ENERGY

CONSERVATION
IN
TRANSFORMERS

BY :- 
Shaheer Farrukh (ME – 1826)
M.Ali Husnain (ME – 1797)
Mansoor Nawaz (ME - 1796
 1) Working Principle of Transformer
2) Transformer Loses
       (a) Copper Loss
       (b) Iron/Core Loss
       (c) Eddy Current

TOPICS
       (d) Hysteresis loss
       (e) Stray Loss
       (f) Dielectric Loses
3) EC TECHNIQUES IN TRANSFORMERS
       (A) LOAD SHARING
       (B) PARALLEL OPERATION
4) OPTIMIZATION OF LOADING OF TRANSFORMER
5) IMPROVISATIONS IN DESIGN AND MATERIAL
OF TRANSFORMER
WORKING PRINCIPLE OF
TRANSFORMER
The main principle of operation of a
transformer is mutual inductance
between two circuits which is linked
by a common magnetic flux.

A basic transformer consists of two

coils that are electrically separate and
inductive, but are magnetically linked
through a path of reluctance.
STEP UP TRANSFORMER STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
 COPPER LOSS
Copper loss is the term often given to heat produced by electrical
currents in the conductors of transformer windings, or other electrical
devices.

Copper loss is due to power wasted in the form of I’R, , where ‘I’ is the
current passing through the windings and R is the internal resistance
of the windings (primary and secondary).

It is clear that Cu loss is proportional to square of the current, and

current depends on the load. Hence copper loss in transformer varies
with the load.
Hence it is also called as variable loss.
 IRON/CORE LOSS
These losses occur in the core of the transformer
and are generated due to the variations in the
flux.
They depend upon the magnetic properties of the
material used for the construction of core. Hence
these losses are also known as core losses or iron
losses.

There are two types of iron losses, and they are-

 - eddy current loss
 - hysteresis loss
 EDDY CURRENT
In transformer, the leakage magnetic flux
linked with the conducting parts like steel core or
iron body of the transformer, which will result
in induced emf in those parts, causing
small circulating current in them.

This current is called as eddy current.

Due to these eddy currents, some energy will
be dissipated in the form of heat.
Lamination of core material can reduce eddy
current loss.
 HYSTERESIS LOSS
Hysteresis loss is due to the repeated
magnetization and demagnetization in the
transformer core. The energy is lost in each
hysteresis cycle.
This loss depends upon the volume and grade
of the iron, frequency of magnetic reversals and
value of flux density.
Soft magnetic materials with low hysteresis such
as silicon steel and CRGO Steel are usually used
in core to reduce the loss. 
 STRAY LOSS

The stray losses arise out of the leakage fluxes

of the transformer.
These leakage fluxes link the metallic
structural parts, tank etc. And produce eddy
current losses in them.
Thus they take place ‘all around’ the
transformer instead of a definite place, hence the
name ‘stray’. 
 DIELECTRIC LOSSES

Dielectric losses are caused by the insulating

material and insulation such as transformer oil.

It rarely occurs as compared to the core and

copper losses.
EC TECHNIQUES IN TRANSFORMERS

1. Load sharing of transformer

2. Parallel operation of transformer
3. Isolating techniques in transformers
4. Replacement by energy efficient transformer
5. Periodic maintenance
 LOAD SHARING
The problems like overloading, variation in voltage and heating are very common in
transformers. . 
It takes a lot of time for its repairing and maintenance and also involves high cost
Load sharing protects the transformer under overload condition.
Due to overload the efficiency drops and the secondary winding gets overheated or it
may burn because of excess heat.
So the transformer can be protected by reducing the extra load. 
This can be done by operating another transformer in parallel with the main
transformer. 
When the loads on transformer are constant the total active power loss and reactive
power consumption of transformer will be changed with the variation of load
distribution between the transformers. 
Therefore, the transformer total active power loss and reactive power consumption
can be reduced to minimum values according to economic dispatch of loads between
transformers, so as to achieve transformer energy conservation.
 PARALLEL OPERATION
The transformer is said to be in parallel operation when their primary windings are
connected to a common voltage supply and the secondary windings are connected to a
common load.
The connection diagram of the parallel operation of a transformer is shown in Figure A.
 The transformer capacity is a most important parameter when selecting transformer.
If the transformer capacity is selected over large then the investment of transformer is
increased as well as the transformer no-load loss.
Mostly power transformer gives maximum efficiency at full load.
If one runs number of transformers in parallel one can switch on only those transformers
which will gives total demand by running nearer to its full-load rating for that time.
 When load increases, one can switch on one by one other transformer connected in
parallel to fulfill the total demand in this way, one can run the system with maximum
efficiency.
OPTIMIZATION OF LOADING OF TRANSFORMER

By proper Location of Transformer preferably close to the load center, considering other
features like centralized control, operational flexibility etc. This will bring down the distribution
loss in cables.

Maintaining maximum efficiency to occur at 38% loading, the overall efficiency of transformer

can be increased and its losses can be reduced.

Under fluctuating load condition more than one transformer is used in Parallel Operation of
Transformers to share the load & can be operated close to the maximum efficiency range.
IMPROVISATIONS IN DESIGN AND MATERIAL OF
TRANSFORMER

1) To reduce load losses in Transformer, use thicker conductors so that resistance of

conductor reduces and load loss also reduces.

2) To reduce Core losses use superior quality or improved grades of Cold Roll Grain
Oriented (CRGO) laminations.
THANKYOU!
ANY QUESTIONS