CD MAB esse ValueLearning Course Center es Ttinan pw RDA: ID: yuncol-ap ALRDBEEPKABAHES PREAKRI0IZ 010-89293155 http://www.valuelearning.netALGEBRA 1 Ron Larson ET a (em stors ily Timothy D. Kanold eres HOLT McDOUGAL Seen Eeecc9i2Na. cconzAssest cos-2Assest ccoszaceost cc9-r2A.cEDs ccos2nas cos.r2a.ce02* ccorzrira vili_ Contents 1 12 13 4 1s 16 Ww Expressions, Equations, and Functions Prerequisite Skills Evaluate Expressions. Apply Order of Operations “Pi Graphing Calculator Activity , Use Order of Operations Write Expressions. £2 Investigating Algebra Activity: Patterns and Expressions Quiz Write Equations and Inequalities........ ‘Mixed Review of Problem Solving Use a Problem Solving Plan. Quiz Problem Solving Workshop Use Precision and Measurement Represent Functions as Rules and Tables. Fi Graphing Calculator Activity | Make a Table... Represent Functions as Graphs D Investigating Algebra Activity: Scatter Plots and Functions... Quiz Extension: Determine Whether A Relation is a Function . ..... Mixed Review of Problem Solving Chapter Summary and Review. Chapter Test. + Standardized Test Preparation and Practice 3 15 14 20 22 27 33 35 a a7 49 48 55 37 59 105 66ccs-zNar cos-2.0.REL3 coseza.ne.s coatzAREL3 cos.a.ReL3 cc912A.ceD1* cc 932.A.ce01" ces12.A.cEDA* Solving Linear Equations Prerequisite Sk Find Square Roots and Compare Real Numbers. 2 Investigating Algebra Activity: Writing Statements in f-Then Form Extension: Use Real and Rational Numbers, 22. Solve One-Step Equations : D Investigating Algebra Activity: Modeling One-Step Equations 23. Solve Two-Step Equations. Quiz Problem Solving Workshop 2.4 Solve Multi-Step Equations. 25. Solve Equations with Variables on Both Sides Quiz ‘WSpreadsheet Activity | Solve Equations Using Tables Extension: Apply Properties of Equality. Mixed Review of Problem Solving 2.6 Write Ratios and Proportions. 2.7. Solve Proportions Using Cross Products 2.8 Rewrite Equations and Formulas. Quiz Mixed Review of Problem Solving mmD Chapter Summary and Review. Chapter Test % Standardized Test Preparation and Practice Contents 7 73 2 30 84 82 1 96 7 98 104 109, 110 mW 113 4 120 126 31 132 133 130 140 ixcoss2.l coo-wsi cc9-12FIF70° ccsi2FiFe cos-wFir7 coozacco2* Contents 3a 32 33 34 35 36 37 Graphing L and Functions Prerequisite Skills Plot Points in a Coordinate Plane. Graph Linear Equations Graph Using Intercepts Quiz Mixed Review of Problem Solving Find Slope and Rate of Change Investigating Algebra Activity: Slopes of Lines Graph Using Slope-Intercept Form. £P Investigating Algebra Activity: Slope and y-Intercept. Quiz Extension: Solve Linear Equations by Graphing. Model Direct Variation Problem Solving Workshop Graph Linear Functions. Quiz |) Graphing calculator Activity ) Solve Linear Equations by Graphing Each side Mixed Review of Problem Solving .... ap ‘Chapter Summary and Review. Chapter Test. + Standardized Test Preparation and Practice near Equations 144 146 153 160 161 163 170 m” 173 72 182 181 188 189 191 198 200 206 207 209 210 215, 216cos2a.ce02" ccs2a.cen2" ccs2a.ce02" cc9.12A.cED2" cosartez 0125.10" 00.91281D60" aa 46 az + Standardized Test reparation and Practice. Writing Linear Equations Prerequisite Skills. ‘Write Linear Equations in Slope-Intercept Form £ Investigating Algebra Activity: Modeling Linear Relationships... “Fi craphing calculator activity » investigate Families of Lines Use Linear Equations in Slope-Intercept Form.. Problem Solving Workshop ‘Write Linear Equations in Point-Slope Form Extension: Relate Arithmetic Sequences o Linear Functions. Write Linear Equations in Standard Form... Quiz Mixed Review of Problem Solving Write Equations of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines. Fit Line to Data il Perform Linear Regression... Extension: Correlation and Causation Predict with Linear Models... 2 Irvesigning algebra Activity: Collecting and organizing Data Quiz cose ‘Model Data from the internet ™ Extension: Assess the Ft ofa Model ss Mixed Review of Problem Solving ... Chapter Summary and Review. Chapter Test........... Contents 220 223 - 222 230 . 232 240 . 202 249 . 251 256 .. 257 258 264 271 273 . 275 274 281 282 283 . 285 286 © 291 292CCO-RARELS ccomaneia ccOARELS ccs-RARELS ccs2Aceos cco.2Aceost Cc S-ZARELI2 xii Contents 5a 52 53 5a 55 56 57 Solving and Graphing Linear Inequal Prerequisite Skills les Solve Inequalities Using Addition and Subtraction .... Solve Inequalities Using Multiplication and Division. Investigating Algebra Activity: P Irequetites wile Negative Cetfcens Quiz Solve Multi-step inequalities Problem Solving Workshop .......... scr Extension: Solve Linear Inequalitiesby Graphing - Solve Compound Inequalities PP Investigating Algebra Activity: Statements with And and Or. Quiz [Graphing calculator Activity | Solve Compound inequalities Mixed Review of Problem Solving Solve Absolute Value Equations. coon Extension: Graph Absolute Value Functions Solve Absolute Value Inequalities Graph Linear Inequalities in Two Variables £2 Investigating Algebra Activity: Linear Inequalities in Two Variables... Quiz ‘Mixed Review of Problem Solving amp Chapter Summary and Review. Chapter Test. + Standardized Test Preparation and Practice. 310 an 317 319 322 321 20 330 331 cove 332 .. 338 3a0 ayes 356 361 * 362COs ARELS coszARete cos-ARELS cosas cos ARES cosARei2 Systems of Equations an Inequalities Prerequisite Skills. 