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Evaluation of Alternative Backup Protection Schemes On A 66KV Distribution Network
Evaluation of Alternative Backup Protection Schemes On A 66KV Distribution Network
DISTRIBUTION NETWORK
†
F. Malone*, P.D. Doyle
†
ESB International, Ireland paul.d.doyle@esbi.ie
Abstract
Directional and non directional overcurrent protection are well established methods of providing either
primary or backup protection on distribution networks. Compared to unit protection which only protects
a specific piece of equipment, such as a transformer or feeder, overcurrent protection has the
advantage of being able to provide protection to large sections of network. To do this the overcurrent
protection on a network must be coordinated. On radial distribution systems this can be easily
achieved, however, on a meshed or looped system it is not always possible to achieve the required
coordination. For this reason overcurrent protection is sometimes unsuitable for certain applications.
This paper looks at a section of 66kV distribution network for which overcurrent protection is
unsuitable. The inadequacy of the standard protection scheme for the network in question is explained
and possible alternatives discussed. The paper then goes through the rationale for selecting the most
suitable alternative protection scheme for the section of network in question.
1 Introduction
The 66kV distribution system under examination has two standard types of 66kV substations, “City
Tee Type” and “Loop Type”. These standard types of 66kV substations are described in the next
section.
Loop type substations are substations which have BSP 1 66kV Busbar
their own 66kV busbar, which is fed by two
separate feeders. One of these two 66kV feeders
will be connected directly onto the 66kV busbar in
a BSP while the other will connect to a 66kV
busbar in another Loop Type substation. The
second 66kV feeder at this Loop Type station will Loop-Type
then connect to a second BSP. The Loop Type
substation layout can be seen in Figure 2. Stations
In addition to this problem, the 66kV bus coupler protection in the Power Station is quite slow as a
result of coordinating with slow outgoing 66kV feeders. Due to high short circuit levels on the 66kV
system the timer of the bus coupler protection at the BSP cannot be increased due to the limitations of
the switchgear duty. This also limits the ability to time-grade the protection on this section of network.
For these reasons directional overcurrent protection is unsuitable as backup protection on this section
of the 66kV network.
As a result of the issues outlined above it was decided to investigate alternative backup protection
schemes for the 66kV network in question. These alternative protection schemes are outlined below.
The first alternative backup protection scheme considered was a duplicate feeder differential scheme.
This would require a replication of the feeder differential scheme currently installed as primary
protection but with some important
alterations.
BSP
1) The communications link would have to
follow a separate route.
66kV Dist.
2) An alternative protection relay Station
manufacturer to that of the primary
differential scheme would have to be used. Power
Power Cct 3
Ccts
Figure 4 shows suggested routes for the 1&2
fibre-optic links between the duplicate
differential relays for each feeder. It is worth
noting that both the BSP – Power Station
circuits 1 & 2 are buried in the same trench, Power
so in order to prevent a common mode of Station
failure the communications channels for the Ccts1& 2 Cct 3 Cct 3
backup protection scheme should follow the BSP – PS BSP – Dist. St. Dist. St. – PS
circuit 3 route via the 66kV Distribution Comms route Comms route Comms route
Station.
Figure 4 – Backup Protection Communication Channels
A duplicate feeder differential scheme will
only provide backup protection for the 66kV
feeders. As a result the backup busbar protection for each station would be compromised. Without
directional overcurrent relays on the feeders the backup busbar protection for either station would be
dependant on the coupler and source transformers or generators tripping out in the remote station.
2.2 Directional Comparision Overcurrent
The next scheme examined was a directional comparision overcurrent scheme. This scheme uses
directional overcurrent relays on both ends of each feeder, similar to the original backup protection
proposed on the network. In addition, the two directional overcurrent relays at each end of the feeder
communicate with each other over fibre
BSP optic channels. A fault is determined to be
internal to the feeder if the relays at each
end pick up in the forward direction. This
66kV Dist. allows a permissive trip to occur, where both
Station relays trip without any additional time delay.
DOC Relay
Near-instantaneous backup protection is
Power
Power Cct 3
Blocking provided to each cable in this way – the only
Signal
Ccts time delay being the relay’s directional
1&2
decision time plus the communication time
delay.
