BURGH:

IRON AGE AND ROMAN

ENCLOSURE
East Anglian Archaeology
Suffolk County Planning Department 1988
EAST ANGLIAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Frontispiece: Vertical air view of the Burgh enclosure.
Burgh:
The Iron Age
and
Roman Enclosure

by Edward Martin

with contributions from

M. Beech, C.B. Denston, B.M. Dickinson,
K. Greene, B.R. Hartley, R.T. Jones,
A.C.H. Olivier, D.P.S. Peacock,
S. Parfitt, V. Rigby, J. Sly,
J .R. Timby and D .F. Williams

illustrations by
Linden Elmhirst, Edward Martin,
Gerald Nason and Glenys Wade

East Anglian Archaeology

Report No.40, 1988

Suffolk County Planning Department

EAST ANGLIAN ARCHAEOLOGY
REPORT N0.40

Published by
Suffolk County Planning Dept
Suffolk County Council
St Edmunds House
Rope Walk
Ipswich
Suffolk

in conjunction with
The Scole Archaeological Committee Ltd.

Editor: Stanley West

Assistant Editor: Julie Gardiner

Scole Editorial Sub-Committee:

Alan Carter, Director, Norwich Survey
David Buckley, County Archaeologist, Essex Planning Department
Peter Wade-Martins, County Field Archaeologist, Norfolk Museums Service
Stanley West, County Archaeological Officer, Suffolk Planning Department

Typeset in Plantin by Spire Origination, Norwich

Printed by Witley Press Ltd, Hunstanton, Norfolk

© SUFFOLK COUNTY COUNCIL 1988

ISSN 0307 2460

For details of East Anglian Archaeology, see last page

This volume is published with the aid of a grant from
the Historic Buildings and Monuments Commission for England

Cover Illustration Aerial view of the Burgh enclosure (Cambridge University

Collection: copyright reserved).
 Contents

List of Contents V

List of Plates Vl
List of Figures Vl
List of Tables vii
Contents of Microfiche vu
Contributors vii
Acknowledgements viii
Summary viii

Chapter 1. Introduction Samian pottery, by B.M. Dickinson and B.R. Hartley,

I. Introduction 1 with a note on the petrology of the Arretine Ware by
11. The Earthwork 1 D.F. Williams 30
Other pottery, by E.A. Martin, with petrological
notes on the fabrics by D.F. Williams and additional
Chapter 2. The Excavations notes by K. Greene, D.P.S. Peacock and Valery
I. The 1900-1901 Excavations 4 Rigby 34
11. The 1947-1957 Excavations 4 1975 excavations 37
Ill. The 1975 Excavations 8 194 7-1957 excavations 46
Description of features 10 1900-1901 excavations 63
Interpretation 14 X. Baked Clay Objects 63
Summary of contexts 15 1975 excavations 63
Loomweights 63
Baked clay fragments 64
Chapter 3. The Artefacts 1947-1957 excavations 64
I. General Abbreviations 16 Loomweights 64
11. Location of Finds 16 Other objects 64
Ill. Coins 16 XI. Building Debris 64
1975 excavations 16 1975 excavations 64
194 7-1957 excavations 16 Tile 64
1900-190 1 excavations 16 Opus signinum 64
Chance finds 16 194 7-1957 excavations 64
IV. Copper Alloy Objects 16 Tesserae 65
Brooches, 1975 excavations, by Adrian Olivier 16 Tile 65
Brooches, 194 7-1957 excavations 19 Wall plaster 65
Brooches, 1900-1901 excavations 19 1900-190 1 excavations 65
Other copper alloy objects, 1975 excavations 22 XII. Bone Objects 65
Other copper alloy objects, 194 7-1957 excavations 22 1975 excavations 65
Other copper alloy objects, 1900-190 1 excavations 22 1947-1957 excavations 65
V. Iron Objects 22 1900-1901 excavations 65
1975 excavations 22
194 7-1957 excavations 25
1900-190 1 excavations 25 Chapter 4. The Zoological Evidence
VI. Metal-working Debris 25 I. Human Bone, 1975 excavations, by
1975 excavations 25 C.B. Denston 66
194 7-1957 excavations 25 11. Animal Bone (summary) 66
1900-1901 excavations 25 1975 excavations, by R.T. }ones, J. Sly, M. Beech
VII. Stone Objects 25 and S. Parfitt 66
1975 excavations 25
'1947-i957 excavations 25
VIII. Glass Objects 25
Chapter 5. Discussion
1975 excavations 25
I. The Iron Age Background 68
1947-1957 excavations 26 11. The Site 72
1900-1901 excavations 26 Ill. The Later Settlement History 74
IX. Pottery 27
Gallo-Belgic pottery, by Valery Rigby, with Bibliography 77
petrological notes by J.R. Timby and Index 81
D.F. Williams 27 Microfiche

V
 List of Plates
Frontispiece: Vertical view of the Burgh enclosure Pl. Ill Brooches from Feature 0004 19
Pl. I Section of Feature 0004, 1975 Pl. IV Human skull from Feature 0004,
excavation 11 restored 66
Pl. II Human skull at the base of
Feature 0004 12

List of Figures
Fig. 1 Location map Fig. 28 Other pottery from the 194 7-19 57
Fig. 2 Burgh: plan of the enclosure and excavations 53
location of excavation trenches 2 Fig. 29 Other pottery from the 1947-1957
Fig. 3 The 1947-1957 excavations: sections of excavations 55
Trench A and Trench B 5 Fig. 30 Other pottery from the 194 7-19 57
Fig. 4 The 1947-1957 excavations, sketch excavations 57
plan of the hypocaust in Trench F, Fig. 31 Other pottery from the 1947-1957
1950 7 excavations 59
Fig.? The 1947-1957 excavations: section of Fig. 32 Other pottery from the 1947-19 57 and
Trench M 7 1900-1901 excavations 60
Fig. 6 Plan of the 197 5 excavations 9 Fig. 33 Pottery with graffitti from the
Fig. 7 The 1975 excavations: sections of 194 7-19 57 excavations 61
Feature 0004 10 Fig. 34 Stamped pottery from the 1947-1957
Fig. 8 The 1975 excavations: sections of excavations 62
Feature 0056/0055 and of small pits Fig. 35 Baked clay objects from the 1975 and
and post-holes 13 1947-1957 excavations 63
Fig. 9 Brooches from the 1975 and Fig. 36 Bone objects from the 1975 and
1947-1957 excavations 17 1947-1957 excavations 65
Fig. 10 Brooches from the 1947-1057 and Fig. 37 Proportional representation of distal
1900-1901 excavations 18 and proximal ends of long bones and
Fig. 11 Copper alloy objects from the 1975 metapodials for pig, ovicaprid and
and 1947-195700 excavations 20 cattle (microfiche)
Fig. 12 Copper alloy objects from the Fig. 38 Relative abundance of species from
1947-1957 excavations 21 Feature 0004 (microfiche)
Fig. 13 Copper alloy objects from the Fig. 39 Metacarpal differences between sheep
1900-1901 excavations 22 and goat: Payne's method (microfiche)
Fig. 14 Iron objects from the 1975 and Fig. 40 Metapodial differences between sheep
194 7-1957 excavations 23 and goat: Boessneck's method (microfiche)
Fig. 15 Iron objects from the metal-working Fig. 41 Metacarpal variation in ovicaprids:
debris from the 1947-1957 excavations 24 Noddle's method (microfiche)
Fig. 16 Stone and glass objects from the 1975 Fig. 42 Tooth eruption and wear stages of
and 1947-1957 excavations 26 ovicaprid mandibles (microfiche)
Fig. 17 Gallo-Belgic pottery from the 1975 Fig. 43 Ovicaprid anatomical representation
and 1947-1957 excavations 28 (microfiche)
Fig. 18 Samian pottery from the 1975 and Fig. 44 Fragmentation of ovicaprid bones
1947-1957 excavations 31 (microfiche)
Fig. 19 Other pottery from the 1975 Fig. 45 Metrical analysis of ovicaprid bones
excavations 38 (microfiche)
Fig. 20 Other pottery from the 1975 Fig. 46 Metrical analysis of ovicaprid bones
excavations 39 (microfiche)
Fig. 21 Other pottery from the 1975 Fig. 47 Ovicaprid butchery (microfiche)
excavations 40 Fig. 48 Tooth eruption and wear stages of
Fig. 22 Other pottery from the 1975 cattle mandibles (microfiche)
excavations 42 Fig. 49 Scattergram of measurements of cattle
Fig. 23 Other pottery from the 197 5 horn cores showing separation into
excavations 44 males and females (microfiche)
Fig. 24 Other pottery from the 194 7-19 57 Fig. 50 Scattergram of measurements of cattle
excavations 47 metapodials (microfiche)
Fig. 25 Other pottery from the 1947-1957 Fig. 51 Metrical analysis of cattle bones (microfiche)
excavations 48 Fig. 52 Cattle anatomical representation (microfiche)
Fig. 26 Other pottery from the 1947-1957 Fig. 53 Fragmentation of cattle bones (microfiche)
excavations 51 Fig. 54 Cattle butchery (microfiche)
Fig. 27 Other pottery from the 1947-1957 Fig. 55 Tooth eruption and wear stages of pig
excavations 52 mandibles (microfiche)

vi
Fig. 56 Pig anatomical representation (microfiche) Fig. 60 Map of Iron Age tribal territories in
Fig. 57 Fragmentation of pig bones (microfiche) Suffolk 70
Fig. 58 Pig Butchery (microfiche) Fig. 61 Map of Iron Age tribal contrasts in
Fig. 59 Map of Iron Age Suffolk showing Suffolk 71
settlements and potentially dry areas 69 Fig. 62 Map showing Burgh and its possible
territory 75

List of Tables
Table 1 Concordance of layer numbers in Table 7 Estimated withers height of ovicaprids
Feature 0004 11 from Burgh (microfiche)
Table 2 Pottery groups in Feature 0004 35 Table 8 Ageing data: epiphyseal fusion of cattle
Table 3 Pottery fabrics in Feature 0004 36 bones (microfiche)
Table 4 Tile and opus signinum from the 1975 Table 9 Ageing data: epiphyseal fusion of pig
excavations 64 bones (microfiche)
Table 5 Summary of vertebrate species Table 10 Ageing data: epiphyseal fusion of horse
represented at Burgh ( 197 5 bones (microfiche)
excavations) 67 Table 11 Estimated horse withers height (microfiche)
Table 6 Ageing data: epiphyseal fusion of
ovicaprid bones (microfiche)

Contents of Microfiche
Chapter 4 Cattle
Fig. 48:Tooth eruption and wear stages of cattle B.B
11. Animal bone mandibles
1975 excavations, by R.T. Jones, J. Sly, M. Beech and Fig. 49:Scattergram of measurements of cattle horn B.9
S. Parfitt cores showing separation into males and
Introduction A.3 females
Method A.3 Table S:Ageing data: Epiphyseal fusion of cattle B.lO
Bone preservation and deposition A.4 bones
The animals A.S Fig. SO:Scattergram of measurements of cattle B.ll
Fig. 37:Proportional representation of distal and A.6 metapodials
proximal ends oflong bones and metapodials Fig. 51 :Metrical analysis of cattle bones B.l2
for pig, ovicaprid and cattle Fig. 52:Cattle anatomical representation B.l3
Fig. 38:Relative abundance of species from Feature A. 7 Fig. 53:Fragmentation of cattle bones B.l4
0004 Fig. 54:Cattle butchery C.l

Sheep and goats Pig

Fig. 39:Metacarpal differences between sheep and A.9 Table 9:Ageing data: Epiphyseal fusion of pig bones C.3
goat: Payne's method Fig. 55:Tooth eruption and wear stages of pig C.3
Fig. 40:Metacarpal differences between sheep and A.lO mandibles
goat: Boessneck's method Fig. 56:Pig anatomical representation C.4
Fig. 4l:Metacarpal variation in ovicaprids: Noddle's A.ll Fig. 57 :Fragmentation of pig bones C.5
method Fig. 58: Pig butchery C.6
Fig. 42:Tooth eruption and wear stages of ovicaprid A.l2
mandibles Horse
Table 6:Ageing data: epiphyseal fusion of ovicaprid A.l3 Table lO:Ageing data: Epiphyseal fusion of horse C.7
bones bones
Fig. 43:0vicaprid anatomical representation B. I Table ll:Estimated horse wither heights C.B
Fig. 44:Fragmentation of ovicaprid bones B.2
Table 7:Estimated withers height of ovicaprids from B.2 Red Deer C.B
Burgh
Fig. 45:Metrical analysis of ovicaprid bones B.4 Dog C.B
Fig. 46:Metrical analysis of ovicaprid bones B.5
Fig. 47:0vicaprid butchery B.6 1947-1957 excavations C.8

Contributors
M. Beech, B.Sc., Brenda Dickinson, B.A.
Contractor to English Heritage, Ancient Monuments Research Assistant, Department of Archaeology,
Laboratory, Fortress House, 23 Savile Row, London University of Leeds

C.B. Denston, Kevin Greene, B.A. Ph.D., F.S.A.

Department of Physical Anthropology, University of Dept of Archaeology, University of Newcastle upon
Cambr,idge Tyne

vii
Brian Hartley, M.A., F.S.A.
Head of Department of Archaeology, University of
Leeds
Roger T. Jones, B.Sc.,
Archaeo-zoologist, English Heritage, Ancient
Monuments Laboratory, Fortress House, 23 Savile
Row, London
Edward A. Martin, B.A., M.I.F.A.
Field Officer, Archaeological Section, Suffolk County
Council
Adrian Olivier, B.A., M.I.F.A.
Assistant Director, Cumbria and Lancashire
Archaeological Unit, University of Lancaster
S. Parfitt, B.Sc.,
Contractor to English Heritage, Ancient Monuments
Laboratory, Fortress House, 23 Savile Row, London
Acknowledgements
The author would like to thank the Rector and
Churchwardens of Burgh (especially Col. E.D. Rash) for
allowing the 1975 excavations to take place. He is also
indebted to Lady S. Treherne, Mr R.D. Treherne and
Mrs O.C. Methuen-Campbell for giving him access to
the material from the 1947-1957 excavations which is in
their possession.
Dr K. Greene, Dr D.P.S. Peacock and Professor
R.F. Tylecote all kindly commented on material from
the excavations. Mr Gerald Nason drew some of the
pottery and metalwork from the 1975 excavations; Mrs
Glenys Wade drew the brooches and bronze objects
from the 1900-1901 and 194 7-19 57 excavations; and
Summary
The Burgh enclosure is situated in south-east Suffolk, a
few miles north- west of the town of Woodbridge. It is
the largest Iron Age fortification in Suffolk and is the
only certain Iron Age site in the county that is still visible
at ground level. The bivallate enclosure is roughly
rectangular and encloses an area of7 ha. It is divided into
two halves by a sunken lane and is partially occupied by
Burgh Church.
The site has witnessed three periods of excavation:
by V.B.Redstone and the Woodbridge Field Club in
1900-1901; by the late J.D.W. Treherne c. 1947-1957;
and by E.A. Martin for the Department of the
Environment and Suffolk County Council in 1975. This
report combines the results of all three of these
excavations.
The earthwork was probably built in the first
century BC by people using hand-made Iron Age
pottery. Following a destruction horizon dated to c. AD
15-25 there is a marked increase in wheel-made 'Belgic'-
viii
D.P.S. Peacock, B.Sc., Ph. D., F.S.A.,
Lecturer in Archaeological Sciences, University of
Southampton
Valery Rigby, B.A.
Department of Prehistoric and Romano-British
Antiquities, The British Museum
J. Sly, B.Sc., Ph. D (vet. med.),
Consultant on animal bones, 23 North Rd, Hertford
Jane R. Timby,
H.B.M.C. Ceramic Petrology Project, Department of
Archaeology, University of Southampton
David F. Williams, B.A., Ph.D., F.S.A.
H.B.M.C. Ceramic Petrology Project, Department of
Archaeology, University of Southampton
Miss Linden Elmhirst drew most of the site plans for
publication. Plate 11 is by M. Waters and permission to
publish the aerial photograph on the cover was kindly
granted by the Cambridge University Collection.
Finally the author's gratitude is extended to all his
co-authors and to his colleagues in the Suffolk
Archaeological Unit for their assistance and advice
especially Miss Judith Plouviez who acted as Site
Assistant on the 1975 excavations.
The 1975 excavations and subsequent post-
excavation work were funded by the Department of the
Environment (now Historic Buildings and Monuments
Commission).
style pottery, much of it showing close connections with
Camulodunum (Colchester), together with a range of
Gallo-Belgic imported wares. The first century AD saw
the construction of an inner enclosure of about 1 ha in
the north-west corner of the original earthwork. This is
thought to be pre-Conquest in date, though there is a
slight chance that it might be an early Roman
construction. Part of this inner enclosure was
deliberately flattened c. AD 60, however occupation of
the site continued well into the fourth century with
indications of a villa with a hypocaust and tessellated
floors. In the Late Saxon period a church was built
within the earthwork, an event possibly connected with
the translation of the remains of St Botolph from his
ruined monastery at Iken on the Suffolk coast.
Finally an attempt is made to place the Burgh in the
context oflron Age Suffolk as a whole and to explore the
later settlement history of the area in relation to Burgh.
 I. Introduction
I. Introduction
(Fig. 1)
The Burgh enclosure (Suffolk Site and Monuments
Record No. BUG002; TM 224 523) lies in the fields
surrounding St Botolph's Church in the extreme north-
west corner of the parish of Burgh, close to the boundary
with Clopton parish and 31f2 miles north-west of the
town of Woodbridge (Fig. 1). The parish of Burgh
probably takes its name from this earthwork, being
derived from Old English burh, burg, meaning 'a fortified
place' (Smith 1956, I, 58). The enclosure is situated, at a
height of 20-40 m OD, on the edge of a plateau
overlooking the low-lying meadows which flank the
River Lark. The soils of the area are calcareous pelosols
(Hanslope series) overlying chalky till (Soil Survey of
England and Wales 1983).
The site is first mentioned in 1819 when it was
identified as a 'Roman station' (Cromwelll819, II, 51).
At the end of the nineteenth century the Rev. }.}.Raven
of Fressingfield erroneously equated the 'Roman camp'
at Burgh with the place called Combretovium in the
Roman Antonine Itinerary (Raven 1895, 28; 35; Raven
1897); Combretovium is now thought to be the large
Roman settlement near Baylham Mill in Coddenham
(Rivet and Smith 1979, 313-4). Raven's work seems to
have inspired the setting up of the Woodbridge Field
Club, which carried out the first recorded excavations at
Burgh in 1900-1901. Further excavations were carried
Norfolk
Suffolk ~ into a small valley occupied by Drabs Lane, which
~BURGH ;3
Wodbr~ge
Essex
s:::l3:=:E;LERD• 10 m i I e s
Figure 1 Location map.
out c. 1947-1957 and in 1975. All ofthese excavations
will be considered in more detail later in the report. The
site was scheduled as an ancient monument in 1960
(Ancient Monument No. Suffolk 100).
In an unpublished manuscript Mr J.D.W.Treherne
of Otley recorded two items of local folklore concerning
the site:
'Both church and field are associated with legends,
one is that of a golden calf buried somewhere close by,
while the other is that of a spectral dog, the Galley Trot,
which is said to haunt the vicinity of the church. The
former story is very popular in the neighbourhood and if
any of the local inhabitants come and watch me dig they
invariably ask ifl am 'digging for the golden calf. Many
have dug for it in their youth.'
The spectral dog is first mentioned as early as 1823 by a
local expert on mythology and dialect, Major Edward
Moor (1771-1848) of Great Bealings House, who
recorded the following information (Moor 1823, 141-2):
'Gally Trot. This is the name of an apparition, or
caecodaemon, that has sorely frightened many people in
the neighbourhood of Woodbridge. It sometimes
assumes the shape of a dog; and gives chase to those
whom alarm impels them to run. Its appearance is
sometimes as big as a bullock - generally white - and
not very definable as to outline. Its haunts are more
particularly at a place called Bath-slough, meaning a
slough or bog in the parish of Burgh. But the place in
question is not in, or very near that parish, nor is there
any slough. I can make nothing of the name; nor much of
the story, though I have heard it related by more than one
person who had suffered from the apparition.'
The golden calf story was also recorded by V.B.Redstone
ofWoodbridge (Redstone 1908, 16):
'To this day the natives of the two villages, Burgh
and Grundisburgh, maintain that within the field ... there
lies buried a golden calf.'
11. The Earthwork
(Fig. 2)
The Burgh earthwork is a double banked and ditched
enclosure, roughly rectangular in plan and measuring
290 x 240 m, enclosing an area of 7 ha (Frontispiece and
Fig. 2). The north-west and north-east corners occupy
high ground, the land slopes between these two points
bisects the enclosure. The land also slopes, though more
gradually, towards the river, with a steep scarp down to
the Bl079 road.
Part of the interior of the enclosure is occupied by St
Botolph's Church and its graveyards, the rest of the site
lies in ploughed fields. The banks of the enclosure are
now only visible along the north-east and south-east
sides, where they stand to a maximum height of about
half a metre. Most of the earthwork is, however, visible
from the air as crop or soil marks (the plan of the
earthwork on Figure 2 is based on crop-mark evidence).
There is no evidence, however, for the south-east corner
ofthe enclosure: the Bl079 road cuts through this area to
 Line of inner
enclosure
"··:-:·:..·: Bank
~.%,-? Ditch
0 100m
I HHHHHI