6.1 Solve Linear Systems by Graphing. 2 Investigating Algebra Activity: Solving Linear Systems Using Tables “fh Graphing Calculator Activity | Solve Linear Systems by Graphing. 6.2 Solve Linear Systems by Substitution Quiz it Problem Solving Workshop 63 Solve Linear Systems by Adding or Subtracting PD Investigating Algebra Activity: Linear Systemsand Elimination 6.4 Solve Linear Systems by Multiplying First Quiz | [M\ Graphing Calculator Activity | Multiply and Then Add Equations. ‘Mixed Review of Problem Solving 65 Solve Special Types of Linear Systems. Extension: Use Piecewise Functions. 6.6 Solve Systems of Linear Inequalities. Quiz " Mixed Review of Problem Solving SnD Chapter Summary and Review. Chapter Test. oa esreeateloea tata + Standardized Test Preparation and Practice Contents 366 369 368 376 377 383 304 386 385 303 399 400 402 403 an a4 420 azi 422 427 42a xiiiExponents and Exponential Functions S&S Prerequisite Skills. 432 cc.912asseze 7.1 Apply Exponent Properties Involving Products. 435 © Investigating Algebra Activity: Products and Powers. 434 (C812ASSE3 7.2 Apply Exponent Properties Involving Quotients. 4a1 ‘Quiz war ccs-12Asse% 7.3. Define and Use Zero and Negative Exponents 449 BD Investigating Algebra Activity: Zero and Negative Exponents, 448 Extension: Define and Use Fractional Exponents. 455 Mixed Review of Problem Sohing 457 eco-12A.ceo2 7.4 Write and Graph Exponential Growth Functions 458 Problem Solving Workshop 466 ec92A.ceD2" 7.5 Write and Graph Exponential Decay Functions 469 (D Investigating Algebra Activity: Exponential Models 68 Quiz 476 Extension: Relate Geometric Sequences to Exponential Functions 477 Extension: Define Sequences Recursively. 479 Mixed Review of Problem Solving 483 mm Chapter Summary and Review. 484 Chapter Test. 489 * Standardized Test Preparation and Practice. 490 xiv Contentscoomaarn ccorza.apas cosrza.aras coerARea ccs2Assese CC SZASSESe cosiassea CCS2ASSES8 Polynomials and Factoring Prerequisite Skills. 8.1 Add and Subtract Polynomials ......... [M Graphing Calculator Activity | Graph Polynomial Functions. 494 496 - 502 504 503 su . 516 517 .. 523 . 525 82 Multiply Polynomials Investigating Algebra Activity: Multiplication with Algebra Tiles ....... 83. Find Special Products of Polynomials Quiz. : . 8.4 Solve Polynomial Equations in Factored Form Mixed Review of Problem Solving ........-. 85 Factor x*+ bx +c. (P) Investigating Algebra Activity: Factorization with Algebra Tiles Problem Solving Workshop a 8.6 Factor ax* + bx +c > Investigating Algebra Activity: More Factorization with Algebra Quiz 8.7 Factor Special Products... 88 Factor Polynomials Completely. Quiz . - . Mixed Review of Problem Solving Chapter Summary and Review. Chapter Test... a + Standardized Test Preparation and Practice Tiles... 524 532 535 534 541 . 542 548 555 - 556 Contents 357 * 563 564 xvxvi cosi.rBes c09-12FIF 70 CC 9.12 A.RELA CC9-TZA.RELA CC S-12A.RELA cco-2ARELIT cce.n2Ace02 ccsx2FiFat Contents 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 > Standardized Test Prepai Graphy = ax? + ¢ Graph y = ax? + bx +¢ stroaenenen suse Extension: Graph Quadratic Functions in intercept Form Solve Quadratic Equations by Graphing, Quiz [Graphing calculator Activity) Find Minimums, Maximums, and Zeros .. Use Square Roots to Solve Quadratic Equations. Problem Solving Workshop ... Mixed Review of Problem Solving Solve Quadratic Equations by Completing the Square (P Investigating Algebra Activity: Completing the Square~Algebra Tiles Extension: Graph Quadratic Functions in Vertex Form ... Solve Quadratic Equations by the Quadratic Formula ‘Quiz Extension: Derive the Quadratic Formula, Solve Systems with Quadratic Equations. Compare Linear, Exponential, and Quadratic Models. Graphing Calculator Activity | Perform Regressions Model Relationships. . Quiz Mixed Review of Problem Solving amp Chapter Summary and Review. Chapter Test. mn and Practice en 613, ory 619 21 es 636 . 638 - 646 a7 653, : 654Data Analysis > Prerequisite Skills. ica" 10.1 Analyze Surveys and Samples. ‘PD. Investigating Algebra Activity: Investigating Samples coon eca.2si02* 10.2 Use Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion. Quiz Extension: Calculate Variance and standard Deviation Mixed Review of Problem Solving ccatzsins* 10.3 Analyze Data ccs-zsin1* 10.4 Interpret Stem-and-Leaf Plots and Histograms Investigating Algebra Activity: Investigating Dot Plots “ Graphing Calculator Activity | Draw Histograms ........ ccszsia* 10.5 Interpret Box-and-Whisker Plots, Quiz . Problem Solving Workshop . Extension: Analyze Data Distributions, Mixed Review of Problem Solving Sap Chapter Summary and Review. Chapter Test. > Standardized Test Preparation and Practice... os 661 . 660 665 - 668 669 o71 673 .. 679 678 . 684 685 690 691 692 - 694 Contents 695 699 ~ 700 xviixviii coswscrr ces-2s.cpal" cesazs.craiy cesses cos-es.crz" Contents Probability Prerequisite SI 11.1 Find Probabilities and Odds PD Investigating Algebra Activity: Find a Probability Extension: Perform Simulations. 1122 Find Probabilities Using Permutations. Quiz 113 Find Probabilities Using Combinations \[M.Graphing Calculator Activity, Find Permutations and Combinations. ‘Mixed Review of Problem solving .. 