PS
City Tee
The IDMT directional overcurrent stages
Fwd Pickup Loop
feeders Type provide backup protection to the BSP and
feeder the Power Station in the event of a fault at
either busbar not being cleared by the
Figure 5 – Directional Comparison scheme blocking signals primary protection. Backup protection for
Channels busbar faults in the Distribution Station is
provided by the IDMT stage of the directional overcurrent relays at the remote ends of the Distribution
Station – BSP and Distribution Station – Power Station feeders. An extra measure is required to
ensure selectivity for faults on the “Loop Type” 66kV feeder (as shown in Figure 5) in the event of that
feeder’s unit protection failing to clear the fault. As this is a “Loop Type” feeder, there is no
instantaneous overcurrent stage enabled on the directional overcurrent relay. It is not possible to
coordinate the IDMT stage of this relay with the directional overcurrent relays on circuits 1, 2 & 3, so a
blocking signal is required to be sent to the appropriate relays in the event of the “Loop Type” feeder
relay picking up for a fault in the forward direction. In the case of the “City Tee” 66kV feeders, it is not
possible to coordinate the directional overcurrent relays on circuits 1, 2 and 3 with the “City Tee”
directional overcurrent relays for downstream 11kV faults, so a blocking signal is also required from
each of these relays in the event that they pick up in the forward direction. A simplified schematic of
these blocking signals is shown in Figure 5. The existing overcurrent relays on the two 66kV
transformer feeders at the Distribution Station have no instantaneous element, so it is not possible to
coordinate the directional overcurrent relays on the Distribution Station outlets at the BSP and the
Power Station with those relays. This problem can be solved by installing overcurrent protection which
includes an instantaneous element.
The final scheme which was looked at was a blocked overcurrent scheme utilising the IEC 61850
communication protocols [1]. This scheme involves connecting IEC 61850 compatible relays in each
station via CAT-5 ethernet cable to their local Ethernet switch. The Ethernet switches are linked via
fibre optic channels between the stations. This allows each relay to send and receive GOOSE
(Generic Object Oriented Substation Event) messages. A GOOSE message can be sent by any relay
to all the other Ethernet-connected devices in all three stations to indicate the pickup of a specific
directional element. Each device that receives the message will be programmed to block the
appropriate element, switch between tripping characteristics or ignore the message altogether, as
appropriate. This system enables selective tripping for all faults on the 66kV network in question.
The following describes the operation of the system for different fault scenarios:
• The healthy bus section(s) and feeder(s) remain intact and load can still be fed from the
healthy bus sections.
• Directional Overcurrent relays on the Power Station and BSP feeders at the Distribution
Station pick up in the reverse direction and broadcast GOOSE messages.
• Bus coupler overcurrent relays in the BSP and the Power Station switch to their slower IDMT
characteristic as the fault is confirmed not to be on the busbar.
• Tripping is accelerated for the relays at each end of the feeders from the Power Station and
BSP to the distribution station.
Fault on City/Loop-type 66kV feeders from the Power Station
• Directional Overcurrent relay on the faulted feeder picks up and broadcasts GOOSE
message.
• The Power Station bus coupler switches to its slower IDMT characteristic to coordinate with
the feeder relay.
• Directional Overcurrent relays at the BSP and the Distribution Station switch to slower
characteristic to coordinate with the slow bus coupler overcurrent characteristic at the Power
Station.
• The BSP bus coupler switches to its slower overcurrent characteristic to coordinate with the
feeder relays.
• The Directional Overcurrent relay on the faulted feeder clears the fault and nothing else trips
on the network.
Fault on the outgoing 66kV feeders from the 66kV Distribution Station
• 66kV Directional Overcurrent relay on the faulted feeder picks up and broadcasts a GOOSE
message
• Directional overcurrent relays on the feeders from the BSP and Power Station to the 66kV
Distribution Station remain in their slower IDMT characteristic in order to coordinate with the
downstream relay that issued the GOOSE message.
11kV fault at the Power Station or the BSP (not cleared by 11kV protection)
• 66kV Overcurrent relay on the 66/11kV transformers picks up in the IDMT stage.
• This overcurrent relay is not linked via IEC61850 so no GOOSE message is sent.
• Bus coupler overcurrent relay remains in its fast IDMT characteristic but this is set to
coordinate with the 66/11kV transformer overcurrent relay so fault is cleared selectively.
• Distribution Station feeder directional overcurrent relays at the BSP and the Power Station
pick up, but due to their high pickup current they coordinate with the 66/11kV transformers
overcurrent relays for 11kV faults.
Fault on HV side of the 66/11kV transformers at the Power Station / the BSP / the Distribution Station
(not cleared by differential protection)
• The instantaneous element of the 66kV Overcurrent relay on the 66/11kV transformer picks up
and trips straight away, clearing the fault.
3 Discussion
This section discusses the technical merits of each scheme along with the cost and physical
installation requirements.
Backup protection for the 66kV cables is instantaneous with the duplicate differential scheme.
However, it would not be practical to install duplicate busbar differential protection for the 66kV
busbars at the BSP, the Distribution Station and the Power Station. If a 66kV busbar fault occurred at
the BSP, the Power Station or the Distribution Station and primary protection failed the 220kV
transformers at the BSP and the generators at the power station would have to be disconnected by
overcurrent protection in order to clear the fault. Due to the low probability of busbar faults, this may
be acceptable as long as the fault clearance time is quick enough to avoid any damage to equipment.
