Notice of Retraction

After careful and considered review of the content of this paper by a duly
constituted expert committee, this paper has been found to be in violation of
IEEE's Publication Principles.

We hereby retract the content of this paper. Reasonable effort should be made to
remove all past references to this paper.

The presenting author of this paper has the option to appeal this decision by
contacting TPII@ieee.org.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Aryabhatta Research Inst of Observational Sci.. Downloaded on August 17,2023 at 11:21:42 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 Stability and bifurcation behaviors analysis
of a three-species food chain model
Zi-ku Wu Fu-le Li*
College of Science and Information College of Science and Information
Qingdao Agricultural University Qingdao Agricultural University
Qingdao, China Qingdao, China
Zkwu1968@126.com Lfl2004666@126.com

Abstract—A three-species food chain mode was considered. Using into new predator;
the methods of the modern nonlinear dynamics, the stability and d1 represents the death rate of the prey;
bifurcation behaviors were discussed .We support our analytical
findings with numerical simulation. d 2 represents the death rate of the predator.
We focus on studying the system’s stability and
Keywords-three-species food chain model; equilibrium point; bifurcation behaviors. In section two and section three the
stability; Holf-bifurcation results are provided. Summary and discussion are given in
section four.
I. INTRODUCTION
II. STABILITY AND BIFURCATION BEHAVIORS ANALYSIS OF
Recently, species ecological model is a very attractive
THE DYNAMIC SYSTEM
topic [1-6]. The prey-predator system is a very important model
that has been studied by many ecologists and mathematicians. In this section, we analyze the Stability and bifurcation
The most famous model to descript species is the Lokta- behaviors analysis of the dynamic system. The system (1)
Volterra prey-predator ecologist model. During the last decade, always has nonzero equilibrium point S = ( x∗ , y ∗ , z ∗ ) . In order
many scholars have done a great of work on three species
to obtain the point, let the right side of each equation equal to
population model. Among them is the resource-prey-predator
model with a self-limiting term in the resource[3-6]. In this zero in system (1). The equilibrium point satisfies
study, we consider the following dynamic system: ⎧ x
⎪ r (1 − K ) − ay = 0
⎧ dx x ⎪
⎪ dt = x[r (1 − K ) − ay ] ⎨c1ax − bz − d1 = 0 (2)
⎪ ⎪c by − d = 0
⎪ dy ⎪ 2 2

⎨ = y (c1ax − bz − d1 ) (1) ⎩
⎪ dt From equation (2), we have
⎪ dz
⎪ dt = z (c2 by − d 2 ) ad
S = ( K (1 − 2 ), 2 ,
d Kac1 Ka 2 d 2 c1 d1
− 2 − ).
⎩
brc2 bc2 b b rc2 b
with x(0) > 0 , y (t ) > 0 and z (t ) > 0 . Here x(t ) , y (t ) and For the sake of convenience, the point S = ( x∗ , y ∗ , z ∗ ) of the
z (t ) represent the population density of resource, prey and
system is shifted to the new point W = (0, 0, 0) through
predator respectively at time t . The positive parameters
transformations
r , K , a , b , c1 , c2 , d1 and d 2 are interpreted as follows:
⎧ X = x − x∗
r represents the intrinsic rate of natural increase of the ⎪ ∗
⎨Y = y − y (3)
resource in the absence of consumers; ⎪ ∗
K represents its carrying capacity; ⎩Z = z − z
a represents the consumption rate of the prey on the resource; In term of new variables, the system (1) can be written in the
b represents the consumption rate of the predator on the matrix form as
resource; E = AE + B (4)
c1 represents the conversion efficiency of consumed resource where
into new prey; ⎛X⎞
c2 represents the conversion efficiency of consumed resource ⎜ ⎟
E = ⎜Y ⎟ ,
⎜Z ⎟
*
⎝ ⎠
Corresponding author