11.4 Find Probabilities of Disjoint and Overlapping Events. PD Investigating Algebra Activity: Find Probabilities Using Venn Diagrams Problem Solving Workshop 115 Find Probabiities of independent and Dependent Events. Quiz Extension: Make and Analyze Decisions ‘Mixed Review of Problem Solving ED Chapter Summary and Review. Chapter Test... + Standardized Test Preparation and Practice 720 na Rs nz 726 Ba 735 742 743 746 747 751 752Expressions, Equ and Functions Theses: eee i tosson Den yor enon pst 14 cos-42Na1* 12 cCS-r2Asse1* Degrassi 13 COS-42ASSEI* 44 oca-12AceD1* De Watts ried 15 cos2a.cep> 16 cce-r2Na3t 17 CC9-12A.CED.2* BES a ECE Set 48 cCs-12RiRa® 115 Use a Problem Solving Plan 4.7 Represent Functionsas Rules and Tables De eT isc Previously, you learned the following skills, which you'll use in this chapter: using fractions and percents, and finding area, VOCABULARY CHECK Copy and complete thestatement. is the denominator. the fraction 2, _2_ is the numerator and Inthe fraction 3, _2_is th ator and, 2. Two fr ictions that represent the same number are called _2_ 3. The word percent (%) means “divided by _2_ SKILLS CHECK Perform the indicated operation. 3 342 1 4, s. it Write the percentas a decimal. 8 4% 9. 23% 10, 1.5% LL. 2.5% 12, Find thearea of the rectangle.In this chapter, you will apply the big ideas listed below and reviewed inthe Chapter Summary, You will also use the key vocabulary listed below. © writing and evaluating algebratcexpressions @ Using expressions to write equations and inequalides erected histones stad ates errors, baad nd righ KEY VOCABULARY + variable + open sentence + precision algebraic expression + equation inequality + significant digits power, exponent, base + solutionof an equation or» function, domain, range + order of operations inequality + independent variable «verb maddl: formula + dependent variable + rate,unit rate You can use multiple representations to describe a real-world situation: For example, you can solve an equation, make a table, or draw a diagram to determine a runningroute. ‘The animation illustrated below helps you answer a question from thi chaptor: How does the number of blocks you run affect the total distance?1 1 Evaluate Expressions e EZZIGED You used whole numbers, fractions, and decimals. ‘You will evaluate algebraic expressions and use exponents. ca So you can calculate sports statistics, as in Ex. 50. Key Vocabulary A variables a letter used to represent one or more numbers. The svariable numbers are the values of the variable. Expressions consist of algebraic numbers, variables, and operations, An algebraic expression, or expression variable expression, isan expression that includes at least one variable. +power _ - _ pane Algebraic expression Meaning | Operation | . Si) Sen Sn Stimesin Multiptication 9 wey 14 divided byy Division €C942NO4 Usouniteass | Bx 8 minus x subtraction ‘way oenderstand poblins nto guide thesotonot Tuintepetontecorganly TO evaluate an algebraic expression, substitute a number for each variable, jrmlas;chosseond. perform the operation(s), and simplify the result, ifnecessary. his and data Gap Evaluate algebraic expressions Evaluate the expression when Bee Aemonete nde & 13+M=13+3 Substitute for n. origin displays, =39 Multiply. roperty of equality: If and b=cthen | by Substitute 3 for n. Because 3+n= 13+ 3and Divide. 13 + 3 = 39, 13 «n= 19. Two other properties | Substitute 3 for n. f equality are the eflexive property : suit: (a= a) andthe symmetric property (a = then b= a) =u Add. Substitute 3 for n. ™ — i A) cueo Practice for Example 1 - j Evaluate the expression when y = 2. i 8 i 1.6) 2 ay au yy : y y | 5 2 Chapter 1_ Expressions, Equations, and FunctionsfeeREna wares MOVIES The total cost of seeing a movie ata theater can be represented by the expression @ + rwhere ais the cost (in dollars) of admission and ris the cost (in dollars) of refreshments. Suppose you pay $7.50 for admission and $7.25 for refreshments. Find the total cost. Solution ‘Total cost = a+r Write expression. = 750+ 7.25 Substitute 7.50 for a and 7.25 for r = Add. > The total cost is $14.75. EXPRESSIONS USING EXPONENTS A power isan expression that represents repeated multiplication of the same factor. For example, 81 is a power of 3 because 81 = 3+ 3» 3+ 3. power can be written in a form using two numbers, a base and an exponent . The exponent represents the number of times the base is used asa factor, so 81 can be written as 3°. *f ceponent 34 = 3436369 woe power “@factors of | (CEETEEED re an write powers Write the power inwords and as a product. Power Words Product WRITE EXPONENTS 7 hai 7 rsnanbermsed seven to the first power the frst power, you ij usually do not write b. 5? five to the second power, 565 he exponent 1. For or five squared instance. you write 7? E simply as 7. one half to the third power, or onehalf cubed ad to the fifth power argeacece (W) cuweo Practice | for Examples 2 and 3 5. WHAT IF? In Example 2, suppose you go back to the theater with a friend to see anafternoon movie. You pay for both admissions. Your total cost {in dollars) can be represented by the expression 2a. If each admission costs $4.75, what is your total cost? Write the power in words and as a product. 6. ee Bit 1.1 Evaluate Expressions = 3Evaluate Evaluate the expression. USEAPROPERTY....| a x*whenx=2 b. when n= 1.5 Example iustretes te { sutsttution property of | Solution $ equality: fa = b,then Fa can be substituted for ‘binany expression or equation. Because x=2xX= 24, = (2.5)(1.5)(2.8) =3.375 Evaluate the expression. 