I
GRUNDISBURGH ·-·-Contour in metres
\

.OF

.">
}'.,..·
<,· 8
Excavations
I
~ •+ 1900-01
I
I- :'li

D 1947-57 A-N

[ill] 1975

0 100m
Ea E+3 E+3 Ea = I

Figure 2 Burgh: plan ofthe enclosure and location of excavation trenches. Scales (top): approx. 1:5000;
(bottom): approx. 1:2500.
2
loop around a piece of low-lying land at the mouth of
Drabs Lane.
The portion of the earthwork on the south-east side
ofDrabs Lane appears to be more regular in outline than
the portion in Castle Field (on the north-west side of the
lane), which has a more sinuous outline. This possibly
suggests that the two halves of the earthwork are of
different dates.
The 1839 Tithe Map for 'Burgh (Suffolk Record
Office) shows that the north-east side of the enclosure in
Castle Field (then an arable field called Castle Hill) and
most of the north-west side were being utilised as field
boundaries. The area between the earthwork and the
present field boundary on the north-west side was then a
strip of pasture (called Old Mount) containing a cottage
and a pond at its north end; this strip continued down the
north-east side of the enclosure (between it and the
present field boundary) down to the lane. There were
two other cottages in the adjoining field to the north-east.
Across the lane the remainder of the earthwork lay in an
arable field, called Mount Field, which utilised the south-
east side of the enclosure as one of its boundaries.
In 1895 the Rev J.J.Raven, in an obscurely worded
passage, recorded that 'the late Major Rouse of Wood-
bridge could remember the ruined walls' (Raven 1895,
34); the context of this phrase seems to suggest that
these were the walls of the 'castle' at Burgh, however
there is no evidence for masonry walls on the banks of
the enclosure. Possibly Major Rouse saw the ruins of a
building within the enclosure, or perhaps he saw the
ruins of the cottage recorded on the 1839 Tithe Map,
near the north-west corner of the earthwork, which has
now disappeared. The writer of the original report
on the 1900-1901 excavations recorded that the 'old
inhabitants of the village declare that, within their re-
collection, the trench, on the South side of the lane,
was deep enough to hide the summit of the Church
tower, which is less than 200 yards away, from the
observer standing within it' (Anon. c.l901, 1).
In 1911 the Victoria County History (I, 586-7)
recorded that the earthwork, 'faint from constant
ploughing, yet distinct', measured 900 x 675 ft
(27 4 x 206 m) and that 'within the northern angle of the
inner vallum are the traces of a circular mount and fosse,
almost levelled, but enough to suggest that the people of
a later age availed themselves ofthe defences of a Roman
3
camp wherein to erect their mount stronghold'. The idea
of a Norman motte planted on the north-west corner of
the enclosure stems from the 1900-1901 excavations
when it was noted that 'within the north-west angle
formed by these entrenchments was a mound ... The
diameter of the area, enclosure by a circular fosse, was
about fifty feet, the breadth of the fosse or trench was
nine feet, its depth five feet' (Redstone 1908, 8-9).
Although they noted the presence of this circular feature,
the excavators did not advance any claim that this was a
motte, in fact the only finds they recorded from this
trench were Roman in date and included a large mass of
wall-plaster. Leaving aside the problem presented by a
wealth of Roman finds in a supposedly Norman ditch,
the circular feature does seem rather small for a defensive
motte. The air photographs of the enclosure show no
sign of a circular feature within its north-west angle nor
is there much trace of the mound at ground level. The
north-west corner, as shown on the air photographs, is a
peculiar shape and this may have misled the excavators
into thinking that it was part of a circular trench. An
alternative possibility is that the circular feature was a
medieval or post-medieval windmill mound (the north-
west corner is on high ground) and that the excavators
cut through its relatively insubstantial remains into the
enclosure ditch or other earlier features beneath it.
'Mount' is a common term for a windmill mound
(Martin 1982, 142) and it is possible that the 1839 field
name, 'Old Mount' refers to one here. The cottage in the
corner of the field might also be explicable in terms of a
mill site on this high corner of the field.
The 1947-1957 excavations produced evidence of a
subsidiary enclosure within the north-west corner of the
main earthwork. This enclosure has sides approximately
lOOm long and encloses an area of about 1 ha.
In 1974 a North Sea Gas pipeline trench was cut
through the eastern half of the enclosure and down
through the low-lying field at the mouth ofDrabs Lane.
The actual digging of the trench through the enclosure
was not observed, however in the low-lying field, at TM
2235 5218, part of a tile structure with signs ofburning
(?a collapsed pila of a hypocaust) was observed by Mr
R.Mowat of the Suffolk Archaeological Unit in the side
of the trench. Human remains were also unearthed by
the trench somewhere in the vicinity and collected by Mr
Mowat.
 2. The Excavations
I. The 1900-1901 Excavations
The first recorded excavations at Burgh were carried out
by the Woodbridge Field Club between the 8 October
1900 and the 5 January 1901 (Anon c. 1901; Redstone
1908, 8, 9, 271 ). The main force behind the Field Club
was its secretary, Vincent Burrough Redstone, F.S.A.
(d.l941) who was the English Master at Woodbridge
School and Secretary of the Suffolk Institute of
Archaeology; the actual work was, however, carried out
by two workmen, one of whom was said to have had
previous experience at Castle Acre in Norfolk. A short
report, probably written by Redstone, was published as
a pamphlet shortly afterwards (Anon c.1901, now very
scarce), from which the following account of the work is
taken (the trench numbers have been altered to
correspond with those on Figure 2):
'A commencement was made on the Western or
lower side of the field at a point distant about 50 yards
from the North-West angles of the Church [Area IV on
Fig. 2; size of trench as on original plan] Two trenches
were dug from this point at right angles to one another
and to the sides of the entrenchment and were carried to
a depth of about two feet at which the undisturbed clay
was reached. The soil thrown up was found to contain
fragments of tiles, mortar, and pottery. A pit was then
sunk to the depth of four feet at the point marked V on
the plan, whence a short trench was dug in an eastward
direction. A cutting was then made across the
entrenchment at the point marked Ill in the vain hope of
discovering masonry. The next spot selected was that
marked with a cross in the Ordnance map and described
as 'Site of Camp' [Area I on Fig. 2]; the diggers here
struck into an old trench (which proved to be circular)
and followed its course almost round. The diameter of
the area enclosed was about 50 feet, the breadth of the
trench nine feet, its depth five feet. Into this ditch large
quantities of rubbish of all kinds had been thrown, and it
was in it that most of the objects were found which we
shall have to describe later on. At one point a large mass
of plaster was discovered at the bottom of the ditch so
closely packed together as to give the appearance of a
concrete floor. The mass was six feet long and eighteen
inches thick, and appeared to consist of strippings of the
inner walls of several dwelling rooms. Very large
quantities of oyster shells were discovered in the ditch,
and a few remains of other shell-fish. A long trench was
then cut in a westerly direction parallel with the
entrenchment and at one point marked 11 a large quantity
of tiles and mortar was turned up. At VI a pit was dug
eight feet in depth; at six feet a layer oflarge rough flints
was found and at the bottom a perfect roof-tile. The earth
in this pit was black and largely composed of ashes'.
A selection of the finds were illustrated or listed in
the original report and some of these (together with some
unlisted items) were deposited in Ipswich Museum in
1921 and a few more in 1934 (see p.l6).
4
Interpretation
(Fig. 2)
The records of this excavation are so poor that only a
limited interpretation is. possible.
A trench was cut across the earthwork (Fig. 2,
Trench Ill) but the results are unrecorded, other than
that no masonry was discovered. In addition a trench
(Fig. 2, VI) was sunk into the inner ditch of the
earthwork to a depth of 2.4 m.
The circular ditch alleged to have been discovered in
the northern corner of the earthwork is difficult to
interpret. It appears to have been about 15.2m in
diameter (though Redstone's plan shows it larger), 2. 7 m
wide and 1.5m deep. This was later interpreted as a
Norman motte (see above), however the finds from the
ditch appear to have been Roman and included a large
mass of wall plaster 1.8 m long and 45 cm thick. The
whole ditch was not excavated and it is possible that the
excavators were in fact digging the rather oddly shaped
northern corner of the earthwork. Certainly no circular
ditch shows up on aerial photographs. Another
possibility is that they started by excavating the shallow
ditch of a windmill mound (see above) and unknowingly
finished by digging into the earthwork ditch beneath it.
Roman tiles and mortar were found in Trenches 11
and IV and probably indicate the presence of buildings,
particularly so in the case of Trench 11.
11. The 1947-1957 Excavations
(Figs 3-5)
The late John Dalrymple Winn Treherne (1907-1972) of
the High House in Otley (later of the New House, now
Belmont, in Otley) carried out various excavations in
Castle Field at Burgh from 194 7 to c. 1957. The bulk of
the finds from his excavations were deposited in Ipswich
Museum in 1963 (seep. 16), though some material is
retained by the Treherne family. A detailed catalogue of
this material exists in archive; references prefixed with
'Tr' refer to this catalogue (seep. 16).
Description
The following account of the excavations is taken from
an unfinished manuscript report written by Mr
Treherne. This exists as a very rough draft and it has
proved necessary to re-order much of it to provide a
reasonably coherent account of his work. Treherne's
own words have been used as much as possible,
interpolations within his texts are placed within square
brackets.
Treherne discovered that there was an inner
enclosure (which he termed the Claudian Ditch or
Trench) attached to the north-west corner of the main
earthwork. He found this by noting the dark earth turned
up by deep ploughing (at that time the plough-soil seems
to have been only 8 or 9 in deep). He says that he
excavated a 30 yd length of the south-west side (Trench
B on Fig. 2). The enclosure ditch was 9 ft deep and
approximately 12 to 15 ft wide. It had a V-shaped profile,
 TRENCH A section 1 section 2
!I I
'' \ /
/

/
'' /
/

' /
'' /
/

'' /
/

\
' I
/
[I]] loam
'' \ •/
/

\ ~ clay

~ silty clay

•
/

dark sludge

burnt clay

I.Jl Em sand

~ /
black earth
TRENCH B
section 3
s \ N
''
''
'

Figure 3 The 1947-1957 excavations: sections of Trench A and Trench B. Scale c. 1:50.
cut through chalky boulder-clay (Fig. 3). There was no
sign of a spade slot at the base of the ditch.
He regarded the bottom 3 to 3. 5 ft of the fill of the
ditch as the 'primary silt', but divided it into two layers:
a lower sandy silt (Fig. 3, sand layer) and an upper clayey
silt (Fig. 3, 'dark sludgy layer'; the white lens shown
within this layer is unlabelled on Treherne's original)
The primary sandy silt was about 8 in deep, 'in this silt
a certain amount of pottery, oyster shells and animal
bones were found.' 'Resting on and in the sandy bottom
of the ditch among other imported wares were three
pieces of Arretine pottery, form Loeschcke 8 [see the
samian report, p. 30, No. 9] but no South Gaulish
samian, which, however, occurs fairly plentifully above'.
'One lot of fragments in T .R. 3, that of globular beaker
[Fig. 17, GB 21], was found resting on the rapid sandy
silt'. In the sand at a depth of over 9 ft in Trench A was
a small jar with mica-dusting (Fig. 26, 193).
The primary clayey silt was approximately 3 ft thick
and consisted of 'dark, clayey sludge and although there
are indications ofblack layers at the lowest portion, there
is no definite stratification. In this sludge occurs a great
deal of pottery ... Besides this pottery there are oyster
shells in large quantities, broken triangular loom
weights, etc., and some iron and bronze objects. No
Roman bricks or tiles were present'. 'Most of the larger
pieces of pottery occur in the first 18 in above the
primary sandy silt, although an occasional large piece of
fragile pottery may occur within 6 in of the clay layer
which ... seals this deposit'. 'The most predominant
forms in the whole of this very extensive and varied
deposit were the two most common types at
Camulodunum, namely forms 218 ... and 266 ... and their
derivatives. But the outstanding feature is the large and
varied assortment of butt beakers, fragments of almost
every previously recorded type of platter in Terra Rubra
2, Terra Rubra 4 and native wares, globular beakers in
Terra Rubra 3, mica-dusted pipe clay [Fig. 17, GB 23],
and red ware coated with cream wash [Fig. 17, GB
24] ... and two brooches [Fig. 9, 4 and 5]'. 'Butt beakers
represent one of the largest groups of pottery at Burgh
and fragments of some 50 beakers were found in the
primary silt'. 'Butt beakers of Camulodunum form 112 in
Terra Rubra 3 were found, on two or three occasions,
some 2-3 ft above the bottom of the trench, although
native copies or at least beakers having strong
characteristics of this type occur in the silt below. At this
level and not below occur the South Gaulish samian'.
'No South Gaulish samian appeared until the last foot of
this accumulation of pottery with four bowls of form
24/5 and four of 27, also fragments of four or five
decorated form 29 bowls. No sherds of forms 30 or 37
appear'. Two samian form 24 cups (see p. 32, S 13 and
S 18) were found at a high level in the primary
deposit; at the same level were a Lyon ware cup (Fig. 29,
269), a Lyon ware beaker (Fig. 28, 257), a cup in
chocolate-brown ware (Fig. 29, No. 273) and a two
handled bowl in an off-white fabric (Fig. 29, No. 292);
the last four were all found in Trench A. A large cup in
a pinkish-buff fabric (Fig. 19, 272) was found in the 'last
foot of sludge above (the) sand'. 'In spite of the very
varied types of pottery there are two notable omissions in
(the) imported wares: no mortaria occur and only two
amphora fragments, although there is a fairly varied
selection of flagons in both native and true Roman
imported wares'.
6
In Trench A the primary deposits were sealed by a
layer ofboulder-clay (Fig. 3, 'clay' layer). This was 'fresh
new clay containing no extraneous matter at all'.
Overlying this was a layer of clay silt, up to 3.5 ft thick
in Section 2. 'This clay is mostly sterile of pottery.
Occasional sherds which can be dated to the last part of
the first century occur as well as oyster shells and a few
pieces of Roman roofing tile. Above this [in Section 2] is
a spread of burnt earth, oyster shells, wood charcoal,
animal bones, later second century pottery, a great
number ofbroken tegulae, box tiles and occasional bronze
objects [this was Treherne's 'Top' level or layer,
sometimes labelled as 'Antonine Villa Debris'; Fig. 3,
lower 'loam' layer]. Again no coins occurred in all the
thirty yards excavated of this deposit. Two fairly large
fragments of decorated samian bowls of Dr. form 37 of a
very decadent form [p. 32, S 15] were found in the layer.
The only unusual ceramic feature was a cup of form 27
with a heavy bead rim [p.32, S 16, i]. This deposit is
sealed by about 9 in of loamy soil [Fig. 3 upper 'loam'
layer] in the centre of the trench before the 9 in of plough
soil above'. The line of tiles shown in Section 3 (Fig. 3)
are described by Treherne as 'paved with tile and stones',
with 'villa refuse' in the loam layer above.
The south-eastern ditch of the Inner Enclosure
(Trench B) 'appears to have remained unfilled [i.e. it
lacks the layer of sterile clay present in trench A, the
'clay' layer shown on Fig. 3 is variously described by
Treherne as 'clay' or 'silted clay' and contained 1st
century pottery] and to have silted up over a long period,
as in this silt, consisting chiefly of clay from the rampart,
was a certain amount of pottery, including a large sherd
of a Terra Rubra 4 girth beaker [?Fig. 28, 254] and a
small piece of Claudian samian, form 29. What appears
to have been part of the structure [?of the rampart] has
fallen into the trench. This consists of a layer about 4-6
in deep of burnt clay daub and immediately above a
spread of wood charcoal about 4 in thick in the thickest
central section [Fig. 3, 'burnt clay' and 'black earth'
layers]. This layer runs down from the north lip of the
trench from about two feet deep and extends downwards
across the trench to a depth of just over 4 ft'. 'The area
of this well defined layer extends to a length of6 ft, dying
out in a westerly direction, but continues in an easterly
direction as a black earth layer of about a foot thick for
another 6ft. In the actual charcoal above the daub were
found two fibulae, which seems to dispose of the
possibility of this having been a wattle and daub wall
fallen into the trench. In the wider but less well defined
eastern portion were three more bronze fibulae [the five
fibulae mentioned seem to be brooches 9, 10, 12, 13 and
17 on Figs 9 and 10], a chatelaine, needle and pin [Fig.
12, 17; Fig. 11, 11 and Fig. 11, 6]. Also a large iron key,
latch [Fig. 14, 13 and 12], and a much corroded bowl of
a heavy iron spoon [this is actually a piece of smithing
slag]. Samian was plentiful, sherds of four different
decorated bowls, all ofform 37 [p.31, S 12], also forms 27
and 18/31 [p.47, S 11], and a complete cup form 33,
stamped SILVINVS [p. 32, S 19]. The character of the
coarse pottery confirms this deposit as of Flavian date
[Treherne variously describes this as his 'Middle Layer',
'2nd Level' or 'Vesp.-Domitian Level']. Very occasional
fragments of Roman brick occur at this level and the
usual oyster shells and animal bones. The trench was
filled in again towards the close of the first century with
clay from the rampart [Fig. 3, the 'clay silt' above the
'black earth' layer, the former is variously described by
Treherne as 'clay' or 'clay silt'] and the pottery from the
deposit of black earth [Fig. 3 'loam' layer] above this
appears to cover the first quarter of the second century
[Treherne's 'Top Level'] ... This reaches to the plough
level'.
Within the Inner Encl()~_ux -~as l! '§h~lov,r drainage
trench' (Trench Con Fig. 1), 2.5 ft deep and 3 yd wide,
which ran across the top of the highest part of the field
from north-west to south-east. Occasional sherds of
pottery were found 'amidst a great deal of animal refuse
and black earth'. 'Also from this ditch came the Swarling
type fibula [probably Fig. 9, 6], large iron latch lifter and
pieces of the orange coloured native bricks about an inch
thick with hand rounded corners and the usual triangular
loom weights, usually of a brownish clay containing large
pieces of flint'. The pottery from this ditch 'is similar to
the better made pottery from the pit [in Trench M] but
the rippling of the shoulders of the pottery very often
becomes curves or cordons rather than fairly evenly
placed grooving'. 'The contents of this drainage trench
are not sealed by any later deposit ... no sherds were found
other than those having pre-Roman characteristics and
the contents appear to be definitely of one date. From the
examination of the ground after ploughing there are
signs of a very heavy concentration of Belgic pits and
ditches on this portion of the field'.
Trenches within the area of the Inner Enclosure
revealed some complete tegulae and imbrices (Trench D),
a pink cement floor (Trench E) and a 10ft square room
with a hypocaust (Trench F: Fig. 4). The pilae of the
hypocaust (which were found only 9 in below the
surface) were arranged in six rows of six and were each
I I
I
~
u
I
D D D D q the top layer of 'sludgey earth' contained second to
I
b I
D D D D a I
I I
iJ D D [j
I
I
Dj
I
iJI D
I \
n \
post-holes_O
~
Q_~=ril m
Figure 4 The 1947-1957 excavations,
0 0
sketch plan of the hypocaust in Trench F,
1950. Scale c. 1:40.
7
three bricks high. The pilae bricks were 8 in square, but
the flue leading into the hypocaust was composed of
bricks measuring 16x 12 in. Treherne indicates that the
hypocaust was surrounded by a 'cement and flint wall
[with] no foundation trench and in the interior were the
collapsed remains of pink and white plaster. In the 'dirt
of tht;:__ h,yppcaust' was a samian cup, form 33, and a
pottery rim with a graffito (Fig. 33, 367) was found in the
stoke-hl.~ In Trench G Treherne seems to have
discovered a collapsed flint wall in the upper part of the
Inner Enclosure ditch, this wall appears to have run
obliquely (approximately north-south) across the trench
at its eastern end. Probably associated with this were
fragments of painted wall plaster and tesserae of stone and
tile (see p. 64).
A trench on the western side of Castle Field (Trench
H) revealed '2nd century septaria stone foundations
[shown as a solid line on Fig. 2], plaster, a large amount
of roofing tiles, a great deal of pottery sherds dating from
the first half of the second century and considerable
numbers of oyster shells, bones, a second brass of
Antoninus Pius 'Ancilia' [p. 16, coin No. 4f and many
antlers of red and fallow deer [only red and roe deer
antlers are to be found in the surviving material]. To the
south of this, Trench J revealed 'a great deal of Roman
pottery, tiles and glass'. Trench K is described as a
'Roman rubbish trench' containing 'some Belgic pottery
lower down'. From this trench came a samian base
stamped PINNA F (p.33, S 34), an olla i.e. a large storage
vessel and a small grey ware bowl (Fig. 27, 218). Trench
L revealed a 'posthole and flint wall' (shown as a solid
line on Fig. 2), eight second and third century mortaria,
a samian form 31 stamped DIVICATVS (p.33, S 36),
iron, glass and a coin of Hadrian.
Trench M appears to have contained a pit which
yielded Belgic pottery, overlain by a 'late Roman rubbish
dump'. Treherne's section drawing (Fig. 5) indicates that
fourth century pottery, 'painted ware' and a
Constantinopolis coin. The two layers of 'black earth'
below this both contained Belgic pottery, whilst the layer
of 'sludge' between them was rich in wood charcoal. 'Of
the 200 sherds, equivalent to about fifty pots, recovered
from this pit, at least 50o/o were of completely plain hand-
made pottery with very slight indications of a shoulder
and plain unthickened rounded lips. These are usually of
\ I
\ I
\
\
\
\
\
I
\
\
\ I
\ I
\ W'-.,"f/~rt!_wi(: -~Ujnt red clay
black earth
0 6ft
2m
-~
Figure 5 The 1947-1957 excavations: section of
Trench M. Scale c. 1:50.
blackish grey or blackish brown ware. More than half of
the remainder had the rippled shoulder and the rest was
of the finer variety with some chevron [Fig. 24, 158] or
similar decoration either on the bulge or shoulder. Other
than the predominant plain pottery, the rest was all
wheel turned or partly so with the exception of the large
ollae [storage vessels]. Only one of these could be
reconstructed, which has a fingertip decoration on the
edge of the lip [Fig. 24, 159]. A large coarse primitive
bowl of thick brown clay also has a fingertip decoration
and is hand-made, as is a black burnished bowl of very
uneven rim with an impressed irregular wavy line
decoration on the side [Fig. 24, 157]. Several fragments
oflarge o/lae in 'Besenstrichware' [i.e. with comb-scored
exterior surfaces, cf. Wheeler and Wheeler 1936, 150] or
similar ware recovered, which when removed from the
ground were of the consistency of soap and very difficult
to preserve. A great deal of the pottery from this pit was
in a very soft condition as the pit appeared to have no
drainage and filled with water when excavated. The only
other objects other than pottery, were one iron pin and
one sharpened bone [Fig. 36, 4]', however brooch No. 7
(Fig. 9) also seems to have come from this pit. Pottery
groups Tr 409, Tr 457 and probably Tr 316 also appear
to have come from this pit. Treherne also records finding
'evidence of metal working and triangular loom-weights'
and a crucible fragment does occur in group Tr 316.
Trench N is described as having contained 'Late Roman
occupation'.
Interpretation
Treherne's most important discovery was the Inner
Enclosure in the north- west corner of the original
earthwork (Fig. 2). This enclosure had sides
approximately lOOm long and enclosed an area of about
1 ha. The ditch of this was V-shaped, 2.7m deep and 3.6
to 4.5m wide. Treherne excavated two main lengths of
this ditch, Trench A on the south-west side and Trench
B on the south-east side, but he also seems to have
excavated the upper level, at least, of further length of
the south-east side in Trench G.
In Trench A (Fig. 3) the sedimentary sequence was
as follows:
1. Sandy silt, containing pottery of c. AD 1-30 (mostly
continental imports).
2. Clayey silt or 'dark sludge' containing wheel-made
Gallo-Belgic and Belgic pottery of c. AD 30-50. The
upper part of this contained samian of c. 45-70, also
Lyon Ware of 40-70,
3. A sterile layer ofboulder clay.
4. Clay silt containing occasional first-century sherds.
5. A layer of dark loam containing second-century
pottery, tile, etc., described by Treherne as 'villa
debris'. In Section 3 he found a layer of tiles and
stones on the junction oflayers 4 and 5.
6. An upper loam layer.
7. Ploughsoil.
In Trench B (Fig. 3) the sequence was similar, but
with some variations:
1. Sandy silt.
2. Clayey silt or 'dark sludge'.
3. Clay or clay silt, apparently less dense than Layer 3 in
Trench A and containing a certain amount of pottery,
mainly pre AD 60.
8
4. Clay silt, containing a 10-15cm thick lens of red burnt
clay daub, overlain by a 10 cm thick layer of charcoal.
Together these extended laterally for 1.8m and were
continued as a 30cm thick 'black earth' layer for a
further 1.8 cm. Pottery from the charcoal layer
indicates a date of c. AD 70-100.
5. Dark loam layer containing second-century pottery.
6. Ploughsoil.
Within the Inner Enclosure Treherne found another
ditch (Fig. 2, Trench C), running parallel with the south-
west side of the enclosure. This ditch was 76 cm deep and
2. 7 m wide. It contained only 'Belgic' ripple-shouldered
pottery of c. AD 1-25, which was absent from the Inner
Enclosure ditch. This suggests that it pre-dates the Inner
Enclosure. Treherne also noted, from surface indicates,
that there were signs of other 'Belgic' pits and ditches
within the enclosure.
Trench K, at the west end of Castle Field, appears to
have contained a small ditch some 'Belgic' pottery and
hand-made Iron wares. in its lower levels. Trench M,
nearby, contained a pit (Fig. 5) which yielded hand-made
Iron Age and early 'Belgic' wares.
Most of Treherne's other trenches turned up traces
of the later, Roman, occupation of the site:
Trench D: roof tiles.
Trench E: a 'pink cement floor' (?opus signinum).
Trench F: a small building, 3 m square, with a
hypocaust.
Trench G: signs of collapsed flint wall and ? painted wall
plaster and tesserae.
Trench H: stone (septaria) foundations of a rectangular
building, plaster and roof tiles.
Trench J: pottery, tiles and glass.
Trench L: a 'posthole and flint' wall running north-
south.
In addition Treherne recorded what he termed 'villa
refuse' in the upper fill of the Inner Enclosure ditch in
Trench A, particularly in the region of Section 2. This
included much roof and box tile. In Section 3 he recorded
an area 'paved' with tiles and stones at the same level in
the ditch (Fig. 3). This 'villa refuse' mainly dates from
the second century AD.
Traces of Roman buildings appear to cover some 2
ha and most were associated with second-third century
material. The only significant concentration of Flavian
material recorded by Treherne was in the area of Trench
B.
Ill. The 1975 Excavations
(Figs 6-8)
The author, on behalf of the Department of the
Environment (now Historic Buildings and Monuments
Commission) and Suffolk County Council, carried out
excavations in the new graveyard at Burgh (adjacent to
the original churchyard) in the summer of 1975, in
advance of the area being used for any further burials
(three graves had already been dug by 1975).
An area approximately 30m long and 10m wide was
mechanically stripped of topsoil (Fig. 6). In addition two
smaller trenches (0009 and 0058) were hand-dug
adjacent to the main excavation. The topsoil in the main
r·-·- 1
1
I I
+I
I
BURGH