Authorized licensed use limited to: Aryabhatta Research Inst of Observational Sci.. Downloaded on August 17,2023 at 11:21:42 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
978-1-4244-5089-3/11/$26.00 ©2011 IEEE
 ⎡ rx∗ ⎤ ⎛ r 2 ⎞
⎢− −ax∗ 0 ⎥ ⎜ − X − aXY ⎟
⎢ K ⎥ ⎜
K
⎟
A = ⎢ c1ay ∗ 0 −by ∗ ⎥ , B = ⎜ c1aXY − bYZ ⎟ .
⎢ 0 c2 bz ∗ 0 ⎥ ⎜ c bYZ ⎟
⎢ ⎥ ⎜ 2 ⎟
⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎝ ⎠
The characteristics equation of matrix A is
λ 3 + a1λ 2 + a2 λ + a3 = 0 (5)
where
r r
a1 = x∗ , a2 = c1a 2 x∗ y ∗ + c2 b 2 y ∗ z ∗ , a3 = c2 b 2 x∗ y ∗ z ∗ .
K K
From Routh-Hurwitz theorem, the equilibrium state is locally
stable, if ai > 0 ( i = 1, 2,3 ) and a1a 2 −a3 > 0. These
Fig.2 Population density curve (initial values: 1,0.2 ,0.5)
conditions ensure that all three eigenvalues have negative real
parts. When equation (5) has a pair of pure imaginary roots
and a third real root, Holf bifurcation will occur. The roots of
equation (5) are λ1,2 = ±iω , λ3 = − a1 , where ω 2 = a2 a3 .
Now we have
a1a 2 −a3 = 0 (6)

III. NUMERICAL SIMULATION

In this section, we will test the analysis results in section
two though numerical simulation. The values of each
parameter are set r = 1, K = 2.0, a = 0.25, b = 0.3, c1 = 0.5,
c2 = 0.4, d1 = d 2 = 0.1. We have

S = ( x∗ , y ∗ , z ∗ ) = (1.875, 0.20833, 0.60416),

Fig.3 1-Torrus of system (initial values:0.6,0.9 ,0.2)
a1 = 0.9375, a2 = 0.12625 , a3 = 8.496 E − 3 .
Under these conditions the equilibrium state is locally stable.
We take numerical simulations when the initial values are
( x(0), y (0), z (0)) = (1.0, 0.2, 0.5)
and
( x(0), y (0), z (0)) = (0.6, 0.9, 0.2)
respectively. The numerical difference scheme is the Runge-
Kutta of order four. The results are list in Fig. 1-4.

Fig.4 Population density curve (initial values: 0.6,0.9 ,0.2)

IV. CONCLUSION
From nonlinear theory analysis and numerical simulation
above, we can see clearly there are complex nonlinear
dynamical behaviors in the food chain model. The research
results are useful to understand the population dynamics of the
model and helpful to establish a robust and effective food
chain control and prediction.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This research is supported by Shandong Provincial Natural
Fig.1 1-Torrus of system (initial values: 1,0.2 ,0.5) Science Foundation (ZR2009AL012) and Shandong Provin-

Authorized licensed use limited to: Aryabhatta Research Inst of Observational Sci.. Downloaded on August 17,2023 at 11:21:42 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.
 cial Education Bureaus Science and Technology Plan [3] C.J. Sun and L. Mickel, “Dynamics of a three-species food chain model
with adaptive traits,” Chaos, Solitons and Fractal, vol. 41, pp. 2812-2819,
(J09LA12). 2009.
REFERENCES [4] Y.Y. Chen and C.M. Song, “Stability and Holf bifurcation analysis in a
prey-predator system with stage-structure for prey and time deley,”
[1] H.I. Freedman and P. Waltman, “Mathematical analysis of some three- Chaos, Solitons and Fractal, vol. 38, pp. 1104-1114, 2008.
species food-chain models,” Math Biosci., vol. 33(3–4), pp. 257–76, [5] W.M. Wang, H.L. Wang and Z.Q. Li. “Chaotic behavior of a three-
1977. species Beddington type system with impulsive perturbations,” Chaos,
[2] S.B. Hsu, T.W. Hwang and Y. Kuang, “A ratio-dependent food chain Solitons and Fractals, vol. 37, pp. 438–443, 2008.
model and its applications to biological control,” Math Biosci., vol. [6] H.L. Wang, J.F. Feng, F. Shen and J. Sun. “Stability and bifurcation
181(1), pp. 55–83, 2003. behaviors analysis in a nonlinear harmful algal dynamical model,”
Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, vol. 26(6), pp. 729-734, 2005.

Authorized licensed use limited to: Aryabhatta Research Inst of Observational Sci.. Downloaded on August 17,2023 at 11:21:42 UTC from IEEE Xplore. Restrictions apply.