9. x8 when x= 8 10, 2 when k= 2.5 11. d* when d= 4 {REVIEW AREA VOLUME -eesce-> AREA AND VOLUME Exponents are used in the formulas for the area of a Ghee square and the volume of a cube. In fact, the words squared and cubed Scepp. sald anaser7, come from the formula for the area of a square and the formula for the volume of a cube. [ Exampte 5 ] Evaluate a power STORAGE CUBES Each edge of the medium-sized pop-up storage cube shown is 14 inches long. The storage cube is made so that it can be folded flat when not in use, Find the volume of the storage cube. Solution v-8 Write formula for volume. = 14° Substitute 14 fors. 2744 Evaluate power, > The volume of the storage cube is 2744 cubic inches. 12. WHATIF? In Example 5, suppose the storage cub: squate. Find the area of the square. 4 Chapter 1 Expressions, Equations, and Functions11 EXERCISES = “*"S3{) O-:nuompirsaunon | = STANDARDIZED TeSTPRACTICE 5.2.15, 44, 45 52, and54 ‘SKILL PRACTICE 1, VOCABULARY Identify the exponent and the base in the expression 6”, 2. -& WRITING Describe the steps you would take to evaluate the expression ‘n° when 7 = 3. Then evaluate the expression. EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS Evaluate the expression. for xs. 3-15 3. 15x when x 4. O4rwhenr = 6 5. w—8when w =20 6 16-gwheng=12 7, 5+ mwhenm=7 8. 0.8+ hwhen h=37 9. Fen f= 8 to. Ewhen t= 4.5 11. 2.5mwhen m=4 | wt bu 2 ook aS 1 12, b kwhen k= 3 13, y—4wheny=§ 4, h+ 3 when ht 15, % MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of 2.5m vrhen m = 10? B® 0.25 B25 © 25 ® 235 WRITING POWERS Write the power Inwords and asa product. 16. 125 it. 7 18. (3.2)? 2». (4 aia? ay ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and correct the error in evaluating the power. 25. (04) = 2(0.4) = 0.8 x Gia t-4-4-4-4= 1024 x 4, EVALUATING POWERS Evaluate the power. ROCESSNEZ: | Gee 27. 10? 28. 1° 29. 11 30. 5° a3 32. 8 33. 6! 1p 3) 2y6 wa (1) @§) 36. (5) EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS Evaluate the expression. 38. x? when x = 3 39. p? when p= LL sadhana alley 0, inwhen k=9 andn=45 w-twinwaoete~es ax Ewnandeeranarens 44, + MULTIPLE CHOICE Which expression has the greatest value when x= lWandy=05? By ®s-y ©} Ot 1.1 Evaluate Expressions. 545, * MULTIPLE CHOICE Let bbe the number of tokens you bought at an arcade, and let « be the number you have used, Which expression represents the number of tokens remaining? B® bru ® b-w © w @? 46, COMPARINGPOWERS Let xandy be whole numbers greater than 0 with y> x, Which has the greater value, 3° or 3? Explain, 47, CHALLENGE For which vihole number value(s) of x greater than 0 is the value of x” greater than the value of 2°? Explain, Ree ATS 48. @ GEOMETRY The perimeter of a square with a side length of sis given by the expression 4s, 25m ‘What is the perimeter of the square shown? 49, LEOPARD FROG You can estimate the distance (In centimeters) that a leopard frog can jump using the expression 134 where Is the frog's length (in centimeters). What distance can a leopard frog that is 12.5 centimeters long jump? 50, MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Jon was the leading scorer on her soccer team. She scored 120 goals and had 20 assists in her high school career. ‘a. The number 1 of points awarded for goals is glven by 2g where gis the number of goals scored. How many points did Jen earn for goals? b. The pointtotal is given by n+ avihere a is the number of assists. Use ‘your ansvier from part (a) to find Jen's point total, |MULTI-STEP PROBLEM You are buying a tank for three fish. You have a ‘lame angel that is 3.5 inches long, a yellow saiifin tang that is 5.5 inches Jong, and a coral beauty that is 3 Inches long. The area (in square inches) of water surface the fish need is given by the expression 12f where fis the sum of the lengths (in inches) of all the fish in the tank. ‘& What Is the total length of the three fish b, How many square inches of water surface do the fish need? 52. & MULTIPLE CHOICE Fora snow sculpture contest, snow Is packed into a cube-shaped box with an edge length of 8 feet, The box is frozen and removed, leaving a cube of snow. One cubic foot of the snow weighs about 30 pounds, You can estimate the welght (in pounds) of the cube using the expression 30V where Vis the volume (In cubic feet) of, the snow, About how much does the uncarved cube weigh? @® 240 pounds @® 1920 pounds © 15,360 pounds ® 216,000 pounds = See WORKED- OUT SOLUTIONS > = STANDARDIZED i 6 inStudent Resources TEST PRACTICE °53, FOOTBALL A football team’s net score for the regular season is given. by the expression a ~ b where ais the total number of points the team. scored and b is the total number of points scored against the team, ‘The table shows the point totals for the 2003 National Football League Conference Champions. Which team’s net score was greater? Team Points scored,a | Points scored against b New England Patriots 336 238 Carolina Panthers 325 304 54, EXTENDED RESPONSE A manufacturer produces three different sizes of cube-shaped stacking bins with edge lengths as shown, Bink aM gi BN 12in a. Evaluate Find the volume of each bin, b. Compare How many times greater is the edge length of bin B than the edge length of bin A? How many times greateris the volume of bin B