D
!

D
0009

I
I
I
1975 Excavation
I gravestones
loos6 i 0 5
I
I m

-·-·-·-·o·t;ore,
ooso 'bos 2
+ + +

r- ·-·-,
i
1 0058 j
i _j
L...
cobbles

clay

__ /· burnt clay

Figure 6 Plan of t h e 1975 excavations. Scale 1:150.

trench was c. 60cm thick at the western end, thinning to
about 30 cm in the middle and thickening again to about
50cm at the eastern end. The clay subsoil dipped from
26.53m OD at the east end to 24.98111 at the west end, a
total dip of 1. 55 m. In addition there was a north to south
dip of about 50 cm at the east end and a lesser one of
12 cm at the west end.
The features in the main trench can, for
convenience, be divided into five groups:
1. The large deep feature, 0004, at the west end.
2. The slot, 0014, the post-holes, 0015, 0021 and 0022,
and the shallow feature, 0019, all adjacent to 0004 at
the west end.
3. The narrow slots, 0028, 0030, 0036 and 0040, and the
adjacent post- holes and features, 0029, 0035, 0037,
0038, 0039, 0041, 0042, 0044, 0047, 0048, 0122,
0134, 0135 and 0136, all lying in the middle of the
trench.
4. The numerous small post-holes at the east end of the
trench.
5. The cobbling at the east end of the trench and the
large amorphous feature on the south side.
BURGH sections of 0004
D
Description of features
Group 1 (Fig. 7; Table 1; Pls I-IV)
The most important feature on the site was a large deep
pit (0004), 7.5 m longx 6.35m wide x 3.2m deep (Fig. 7).
A northern and a southern section were cut across this
feature: the southern section was completely excavated
(Pl. I), the northern section was only excavated down to
the upper clay layers and the remainder of the feature
was subsequently excavated as an entity down to the top
of the clay layers (Table 1).
The pit was cut into boulder-clay and the bottom
1.55m of the fill was composed of almost completely
sterile layers of blue, orange and yellow clay, interleaved
with thin layers of purple sand, the bulk of the material
apparently being derived from the east side of the pit.
These layers presumably represent fairly rapid deposits.
In the upper clay layers were several large flints, up to
20cm across. Also in the upper clay layers, at a depth of
1.8 m, was a human skull (Pls 11 and IV, Fig. 7), possibly
that of a young adult male. The skull was lacking the
lower jaw and was lying on its left side, with a large stone
E

ITill] loam

~ clay

~ burntclay

~ charcoal

~ chalk

CJ sand

§ash
~bone

c
A

l
B B

nm 1 oJlll

:~1 ..

unexcavated

Figure 7 The 1975 excavations: sections of Feature 0004. Scale 1:40.

10
 S. Section N. Section Baulk

~:r
0034 0142 Top

I
0112 ~ods I
0006

0119) (0005
I 0113
I ) ( ~ /
0121 ) ( 0117
I
0127
I
0141

I
0120
I
0128

I
0132 Bottom

Table 1 Concordance oflayer numbers in Feature 0004.

partially covering the face. The skull, and the face in charcoal (including a substance which resembled burnt
particular, was badly broken, probably due to the weight straw), as an almost continuous layer with a maximum
of earth above it. thickness of 15cm. This burnt clay was, however,
Immediately above the clay layers there was a layer present in most of the upper layers of the pit:
of clayey loam (0127/0141) which was very rich in
charcoal, making a sharp visual division between the South section North section Baulk
upper and lower fills of the pit. Above this were several 0032 : 400 gm 0034: 540 gm 0142: 1460 gm
layers of dark loam containing considerable amounts of 0111: 260 gm 0006 : 30 gm
charcoal, animal bone and pottery, interleaved with 0112: 180 gm 0005: 1520 gm
layers of yellow and orange clay. The most remarkable 0119: 30 gm 0113: 9180 gm
feature of these layers was the occurrence of considerable 0121 : 700 gm 0117 : 11880 gm
amounts of red burnt chalky clay or daub . The greatest 0127: 5 gm
concentration of this was in Layer 0113 in the northern total 26.185 kg
section, where it appeared, along with a large amount of

Plate I Section of Feature 0004, 1975 excavation.

11
 Plate 11 Human skull, from Feature 0004.
This burnt material appears to have been tipped in
principally from the north and north-east sides of the pit.
Above the main accumulation of burnt clay, on the
east side, was a 20 to 30 cm thick layer of yellow chalky
clay (0006) which closely resembled the natural clay
subsoil of the area. This appeared in plan as a line of clay
running almost the full length of the pit on its east side.
The top of this clay layer appears, in the southern
section, to be linked with another layer of charcoal. The
final fill of the pit was a fairly homogeneous layer of
brown loam (0032/0111/034).
Most of the finds from the excavation came from this
pit and the weight of pottery per layer was as follows :
South section North section Baulk
0004: 300 gm
0032: 8760 gm 0034: 3445 gm 0142: 2950 gm
0111: 3925 gm 0006: 295 gm
0112:930 gm 0005: 1430 gm
0119: 1790 gm 0113: 675 gm
0121 : 2905 gm 0117: 5815 gm
0127: 120 gm 0141 : 190 gm
total : 33 .845 kg
Group 2
Small curving Slot 0014 (Fig. 8), approximately 10cm
deep and 28cm wide, cut at its north end by a shallow
post-hole, 0015 (diam. 62cm, 17 cm deep). The fill of
0014 consisted of grey-brown silty loam at its southern
end giving way to grey-green clay at its north end. The
fill of 0015 consisted of grey-brown clayish loam, with
considerable amounts of charcoal around the base and a
small patch of red burnt clay. At the south end of0014
there was a very shallow circular feature, 0019 (max.
12
depth 7 cm), and a small post-hole (diam . 16 cm, depth 10
cm), both filled with grey-brown clay with charcoal.
Slightly to the east of the slot was another post-hole, 0021
(diam. 14cm, depth 5 cm), containing dark brown clay.
Group 3
Three narrow slots (Fig. 8), 0028 (c. 7.8m long, 13cm
wide and 13 cm deep), 0030 (6.5 m x 17 cm x 19 cm), and
0040 (7.3m x 7cm x 11 cm), running approximately
north-west to south-east. Partially overlapping 0028 is
another slot, 0036 (2.6m x 11 cm x 7 cm), running north-
east to south-west. Attached to Slots 0028 and 0040 are
some small ' post-holes' of similar depth . The fill of both
the slots and the post-holes was a very clayey brown
loam, making any question of priority impossible to
resolve.
Between the slots were two shallow oval features,
0035 (5cm deep) and 0038 (6cm deep), the former was
cut by Post-hole 0122 (diam. 25 cm, depth 32 cm). In the
same area were three small 'post-holes': 0037 (diam.
27cm, depth 11 cm), 0039 (diam. 38cm, depth 10 cm)
and 0041 (diam. 23cm, depth 5 cm).
To the west of the slots was a smaller linear feature,
004 7, with a very clayey fill and of variable width and
depth (max. width 60 cm, max. depth 21 cm), and five
small 'post holes': 0042 (diam. 21 cm, depth 8 cm), 0044
(diam. 20cm, depth 16 cm), 0048 (40cm x 10cm x 6 cm
deep), 0134 (diam. 17 cm, depth 3 cm) and 0135 (diam.
28cm, depth 8 cm).
Group 4
A concentration of small 'post-holes' and 'slots' (Fig. 8):
Slots: 0076: c. 2m long, 8cm wide, 6cm deep, runs
north-east to south-west. It probably
 N
Section of 0056/0055
s

loam [IlJ clay I2LJ chalk~ tile~

Slots

-q014 v 0028 Da030

\7
0034 ~
0036 0028 I
u
0040
:::::....JJ
0079 0076
lT
0103

Small pits and postholes

~
[_____-L---J
0029
-cJI
0015 0014

0035 oo;;:::;; 03~ o~ o~ 0044 V

-~
0122
004 7
\'
° 0048
~v
0049 0050 0051 05~

~
0062
'C:/ ~
0064
~ ~ ~ ~ --c:7
~ 0070
0063 0065 0066 0067 0068 0069

~ ~ -----=-----= ~ ~ ~ ~ =
0071 0072 0073 0074 0075 0077 0078 0080

~
0084 0125
~
0092
0081 0126 0082 0083

---=<:::7
0~
'C:7 ~ c:=J ~
0093 0096 0098 0099 0100 0134 0135 0136

O·E3~=c1m

Figure 8 The 1975 excavations: sections of Feature 0056/0055 and of small pits and post-holes. Scale 1:30.

11
cuts Slot 0092 and is attached to Post- 0050: 40cm, 11 7 cm
11
hole 0097. 0051: 20cm, 11 5 cm
0092: c. 1.05m long, 10cm wide, 5cm deep, 0052: elongated 25 x 10cm, depth 5 cm
runs north to south. It is probably cut 0062: diam. 23cm, depth 6 cm
11
by Slot 0076. 0063: 22cm, 11 8 cm
0103: c. 3.25m long, 5-10cm wide, 5-9cm 0064: 11
27 cm, 11 6 cm
11
deep, runs east-north-east to west- 0065: 30cm, 11 6 cm
south-west. Probably attached to Post- 0066: 11
22cm, 11 8 cm
hole 0100 at its west end. 0067: 11
22cm, 11 4 cm
0084/0125: 75cm long, 5-10cm wide, 1-3cm deep. 0068: elongated 30X 18cm, depth 7 cm
Probably two or three conjoined 0069: diam. 17 cm, depth 5 cm
features, runs north to south. 0070: two conjoined 37X 15cm, depth 12 and
Post-holes: 0049: diam. 12cm, depth 10 cm 7cm

13
 0071: diam. 23 cm, depth 5 cm that the cropmark of the inner ditch aligns with this pit,
0072: " 20cni., " 3 cm unfortunately, however, the cropmark fades out before it
0073: " 30cm, " 4 cm reaches the excavated area, making any positive
0074: " 20cm, " 4 cm identification very difficult. The layer of yellow clay
0075: " 32cm, " 4 cm (0006) along the east side of the pit, and the fact that the
0077: " 31 cm, " 9 cm initial clay siltings in the pit appear to have been derived
0078: " 18cm, " 4 cm principally from the east side, perhaps suggests that
0079: " 16cm, " 7 cm there was a clay bank along the east side of the pit which
0080: oval 33X 10cm, depth 3 cm would coincide with the projected line of the inner bank
0081: diam. 25cm, depth 3 cm of the main enclosure.
0082/0126: two conjoined 68X30cm, depth 13 and There are several problems associated with the
10 cm nature of the enclosure defences in the vicinity of the
0083: elongated 50 X 13cm, depth 7 cm 1975 excavations. The land to the south and west ofthe
0093: diam. 33cm, depth 6 cm pit drops away quite steeply to the B 1079 road and the
0098: elongated 26 x 12 cm, depth 7 cm low-lying land at the mouth of Drabs Lane, and the
0099: diam. 15cm, depth 5 cm continuation of the defences across this low-lying area is
0100: oval23X 14cm, depth 6cm, attached to unproven. If Pit 0004 is not a ditch segment there would
Slot 0103 appear to be no surviving traces of the defences in the
0101: oval 31 x 15cm, depth 18 cm excavated area, which would mean that the nature of the
defences along almost the whole of the sonth-west side of
Group 5 the enclosure is largely unknown. Alternatively, if Pit
The amorphous linear feature, 0043/0055/0056/0008, 0004 is a segment of the enclosure ditch there is a gap of
along the south-east edge of the site consisted of a large at least lOm in the defences to the north of the pit;
depression, gently sloping and with a cobbled bottom Trench 0009 was dug in the hope of locating another
(0104) at its north-east end, but with steeper sides and ditch segment, but without success. This gap might
flatter bottom, approximately 70-80cm deep, towards represent an entrance, however the present slope down
the south-west (Fig. 8). The fill consisted of alternate to the road from this point is quite steep, making access
layers of yellow clay and dark brown loam, containing somewhat difficult. The curving Slot 0014 (and
large quantities of Roman brick and tile (56.5 kg associated features Group 2) at the north end of Pit 0004
recovered from the sections) together with opus signinum might be part of some sort of a gateway or other structure
(1.2 kg) and pottery (1.5 kg). bridging the gap, but insufficient remains to allow any
The cobbling 0104 which partially underlay the definite conclusions to be drawn.
above, consisted of flints resting on the clay sub-soil and Pit 0004 seems to have witnessed four main phases:
was thickest and most continuous at the east end, firstly (Phase 1: for the dating see p. 37) there was a
becoming less so towards the south-west, dipping at an period of probably quite rapid accumulations of clay
angle of about 1 m in 7.6m from north-east to south-west. siltings from the sites of the pit and possibly from a bank
near the eastern lip of the pit (Fig. 7). Very little humanly
Trench 0009: The spread of dark earth along the west derived material was incorporated in these siltings, with
edge of this trench proved to be shallow and was the notable exception of a solitary human skull covered
probably merely a product of the east-west slope of the by a large stone; this may have been deliberately placed
site. A section across the southern edge of this produced in the pit, perhaps with the stone protecting or hiding the
a small patch ofburnt clay. face. There was then an abrupt change in the silting
pattern (Phase 2), marked initially by a layer of charcoal
Trench 0058: A cutting made up the bank on the east edge rich loam (0127/0141), followed by layers of dark loam
of the graveyard to examine the drop in level (1.1 m) interleaved with thin layers of clay. These deposits
between the churchyard and the new graveyard. This contained considerable amounts of domestic refuse,
revealed that although there was rise in the subsoil, characterised by hand-made Iron Age pottery. This
under the bank, of 59 cm, there was also an accumulation second stage was also marked by a large amount of burnt
of 89 cm of brown clay soil at the top of the bank as clay fragments; some of which may have been derived
opposed to only 37 cm of topsoil on the floor of the new from broken clay ovens or furnaces. The thick layer of
graveyard. yellow clay (0006), which was possibly derived from a
clay bank on the eastern side of the pit, marked the end
of the second stage and was followed by a period of slow
Interpretation silting (Phase 3) leading to the formation of an
The most important feature in the excavated area was the homogeneous layer ofloam containing a large amount of
large pit, 0004. Two interpretations of this feature are, domestic refuse, characterised by 'Belgic' style pottery,
however, possible. Firstly it may have been a large pit with Roman pottery occuring at the very top (Phase 4).
with a specialised and possibly ritual function; its size This implies that the pit had silted up by the Roman
and the fact that it seems to have been left open and period and was probably only a slight depression from
unused until it had half silted up seem to suggest that it then onwards.
was not a normal rubbish pit, a supposition that is Tables 2 and 3 (p. 35-6, below) given an analysis per
reinforced by the finding of an isolated human skull context of the pottery in Feature 0004, both by form
towards the bottom of the pit. Secondly, the pit may have group and by fabric (seep. 37/46).
been a segment of the inner ditch of the main enclosure; The narrow slots, 0028, 0030, 0036 and 0040
in section the pit closely resembles an Iron Age defensive (Group 3) to the east of the large pit lie in the putative
ditch in its size and shape. Aerial photographs suggest area of the enclosure bank, however it is difficult to see

