natural process called the geenhouse effec. The greenhouse fect is the sclentific name of the process that controls our cimale and makes it possible for plans, animals, ‘and people to ve comortably on earth, are called greenhouse gases and are held. inpplace by gravity, the same natural force that keeps objects on earth from floating off into space. Greenhouse gases include ‘water that has vaporized. carbon dioxide. ‘methane, and other natural gases, Without ‘preenhouse gases and the greenhouse ef- fect, the average surface temperature of, the earth would fall far below freezing and ‘make it too cold to support most life on the planet, "RERICAN LANGLIGE COURSE