than the volume of bin A? ©. Compare Answer the questions in part (b) for bin A and bin C. d. CHALLENGE Explain how multiplying the edge length ofa cube by a numbern affects the volume of the cube. Justify your explanation. atnyhrwc . CHALLENGE You purchase a set of 100 cube-shaped miniature magnets, each with an edge length of } inch. You arrange the cubes to form larger cubes, each one with adifferent edge length, How many cubes can you form? What is their total volume? seeEXTRA PRACTICE in student resources 4) ONLINE QUIZ at myhrwcon1 2 Apply Order of Operations e You evaluated algebraic expressions and used exponents. ia ‘You will use the order of operations to evaluate expressions. So you can determine online music costs, as in Ex. 25. Key Vocabulary Mathematicians have established an order of operations to + order of operations evaluate an expression involving more than one operation. aia For Your Notebook S = Order of Operations CC9-2ASSEI Interpret ‘expressions tat representa ‘quantityin terms ofits context.” STEP1 Evaluate expressions inside grouping symbols. STEP 2 Evaluate powers. STEP 3 Multiply and divide from left to right. STEP 4 Add and subtract from left to right. EAIED ene xpress Evaluate the expression 27 + 3° x 2-3. STEP There are no grouping symbols, so go to Step 2. STEP 2. Evaluate powers. 27+3°x2-3=27+9%X2-3 Evaluate power. STEP 3. Multiply and divide from left to right. 27+9X2-3=3x2-3 Divide. 3x2-3=6-3 Multiply. STEP ¢ Add and subtract from left to right, 6-3=3 Subtract. > The value ofthe expression 27 + 3? 2 ~3is3. GuDeD Practice | for Example 1 Evaluate the expression. 1. 20-4? 22R 4d 33222946 4 8 Chapter 1_ Expressions, Equations, and FunctionsGROUPING SYMBOLS Grouping symbols such as parentheses (and brackets |] indicate that operations inside the grouping symbols should be performed first, For example, to evaluate 2 + 4 + 6, you multiply first, then add, To evaluate 2(4 + 6), you add first, then multiply. Evaluate theexpression. a. 7113 -0)~ 715) Subtract within parentheses. = 35 Multiply. b. 24 - (3? + 1) =24-(9+ 1) Evaluate power. 24-10 ‘Add within parentheses. = ‘Subtract. Neem ERRORS emde e, 2130 — (8+ 13)|=2(30 - 21] _Addwithin parentheses. | = 219) Subtract within brackets. side other grouping symbols work rom =16 Multiply bar can act as a grouping symbol. Evaluate the numerator and denominator before you divide: Mt4 - (44) +(5-2)=12+3=4 ATED esteem tgstrsicenpresion - | Evaluate the expression when. = 4. gx 94g a+ 3449) ses ieex: 4 ‘Add within parentheses. 36 % Multiply. 2 Divide, for Examples 2 and 3 Evaluate the expression. 5. 413 +9) 6 3(8- 24) 7. 29+ 3) +4) Evaluate the expression when y = 8. hy+1 aya a 2-y-1 0. BE 12. Apply Order of Operations. =Standardized Test Practice A group of 12 students volunteers to collect litter for one day. A sponsor provides 3 juice drinks and 2 sandwiches for each studentand pays $30 for trash bags, The sponsor's cost (in dollars) is given by the expression 12(3j + 2s) +30 where jis the cost ofa juice drink and sis the cost of a sandwich. A juice drink costs $1.25. A sandwich costs $2, Whatis the sponsor's cost? } ELIMINATE CHOICES: Vou ca airings ®s9 © si © $129 @ 8210 chiices A and 0 by estimating, When jis about 1 andsis2,the | Solution value of the expression 12(3j + 28) + 30 = 12(3+ 1.25+2+2) +30 Substitute 1.25forjand2 fors. is about 128 + 4) +30, Forstta = 12(875 + 4) +30 ‘Multiply within parentheses. = 12(775) +30 ‘Add within parentheses. = 93 +30 Multiply. = 123 nid, » The sponsor's cost is $123. The correct answeris 8. ® @ © @. w| GUIDED PRACTICE | for Example 4 11. WHAT IF? In Example 4, suppose the number of volunteers doubles, Does the sponser's cost double as well? Explain. 1.2 EXERCISES womenteer | ~Eeteantag oT soumions [ke = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE ‘Bes.2, 19, 31, 37, 39, and 40 | 1. VOCABULARY According to the order of operations, which operation wouldyou perform first in simplifying 50 ~ 5 x 4? + 21 2, -& WRITING Describe the steps you would use to evaluate the expression 2(3x +1)? when x = 3. [EXAMPLES | EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS Evaluate the expression. Handa | 9 a3 at - 2 re 49-2 536-4 6 56247 7.484443 8. 1457 +50 10 +848 ¥ M2 +72)+4 12 24+4G+N) — 13, 126-35)? - 15 14 24+ (8 +47) i 16isa4 1 -2 97, 3-243 -o-9) § fas. ta1+2) @@he+iy-2? a7, $03-(2+3)" 18, 20-9 -5)") : i 10 Chapter 1. Expressions, Equations, and FunctionsEXAMPLE 4 19, * MULTIPLE CHOICE What isthe value of3(20 ~ (7 ~5)"]? @® 48 ® 6 © 12 ® x ERROR ANALYSIS Describeand correct the error in evaluating the expression. 20. 413) +747 +7 2. 20-5 + 6= 20-35% | oN aie EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS Evaluate the expression. 22, 4n — 12 when n =7 23, 2+ 3x? when x=3 24, 6f° — 13 when t=2 25, +r? — 2rwhenr 26. 5(w-4)whenw=7 27, 3(m?—2)whenm = 15 ox ta os e = waa ass 28, SA when x =7 29, Fy when k=5 30, ER when b= 3 2 31, * MULTIPLE CHOICE What is the value of $= + 3x when B® 6 Ou Os ® 105 CHALLENGE Insert grouping symbols in the expression so that the value of the expression ts 14. 32.9+294+22+ 11-943 98. 2X24+3°-44+3X5 10? RU eae NTs 34. SALES Your school's booster club sells school T-shirts. Halfthe iforexs.34-37"| T-shirts come from one supplier ata cost of $5.95 each, and half from another supplierat a cost of $6.15 each. The average cost (In dollars) of a T-shirt isgiven by the expression *95+515., Find the average cost. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM You join an online music service. The total cost (in dollars) of downloading 3 singles at §.99 each and 2 albums at $9.95 each is given by the expression 3+ 0.99 + 2+ 9.5 a. Find the total cost, 'b. You have $25 fo spend. How much will you have left? 36. PHYSIOLOGY Ifyou know how tall you were at the age of 2, you can estimate your adult height (in inches), Girls can use the expression 25 + L.I7hvehere iis the height (In inches) at the age of 2. Boys can use the expression 22.7 + 1.37h, Estimate the adult height of each person to the nearest inch ‘a. Agirl who was 34 inches tall at age 2 b. Aboy who was 33 inches tall at age 2 12. Apply Order of Operations 1112 37, OPEN-ENDED Write a numerical expression including 28, 39. 40. parentheses that has the same value when you remove the parentheses. ONLINE SHOPPING The regular shipping fee (in dollars) for an online computer store is given by the expression 0.5w+ 4.49 where w is the ‘weight (in pounds) of the item. The fee (in dollars) for rush delivery is, given by 0.99w + 6.49. You purchase a 26.5 pound computer. How much do you save using regular shipping instead of rush delivery? ‘x SHORT RESPONSE You make and sell flags for $10 each. Each flag requites $4.50 worth of fabric. You pay $12.99 fora kit to punch holes to hang the flags, Your expenses (In dollars) are given by the expression 4.50m-+ 12.99 where mis the number of flags you make. Your income Is given by the expression 10s where sis the number of flags you sell. Your profit is equal to the difference of your Income and your expenses. ‘a. You make50 flags and sell 38 of them. Find your income and your expenses. Then find your profit. b, Explain hov: you could use a single expression to determine your prof. +4 EXTENDED RESPONSE Each year Heisman Trophy voters select the outstanding college football player. Bach voterselects three players ranked first to third. A first place vote Is worth 3 points, a second place vote is worth 2 points, and a third place vote is worth I point. Let fs, nd tbe, respectively, the number of first place, second place, and third place votes a player gets. The table shows the vores for the winner and the runner-up in 2003, Player | Firstplace | Second place | Third place Jason White 219 204 16 Larry Fitzgerald 253, 233 128 a. Analyze Explain why the expression 3f+ 2s-+ trepresents a player’spoint total. b, Caleulate Use the expression In part (a) to determine how many more points Jason White got than Larty Fitzgerald got ¢ CHALLENGE Can you rearrange the order of the votes for each player In such a way that Larry Fitzgerald would have wont Explain, seeEXTRA PRACTICE in sucent Resources %) ONLINE QUIZ at myirwcomRare dip eed yaad Use Order of Operations ec How can you use a graphing calculator to evaluate an expression? You can use a graphing calculator to evaluate an expression, When you enter the expression, itis important {0 use grouping symbols so that the calculator performs operations in the correct order. ELMTD evsiateanexpression Use a graphing calculator to evaluate an expression. Lean body mass is the mass of the skeleton, muscles, and organs. Physicians use lean body mass to determine dosages of medicine. Scientists have developed separate formulas for the lean body masses of men and women based on their mass m (in kilograms) and height ft (in meters). Lean body mass in measured in units called BMI (Body Mass Index) units. 2 2 128m Womens 1.07 — {4am 10,0008" 10,0001? Find the lean body mass (in BMI units) of a man who is 1.8 meters tall and has a mass of 80 kilograms, ‘Men: 1.10m ~ Solution Enter the expression for men in the calculator. Substitute 80 for mand 1.8 for h. Because the fraction bar is a grouping symbol, enter the denominator using parentheses. Use the following keystrokes. 1.10 (5) 80 HE 126 Ea 80 ESE 10000 6 1. 10*80-128*802/ ‘Gon00#7 82) > The lean body mass of a man who is 1.8 meters tall and has a mass se eteos9se of 80 kilograms is about 62.7 BMI units. Se Use a calculator to evaluate the expression for m = 4. Round to the nearest thousandth, 83 13+5en+ 813 worm ant 42m eee rs oem 3 7. Find the lean body mass (to the nearest tenth of a BMI unit) of a woman who is 1.6 meters tall and has a mass of 54 kilograms, 1.2. Apply Order of Operations 13Use betore Write Expressions Patterns and Expressions MATERIALS - graph paper CEEEEIEED How can you use an algebraic expression to describe apattern? SEIETED create and describe a pattern SPT) [srEP2] Figure | | Figure 2 [ 144 (19444) taeda | Draw o figure Draw a unit square on graph Write expressions Vor each figure, write a paper. Then draw a unit square against each numerical expression that describes the side ofthe first square to form figure 1. number of squares in the figure. Copy figure 1 and drawa square on each “arm” to form figure 2. Use the same method to form figure 3. CEPURSETIEAE LED Use your observations to complete these exercises In Exercises 1-3, use the pattern in Steps 1 and 2 above. 1. Howis the figure number related to the number of times 4 is added in the numerical expression? Predict the number of squares in the fourth figure. Create figure 4 and check your prediction, 2, Describe how to calculate the number of squares in the nth figure. 