14
how these insubstantial slots could relate to the bank and 0049: Post-hole in the middle of the site.
0050: Post-hole in the middle of the site.
they are perhaps better explained as deep-ploughing 0051: Post-hole in the middle of the site.
marks. 0052: Post-hole in the middle of the site.
The mass of small post-holes at the east end of the 0055: Area rich in clay, brick and charcoal on the north edge of 0056.
site (Group 4) may represent a structure, but the plan is 0056: Large amorphous feature on the south edge of the site.
too incomplete to be certain. The cobbling (0104; Group 0057: Glass from 0008.
0058: Section up the bank of the old graveyard.
5) at theea-sT end of the trench is probably conneC:tedwit:h 0059: Bone object from 0032.
the trackway that appears to run around the perimeter of 0062-0075: Post-holes at the east end of the site.
the old graveyard. The large amorphous feature 0076: Narrow slot at the east end of the site.
(0043/0055/0056/0008; Group 5) appears to represent 0077-0084: Post-holes at the east end of the site.
the infilling of a large hollow with Roman building 0086: Spread of dark earth along the west edge of trench 0009.
0087: Copper alloy pin in 0034.
debris, the purpose behind the action being uncertain. 0088: Iron object in 0032.
0089: Section across spread 0086.
Summary of contexts 0090: Section across 0056.
0001: Material from the main east-west section across the site. 0091: Iron pin in 0034.
0002: Thetford-type Ware sherd found in initial clearance near the 0092: Small slot attached to 0076.
eastern section across the site. 0093: Post-hole at east end.
0003: Material from the eastern section. 0098-0101: Post-holes at east end.
0004: Large pit at the west end of the site. 0103: Narrow slot at east end.
0005: Layer in Pit 0004. 0104: Cobbling underlying 0008.
0006: Layer in Pit 0004. 0105: Sharpened bone in 0006.
0007: Glass found in 0008. 0106: Copper alloy brooch in 0032.
0008: Eastern end of the large amorphous feature on the south side of 0107: Basal layer of0058.
the site. 0 I 08: Shale bracelet in 0032.
0009: Subsidiary trench dug to the north of the main site. 0109: Copper alloy rod in 0090.
0010: Coin found in 0009. OllO: Copper alloy brooch in 0005.
OOll: Glass found in 0009. Olll: Layer in Pit 0004.
0012: Clearance to the east of Pit 0004. 0112: Layer in Pit 0004.
0013: Clearance to the north of 0008. Ol13: Layer in Pit 0004.
0014: Curving slot at the north end of Pit 0004. Ol14: Copper alloy brooch in 0013.
0015: Post-hole at the north end of0014. Ol15: Copper alloy fragment in 0113.
0019: Post-hole at the south end of0014. Ol16: Section across 0055.
0021: Post-hole adjacent to Pit 0004. Ol17: Layer in Pit 0004.
0022: Post-hole adjacent to Pit 0004. 0118: Glass in 0090.
0023: Patch of burnt clay at the north end of Pit 0004. Ol19: Layer in Pit 0004.
0025: Copper alloy stud from 0033. 0120: Layer in Pit 0004.
0028: Narrow slot in the middle of the site. 0121: Layer in Pit 0004.
0029: Post-hole in the middle of the site. 0122: Post-hole adjacent to 0035.
0030: Narrow slot in the middle of the site. 0124: Section across 0056.
0032: Layer in Pit 0004. 0125: Post-hole attached to 0084.
0033: Material from the diagonal section adjacent to 0008/0056. 0126: Post-hole attached to 0082.
0034: Layer in 0004. 0127: Layer in Pit 0004.
0035: Circular feature in the middle of the site. 0128: Layer in Pit 0004.
0036: Narrow slot in the middle of the site. 0129: Copper alloy object in 0090.
0037: Post-hole in the middle of the site. 0131: Coin in 0008.
0038: Shallow feature in the middle of the site. 0132: Layer in Pit 0004.
0039: Post-hole in the middle of the site. 0133: Glass in 0090.
0040: Narrow slot in the middle of the site. 0134: Post-hole in the middle of the site.
0041: Post-hole in the middle of the site. 0135: Post-hole in the middle of the site.
0042: Post-hole in the middle of the site. 0136: Post-hole at north end of Slot 0040.
0043: Western end of the large amorphous feature 0008/0056. 0137: Section across 0008.
0044: Post-hole in the middle of the site. 0138: Section across 0008.
0045: Dark patch in 0047. 0139: Section across 0008.
0047: Linear very clayey feature in the middle of the site. 0140: Section through 0008/0056.
0048: Post-hole adjacent to 0047. 0141: Layer in Pit 0004.
0047: Linear very clayey feature in the middle of the site. 0142: Baulk in Pit 0004.
0048: Post-hole adjacent to 0047. 0143: Group of contaminated finds from 0003, 0012 and 0034.

15
 3. The Artefacts
I. General Abbreviations
In this chapter the following general abbreviations are
employed (abbreviations relating to a particular sub-
. section will be explained at the head of the sub-section):
Camulodunum Hawkes, C.F.C. and Hull, M.R., 1947
'Camulodunum: First report of the excavations at
Colchester 1930-9' Rep. Res. Comm. Soc. Antiq.
London 14, Oxford.
I. M. Ipswich Museum. .
L.R.B.C. Carson, R.A.G., Hill, P.V. and Kent, J.P.C., 1978,
Late Roman Bronze Coinage AD 324-498, London.
R.l.C. Mattingly, H., Sydenham, E.A. et al., 1925-67,
Roman Imperial Coinage (London 1925-67)
S.F. 'Special find': item from the 1975 excavations
individually recorded in the field.
Tr Item from the Treherne Collection (1947-57
excavations). The Treherne Collection was
catalogued after Mr Treherne's death, using his notes
and drawings as a guide to the original contexts of the
finds. Unfortunately not all the finds could be
assigned to contexts and have had to be termed
'unstratified'. U nstratified items which share a
catalogue number were associated together in an
unlabelled box or bag and may, in some cases,
represent associated finds. Copies of the Treherne
Collection catalogue are held by the Suffolk
Archaeological Unit and Ipswich Museum.
W.F.C. Anon, Woodbridge Field Club: Excavations at Castle
Field, Burgh, 1900-1901 (privately printed, c.\901).
11. Location of Finds
The surviving material from the 1900-1901 excavations
is deposited in Ipswich Museum under accession
numbers 1920.52, 1920.90 and 1934.191. The bulk of
the material from the 1947-19 57 excavations has also
been deposited in Ipswich Museum, under accession
numbers 1947.211, 1951.274, 1963.110 (large group),
1968.59 and Ll987.16 (another large group) though
some items are still in the possession of the Treherne
family and some are on loan to Woodbridge Museum.
The original records of the 194 7-1957 excavations have
also been deposited in Ipswich Museum. The finds and
records of the 197 5 excavation are held by the
Archaeological Section, Suffolk County Council, with
the exception of the human skull which is held by the
Department of Physical Anthropology, University of
Cambridge._
Unless otherwise stated all reports are by
E.A.Martin.
Ill. Coins
1975 Excavations
1. S.F.0100, Context 0009, Urbs Roma, AE 4; L.R.B.C. I, as 51; AD
330-335; mintmark illegible.
2. S.F.0131, Context 0008. Constantinopolis, AE 4; L.R.B.C. 59; AD
330-335; Trier mint.
1947-1957 Excavations
3. Trench L. Coin of Hadrian (now lost).
4. Trench H. Antoninus Pius, as, rev: ANCILIA IMPERATOR II;
R.I.C. 736a; AD 138-161; (now lost).
5. Tr. M41 (unstraufied). Elagabalus, denarius, rev: ?LIBERALIT AS
AVG. Ill; R.l.C. 103; AD 218-222.
16
6. Tr.M42 (unstratified). Honorius, AE 4, rev: SAL VS
REIPUBLICAE; L.R.B.C. II, 806 or 809; AD 394-402; Rome
mint.
7. Trench M. Constantinopolis commemorative issue, c. AD 330 (now
lost) .
1900-1901 Excavations
8. The original report mentions 'two small coins of Valentinian
364-375 AD'.
Chance finds
Five coins from Burgh were recorded by the Rev. J.J.Raven of
Fressingfield (Raven 1897):
9. 'A gold coin ... sold to a watchmaker ofWoodbridge'.
10. 'Large coin ... possibly Tiberius'.
11. 'Crispus ... reverse referring to Vota Decennalia ... with the words
CAESARVM NOSTRORVM P S'. Possibly R.l.C. 440, AD
317-326.
12. 'Another, apparently of the same period' as No. 11.
13. 'A minim ofConstantine II', AD 337-340.
In 1978 twelve coins were reported to the Suffolk Archaeological Unit
as having been found in a small pot (now lost) at Burgh by a Major Hart
about fifty years ago. The coins are an odd mixture to have come from
Burgh as they comprise five Egyptian coins (ranging in date from the
third century BC to the third century AD), two coins ofConstantine I
minted at Antioch and Constantinople, a coin ofConstantius II minted
at Alexandria, two coins of Arcadius (one minted at Lyon), a
Constantinopolis coin minted at Lyon, and a house of Constantine
coin. The provenance of these coins must be in some doubt.
IV. Copper Alloy Objects
Brooches, 1975 excavation
(Pl. Ill; Fig. 9)
by Adrian Olivier
1. S.F. 0110, Context 005. A La Tene Ill brooch with a tripartite collar
moulding on the bow. The spring has four coils with an internal
chord. The bow, of rounded section, although with a median arris,
has a straight profile, sharply angled at the head above the collar
moulding. The bow is wider at the head of the brooch, and tapers
to a point at the foot. The collar moulding is worn, but carried
round the bow; there are faint indications that the lower moulding
of the collar may have originally formed a small hook. The
catchplate is pierced.
The group of La Tene Ill brooches with an internal chord,
moulding on the bow, and open catch plate is fairly small, and may
be further sub-divided according to specific details of form, in
particular, with regard to the head (plain or trumpet). Within this
group, precise parallels are not common, however, the Burgh
brooch does approximate fairly closely to one example from
Faversham, Kent (Stead 1976, 406), a pair of brooches from
Borough Green, Wrotham, Kent (Warhurst 1953, !59 and fig. 5.1;
and Stead 1976, 406 and fig. 3.2) and a fourth from Guilden
Morden, Cambridgeshire (Fox and Lethbridge 1925, 53 and fig.
5.A; and Stead 1976, 408 and fig. 3.5). All the above brooches were
associated with cemetery sites, and are assigned by Stead (1976) to
his Welwyn phase (second half of the first century BC). However,
other brooches of this general form also occur, as does the Burgh
example, in a non-funerary Context. Although two brooches from
Quarry Wood Camp, Loose, Kent (Kelly 1971,84 and fig. 12.35)
and Dunstable, Bedfordshire (Dunning and Wheeler 1931, 205-6
and fig. 5) have their spring and chord missing, they are in all other
respects almost ·identical to the brooches described above. A late
Augustan-Tiberian. context for the Burgh brooch, although
slightly later than Stead's Welwyn phase, nevertheless conforms
fairly well with the general date of this group.
2. S.F.0114, Context 0113. An unusual brooch related to the Nauheim
Derivative form, of which it is probably a variant. The spring has
four coils with an internal chord. The brooch is P-shaped· in
profile, with a sharply arched bow, circular in cross-section, fan
decorated on its upper surface by a series of parallel cross cuts. A
 ~

J
i/ (

'I ~
,.
I

3
,
.i

7
8

11

10
12

Figure 9 Brooches from the 1975 and 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:1.

17
 16 I
~·
13
~

18

21

..... - ......,

Figure 10 Brooches from the 1947-1957 and 1900-1901 excavations. Scale 1:1.

18
 simple collar moulding is carried round the head of the bow, above
the chord. The lower broad foot is flat in section, and slightly
splayed out towards the bow. Each edge of the upper surface of the
foot is emphasised by an incised line flanked by a herring-bone
motif. The catchplate is solid.
The Nauheim Derivative brooch is very common over
virtually all of Southern, Central and Eastern England, and
although the type _is certainly current in pre-Roman contexts, it
remainsin use until the latter part of the first century AD.
However, there are a large number of variants within the general
Nauheim Derivative classification, and it is difficult to place this
example (either chronologically or typologically), with any degree
of certainty. Although all of the particular elements of this brooch
fall within the broad Nauheim Derivative grouping, very few
brooches possess these elements in this specific combination. To
date, I know of only four close parallels in England (over 700
examples ofNauheim Derivative brooches have been examined at
the time of writing). A very similar brooch from Baldock, Herts.
has a plain bow and foot (information and drawing kindly sent by
Dr I.M.Stead), as does a second example from Holbrooks, Old
Harlow, Herts., referred to by Mackreth (Partridge 1981, 138).
The latter example, however, has no collar moulding at the head of
the bow (Harlow Museum no: c.203 972.104). What must be a
third example of this form (although the spring is missing) was
found at Wyboston, Beds., in a context dated to the first half of the
first century AD (Tebbutt 1957, 82). A fourth brooch from
Braughing, Herts. (Partridge 1981, 138 and fig. 69.29), from a
context dated c. AD 15-25, is also very similar; the bow is less
arched, but decorated down its centre by a row of punch marks and

the cross moulding is absent.
Although a small number ofNauheim Derivative variants do
possess a wide, flat and sometimes leaf-shaped foot, they often have
little else in common. The relationships, if any, between some of
these forms is unclear, particularly considering the small number
of individual brooches that make up these groups in this country.
It is, however, interesting to note the fairly restricted distribution
of the five brooches described above, which at least reinforces the
suggestion of a fairly close relationship between these particular
examples.
In spite of possible relationships with some Nauheim
Derivative variants, the affinity of the Burgh brooch with other La
Tene Ill forms should also be noted. Two brooches from Deal,
Kent (Bushe-Fox 1925, 44 and pi. XV; and Stead 1976, 404, fig.
1.4 and fig. 2.1) certainly appear to be fairly closely related to the
form under consideration, particularly with regard to the general
profile of the brooch and the form and shape of the foot and spring;
the points of difference are the pierced catchplate, the elaborate
moulding at the apex of the bow, and the trumpet head. It is
tempting to regard the Burgh example as much simplified form of
the Deal brooches, and the collar at the head of the bow may
represent a fossil trumpet head. Stead (1976, 409-410) includes the
Deal brooches in his Welwyn phase (second half of the first
century BC?) and the association of the Burgh brooch with late
Augustan-Tiberian material, together with the .'Contexts of the
Braughing examples certainly accords with the possibility that this
form may be a slightly later and simplified version of the La Tene
Ill form described above, probably fairly early in Nauheim
Derivative series then current in pre-Roman contexts.
3. S.F.0106, Context 0032. Bow, catchplate and pin only. The bow,
flattened in cross-section, with a slight median arris at the head,
tapers to a point at the foot. The bow also has a straight profile,
with a sharp angle at the head, which retains faint traces of a cross-
moulding. The catchplate is solid and the spring is missing.
In the absence of the spring and chord it is difficult to classify
this brooch. However, although the flat profile and the moulding
of the bow are reminiscent of La Tene 11 forms, these features also
occur on a small number of Nauheim Derivatives and this
example, with a solid catchplate should probably be regarded as
belonging to this group.
Brooches, 1947-1957 excavations
(Figs 9-10)
4. Tr. M32 (Trench A or B, primary clayey silt). Three piece plate
brooch with a hinged pin, the base plate is ?tinned on its upper
surface, the central rosette is also ?tinned with a trace of gilding
around the edge and has a central hole. Related to Camulodunum
brooch nos 164 and 166; Hull (forthcoming) Type 238, no. 2420,
pi. 758.
I
Plate Ill Brooches 1, 2 and 3 from Feature 0004.
Scale 1:1.
5. Tr. M33 (Trench A orB, primary clayey silt). One piece brooch with
a broken spring (three coils survive). Camulodunum Type Ill.
6. Tr. M34 (Trench C). One piece brooch with a broken spring (three
coils survive). Camulodunum Type Ill.
7. Tr. M34 (Trench M). Broken one piece brooch with six-coil spring
Camulodunum Type Ill.
8. Tr. M23 (unstratified). Broken one piece brooch of Nauheim
Derivative form. Camulodunum Type VII; Hull (forthcoming)
Type IIC, no. 2272, pi. 344.
9. Tr. M1 (Trench B, '2nd level'). Two piece brooch with seven-coil
spring. Camulodunum Type IV; Hull (forthcoming) Type 93A,
no. 2322, pi. 344.
10. Tr. M2 (Trench B, '2nd level'). Two piece brooch with six-coil
spring. Camulodunum Type IV; Hull (forthcoming) Type 93A no.
2323, pi. 342.
11. Tr. M3 (Trench B, '2nd level'). Two piece brooch with a six-coil
spring. Camulodunum Type IV.
12. Tr. M4 (Trench B, '2nd level'). Two piece brooch with hinged a pin.
Hull (forthcoming) Type 29B, no. 2432, pi. 176.
13. Tr. M5 (Trench B, '2nd level'). Two piece brooch with a hinged pin.
Hull (forthcoming). Type 94B, no. 2376, pi. 370.
14. Tr. M29 (unstraufied). Catch plate of a broken brooch. (Not illus. ).
15. Tr. 163 (unstratified). Catch plate of a broken brooch ornamented
with raised bands alternately ?tinned (Not illus. ).
16. Tr. M35 (possibly from the primary silt of Trench A or B).
Penannular brooch with slightly zoomorphic terminals (one
broken). Camulodunum Class B. There is a very similar brooch
from Maiden Castle (Wheeler and Wheeler 1943, fig. 86.8).
17. Tr. M6 (Trench B, '2nd level'). Penannular brooch. Hull
(forthcoming) Type P.ll D, no. 4166, pi. 851.
18. Tr. M19 (Trench B, 'top level'). Penannular brooch with a broken
iron pin. Camulodunum Class A.
Brooches, 1900-1901 excavations
(Fig. 10)
19. W.F.C. No. 4; !.M. 1921.52.20. Bow of a brooch with dot
decoration along the top. Camulodunum Type Ill or IV.

19
 ,1~
-
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~
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-
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Figure 11 Copper alloy objects from the 1975 and 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:1.

20
 16

17

.,,':::·.

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I 23 1

20
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21 "
19

27
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Figure 12 Copper alloy objects from the 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:1.