However, the short circuit duty was calculated for 66kV busbar faults and it was found that for certain
faults at the Distribution Station 66kV busbars, the short circuit withstand of the busbar was
exceeded. It may be possible to ensure the short circuit duty is kept within the busbar ratings by
changing the protection settings on the existing protection in downstream substations. This is currently
being investigated. Also the CT cores being used for the backup protection scheme may not meet the
criteria for use in a differential scheme so may have to be replaced.
Equipment Required
• 8x Differential Relays
• CTs on 8 bays for feeder differential protection. (depending on testing / suitability of existing
relays)
Installation
• Installing CTs on each end of the 66kV cables between the BSP, the Distribution Station and
the Power Station would require outages of each 66kV feeder. The outages should be
possible to organise due to the three parallel circuits connecting the BSP and the Power
Station, however replacing the GIS CTs at the BSP (if the existing overcurrent CTs are
unsuitable for differential protection) would not be as straightforward.
Backup protection for the cables is similar in performance to the duplicate differential scheme, offering
near-instantaneous backup protection [2]. Unlike the duplicate differential scheme, the directional
overcurrent relays can also provide extra protection to the busbars at the Power Station, the BSP and
the Distribution Station in the event of the busbar differential protection failing to clear a fault.
Busbar faults are cleared faster resulting in a reduced short circuit duty. This prevents any risk of
damage to the busbar in the event of the busbar differential protection failing.
For a busbar fault in the Power Station or the BSP, the three 66kV branches are disconnected. This
allows the coupler closest to the faulted busbar section to trip and only the transformer/generator(s)
connected to the faulted busbar section to trip, allowing some load to continue to be fed. For a fault at
Distribution Station 66kV bus, only the Distribution Station feeders at the BSP and Power Station will
be disconnected. This is a more selective busbar protection than that offered by the duplicate
differential scheme. With the duplicate differential scheme, both transformers in the BSP and
generators in the Power station would trip for a busbar fault in the BSP, Distribution Station or the
Power Station that was not cleared by primary protection.
Equipment Required
• 3 Teleprotection devices
Installation
• With no new instrument transformers required and only 5 relay replacements, the
implementation of this scheme would be the least disruptive to the network. Commissioning
would be relatively simple.
• An advantage of this scheme is that it makes use of the existing DOC relays that are already
installed on the Power Station – BSP and BSP – Distribution Station feeders as well as the
associated instrument transformers.
This scheme offers fully selective backup protection to the BSP to Power Station and the BSP –
Distribution Station – Power Station cables as well as the busbars in each station. 66kV Bus coupler
relays in the BSP and the Power Station could also be coordinated with the feeder relays so the load
disruption would be minimised for busbar faults that are not cleared by primary protection.
Equipment Required
• 3x Ethernet hubs
Installation
This scheme would require a directional overcurrent relay on every outlet from the busbar in each
station to determine whether or not a fault lies on the busbar. This requires VTs to be installed on the
generator bays in the Power Station. During a site survey, it was found that due to a lack of space in
the bays of the indoor AIS compound at the Power Station, the installation of VTs would not be
practical.
Aside from the high cost of the equipment required and the complex commissioning associated with
this option, the lack of space to install VTs in the generator bays at the Power Station means that this
protection scheme is not a viable option.
4 Conclusions
Duplicate Differential
The duplicate differential protection scheme does not offer acceptable backup protection for the
busbars in the BSP and Distribution Station. Slow fault clearance times for backup protection could
potentially cause damage to the GIS equipment at the BSP or the indoor AIS equipment at the Power
Station. However this may be possible to rectify pending a review of downstream substation protection
with a view to speeding up the backup protection in the BSP and the Power Station.
This scheme could also only be implemented if the existing CTs on the feeders between the BSP,
Power Station and Distribution Station were tested and deemed suitable for differential protection.
Pending those two criteria being fulfilled, the duplicate differential scheme would be a simple and
robust option.
Implementation of the IEC61850 blocked overcurrent scheme would not be practical due to the
requirement for VTs in the generator transformer bays at the Power Station. The cost of installing and
commissioning this scheme would also be high due to the quantity of equipment required and the
complexity of setting up the scheme.
The Directional Comparison Overcurrent scheme is a viable option for the following reasons:
• Clearance time for busbar faults is reasonably fast with no risk of the short circuit withstand
rating being exceeded on any busbar.
• In the event of a busbar fault at the BSP, the Power Station or the Distribution Station where
primary protection fails, the load and source transformers/generators on the healthy busbars
can remain connected.
• This scheme can be implemented without installing any new instrument transformers. It also
uses standard teleprotection equipment which should be relatively straightforward to
commission.
References
[1] Hakala-Ranta, Rintamäki, Starck. “Utilizing possibilities of IEC 61850 and GOOSE”, CIRED
2009, Paper 0741 (2009).
[2] D. Tholomier, S. Richards, A. Apostolov, “Which one is better – Line Differential or Directional
Comparison?”, DPSP 2008.