3, Write an algebraic expression for the number of squares in the nth figure. (Hint: Remember that repeated addition can be written as multiplication.) 4, a, Write an algebraic expression for the number of squares in the nth figure of the pattern shown. b. Explain why the expression n’ is not an appropriate answer to part (a). Create a pattern that can be described by the expression 7? Oo Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 14 Chapter 1 Expressions, Equations, and Functions1 3 Write Expressions e You evaluated expressions, [IAN You will translate verbal phrases into expressions. So you can find a bicycling distance, as in Ex. 36. To translate verbal phrases into expressions, look for words that indicate + verbal model mathematical operations, rate unit rate areata lama Translating Verbal Phrases Operation Verbal Phrase Addition: sum, plus, total, The sum of 2 and a number x 24x more than, increased by epcsenta Y _Anumber 1 plus 7 n47 cyintemscltsconen.* Subtraction: ference, The difference of a number n-6 less than, minus, nand 6 12 times anumber y | 1 ofa number x | 3 Division: quotient, ‘The quotient ofa number k divided by, divided into. and2 portant when writing subtraction and division expressions. For ‘the difference of a number n and 6” iswritten n ~ 6, not6 ~ n, instance, and “the quotient ofa number kand 2” is written §, not Translate verbal phrases into expressions Verbal Phrase Expression jen you translate rabal phrases, the a. 4 less than the quantity 6 times a number 1 6n-4 ords “the quantity” tll 3 - sahet teacup in. | Bs Stimes the sum of7 and a number y a+) : part (a) you write ¢. The difference of 22 and the square of a number m 22 — ne E 6n ~ 4, not (6 - 4)n. for Example 1 ‘Translate the phrase “the quotient when the quantity 10 plus a number .x is divided by 2” into an expression. 1.3. Write Expressions 15iin erat CUTTING A RIBBON A piece of ribbon £ feet long is cut from a ribbon 8 feet long, Write an expression for the length (in feet) of the remaining piece. problem, choose a letter hat reminds youof the | Solution uantity represented, Draw a diagram and use a specific case to help you write the expression. uch a¢ 1 for length Suppose the piece cutis 2 feet Suppose the piece cut is feet long. long. HL 8 —_ HW —_ H+ e-2n— 2 aT ‘The remaining piece is The remaining piece is (8 ~ 2) feet long. (8 ~ f) feet long. | >The expression 8 — £ represents the length (in feet) of the remaining piece. VERBAL MODEL A verbal model describes a real-world situation using words as labels and using math symbols to relate the words, You can replace the words with numbers and variables to create a mathematical model, such as an expression, for the real-world situation, Usea verbal model to write an expression TIPS You workwith 5 other people at an ice cream stand. All the workers put their tips into a jar and share the amount in the jar equally at the end of the day, Write an expression for each person's share (in dollars) of the tips. Solution STEP 1 Write a verbal model. “Amount == Number injar + of people STEP 2. Translate the verbal model s + into an algebraic expression, 7 o£ 8 Let arepresent the amount (in dollars) in the jar | }An expression that represents each person’s share (in dollars) is 4 4 GUIDED PRACTICE | for Examples? and3 2, WHAT IF? In Example 2, suppose that you cut the original ribbon into pieces of equal length. Write an expression that represents the length {in feet) of each piece. 3, WHATIF? In Example 3, suppose that each of the 6 workers contributes an equal amount for an after-work celebration, Write an expression that represents the total amount (in dollars) contributed. 16 Chapter 1 Expressions, Equations, and Functionsanalysis also called ‘mensional analyst 0 check that the an answer in miles, Yor every" and can also be represented using he symbol /, asin mish. | The unit rate is 88 feet per second. ‘expression produces STEP 3 Evaluate the expression when m RATES Arate is a fraction that compares two quantities measured in different units. If the denominator of the fraction is 1 unit, the rate is called a unit rate. Acar travels 120 miles in 2 hours. Find the unit rate in feet per second. 120 miles _ 120 miles, , 5280 feet hours fe Lhowr Bo minutes = BB feet Solve a multi-step problem TRAINING Fora training program, each day you run a given distance and then walk to cool down, One day you ru 2milesand then walk for 20 minutesat a rate of 0.1 per 100 seconds. What total distance do you cover? Solution STEP Convert your walking rate to miles per minute. 0.1 mil seconds _ _6 TO0seconds * Iminute ~ TOO minutes i minute STEP 2 Write a verbal model and then an expression. Let m be the number of minutes you walk. Distance walking ‘Time spent un + rate + walking niles) (riles/inute) (rinates) + ¥ + 20 + 0.06 : m USE UNIT ANALYSIS Use unit analysis to check that the expression 2 + 0.06m You expect the answer is reasonable. 0 be a distance in ‘niles niles. You can use unt miles + 65 « minutes = miles + miles = miles Because the units are miles, the expression is reasonable. 0. 2 + 0.06(20) = 3.2 >You cover a total distance of 3.2 mi {| cuimen Practice | for examples 4 and 5 4, WHAT IF? In Example 5, suppose tomorrow you run 3 miles and then walk for 15 minutes at a rate of 0.1 mile per 90 seconds. What total distance will you cover? 