21
21. W.F.C. No. 5; J.M. I92I.52.2I. Two piece brooch with a six-coil
spring. Camulodunum Type IV.
22. Not il/us. in the original report; I.M. I92I.52.22. 'Head-stud'
brooch with a hinged pin.
23. Not illus. in the original report; l.M. I92I.52.34, labelled 'Burgh?'.
Ornate enamelled brooch with duck-headed terminals, hinged pin.
Traces of blue, red and yellow enamel on the head of the brooch.
24. W.F.C. No. 2; now missing. 'Lyre-shaped brooch', 2 in long.
25. W.F.C. No. 3; now missing. Enamelled plate brooch, 3 in long.
The original report lists, but does not illustrate the following items:
'bronze fibulae with pin, embossed, 2 in and I 1h in. Various portions
of fibulae'.
Other copper alloy objects, 1975 excavations
(Fig. 11)
1. S.F.0087, Context 0034. Pin, lacking the head. There is a slight
bent at the head end, suggesting that this might have been the pin
of a large brooch.
2. S.F.OI09, Context 0056. Two fragments of rod, more or less square
in section, 2 mm wide.
3. S.F. OII5, Context 0113. Small fragment, possibly part of a finger
ring.
4. S.F.OI29, Context 0056. Fragment of a ?brooch spring.
Other copper alloy objects, 1947-1957 excavations
(Figs ll-13)
5. Tr. M3I ('found amidst the 2nd century debris' in Trench A or B).
A fragment of the blade of a Bronze Age spearhead.
Presumably recycled as scrap in the Roman period-one end of the
fragment does show signs of having been re-melted.
6. Tr. MIO (Trench B, '2nd level'). Pin with an ornamental head.
7. Tr. MI2 (Trench B, 'top level'). Pin with an ornamental head.
8. Tr. MI3 (Trench B, 'top level'). Hollow pin formed from a rolled
sheet of metal. The head is missing.
9. Tr. MI6 (Trench A). Broken pin with slightly ornamented head.
10. Tr. M27 ('found resting on flint terrace paving'). Head of a broken
pin.
11. Tr. MII (Trench B, '2nd level'). Needle.
12. Tr. I63 (unstratified). Round section needle, 60mm long. (Not
illus.).
13. Tr. M4I (unstratified). Pin fragment. (Not il/us.).
14. Tr. M28 (Trench A, 'top level'). Unguent spoon.
15. Tr. M9 (Trench B, '2nd level'). Broken spatula.
16. Tr. M30 (Trench A, 'top level'). Spoon with traces of ?tinning.
17. Tr. M7 and 7a (Trench B, '2nd level'). Toilet set comprising nail-
cleaner, broken tweezers (these are less well made than the rest
of the set, which probably indicates that they are a replacement)
and ear·scoop. When found a second nail-cleaner (Tr. M7a) was
wired to the set.
18. Tr. MIB (Trench B). Tweezers.
\~­
~\1/
1111111
I'
11 i
1!-o ~
~
33
31
35
Figure 13 Copper alloy objects from the 1900-1901 excavations. Scale 1:1.
22
19. Tr. M37 (unstratified). Broken tweezers.
20. Tr. MI7 (Trench B). Broken tweezers.
21. Tr. MN (Trench B, 'top level'). Nail-cleaner.
22. Tr. M38 (unstratijied). Broken nail-cleaner.
23. Tr. M26 (Trench B, 'top level'). Broken finger ring with bluish-
green glass gem.
24. Tr. M40 (unstratified). Bracelet.
25. Tr. M22 (Trench B, 'top levelJ Three strands of tightly twisted
wire, possibly part of a bracelet (not illus. ).
26. Tr. M2I (Trench B, 'top level'). Two strands of twisted wire,
possibly part of a bracelet (not illus. ).
27. Tr. M39 (unstratzfied). Broken loop handle made of thick wire (2
mm diam.).
28. Tr. M24 (unstratified). Fragment of thin tubing, 5 mm in diam.
(not illus. ).
29. Tr. MS (Trench B). Strip with two nail or rivet holes, one end
folded over (not illus).
30. Tr. MI5 (?Trench B). Strip, one end folded into a loop.
Various other small fragment of copper alloy.
Other copper alloy objects, 1900-1901 excavations
(Fig. 13)
31. Not illus. in original report; l.M. I92I.52.IO. Head of a large pin
with a hollow shaft.
32. W.F.C. No. I, now missing. Pin, 'head set with native red amber'
(?red enamel).
33. Not illus. in original report; I.M. I92I.52.24. Stud with a large
head.
34. W.F.C. No. IO, now missing. 'Handle of ligula, 4.5 in'.
35. W.F.C. No. 8; l.M. I92I.52.I5. Nail cleaner.
36. W.F.C. No. 9; I.M. I92I.52.I5. Nail cleaner.
37. W.F.C. No. 6; I.M. I92I.52.I6. Tweezers.
Various other small fragment of copper alloy. The original report lists
but does not illustrate the following items: two hairpins (5.25 in and
4.75 in); three hairpins with calyx eyes (4.5 in); needle (2 in); ring (1
in diam.); hairpin with wire-thread head (8 in); and two studs.
V. Iron Objects
1975 excavations
(Fig. 14)
1. Context 0009. T-shaped tumbler-lock lift key (cf. Frere and St
Joseph 1974, fig. 43.34; and Partridge 1981, fig. 62.98).
2. Context 0009. Large pin with a faceted head.
3: S.F.0088, Context 0032. Latch hook.
4. S.F.009I, Context 0034. Pin with knobbed head.
5. S.F.OI23, Context OI2I. Small bar, 7.5cm longx2.1cm wide x
0. 7 cm thick, made from a folded sheet of iron. It has rounded sides
and jagged ends.
37
36
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u
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Figure 14 Iron objects from the 1975 and 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:2.

23
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19
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Figure 15 Iron objects from the 1947-1957 and 1900-1901 excavations and the metal-working debris from the
1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:2.

24
Iron nails were recovered from the following Contexts: 0009 (14); 0032
(3); and 0034 (1).
1947-1957 excavations
(Figs 14-15) . 1900-1901 excavations
6. Tr. 204 (unstratified). Leaf-shaped arrowhead or balhsta bolt
with a closed socket.
7. Tr. 154 (possibly from Trench M). 'Pruning hook with an open
socket, cf. Rees 1981, fig. 26.
8. Tr. 153 (possibly from Trench M). 'Pruning hook with an open
socket, almost identical to No. 7.
9. Tr. 170 (unstratzfied). Broken pair of shears with curved blades.
10. Tr. 206 (unstratified). Stylus.
11. Tr. 155 (possibly from Trench M). Large awl with a rectangular
tang.
12. Tr. 203 (Trench B, '2nd level'). Latch lifter.
13. Tr. 205 (Trench B, '2nd level'). Tumbler-lock lift key, cf.
Rogerson 1977, fig. 61.11-12.
14. Tr. 207 (unstraufied). Tumbler-lock lift key.
15. Tr. 208 (unstratified). Tumbler-lock lift key.
16. Tr. 209 (unstratified). Barb-spring padlock key.
17. Tr. 210 (unstratzfied). Broken ?key.
18. Tr. 211 (unstraufied). ?Hinge fitting.
19. Tr. 212 (unstratified). Strip with a looped end and a nail hole,
possibly some sort of fastener.
20. Tr. 213 (unstratified). Similar to No. 19 but larger.
21. Tr. 156 (possibly from Trench M). Loop-headed staple.
22. Tr. 159 (possibly from Trench M). Piece of binding for something
of circular or partly circular section.
23. Tr. 214 (unstratified). Strip.
24. Tr. 158 (possibly from Trench M). Bracket or staple (not illus.).
25. Tr. 157 (possibly from Trench M). Three nails of rectangular
section, one is 13.8 cm long with a head 2.2 cm wide, the others are
smaller.
Other nails and fragmentary objects.
1900-1901 excavations
(Fig. 15)
26. Possibly the 'iron tool head' mentioned in the original report; !.M.
1921.52.28. Broken pilum head of rectangular section, cf. Bushe-
Fox 1949, pi. lviii.282.
27. W.F.C. no. 11; !.M. 1921.52.29. Knife with a broken bon·e handle.
28. Not z"llus. in original report; !.M. 1921.52.31. Object of unknown
purpose.
Various nails and fragmentary objects.
VI. Metalworking Debris
1975 excavations
identified by Professor R.F. Tylecote, 1982
A small amount of smithing slag was recovered from Feature 0004:-
1. Context 0032. Four pieces of smithing slag (290 gm).
2. Context 0111. One piece of smithing slag attached to a piece of the
clay smithing furnace (220 gm).
3. Context 0119. Two pieces of smithing slag (120 gm).
1947-1957 excavations
(Fig. 15)
identified by Professor R.F.Tylecote, 1982
4. Tr. 66 (unstratzfied). Fragment of a clay mould for making
ornamental metalwork. Buff exterior, black interior, hard,
medium texture with abundant inclusions of sand.
Fragments of clay moulds for making Westhall type terrets (mid first
century AD; Spratling 1972, 307 and Martin 1978, 137) and other
horse harness fitting have recently been found in association with
Belgic pottery at Waldringfield, just over six miles to the south-east of
Burgh.
5. Tr. 311 (unstratified). A portion of a small triangular crucible of a
type found on several Iron Age sites, eg. Meare and Glastonbury
(Tylecote 1962, 131-3) and Gussage All Saints (Wainwright and
Spratling 1973, ll8). The crucible is made of brownish-grey
overtired clay with the interior partly coated with glassy slag and
trace of copper. Also three pieces of slag.
6. Tr. 315 (unstratzfied). A small fragment of a triangular clay
crucible similar to No. 5 and a piece of possible smelting slag.
7. Tr. 316 (possibly from Trench M). Fragment of a triangular clay
crucible similar to No. 5.
25
8. Tr. 215 (Trench B, '2nd level'). Large piece of smithing slag.
There are also various pieces of amorphous copper alloy waste from the
site.
9. Listed in original report; !.M. 1921.52.24. Copper alloy header
waste from a sprue-cup.
VII. Stone Objects
1975 excavations
(Fig. 16)
1. Context 0119. Large pear-shaped flint hammer-stone, wt 660 gm,
with evidence of battering at its widest end (not illus. ).
2. Context 0001. Fragment from the rim of a lava quern (500 gm).
Probably an import from the Rhineland (not illus. ).
3. Context 0009. Several small fragments of a lava quern (200 gm)
(not illus. ).
4. Context 0117. A small fragment of a lava quern (20 gm) (not illus.).
5. Context 0111. A roughly triangular tablet ofshelly limestone. It
has sides approximately 17cm long and is 3.9cm thick. The
limestone is laminated and has been turned red by burning. The
tablet appears to be too thick to be a roofing stone and has no
suspension hole for it to be a loomweight.
6. S.F.0108, Context 0032. A fragment of a shale bracelet of 'D'-
shaped section. The outer face is decorated with two grooves with
a ridge between them and the inner face has two slight ridges with
a groove between them. Internal diam. of 9 cm.
7. Context unstratijied. A small pallet, approx. 9.5cm square, with
rounded corners and 1.2 cm thick. It is probably made of quartzite
and has chamfered edges and a slightly smoothed centre to the
upper face; the lower face is slightly fire reddened.
Two fragments of heat-crackled flint (230 gm) were recovered from
layer 00 13 in Feature 0004.
1947-1957 excavations
(Fig. 16)
8. Tr. 246 (unstratified). Two small flint blades (one patinated),
probably of Mesolithic date (not illus.).
9. Tr. 314 (unstratified). Flint 'tortoise' core (unpatinated) of a type
frequently associated with Late Neolithic Grooved Ware (Manby
1974, 83) (not illus.).
10. Tr. 246 (unstratified). A fragment of a white flint quern with a
pecked grinding surface, re-used as a large scraper or chopper.
Possibly Neolithic in date (not illus.).
11. Tr. 166 (unstratified). Unpatinated flint scraper, probably
Neolithic or Early Bronze Age (not i/lus.).
12. Tr. 165 (unstratified). Broken flint barbed and tanged
arrowhead with a white patination, Late Neolithic/Early Bronze
Age (not illus. ).
13. Tr. 311 (Trench G). Fine-grained light grey schistose hone, broken
at one end.
VIII. Glass Objects
1975 excavations
(Fig. 16)
1. Context 0001. Fragment of a straight glass rim, in yellowish-green
glass with some elongated air bubbles (not illus.).
2. S.F.0007, Context 0008. Fragment of a vessel made of pale
yellowish- green, almost colourless glass containing several air
bubbles and with a slightly rough exterior (not illus. ).
3. S.F.0011, Context 0009. A chip ofbluish-green glass containing air
bubbles (not illus.).
4. S.F.0057, Context 0056. Possibly the foot of a knobbed beaker
(Wheeler and Wheeler 1936, fig. 29.26) in colourless glass with a
slight greenish tinge. Numerous air bubbles, slightly rough
surfaces. The base appears to have been ground flat.
5. S.F.0133, Context 0055. A fragment of pale green glass containing
numerous air bubbles and with rough surfaces (not illus.).
1947-1957 excavations
(Fig. 16)
6. Tr. 161 (unstratzfied). Rim of a vessel made of clear glass.
 7. Tr. 573 (probably from Trench A or B, 'Vespanianic level'). Folded variable thickness (2-6 mm). The edges and one side have been
rim of a vessel of pale bluish-green glass. ground, the other surface is shiny. Traces oflime or plaster adhere
8. Tr. 245 (unstratified). Base of a vessel of clear glass with an to two fragments. (not illus. ).
opalescent surface. Other miscellaneous glass fragments.
9. Tr. 245 (unstratified). Hexagonal green glass bead.
10. Tr. 245 (unstratified). Base of a square bottle of blue green glass
with a moulded circle and central 'bow-tie' design on the bottom. 1900-1901 excavations
(not illus. ). 13. I. M. 1921.52.35. Ribbed handle of a blue-green glass bottle (not
11. Tr. 245 (unstratijied). Neck of an unguent bottle in blue-green illus. ).
glass. (not illus. ). The original report also mentions 'various pieces of window glass and
12. Tr. 245 (unstratified). Five fragments of cast window glass of fragments of glass vessels'.

~
~
6e

13

t 6 I
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9
8

Figure 16 Stone and glass objects from the 1975 and 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:2.

26
IX. Pottery
Gallo-Belgic pottery
(Fig. 17)
by Valery Rigby, with petrological notes by J.R.Timby
and D.F.Williams
This report covers the Gallo-Belgic (GB) wares from
both the 197 5 excavation (contexts indicated by four-
figure number, eg. 0032) and from the Treherne
Collection (indicated by a code number with the prefix
Tr-, eg. Tr. 24).
The classification of forms is based on that published
in Camulodunum (Hawkes and Hull 194 7). The
classification of fabrics is the same as that presented in
'Potter's Stamps on Terra Rubra and Terra Nigra in
Britain' (Rigby 1973). To summarize: for both terra
rubra (T.R.) and terra nigra (T.N.) the main difference
lies between those fabrics which have a slip covering all
or part of the vessel and those which have self-coloured
surface finishes.
Terra Rubra: T.R.1 (A): cream paste; red slip on upper surface
T.R.1 (B): light paste; red slip covers the whole
vessel
T.R.l (C): orange paste; red slip on the upper surface
T.R.2: orange paste; self-coloured red surfaces
T.R.3: very fine-grained paste, smooth in
fracture; highly polished self-coloured
surfaces. Used only for beakers.
Terra Nigra T.N.: pale grey paste; darker self-coloured
surfaces.
Two samples (GB.3 and 4) were selected by
J .R. Timby for petrological analysis by thin-sectioning.
The purpose of the examination was to compare these
samples with material already examined from other sites
in Britain and the Continent. The thin section numbers
refer to the thin section catalogue at the Department of
Archaeology, Southampton University, where the
sections are at present housed. A further sample (GB.l)
was examined by D.F.Williams, also of Southampton
University.
Platters
GB.l a,b. Tr. 71 and 72 (unstratified). About one third of the rim
circuit from each of two platters ofCamulodunum form 1,
in micaceous T.N. Pale micaceous sandy textured matrix,
darker blue-grey micaceous surfaces, worn so that the
original finish does not survive.
Almost certainly imports from Central Gaul. Platters
of this type have been identified at Colchester and
Burnham-on-Crouch (Essex), Baldock, Braughing-
Skeleton Green, Prae Wood-King Harry Lane Cemetery,
St Albans (Herts.), Leicester, Bagendon (Gloucs.),
Silchester and Hurstbourne Tarrant (Hants), Canterbury
(Kent), and Fishbourne (Sussex). They are therefore
closely associated with pre-Conquest oppidum sites in
Britain. In production from the late Augustan period and
amongst the earliest fine wares imported. They do occur
in post-Conquest contexts in Britain, but here they are
likely to be survivals or residual pieces. Late Augustan-
Tiberian.
Petrology: Frequent grains of subangular quartz, average
size 0.20mm and below, but with a few slightly larger
grains, and numerous flecks of mica. The abundance of
mica suggests an origin close to an outcrop of
metamorphic rocks. The texture of this sherd recalls
material from Lezoux (Peacock 1977; Williams 1978a),
but the evidence is not conclusive and the source may lie
in another area of metamorphic rocks; perhaps Brittany.
GB.2 Tr. 23a (unstrattfied). Two rim sherds from a platter,
Camulodunum form 3, in T.N. Hard fine light grey fabric
with occasional inclusions of grey ironstone; patchy blue-
27
grey surfaces, polished upper surface, less glossy faceted
lower surface finish. A small version of the form which is
rare compared to the larger sizes. Examples have been
identified only at Camulodunum and Braughing-
Skeleton Green, all in T.N. Late Augustan-early
Claudian.
GB.3 Context 0032. Three matching sherds from a platter,
Camulodunum form 3, in T.R.1 (B). Hard, fine sandy
pinkish-buff fabric with a coral-red slip, polished upper
surface, less glossy lower surface finish. The form was
standardised in the late Augustan period, probably in the
final decade BC since it is absent from Oberaden but
occurs at Haltern (Loeschcke 1909, type 72). Examples
have been found on the site of the Gallo-Belgic pottery at
Thuisy, Marne, which could have been one source. The
T.R. fabrics suggest that many were made in the
immediate area of Rheims. The form was out of
production by c. AD 50.
The earliest versions are in T.R.1 (B) and have a
limited distribution in Britain: Camulodunum,
Braughing-Skeleton Green- Gatesbury, Prae Wood,
Baldock, Canterbury, Castle Hill in Newhaven,
Fishbourne and Chichester (Sussex). In T.N. the form
occurs much more widely, and in later contexts, with in
addition to the sites listed above-Old Winteringham
(Humberside), Leicester, King Harry Lane Cemetery, St
Albans, Silchester (Hants) and Dorchester-on-Thames
(Oxon). Late Augustan-Tiberian.
Petrology (thin section R872): A fine optically anisotropic
matrix with a moderate scatter of mostly rounded to sub-
angular quartz grains with an average size of o0.15 m.
There are in addition occasional grains of dark red-brown
ironstone, fine white mica and microcrystalline silica
(flint/chert). The exterior and interior surfaces are
covered with a dark red opaque slip. The distinctive
texture of the fabric (ie. the size and density of the quartz
inclusions) places it with a group of material considered to
have originated from the kilns at Rheims, north-east
France. A variety of T.R. fabrics were produced from
these kilns from the early Augustan period onwards. The
platter GB. 5 probably originated from the same source.
Tr. 23b (unstratified). Two rim sherds from a platter,
GB.4
Camulodunum form 5, in T.N. Pale greyish-white fabric
with occasional voids from air bubbles, dove-grey
surfaces with a rather matt smooth finish. The base is
decorated with at least one bordered rouletted wreath.
The form was standardised in the late Augustan period,
probably before 10 BC, since it was the most important
type in T .R. at Oberaden (Loeschcke 1942, type 88), and
occurs in T.R. and T.N. at Haltern (Loeschcke 1909,
type 72). It was a long-lived type and was still in
production in the Claudian period, in consequence it is
the most common large moulded platter type. The form
was probably made at Louvercy, Sept-Saulx, Courmelois
and Thuisy, Marne.
Example in pre-Conquest contexts in Britain are
usually in T.R.1 and T.N., and are comparatively
restricted in their distribution, those in post-Conquest
contexts are in T.N., with occasional examples in T.R.2.
The distribution is similar to that for the platter
Camulodunum form 3, in T.N. (see above, No. GB. 3)
with the addition of North Ferriby and Dragonby
(Humberside), Old Sleaford (Lincs.), Bagendon
(Gloucs.), Littlehampton and Lancing (Sussex),
Rich borough and Eccles (Kent) and Hacheston (Suffolk).
Petrology (thin section R 873): A fine optically anisotropic
matrix with a fair! y dense frequency of rounded to sub-
angular quartz grains. The section exhibits a similar size
range to R 872 (see above, GB. 3) but with a higher
frequency of finer grains. Occasional inclusions of dark
brown ironstone and very infrequent white mica. Whilst
it is not possible at present to precisely provenance this
vessel, the nature of the fabric would suggest an origin in
the Vesle valley south of Rheims in the Marne. A small
number of production centres are documented in this
region producing T .N. wares from the Augustan period.
GB. 5 Context 0032/011110119 (eleven sherds from 0032, eight
from 0111 and three joining sherds from 0119). A
considerable part of a large platter, without a footring,
Camulodunum form 5 variant, in typical T.R.1 (A); pink
 ,
•-
GB1AI
J ''
\ I
-----------
'.._
) ~B14
• GB1BI
7
GB21
I 7
GB3
.-.: 7
GB4
GB6
7 7
I
Figure 17 Gallo-Belgic pottery from the 1975 and 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:2.
sandy paste- coral-red slip on the upper surface only, with
traces of a highly polished finish, self-coloured smoothed
lower surface. Prefiring scratched cross on underside
(shown 1:4 on Fig. 17).
This variant of form 5 is rare and .has been identified
only at Camulodunum (10 +) (Hawkes and Hulll947, fig.
46.6), Braughing Skeleton Green-Gatesbury (7), Baldock
(1), and Leicester (1) (Kenyon 1948, fig. 35.20). The
source was probably in the area of Rheims, and the form
was probably produced for only a short period in the late
Augustan period.
GB.6 Tr. 21 (unstratified). Three rims sherds from a platter,
Camulodunum form 7, in T.R.1 (C); orange paste, with
red grog grits; darker orange-red slip; very worn and
flaked so that no finish survives. This variant with a
straight lower facet and marked offsets appears to be one
of the latest versions produced being late Tiberio-
Ciaudian. Examples have been found on the site of the
Gallo-Belgic pottery at Sept-Saulx, Marne, a possible
source. In Britain where all the finds are in T .R. since it
replace T.R. versions of Camulodunum 8:
Camulodunum, Chichester, Braughing-Skeleton Green,
Canterbury and Old Winteringham.
GB.7 Context 001 (two sherds) and 0117 (one sherd). Three
sherds from small platters, Camulodunum form 8, in
T.N.; pale grey dense paste, mottled grey surfaces, with
a highly polished finish.
The form appears to have been standardised in the
Tiberian period, since it is absent from the early sites like
Oberaden and Haltern, but occurs at Hofheim and is the
most common small moulded platter found in Britain. It
was certainly made at Sept Saulx and Thuisy, Marne, and
probably also at Courmelois and Louvercy. Examples in
T.R. are rare on British sites yet common on the
28
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I
I
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I
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continent, highlighting one of the interesting and
significant major chronological differences. In Britain,
probably only some examples from the King Harry Lane
Cemetery in St Albans could be considered as pre-
Claudian, most of the remaining finds of this type are
from definitely post-Conquest contexts. It is the most
common Gallo-Belgic import in cremation burials and
has been found at Lexden (Camulodunum), Baldock,
Owslebury (Rants), Winchester, Duston (Northants),
Foxton and Guilden Morden (Cambs.), Shefford (Beds.),
and Murston (Kent). The remaining sites are the same as
those for Camulodunum form 5 (see above) with the
addition of Exeter, Southampton, Southwark, the City of
London, Ardleigh (Essex), Stanstead St Margaret (Herts),
Faversham and Canterbury (Kent), Worth Down and
Bury Hill (Hants.). c. AD 25-60.
GB.8 Tr. 23c (unstratified). Rim sherds from a small platter,
Camulodunum form 9, in T.N.; pale grey dense paste;
dark blue- grey surfaces; polished upper surface, the
exterior is badly flaked and worn. Tiberio-C/audian. See
also GB. 9.
GB.9 Tr. 23d (unstratified). Rim sherd from a platter,
Camulodunum form 9, in T.N.; pale grey paste with a
very laminated structure; dark blue-black surfaces, with a
polished finish. The form is generally not common, and
from the stamps, appears to have been made by a limited
number of potters working in the"late Tiberio-Claudian
period, like Vocara. In Britain the form has only been
identified in T .R. only at Camulodunum, Canterbury and
Chichester, and in addition, in T.N. at Old
Winteringham. The presence of two examples at Burgh
suggests that trade in Gallo-Belgic wares to this site was
on a larger scale than the size of collection suggests.
GB. tO Tr. 23e.(unstratified). A base sherd from a large platter
 with a functional footring, in T.N.; pale-grey paste; grey-
black surfaces; highly polished upper surface, less glossy
faceted lower surface finish. Claudian at the latest, before
AD 50 (not if/us.).
Cups
GB.ll Tr. 24 (unstratified). More than half or a large cup,
Camulodunum form 53, in T.N. Not stamped. The base
is decorated with a single bordered rouletted wreath. It is
the variant with o·ne offset on the inside of the wall, and
a widely curved rim. The form has been standardised by
c. 10 BC, and occurs at Oberaden (Loeschcke 1942, type
90b), Haltern (Loeschcke 1901, type 77) and in early
graves at Wintcheringen, Krs Saalberg (Koethe and
Kimmig 1937, Abb. 2, Sa and b).
The contents of the finds on the Continent suggest
that the form was out of production before the end of the
Tiberian period, at the latest. Some examples were found
on the site of the Gallo-Belgic pottery at Sept-Saulx,
Marne, so that this could be one source (Fromols 1939,
pl. iv, 5).
Rare in Britain, finds to date have been confined to
site with extensive late Iron Age occupation from which
relatively large collections of Gallo-Belgic wares have
been recovered: Camulodunum itself (30 in T.R. and
T.N.), Braughing-Skeleton Green-Gatesbury (6 in T.R.
and T.N.), Canterbury (3 in T.R.) and the La Tene Ill
Cemetery at King Harry Lane in St Albans. The presence
of this form alongside the platters Nos GB. 3 and 5
suggests that Gallo-Belgic wares were being imported
into a settlement at Burgh in the late Augustan period.
Late Augustan- early Tiberian.
GB.12a,b. Tr. 2/Tr. 76 (probably from the lower part of Trench A).
About one-third of the rim circuit (a) and a rim and body
sherd (b) of two cups of Camulodunum form 56A, in
T.R.2 (with diametres of lOcm and 14cm respectively).
Orange matrix, with highly polished surfaces. This is the
most common cup form to be found on sites located along
the line of and to the south and east of the Fosse Way.
Imported from Gallia Belgica. Tiberio-C/audian.
GB.13 Tr. 75 (unstratified). A body sherd from the area of the
flange from a cup, Camulodunum form 58, in typical
T.R.2. Examples of the form have been found over a
wider area than form 56, but they are less numerous in
both T.N. and T.R. The form, in T.N., is associated with
military sites lying along and beyond the line of the· Fosse,
in Yorkshire, Wales· and South-West. Imported from
Gallia-Belgica. C/audio-Neronian (not if/us.).
GB.14 Context 00322. A sherd from the lower body of a sharply
carinated bowl or tazza, cf Camulodunum form 74, in
typical T.R. I (A); pale creamy pink ware, with a red slip
on the external surface. Pedestalled cups of this type are
comparatively rare in Britain, with examples being
confined to the largest collections of Gallo-Belgic
imports, eg. Colchester, Braughing-Skeleton Green and
Canterbury. Imported from Gallia Belgica, probably the
region around Rheims in the Marne-Vesle potteries.
Probably pre-Claudian (early Claudian at the latest).
Butt Beakers
GB.15 Tr. 38, Tr. 46, Tr. 73 and Tr. 74 (probably from Trench A
or B). Approximately one-third of a beaker,
Camulodunum form 112, in typical orange T.R.3. The
upper section of the decorative zone consists of
horizontally combed bands using a six-pronged comb.
GB.l6 Context 0032. Rim sherd from a small beaker,
Camulodunum form 112, in typical red T.R.3 (not illus.).
GB.17 Tr. 39 (probably from Trench A or B). Body sherd from a
beaker, Camulodunum form 112, in typical red T.R.3 (not
il/us. ).
GB.18 Tr. 39 (probably from Trench A or B). Body sherd from a
beaker, Camu/odunum form 112, in orange-red T.R.3.
The decoration consists of at least one band of vertical
combed stripes made with a four-pronged comb (not
illus. ).
GB.19 Tr. 79 (unstratified). Body sherd from a beaker, probably
Camulodunum form 112, in typical T.R.3. The
decorative zone is divided into narrow bands by grooves
which form low cordons. The rouletted decoration is in
the form of a notched running scroll, giving the effect of
bands of fern-leaf stamps (not illus. ).
29
Butt beakers of this type are the most widely found Gallo-Belgic
imports in T.R.3 found in Britain mainly on sites lying south and east
of the line of the Fosse Way. All five vessels are imports, they could be
pre-Claudian in date and are Claudian at the latest.
Globular beakers
GB.20 Tr. 32 (probably from Trench A or B). About one-third of
the .r:im circuit of a large version of the globular beaker,
Camulodunum form 91, in typical orange T.R.3, with a
smoky grey haze on the outside. The off-set on the
shoulder is shallow compared to that of GB. 21. The
combed decoration is in the form of a St Andrew's cross
and is typical of the geometric combed patterns used to
decorate all types of beaker in T .R.3.
GB.21 Tr. 33 (Trench A or B, primary sand silt). About one-
quarter of the body of a small version of the beaker,
Camulodunum 91, in typical orange T.R.3; the limits of
the smoky grey haze on the outside shows how the beakers
were stacked in the kiln for firing. As is usual with the
smaller versions, the off-set on the shoulder is very
marked. The decoration consists of pairs of vertical
stripes made by a two-pronged comb.
Globular beakers are the rarest of the beakers in T.R.3
imported into Britain. To date they have been identified
on only four other sites in Britain: Colchester,
Canterbury, Baldock and Chichester; none in pre-
Conquest contexts, although one occurs in Cemetery 0 at
Nijmegen in Holland, dated AD 0/5-30 (Holwerda 1941,
pl. i).
Miscellaneous beakers
GB.22 Tr. 43 probably from Trench A or B. Base sherd from an
unidentifiable beaker in T .R.3. Claudian at the latest (not
illus. ).
Jars with barbotine decoration
GB.23 Tr. JOB (probably from the primary deposit in Trench A or
B). A small jar, Camulodunum form 114, in cream fine-
grained ware, smooth in texture. There is a mica gilt slip
on the rim and shoulder. The barbotine decoration
comprises at least four bands of wedge-shaped leaves
arranged en chevron around the body. The shape and
finish are flawed, the jar is a 'second'. In form the jar is
identical to examples in iron-free white wares, also with a
mica slip, found at Colchester, Prae Wood-St Albans,
Braughing-Skeleton Green, Baldock, Kelvedon, Essex,
Silchester and Chichester, and all could be from the same
factory, probably in Gallia Belgica. The form had been
introduced by the late Augustan period, large versions
occur at Oberaden, however the smaller versions appear
to be Tiberian or Tiberio-Claudian. Although examples
occur in post-Conquest contexts in Britain, their
production appears to have ceased before the end of the
Claudian period.
GB.24 Tr. JOA (probably from the primary deposit in Trench A or
B). A jar, Camu/odunum form 114, with typical chevron
barbotine decoration. The fine-grained matrix was
micaceous and iron-rich so that when fired the surfaces
are red-brown, with a thin grey core. Below the shoulder
groove, a thick matt cream slip was applied over the
barbotine decoration so producing a colour scheme closer
to that of the originals.
GB.25 Tr. 40 (probably from Trench A or B). Body sherds (two)
from jars like GB.24 (not illus.).
GB.26 Tr. 63 (probably from Trench A). Body sherd from a jar
like GB.24 (not il/us.).
GB.27 Tr. 41 (probably from Trench A or B). Two sherds from
the same jar, with decoration like Camulodunum form
114, in a pale fairly iron-free grained fabric. The
barbotine decoration is in a self-coloured slip. This jar is
from a different factory to GB.23, and is possibly a 'local'
product (not illus. ).
The only site where close parallels to the imitation white ware vessels
(GB.24-6) have been found is Chichester, where examples occurred in
groups from the earliest post-Conquest occupation levels and among
the earliest kiln products (Down 1978). Superficial examination
showed that while the examples from each site appeared identical, they
were from different sources; Chichester did not supply barbotine jars
tQ Burgh. Examination with a binocular microscope at x30
magnification confirmed that two different sources were involved.
 The absence of any other parallels makes it impossible to suggest
a possible source for the Burgh jars, they could be from Gallia Belgica
or from Britain. Since they are such close copies they must date to
roughly the same period as the versions in white ware, so are probably
Claudian, at the latest.
Discussion
The presence of the rare early types, Camulodunum
forms 3, 5 variant, and 53, indicates that import began in
the late Augustan period, 10 BC-AD 15 presumably via
the entrepot at Camulodunum. The remaining group
looks as if it was imported AD 30-50 at the latest. There
is nothing which need have been imported after AD 50,
and, with a little optimism, the whole of the later group
could still be consigned to the pre-Claudian period. If the
collection is to be believed as a complete and random
sample, then the absence of forms 13, 14, 16 and 56C,
the most common and widely found types in the pre- and
early-Flavian period, is conclusive. However, as the
collection stands, one must have reservations about
'negative evidence'.
Samian pottery
(Fig. 18: S.l, S.lOi-ii, S.l2i, S.l5; S.23 only)
by B.M.Dickinson and B.R.Hartley with a note on the
petrology of the Arretine ware by D.F.Williams
This assemblage of Arretine and Samian ware from
Burgh indicates occupation from the Augustan period to
the third century, when samian went out of use.
Much ofthe first-century material is Neronian. All
the South Gaulish ware, apart from one second-century
Montans piece, almost certainly comes from La
Graufesenque. Les Martres-de-Veyre and Lezoux are the
sources of the Central Gaulish samian.
Most of the East Gaulish ware, which accounts for
16 per cent of the total ofsamian, is oflate second or early
third-century date. The proportion is high for Britain as
a whole, but not unusual for East Anglia. The single
sherds from Chemery-Faulquemont, La Madeleine and,
probably, the Argonne, are second-century. The latest
samian from the site is mostly from Rheinzabern, with a
few pieces from Trier.
In the following report all form numbers are taken
from H.Dragendorff, 'Terra sigillata', Banner Jahrbuch
95-6 (1895-6) unless otherwise specified. The following
abbreviations are also employed:
Curie Form number in J.Curle, 'Terra sigillata', Proc. Soc.
Antiq. Scot. 5th Ser.III (1916·7).
D. Figure-type in J.Dechelette, Vases dramiques ornes de la
Gaule romaine, tome ii (Paris 1904).
Loeschcke Form number in S.Loeschcke, 'Keramische Funde aus
Halt ern', Mitteilungen der Aliertumskommission fiir
Westfalen, V (Munster 1909).
0. Figure-type in F.Oswald, Index of figure-types on Terra
Sigillata (Liverpool 1936-7).
Ritt. Form number in E.Ritterling, 'Das frlihromische Lager
bei Hofheim im Taunus', Annalen des Vereins fiir
Nassauische Altertumskunde XL (Wiesbaden 1913).
Rogers Motif in G.B.Rogers, Poteries sigillies de la Gaule centrale,
Gallia Supplement XXVIII (Paris 1974).
Waiters Form number in H.B.Walters, Catalogue of the Roman
pottery in the Department of Antiquities, British Museum
(London 1908).
Potters' stamps are given in detail at the end of this
report.
Samian from the 1975 excavation
S.l Context 0004. A fragment from form 37, Central Gaulish, with
the eagle D.981. The bowl shows considerable wear inside. The
ovolo (Rogers B 153) was used by several Lezoux potters, but the
30
use of the border of rhomboidal beads suggests the work of
Iullinus ii or, less probably, Severus iv.
S.2Context 0009. Form 38, East Gaulish, without a bead lip. Late
second or third century. The sherd is heavily eroded.
S.3 Context 0032. (i) A footring, almost certainly of form Ritt. 9 (three
fragments from the same cup as in Context 0111). The fabric
suggests South Gaulish and Claudian (not illus. ). (ii) Form 30
base, South Gaulish, Flavian or Flavian· Trajanic (not illus. ).
S.4 Context 0033. A small scrap, probably East Gaulish (not illus. ).
S.5 Context 0034. Fragment of a dish or bowl, in overtired fabric,
South Gaulish but not closely dateable.
S.6 Context 0111. A fragment of from the cup in Context 0032, q.v.
S. 7 Unstratified. A scrap ofform 36 flange, South Gaulish, Flavian or
Flavian-Trajanic.
S.S Unstratzfied. Form 31, Central Gaulish. Antonine.
Samian from the 1947-1957 excavations
S.9. Tr. 1 (Trench A orB, 'resting on and in the sandy bottom of the
ditch'). Form Loeschcke 8 in a provincial Arretine fabric. The
rim and footring fragments appear to go together and, since the
rim is fairly vertical and the footring rounded, the cup should be
an early example of the form c. AD 1-25.
Petrology of the Arretine ware:
All five samples (two from Tr. 1 and three from Tr. 9 (see S.l4) are
fairly similar in thin section and show frequent subangular quartz
grains normally under 0.15 mm in size, with plentiful flecks of mica.
Comparison with material attributable to the main arretine and early
samian production centres (Williams 1978a; Jeffersonet al. 1981),
shows that texturally the Burgh sherds display certain similarities with
material thought to have been made at Lyon. If this suggestion is
correct, these sherds should be considered in conjunction with the
Lyon ware cups (see Other Pottery No. 258). However, the amount of
early samian so far examined from Lyon is small, and more work needs
to be done before it is possible to confidently characterise this pottery
in thin section.
S.lO Tr. 3/4122 (probably from the lowest part of Trench A). All the
material is South Gaulish and pre-Flavian. Most of it is
Neronian, but one dish (form Ritt. 1(?) in several fragments) and
one form 29 could be Claudio-Neronian. The rest consists of
forms 15117, 18 (2), 24 and 29 (2). The bowls of form 29 with
surviving decoration are:
(i) Eleven fragments, most joining, of a bowl stamped by Murranus
(Die 8a). The scroll in the upper zone is exactly paralleled on a
bowl from Aachen (Knorr 1952, Taf.44A) stamped, after
moulding, by Murranus, and very similar ones are on bowls of
his from Canterbury and London (formerly Guildhall Museum)
with mould stamp (8a) and cursive signature, respectively. The
short, straight gadroons below the carination are identical with
ones on bowls from the Cirencester fort ditch (AD 55-65) and
London (formerly London Museum; Knorr 1952, Taf.33F,
tentatively assigned to Manduilus by Knorr, but thought by us to
belong to Amandus ii). The elliptical festoons in the basal zone
are characteristically pre-Flavian. There is no close parallel for
the rosette, but the column was in common use at La
Graufesenque and appears on bowls stamped by Aquitanus (from
Koln) and Crestio (from Rheingonheim). The stamp was used
mainly on form 29, both as a mould stamp and in the base, after
moulding. It also occasionally appears on form Ritt. 8. Murranus
worked at La Graufesenque mainly in the Neronian period, but
the parallels for this bowl suggest a Claudio- Neronian date, c.
AD 45-60.
(ii) Four fragments (three joining) of form 29, South Gaulish, with
panelled upper and lower zones. The details were used by several
La Graufesenque potters in the period c. AD 45-65, but appear
most frequently on bowls stamped, after moulding, by Felix i and
Licinus. Stamps ofLicinus are on bowls with the leaf tips from
La Graufesenque (Rodez Museum), London (British Museum:
Knorr 1952, Taf.34B) and Mainz (Knorr 1919, Taf.45B), with
the astragalus border from Mainz (ibid.) and with the lion
(Hermet 1934, pi. 25, 25) from Ostia. The small hares to right
and left (Hermet 1934, pi. 26, 54 and 64) are on a bowl stamped
by Felix from the Colchester Second Pottery Shop (Hul11958,
fig. 101, 4). The divider and largest hare (Hermet 1934, pi. 26,
60) are on bowls with his stamps from London (formerly London
Museum)'and Southwark, respectively. There is no close parallel
for the lower zone, but saltires alternating with other panels were