1.3. Write Expressions 71.3 EXERCISES sometr |eeets eoe > = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE Bes.2, 13.14 34, and 37 “SKILL PRACTICE 1, VOCABULARY Copy and complete: A(n) _?_ is afraction that compares two quantities measured in different units. 2. % WRITING Explain how to write 22™es as a unit rate, hours EXAMPLE 1,_| TRANSLATING PHRASES Translate the verbal phrase into an expression. 3. 8 more thana number x 4. The product of anda number y 5, }ofa number m 6. 50 divided by anumber h 7. Thedifference of andanumbern 8, The sumof 15 and a number x 9, The quotient of twice a number tand 12 10, 3 ess than the square of a number p G7 ess than wwice anumber k 12, 5 more than 3 times a number w 13, * MULTIPLE CHOICE Which expression represents the phrase “the product of 15 and the quantity 12 more than a number 2"? @ 15412-x ® U5S4+12x © 18x42) D 12+ x 14, * MULTIPLECHOICE Which expression represents the phrase “twice the quotient of 50 and the sum of @ number yand 8" 250 ry 50. 2 Bers wo%; ©AR,) @ Z+0r EXAMPLES | WRITING EXPRESSIONS Write an expression for the situation. 2 15. Number of tokens needed for v video games if each game takes 4 tokens 16. Number of pages of a5 page article left to read ifyou've read p pages for STB 17, Each person's shate if p people share 16 slices of pizza equally 18. Amount youspengd if you buy a shirtfor $20 and jeans for j dollars 19, Number of days left n the week If d days have passed so far 20. Number of hours ia m minutes @) Number of months in yyears UNITRATES Find the unit rate in feet per second. 300 yards 240 yards 1nomites 171 miles 2 T minute om Thour ahs ‘2hours ae S hours: ERROR ANALYSIS Desertbeand correct the ertor in the units. 26. 2. ee = Bifeer, $2 _ $54 Fan BS Sande: Tl’ Toot 18 Chapter 1. Expressions, Equations, and FunctionsCOMPARING RATES In Exercises 28 and 29, tell which rate Is greater. 28. 1} miles in2 minutes and 4 seconds, or 1, miles in | minute and 55 seconds 29, $1.00 for 5 minutes, or $19.50 for | hour 30, CHALLENGE Look for a pattorn in the expressions shown below. Use the pattern to write an expression for the sum of the whole numbers from 1 ton. Then find the sum of the whole numbers from 1 to 50. 142-238 14+243=34 1424344 LO Tea EXAMPLES 31. TICKET PRICES Tickets to a sclence museum cost $19.95 each. There is a $3 charge for each order no matter how many tickets are ordered. Write an expression for the cost (in dollars) of ordering tickets. Then find the total cost if you order 5 tickets. 4e8 82, FOSSIL FUELS Fossil fuels are produced by the decay of organic material over millions of years. To make one gallon of gas, It takes about 98 tons of, organic material, roughly the amount of wheat that could be harvested ina 40 acre field. Write an expression for the amount (In tons) of organic ‘materlal ittakes to make g gallons of gas. How many tons would it taketo make enough gas to fill acar’s 20 gallon gas tank? MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A 48 ounce container of julcecosts $2.64. A 64 ounce container of the same juice costs $3.84. 1. Bind the cost per ounce of each container. b. Which size container costs less per ounce? cc. You want to buy 192 ounces of juice. How much do you save using the containersize from your answer to part(b)? 34. > OPEN-ENDED Describe a real-world situation that can be modeled by the rate 2 were xia pect of tte (in hours), identify the units for 30. Choose a value forx and find the unit rate. 95. WILDLIFE EDUCATION A wildlife center presents a program about birds of prey. The center charges a basic {ee of $325 and an additional fee for each bird exhibited. If5 birds are exhibited, the additional fee is $125, What is the total cost if 7 birds are exhibited? 36. CYCUNG To prepare for a bicycling event, you warmup each day at a moderate pace and then you ride hard for a number of miles, One day, you warm up for 15 minutes at arate of 0.1 mile per 25 seconds and then you ride hard for 12 miles, What total distance do you covert 1.3 Write Expressions 1920 37, % EXTENDED RESPONSE A national survey — Crown spread —. determines the champion tree in a species, The champion is the tree with the greatest score, based on the tree's girth, its height, and its crown spread as shown, tree's score is the sum of the girth in inches, the Height height in feet, and | the crown spread in feet. The data for three champion trees are given. Note that, aa the girth is given in feet, | Species | Girth if) | Height (fa | Crown spreadift) | Natrowleaf cottonwood | 12 a7 | 24 Green ash as | 95 95 Green buttenwood =| 145 51 68 4. Write Write an expression for a tree's score. », Evaluate Find the score for each tree In the table, © CHALLENGE Let 1 be any number greater than 0. Which change would have the greatest effect on a tree's score, an increase of n feet In the girth, in the height, orin the crown spread? Explain your reasoning. Evaluate the expression. Lynd whenyeks 2. 15 — bwhenb=9 2. when t= 20 4. 3n — 5whenn =8 5. 2y? — 1 when y= 5 6, X= 6 whens =8 ‘Translate the verbal phrase into an expression. 7. Tlessthananumbery 8 Smorethananumbert 9. Twice a number k 10. CAMPING The rental cost for a campsite is $25 plus $2 per person. Write an expression for the total cost. Then find the total cost for 5 people. sec EXTRA PRACTICE in student Resources) ONLINE QUIZ at myznrw.com