in common use in the Neronian period, c. AD 50-65.
 823
Figure 18 Samian pottery from the 1975 and 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:2.
S.ll Tr.5 (Trench B, 'middle layer'):
(I) Forms 27 (10), 36 (at least 2) and Ritt.l (?),South Gaulish. All
Neronian.
(ii) Forms 15/17 or 18 and 18 (probably 7), all South Gaulish.
Neronian or Early Flavian. One form 18 is stamped by Virio-·-
(Die la). The full name of this potter is not clear. His stamps'
distribution suggests an origin at La Graufesenque and this
particular piece appears to be early-Flavian.
(iii) Forms 18R (3) and 36 (burnt) South Gaulish, all Flavian.
(iv) Forms 27 (2) and 30 or 37, South Gaulish. All Flavian or Flavian·
Trajanic.
(v) Forms 18/31, 18/31·31 and 42, from Les Martres-de-Veyre.
Trajanic or Hadrianic.
(vz) Form 27 (2), Central Gaulish, Hadrianic or early Antonine (not
illus. ).
(vii) Form 31, Central Gaulish, Antonine.
(viii) Central Gaulish scrap, Hadrianic or Antonine.
S.12 Tr.6/7 (Trench B, 'Vesp.·Domitian 2level'):
(i) Two fragments of form 37, South Gaulish, with a continuous
winding scroll. The ovolo, with its tongue with a hollow rosette,
is on bowls in the Pompeii Hoard (cf. Atkinson 1914, 42). The
medallion, large leaf and Nile goose (Hermet 1934, pi. 28, 658)
all appear in the lower zone of a form 29 from Wall which has
stylistic connections with Patricius i, and the layout of the scroll
31
on this bowl is the same. The leaf was also used by Mercato(r) i
and the ovolo may be one of his, but the style would be unusual
for him. The Cupid in the medallion (Hermet 1934, pi. 18, 33?)
is on a signed bowl of Memor in the Pompeii Hoard (Atkinson
1914, 74). The Burgh piece cannot be assigned to one potter, but
a date c. AD 70-90 is likely, in view of the assoCiations.
(ii) Form 37, South Gaulish, with the same ovolo and medallion as
the last. The chevron wreath below the ovolo is of a type found
on several bowls in the Pompeii Hoard (cf. Atkinson 1914, pi.
viii), and the use of medallions in panels with corner tassels is
fairly common in this group (ibid. 55, 60, 73-4 etc.). c. AD
75·100.
(iii) Three joining fragments of form 37, South Gaulish. The ovolo,
plan in a saltire and tassel in the corner of a panel are all on a bowl
from London (formerly Guildhall Museum) from a stamped
mould of Mercato(r) i, who almost certainly inade this bowl. c.
AD 85-110.
(iv) A small fragment of a panelled bowl of form 37, South Gaulish,
with a seated Jupiter, of which only the platform survives
(Hermet 1934, pi. 18, 2) used at La Graufesenque (ibid. pis. 86;
9; 87, 4). This figure is on two bowls in the Bregenz Cellar hoard
(Jacobs 1913, 13, 25). c. AD 80-110. See also (v).
(v) Two joining fragments of a panelled bowl of form 37, South
Gaulish, with no significant decoration surviving. Probably part
 of the bowl (iv) above. Flavian or Flavian-Trajanic (not illus. ).
(vz) Form 37, South Gaulish, with a saltire over a basal zone of
reversed S-shaped gadroons. The bowl is thick and badly
moulded. c. AD 75-100.
(vii) A small fragment of a panelled form 37, South Gaulish. Flavian
or Flavian-Trajanic.
(viiz) Form 37, burnt, South Gaulish, with a basal zone of S- shaped
gadroons used at La Graufesenque by several potters in the
period c. AD 80-110.
(ix) Form 37, Central Gaulish, with ovolo (Rogers Bl44) and kilted
warrior (D86). Both are on a bowl in the Castleford Pottery Shop
of AD 140-150 by a member of the Cerialis ii- Cinnamus ii group
of potters at Lezoux. The astragalus border is not uncommon
with some members of this group, and the ovo1o is diagnostic.
For the date cf. Britannia III ( 1972), p. 34 c. AD 140-70.
S.13 Tr. 8 (Trench A orB, 'high level of primary deposit'). Form 24,
South Gaulish, with worn footring, stamped by Memor (Die 4a)
of La Graufesenque. Memor's main activity is Flavian, and this
stamp occurs at Chester and the Ulpia Noviomagus site at
Nijmegan, but he occasionally made form 24, and one ofhis other
stamps is known from the Gloucester Kingsholm site. He must,
therefore, have worked in Nero's reign in part. c. AD 60-70, in
view of the form.
S.14 Tr. 9/21 (probably from Trench A or B). Almost all the material is
South Gaulish and pre-Flavian, mostly Neronian, though there
are fragments ofltalian Arretine (Ritt. 5 etc), a Claudian form 27
and at least one scrap of provincial Arretine (for a note on the
petrology of the Arretine, see under S. 9). One form 29 is
probably Claudio-Neronian (see below). The other plain ware
forms include 15/17, 24 (3), 27 (at least 3) and 36. The decorated
ware consists of three bowls of form 29, one with broad, pointed
leaf tips in the upper zone. Another, of which numerous small
fragments survive, has winding scrolls in both upper zone. The
unusual trifid motif and the binding of the lower scroll are on an
unstamped bowl from Aislingen (Knorr 1912, pi. VI, 7). The
striated spindles are of a type used at La Graufesenque in the
Claudio-Neronian period, on bowls stamped by potters such as
Felix i, Murranus and Senicio. The upper scroll is closely
paralleled on a bowl from Mainz stamped by Namus (Knorr
1952, Taf.46A). c. AD 45-60.
S.15 Tr. 10 (Trench A, 'top level'). Several joining fragments of form
37, East Gaulish. All the details appear on bowls or moulds at
Rheinzabern stamped by Primitus. They are: ovolo (Ricken and
Fischer 1963, E40), eagle holding a thunderbolt (ibid. T200b)
and acanthus leaves (ibid. 113, 148). The ovolo and eagle are on
a mould (Ricken 1948, Taf. 197, 16). For the larger acanthus and
the general layout, cf. Taf. 193.7 and for the smaller acanthus, cf.
Taf. 193.20. Primitus was not one of the earlier Rheinzabern
potters, as his decorated ware shows. His plain forms include
31R (Sb), 32, 36 and Ludowici Tb. One of his stamps occurs at
Niederbieber. c. AD 180-230.
S.16 Tr. 11 (probably from Trench A, top layer):
(i) Form 27, Central Gaulish, with a badly mistruck stamp in
double impression, now illegible. Hadrianic or early-Antonine.
(ii) Form 33, East Gaulish, with external grooves at the top and
bottom of the wall. The rosette stamp often dots around a small
central circle containing a dot, is of a type used principally at
Chemery-Faulquemont in the Hadrianic and early-Antonine
periods.
(iii) Five fragments of form 37, East Gaulish, most joining. The
ovolo, bust (Folzer 1913, Taf. xxix, 570) and shell (ibid. Taf. xxx,
707) were all used at Trier (cf. Taf. xviii, 20, 21, 24). The bud-
clusters are slightly different from the ones recorded in Folzer.
Late second or third century.
(iv) Form 32, etc. East Gaulish. Late second or third century.
(v) A small fragment from the handle of a cantharus, East Gaulish.
(For these types of vessel cf. Oswald and Pryce 1920, pi. lxxxi and
Ludowici 1927, 282, KS.). The decoration was probably of the
'cut-glass' variety, since the handle is faceted on the outside. Late
second or, more probably, third century.
S.17 Tr. 12 (unstratified, but possibly from the top of Trench A):
(i) Three fragments from the base of form 30, probably from Les
Martres-de-Veyre and Hadrianic.
(ii) Form 33 stamped by Martinus iii (Die 2a). This stamp was used
at Lezoux, mainly on form 33, but occasionally also on form 79.
There is one example of it from Carrawburgh. Other stamps of
this potter occur in the Pudding Pan Rock wreck and at sites on
Hadrian's Wall and in the north of Britain reoccupied c. AD 160.
c. AD 160-190.
(iii) Form 33, Central Gaulish. Mid to late Antonine.
32
(iv) Form 38 rim (without a bead lip) and a scrap. Both East Gaulish.
Late second or third century.
S.18 Tr. 13 (Trench A orB, 'high level of primary deposit'). Joining
fragments giving approximately half of a cup ofform 24, stamped
by Modestus i (Die 6b) of La Graufesenque. This stamp was only
used on cups (of form 24, 27 and Ritt.8). Modestus's activity was
largely Neronian and some of his stamps occur in dated groups
from the Cirencester fort ditch (c. AD 55-56), the Colchester
pottery shops, and Narbonne, Les Ports (c. AD 50-60), but he
began work under Claudius and this cup is likely to belong to his
earlier work. c. AD 45-60.
S.19 Tr. 14 (Trench B, black earth layer; see Fig. 3).
An almost complete cup of form 33a with external grooves at the
top and bottom of the wall and a very faint internal moulding at
the junction of base and wall. The piece is in South Gaulish
fabric and is stamped by Silvinus i (Die 11a) of La Graufesenque.
This potter began work in the 50s, but many of his stamps occur
at Flavian foundations, and this particular one is recorded from
Carlisle, Malton and Rottweil-Hockmauren. c. AD 60-80.
S.20 Tr. 15 (Trench B, 'top level'):
(i) Two joining fragments of form 37 with ovolo (Ricken and
Fischer 1963, E46), leaf (ibid. P76a) and hollow rosettes (ibid.
048), all used at Rheinzabern by Iulius viii and Lupus iv. c. AD
180-260.
(iz) A small fragment of form 37, East Gaulish, with stags (Ricken
and Fischer 1963, T76), used at Rheinzabern by some of the
earlier potters to work there (Belsus, Cerialis v, Ianus ii, Lucanus
vi, Reginus vi). c. AD 160-200.
S.21 Tr. 16 ('Unstratified'):
(i) Two joining fragments of form 37, Central Gaulish. The rosette-
tongued ovolo is on a bowl from Barnsely Park villa from a mould
signed by an early Paternus (iv) ofLezoux. A bowl in this potter's
style appears in the burnt material from the Castleford Pottery
Shop of AD 140-150, and one from Tripontium has the bird in
the single festoon (0.2250A) c. AD 140-165.
(iz) A fragment of from 37, Central Gaulish, with a leafy scroll over
a small double medallion. The leaf is on a bowl from Carlisle
(May and Hope 1917, pi. vii, 91) on the style of X- 6 ofLezoux,
who also used the medallion (cf. Stanfield and Simpson 1958, pi.
75, 13, from Great Chesters). This potter's bowls occur in the
material from the Castleford Pottery Shop. Whether this is his or
not, a date c. AD 125-150 is clear.
S.22 (Trench B, 'top level', also a piece from 'top level' of Trench A).
Seven fragments (six joining) ofform 37. A general style suggests
a member of the Quintilianus i group at Lezoux. The dotted
lower border and the panel divisions ending within the panel
were used by Quintilianus himself, and he used the chevron
festoon (Rogers F42) on a bowl from London (Bethnal Green
Museum: Stanfield and Simpson 1958, pi. 68, 4), but it is also on
a bowl from Corbridge more likely to be by Bassus ii, who
stamped moulds at Lezoux with this ovolo (Rogers B228). The
figure-types are a sphinx (0.863A) and, probably, a warrior
(0.193A?). The motif below the festoon is perhaps a small vine-
scroll. c. AD 125-145.
S.23 ('Unstrati/ied on lip of Trench B'). Two adjoining fragments of
form 37, East Gaulish, in orange fabric with a dull orange-brown
glaze. Both the ovolo-replacement of hollow crosses and the
spirals were used at La Madeleine (Folzer 1913, Taf. xxv, 84,81
respectively). The cogged festoon used as an arcade is not the dne
illustrated by Folzer. Early work ·form La Madeleine is
undoubtedly Hadrianic-Antonine, but this is not' one of the early
series. The dating of the later bowls is difficult, but the range AD
150-180 is perhaps likely.
S.24 (Trench B; 'Vesp. Domitian 2nd level'). A small fragment of form
37, SoilJh Gaulish, with a trident-tongued ovolo and blurred
cable borders. The figure is the gladiator D.607. Flavian-
Trajanic.
S.25 (Unstratified, but possibly from Trenches A or B):
(z) South Gaulish ware probably ranging from the Neronian to the
early-Flavian period, consisting offorms 15/17 or 18; 24 and 27.
(iz) Central Gaulish ware of Hadrianic or early-Antonine date,
including forms 18/31, 18/31R, 37 (with a small double
medallion) and Curie 11.
(iii) Forms 33 (2) and 38 flange, Central Gaulish, Antonine.
(iv) Form 18/31R-31R (3), Central Gaulish, Mid-Antonine.
(v) Forms 31, 31R Waiters 80 (2) and Curie 23 (burnt, with a deep
vertical rim). All Central Gaulish, mid or late Antonine.
(vz) Form 43 and 45 (2), Central Gaulish. c. AD 170-200.
(vii) Form 33, East Gaulish, probably from the Argonne. Second half
of the second century.
(viii) East Gaulish ware of the late second or third century, including
forms 37 (two without significant decoration), 38 (two, both
without bead-lips and one· considerably worn inside) and a
variant of Ludowici Tb, burnt, with decoration en barbotine on
the rim. Decorated ware worthy of note is:
(a) several fragments, most joining, of form 37, Central
Gaulish, with the ovolo Rogers B2 used at Lezoux by X-6.
The decoration is too blurred for identification. c. AD
125-145;
(b) form 37, Central Gaulish, with ovolo Rogers B144 used at
Lezoux by members of the Cerialis ii-Cinnamus ii group of
potters. c. AD 140-170;
(c) from 37, East Gaulish, with an ovolo (Ricken and Fischer
1963, E23) used by many Rheinzabern potters in the period
c. AD 180-260.
(ix) A cup of form 3:3, burnt, is stamped by Divixtus i (Die lOa) of
Lezoux. This stamp does not occur in dated contexts, but
Divixtus's decorated ware and his occasional use of forms 27 and
Waiters 80 clearly indicate a date c. AD 150-180.
S.26 Tr. 44 (Trench A, 'top level'). Form 15/17 or 18, South Gaulish,
stamped by Masc(u)lus ii (Die 4a) of La Graufesenque. A stamp
used, apparently, only on dishes. It occurs at Newstead and the
Nijmegan fortress (2). This potter's decorated ware (usually
assigned to a Mascuus) is Flavian-Trajanic. c. AD 80-110.
S.27 Tr. 164 (unstraujied):
(1) Form 18/31 or 31, Central Gaulish. Hadrianic-Antonine.
(it) Form 37, Central Gaulish. The ovolo (Rogers B208) was used by
Docilis i, Casurius ii and Cantomallus .. The row of small regular
beads below it suggests that Cantomallus made the bowl. The
decoration includes a festoon and, probably, a bird. Heavily
burnt. c. AD 155-185.
(iii) Forms 31, 33, Curie 21 (burnt) and a jar with 'cut glass'
decoration, Central Gaulish. Mid to late Antonine.
(iv) Form 37, Central Gaulish, with ovolo Rogers Bl02 and fine
beads, as used by Advocisus. c. AD 160-190.
(v) Form 45, probably Trier ware. Late second or early third century.
(vi) Form 37, East Gaulish. The ovolo (Ricken and Fischer 1963,
E26) was used at Rheinzabern in the period c. AD 180- 220.
S.28 Tr. 180-184 (unstratified):
(1) Form 30R, Central Gaulish. This form, with rouletting
replacing the more usual moulded decoration, was made in
Central and East Gaul from the. time of Hadrian onwards. This
example is probably Hadrianic.
(ii) A heavily burnt sherd, probably Central Gaulish, Antonine.
(iiz) Forms 38 (flange) and 43, East Gaulish. Late second- or early third
century.
S.29 Tr. 185 (unstraufied):
(i) Form 37, South Gaulish. c. AD 75-95.
(ii) Form 18/31, Central Gaulish. Hadrianic.
(iiz) Form 37, Central Gaulish, in the style of Criciro v. c. AD
140-170.
(iv) Forms 30 (in the style ofCinnamus ii), 31 and 38 or 44 (rim, with
a deep groove inside the lip), Central Gaulish. Mid to late
Antonine.
(v) Forms 32 etc. stamped ·--SF and 30 or 37 (rim), East Gaulish.
Late second or early third century.
S.30 Tr. 194 (unstratified):
(i) Form 18, South Gaulish. Flavian.
(ii) Form 37, in the style ofDrusus i (X-3) ofLes Martres-de- Veyre.
The main with drapery (D.219) and the small, naked figure (not
closely identified) are on one of his bowls from London (formerly
Guildhall Museum; Standfield and Simpson 1958, pi. 12, 150),
c. AD 100-120.
S.31 Tr. 199 (unstratified). Form 37, Central Gaulish, with an ovolo
used at Lezoux by Hadrianic-Antonine potters (Rogers H76). c.
AD 125-145.
S.32 Tr. 313 (unstrati/ied):
(i) Form 27, South Gaulish. Flavian-Trajanic.
(it) Form 27, from Les Martres-de-Veyre. Trajanic.
(iii) Forms 18/31-31 (2), 27 (2) and a cup, CentralGaulish. Hadrianic
or early Antonine.
(iv) Form 38 stamped by Marcellinus ii (Die 2a) ofLezoux. A stamp
known from Chesters, South Shields and Pudding Pan Rock. It
is common on form 31R and was also used on form Waiters 80.
The glaze has been ground away inside. c. AD 160-200.
S.33 Tr. 314 (unstratified):
(i) Forms 29 (2) and 18/31, South Gaulish. Neronian (2) and Flavian-
Trajanic.
(ii) Form 37, Central Gaulish. The zone of beaded circles (Rogers
C294), the acanthus (Rogers Kl9) and the spiral (Rogers S63)
33
were all used by Drusus i (X-3) of Les Martres-de-Veyre. His
moulds occasionally reached Lezoux, where this bowl seems to
have been made. Probably Hadrianic.
(iii) Forms 31, 33 and 36, Central Gaulish. Antonine.
(iv) Forms 38 (2, one without a bead-lip) and 45 (2), East Gaulish.
Late second or early third century.
S.34 Tr. 318 (Trench K). Form 33 stamped by Pinna (Die 2a) probably
of Lezoux. Pinna is dated by his forms. His range of dishes
includes forms 18/31, 18/31R and 31. This particular stamp
occurs on forms 27, 33 and Waiters 79 and 80. c. AD 140-170.
S.35 Tr. 319 (unstratified). Form 31 stamped by Muxtullus (Die la) of
Lezoux. One of Muxtullus's later stamps, recorded from the
Wroxeter Gutter, Hadrian's Wall and Chester-le-Street. c. AD
150-170.
S.36 Tr. 320 (Trench L). Form 31R stamped by Divicatus (Die 3a) of
Lezoux. An attempt has been made, and abandoned, to drill this
sherd for a rivet. This stamp is common on form 18/31 and
occurs in an early Antonine context at Castleford, but it was also
used occasionally on forms Waiter 80 and Ludowici Tg. The
Burgh dish cannot have been made before c. AD 160, in view of
the form.
S.37 Tr. 321 (unstratified). Form 27 stamped by Q. V- C- (Die le)
probably of Montans. This stamp occurs in a group of burnt
samian from St Catherine Coleman, London, which includes
stamps of the second-century Montans potter Felicio iii. One of
Q. V- C-'s other stamps comes from Inveresk. c. AD 110-145.
S.38 Tr. 322 (unstraufied). Form 27 stamped by Avitus ii (Die la) of
Les Martres-de-Veyre. A stamp which appears in the London
Second Fire deposits. There is also an example from Catterick. c.
AD 100-120.
S.39 Tr. 323 (unstratified). form 31 stamped by Reditus (Die 3a)
probably ofLezoux. Reditus began work under Hadrian, but one
of his stamps occurs on form Waiters 79R, which cannot have
been made before AD 160, at the earliest. This particular stamp
was used on forms 18/31 and 18/31 R and is known from Camelon
and Corbridge. c. AD 135-155.
S.40 Tr. 324 (unstratified). Form 38 or 44 base, Central Gaulish. The
glaze is worn away inside and the sherd has apparently been spun
on the top of a stick or rod, which has made several shallow
depressions on the inside of the base. The stamp label is visible,
but no letters survive. Antonine.
S.41 Tr. 503 (Group marked 'Villa', probably from Trench G):
(1) Form 27 and a flake, South Gaulish. Flavian.
(ii) Form 18/31-31 (2), Central Gaulish. Hadrianic or early-
Antonine.
(iii) Form 33, Central Gaulish. Antonine.
S.42 Tr. 530 (unstratified):
(!) Forms 18 and 36, South Gaulish. Flavian.
(ii) Cup footring, Central Gaulish. Antonine.
Samian from the 1900-1901 excavations
S.43 !.M. 1934. 191.1. Form 37, South Gaulish, in the style of
Mercatorr i. All the details, with the exception of the hare to right
(0.2048), occur on his stamped bowls. The trilobed motif in the
wreath and in one of the panels (Knorr 1919, Taf.57, 12) is on a
bowl from Vindonissa, together with the dog (ibid. G). The Nile
geese (Hermet 1934, pi. 28, 68) are on a bowl from London
(British Museum). The hare to left (0.2100) is on another bowl
from London (formerly Guildhall Museum). The main with
tunic (Hermet 1934, pi. 20, 133) and the grass tuft (with
Mercator normally used in partial impression, as here) are on a
bowl from Silchester (May 1916, pi. xxv, 7). c. AD 80-110.
S.44 !.M. 1934.191. Form 37, South Gaulish, curiously worn on the
rim, and burnt. The blurred ovolo seems to have a four-pronged
tongue. A zone of chevrons (as on a bowl in the Pompeii Hoard;
Atkinson 1914, no. 52) separates the ovolo from a medallion with
a plain inner and cogged outer border, with a bottle-shaped bud
on one side. Though there are no exact parallels apart from the
chevrons, the general style of decoration"is reminiscent of some of
the material in the Pompeii Hoard (ibid. nos 55, 67). c. AD 75-90.
S.45 !.M. 1934.191.3. Form 37, South Gaulish. The ovolo, with
narrow core and four-tongued prong, has not been recorded on
stamped bowls, but occurs on two examples from Camelon. The
figure-types are: dog (0.1914B?), stag (0.1738), birds to left
(0.2267?) and right (no close parallel), satyr (0.609), a figure to
right, in a long robe, and a dolphin (0.2399). The leaf in the plant
was used by several potters who made both forms 29 and 37. The
basal wreath occurs on form 29 stamped by Iucundus ii, from
Holwell, Dorset (with the same stag) and London ·(formerly
London Museum). It is made up of partial impressions of a four-
 bladed plant used in the Flavian and Trajanic periods (Knorr
1919, Taf. 29, 12, under Crucuro). It also appears (with the
plant) on a bowl from Newstead. The laying-out of the design is
irregular, and the full scheme of decoration is not obvious. c. AD
75-95.
List of potters' stamps from Burgh
1. (TR. 322) Avitus ii, Die la, form 27, AVIT[VS·F·VJ. Les ·
Martres-de-Veyre'. c. AD 100-120.
2. (TR. 320) Divicatus, Die 3a, form 31R, DIV~<;:ATS. Lezoux."
Not before c. AD 150-180. b popularity of sand-tempering from the fifth century
3. (TR. 20) Divixtus i, Die lOa, form 33 [D]IVIXTI. Lezoux. c.
AD 150-180.
4. (TR. 313) Marcellinus ii, Die 2a, form 38, [MAR,CE]LLU1H
Lezoux. a c. AD 160-200.
5. (TR. 12) Martinus iii, Die 2a, form 33, [M;).RTINI. Lezoux. a c.
AD 160-190.
6. (TR. 44) Masc(u)lus ii, Die 4a, form 15/17 or 18, [O]FMASCVLI.
La Graufesenque. b c. AD 80-110.
7. (TR. 8) Memor, Die 4a, form 24, MEMO. La Graufesenque. b c.
AD 60-70.
8. (TR. 13) Modestus i, Die 6b, form 24, OFMOD[E]. La
Graufesenque. b c. AD 45-60. '-" ~
9. (TR. 3/4/22 (a)~ Murranus, Die Sa, form 29 [OF.MYRRAN. La
Graufesenque. c. AD 50-65.
10. (TR. 319) Muxtullus, Die la, form 31, ·MVXTVLLI· M.
Lezoux. b c. AD 150-170.
11. (TR. 318) Pinna, Die 2a, form 33, PINNAFE. Lezoux. cc. AD
140-170.
12. (TR. 323) Reditus, Die 3a, form 31, [RED]ITI·M. Lezoux. cc.
AD 135-155.
13. (TR. 14) Silvinus i, Die 11a, form33a,2ILVH11M.La Graufes-
enque b c. AD 60-80.
14. (TR. 321) Q.V- C-, Die le, form 27, Q. V[C]. Montans. cc. AD
110-145.
15. (TR. 5) (ii)) Virio--, Die la, form 18, O"'IVIRIO. La Graufes-
enque. c Early Flavian.
16. (TR. 185)YSF on form 32 etc. East Gaulish, probably Trier ware.
Late second or early third century.
In addition the following stamps are recorded in the
original report of the 1900-1901 excavations.
17.®CRVCVR. Crucuro i, Die la-La Graufesenque b c. AD 90-110.
18. MIIW, this is probably illiterate, but not immediately
recognisable. Undateable.
19. COSRVF. Cosius Rufinus. La Graufesenque. c. AD 75-100.
20. PBVRRIO, this is probably a broken stamp ofReburrus ii, and, if
so, should be dated c. AD 140-170 (Lezoux).
The superscripts a, b, c in the stamp list indicate:
a A stamp attested at the pottery in question.
b Not attested at the pottery in question, but other
stamps of the same potter known there.
c Assigned to the pottery on the evidence of fabric,
distribution, etc.
Other pottery
by E.A.Martin, with petrological notes by D.F.Williams
and additional notes by K.Greene, D.P.S.Peacock and
V.Rigby
Introduction
The pottery from Burgh covers a period from the late
Iron Age to the end of the Roman era (first century BC
to the fourth century AD), with a few later pieces.
The earliest pottery is hand-made and occurs in three
main fabrics: flint tempered (Fabric I), sand-tempered
(Fabric II) and shell-tempered (Fabric Ill) (for a detailed
description of the fabrics see p. 43ff). The first is
represented by a few abraded and probably residual
sherds and this very likely represents the earliest pottery
at Burgh. Flint- tempering occurs extensively amongst
34
the early Iron Age material from West Harling in
Norfolk (Clark and Fell 1953) and from Barham and
Barnham in Suffolk (unpublished). The date range for
this flint-tempered pottery seems to range from about
ninth century BC (radiocarbon date of 690 ± 70 be from
Barham, where presumably it would be more accurately
termed Late Bronze Age) down to perhaps the first
century BC, though it is difficult to fix a lower limit as
the use of flint-tempering diminishes with the increasing
onwards; the size of the angular flint fragments also
seems to diminish as time progresses.
The third group, shell tempered, is similarly small
and probably represents imports to the site from other
areas of eastern England; Thompson ( 1982, 7-17) has
recorded small amounts of shell-tempered pottery in
much of late Iron Age eastern England, with perhaps a
concentration in the Bletchley-Northampton area.
Sand-tempered pottery comprises by far the largest
of the hand-made fabric groups; petrological analysis of
this fabric suggests that most of it could have been made
at or near Burgh. The commonest forms are simple
bowls, usually undecorated or decorated simply with
scored lines or finger-tip impressions. There is, however,
a small group of decorated bowls: the most distinctive of
these (Nos 32, 33 and 158 are decorated with multiple
chevron designs and are all in very similar fabrics; the
closest parallels for these appear to come from Kent, eg.
Borough Green and Linton (Thompson 1982, 633 and
766). It is worth noting, however, that very similarly
decorated vessels are also recorded from Fengate in
Cambridgeshire, but dated to the fifth to third century
BC (Cunliffe 1978, 42 and 364). Vessels decorated with
stamps and square-toothed- rouletting are only
represented by one bowl (No. 174) and two body sherds
(Nos 377 and 378). Large storage vessels in coarse fabrics
with distinctive finger-tip impressions on the top of the
rim are also part of the hand-made assemblage; despite
their primitive appearance they seem to date from the
late first century BC/early first century AD.
With the possible exception of the flint-tempered
sherds there seems to be no reasons to believe that any of
the hand-made material is earlier than the first century
BC and stratigraphic evidence from Feature 0004 shows
that although the hand-made wares begin earlier than the
wheel-made ones, they do continue alongside some of the
latter, indicating a survival of the hand-made tradition
well into the first half of the first century AD. Altogether
the hand-made wares comprise the largest group of
pottery form the 1975 excavations.
The wheel-made pottery from Burgh also falls into
three main groups: the grog-tempered fabrics (Fabric IV
and V), the local sand-tempered fabrics (principally
Fabric VI) and the material imported from outside
Suffolk. The first group can be equated with that pottery
which is commonly styled 'Belgic'; whether or not this
pottery was actually produced by the late Iron Age
people known as the Belgae, the term itself is, by now,
sufficiently well established to stand by itself as denoting
a particular type of pottery (for a recent review of the
term 'Belgic' see Thompson 1982, 1-5). The 'Belgic'
pottery is characteristically well-made and displays
considerable artistic awareness; from the aesthetic point
of view Beaker and 'Belgic' pottery are the twin peaks of
pottery production in prehistoric. Britain. Widespread
use was made of burnishing; often in contrasting
 PHASE 4 3/4 3 2/3 2 1

CONTEXT
c'
~"' c~
cc
-;"-j_cc';~
cc c'<' c
,, "'I c b c ~I
cc cc
c ';I 1ql 'I 1'
,,
c
,,1 ,,
c
,'l-
c
'"'
c
1
,~
c
').c j_ ').'0
c' c'
POTTERY GROUPS A . . . . .
• . . • . .
-
B
• . • • . • .
-
. . . . .

•
c
-
. . . .
-
D

E . . . • . . • . .
KEY -
. l-250gm
F . . . . •
-
• 250-500gm G . .
•
-
• 500-750 gm H
• • . . .
• 750gm-lkg
-
I . • . . .
•e l.O-l.25kg

l.25-1.5kg
-
-
-
J

K .
. . .
. . .
L . . .
-
• l.5-l.75kg
M . • • • .
-
Q . . .
-
R . • .
-
s .
-
u . . . .
.
-----,-
w
-
X . .
-
y . .
-
z . .
-
AA . .
-
TN .
-
TR • . .
-
TR3 .
-
SAM . . . .
Table 2 Pottery groups in Feature 0004.

burnished and unburnished zones, horizontal cordons
and a subtle mixture of angular and rounded shapes (cf.
form groups H, M and R). Most of the forms can be
paralleled at Camulodunum (Colchester), some twenty-
five miles to the south-west of Burgh, and it is likely that
a substantial proportion of the 'Belgic' pottery was
actually made at Colchester. There are, however, a few
pieces which show closer links with Hertfordshire than
Essex, eg. Nos 215 and 216. The date range for most of
the 'Belgic' pottery is c. AD 25-50 (though later examples
do exist in more Romanised fabrics) and it occurs
alongside hand-made wares.
Occurring alongside, but with the main weight
slightly earlier than the true 'Belgic' wares is a group of
pottery that I have classified as 'hand-made or partly
hand-made'; these exhibit regular and irregular

35
 PHASE 4 3/4 3 2/3 2 1

CONTEXT
c'
b-. . .,.. I
cbo
cc cc cc
.,bo
c'
,,
c
,, "'I c b c~
cc cc Ic,," Ic,,~ Ic'' Ic,..'1c,..~ Ic. ._bo'
q
,.c
c'
I.
c'
'b

POTTERY FABRICS I .
- . • • • • . • . . . . .
- •.
I la
• • •
-
-
lib

lie .
. . . • .
.
. . . • .
. . . . .
.
•
.
I Id . . . . .
. . . .
KEY -
. Ill

• . • • . . .
• • . . .
1-500gm -
• 500gm-lkg IV a

•
-
-. . • . . . . .

•
l.O-l.5kg IVb

• l.5-2.0kg
-
V . . • • . . . . . .
•e 2.0-2.5 kg

2.5-3.0 kg
-
-
VI

VII a
. . • . . . .
. .
-
Vllb .
• 3.0-3.5kg - . .
VIle
-
V Ilia .
-
Vlllb .
-
IX a .
-
IXb .
-
Xa . .
-
Xlb .
-
XII a . . .
-
Xllb . • .
-
-
XI Id .
XIII .
-
-
XV . .
XVI . .
-
GB . . . .
- . . . .
SAM

Table 3 Pottery fabrics in Feature 0004.

characteristics and it is often difficult to decide on the
exact method of manufacture. There are two main forms:
jars with rippled or corrugated shoulders and large
bucket-shaped vessels (form groups E and F). These
occur in both the sand-tempered fabric associated mainly
with the hand- made wares and in the grog-tempered
fabric associated. with the 'Belgic' wares, though the
vessels are usually coarser than the latter and the fabric
often contains larger grog fragments. It is tempting to see
these vessels as local responses to the innovatory 'Belgic'
pottery forms, though they do occur quite widely in the
area of 'Belgic' pottery (cf Thompson 1982, 118). The
date range would seem to be AD 1-25 with some survival
into the period AD 25-50.
The majority of the wheel-made sand-tempered
pottery could be succinctly termed 'Roman grey wares'

36
and probably date from after AD 50. Burgh was probably 1. (Context 011110117). Fabric lib. Burnishing on lower part of
supplied by several pottery producing areas in East exterior. Phase 213.
Anglia, however the local clays are not sufficiently
distinctive to allow the pottery to be matched with B. Plain bowls. Cf. Thompson 1982, forms Cl-C3. Decoration on
these is limited to rough scoring or finger-tip impressions on
known production centres; the only one that can be the rim. There appear to be two main size groupings; those
identified with any certainty is Wattisfield in north with rim diameters of 12-14cm and those with diameters of
Suffolk (see Fabric VII). Much of these grey wares is not 18-20cm. Occur in fabrics Ila (2.91 kg), lib (890 gm), lid (520
closely dateable, but they range from the later first gm), III ( 120 gm), total: 4.44 kg.
2. (Context 0111). Fabric Ila. Phase 3.
century copies of 'Belgic' forms to the flanged bowls 3. (Context 0113). Fabric Ila. Phase 2.
(Nos 131, 132 and 309) of the late third/fourth century. 4. (Context 0117/0119/0121). Fabric III. This seems to have been
The imported wares can be divided into two groups: a long-lived Iron Age form. Occurs at Little Waltham (Drury
Continental and British. The former have been partially 1978, form 4). Phase 2.
dealt with in the reports on the Gallo-Belgic and samian 5. (Context 0032). Fabric lib. Phase 3.
6. (Context 0111). Fabric Ila. Phase 3.
wares, however, they are not the only Continental 7. (Context 0117). Fabric Ila. Wiped exterior surface. Phase 2.
imports. The earliest imports appear to be fragments of 8. (Context 0032). Fabric Ila. Burnished upper body. Similar to
at least two Dressel 1 amphorae which were found in the Drury 1978, form 11. Phase 3.
1975 excavations. 9. (Context 0113). Fabric Ill. Similar to Drury 1978, form 13.
Phase 2.
These amphorae come from the Caecuban and 10. (Context 0142). Fabric Ila. Phases 2-3.
Falernian wine producing areas (near Terracina and 11. (Context 0112). Fabric Ila. Sooted interior, smoothed exterior.
Capua, respectively) of southern Italy (Peacock 1971) Large circular flakes have been detached from exterior surface
and presumably came to Burgh filled with wine. Another (?during firing) and it is possible that overfiring has caused the
group of Continental imports are normally associated rim to sag outwards. Similar to Drury 1978, form 14. Phase 2.
12. (Context 003410017). Fabric lid. Sooted interior, wiped
with Roman military sites of the Conquest period and exterior. Phase 2/3.
include Lyon Ware (Nos 257 arid 269), white ware 13. (Context 0113). Fabric Ila. Slight burnishing on the neck. Phase
handled bowls (Nos 292-3), Hofheim-type flagons (Nos 2.
189-91) and distinctive large storage vessels (Nos 350-1 ). 14. (Context 0121). Fabric Ila. Phase 2.
15. (Context 0034). Fabric lib. Scored exterior, finger tip
Later imports are bag- shaped beakers from Gaul (Nos impressions on the rim. Similar to Drury 1978 form 15B. Phase
259-60), 'Rhenish Ware' folded beakers probably from 3.
Trier (No. 262), and amphorae (Nos 356-8). The latest 16. (Context 0113). Fabric lib. Similar to Camulodunum form
imports, though there is some doubt as to their Burgh 255A. Phase 2.
provence, are two sherds of Late Roman pottery from the 17. (Context 0032). Fabric lid. See No. 16. Phase 3.
18. (Context 0120). Fabric lib. Slight burnishing on the upper
eastern Mediterranean (Nos 374-5). body, sooted interior. Phase 1.
The largest group of British imports come, as might 19. (Context 0119). Fabric Ila. Phase 2.
be expected, from Colchester, In addition to the 'Belgic' 20. (Context 0117). Fabric Ila. Burnished exterior and inside lip.
forms referred to above, Colchester seems to have Phase 2.
21. (Context 0117/0121/0142). Fabric Ila. Wiped exterior. Phase 2.
supplied various imitations of Gallo-Belgic imports 22. (Context 0117). Fabric Ila. Slight burnishing on the neck, lime
(bowls, cups, platters etc.), imitations of Lyon Ware (No. deposit on the exterior. Phase 2.
258), colour-coated wares (Nos 107 and 261), flagons 23. (Context 0142). Fabric lib. Partially sooted interior. Similar to
(Nos 181-8, 192) and mortaria (Nos 310-17 and 324-6). Drury 1978 form 13. Phases 2-3.
From the second and fourth centuries imports include 24. (Context 0112). Fabric Ila. Phase 2.
25. (Context 0121: another sherd, probably from the same vessel, in
Black-burnished Ware from Dorset (No. 217), colour- 0034). Fabric lib. Phase 2.
coated beakers (No. 108), bowls (No. 122), and mortaria 26. (Context 0121). Fabric Ila. Phase 2.
(Nos 136 and 328-9) from the Nen~ Valley; and bowls 27. (Context 0121). Fabric lib. Similar to Drury 1978 form 4. Phase
(No. 133) and mortaria (Nos 327 and 385) from 2.
28. (Context 012110142). Fabric lid. Wiped surface. See No. 27.
Oxfordshire. Phase 2.
29. (Context 0113). Fabric lib. Phase 2.
Other pottery, 1975 excavations 30. (Context 0034). Fabric Ila. Internal seating for a lid, cf.
(Figs 19-23) Thompson 1982, form C5-l. Phase 3.
The excavation produced some 35 kg of pottery 31. (Context 0119). Fabric Ila. Phase 2.
(including Gallo-Belgic and samian wares), most of it
coming from the large deep feature, 0004 (33.8 kg) and C. Decorated bowls. Occur in fabrics Ila (310 gm) and lie ( 150 gm),
total: 460 gm.
the remainder ( 1. 5 kg) from the rest of the site. 32. (Context 011110119/0121/0142). Fabric Ila. Exterior burnished,
The pottery was divided into twenty-eight form burnished line decoration. Interior eroded and flaking. Phase
groups (excluding the Gallo-Belgic and samian wares) by 213.
manual sorting and was also divided into twenty-two 33. (Context 0117). Fabric lie. Exterior burnished, burnished line
decoration. Interior flaking. Phase 2.
fabric groups on the basis of macroscopic observations
34. (Context 0117). Fabric Ila. Lightly impressed line decoration.
(see p. 43//). Phase 2.
The pottery from Feature 0004 was divided on 35. (Context 0112). Fabric Ila. Lightly impressed line decoration.
stratigraphic grounds into four phases: Phase 2.
Phase 1: 25 BC-1 BC
D. Large vessels. Occur in fabrics Ila (10 gm), lib (2.65 kg), total:
Phase 2: AD l-AD 25 2.66 kg.
Phase 3: AD 25-AD 50 36. (Context 0117/0119). Fabric lib. Finger-tip decoration on top of
Phase 4: later first-second century the rim. Phase 2.
37. (Context 0121). Fabric lib. Finger nail/tip decoration on top of
Iron Age hand-made wares the rim. Phase 2.
A. Small bowls or cups. Occur in fabrics Ila (20 gm), lib ( 130 gm), 38. (Context 0034). Fabric lib. Finger-pinch decoration on top of
total: 150 gm. the rim. Phase 3.

37
 I
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.

2 '
.
-I --''

J ~I
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.~

.
.,'
8
}
1 20
I "_-:--.. . -- ~
~
---

- .
.
.,
~-
:

.
.o -

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.,
.
~

.
.
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(
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24

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.

: .. ~ .
-
_ - . -~_
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26 • . . _- . ' ',

Figure 19 Other pottery from the 1975 excavations. Scale 1:4.

38
 • '~· 11

I' •
(~
- ·~
.· , I ) . 'I~h
I
11· ' •

28
\~
I •
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.~;r lj
\ 1 I

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41

-:r: \
)
36

Figure 20 Other pottery from the 1975 excavations. Scale 1:4.

39
 49

,. 51
50

·~ 5311-----------(
64

( 54

65

40
39. (Context 0142). Fabric lib. Finger-tip decoration on top of the 72. (Context 0034). Fabric V. Phase 3/4.
rim. Phases 2-3. 73. (Context 0119: sherd from an identical vessel in 0111). Fabric IVa.
40. (Context 01110). Fabric lib. Finger-tip decoration on top of the Phase 2.
rim, exterior roughly scored. Phase 3. 74. (Unstratified). Fabric V.
75. (Context 0032). Fabric IVa. Decorated with comb-scoring.
'Belgic' hand-made or partly hand-made wares. Phase 3/4.
These vessels exhibit regular and irregular characteristics and in many 76. (Context 0032). Fabric VI. Phase 3/4.
cases it is very difficult to decideon-thetechnique of manufacture; All 77. (Unstratified). Fabric V. Wavy line decoration.
probably date from the first half of the first century AD. 78. (Context 0009). Fabric VI.
79. (Context 0032). Fabric IVa. Possibly part of a 'Belgic'
E. Jars with rippled or corrugated shoulders. Cf Camulodunum pedestalled vessel (see also Nos 80, 81, 146, 147). Cf Partridge
form 229; Rodwelll976, type IIIc; Thompson 1982, form B2. 1981, F9 no. 67. Phase 3/4.
Occur in fabrics Ila (490 gm), lie (60 gm), IV (40 gm), V (40 . 80. (Context 0005/0119). Fabric a very fine V. Smoothed exterior
gm) and IVL (150 gm), total: 780 gm. with some lime deposit. Possibly part of a 'Belgic' pedestalled
41. (Context 0121). Fabric Ila. Burnished exterior and lip, cross- vessel (see also Nos 79, 81, 146, 147). Cf Thompson 1982,
hatched burnished line decoration on lower body. Phase 2. form F1- 1. Phase 2.
42. (Context 0034). Fabric IVb. Burnished exterior, cross-hatched 81. (Context 0142). Fabric Ila. Sooted interior. Possibly part of a
decoration on the lower body. Phase 3. 'Belgic' pedestalled vessel (see also Nos 79, 80, 146, 147).
43. (Context 0017}. Fabric lie. Burnished exterior, cross-hatched Phases 2-3.
burnished line decoration on the lower body. Phase 2.
44. (Context 0005). Fabric IVb. Burnished exterior. Phase 2.
45. (Context 0112). Fabric Ila. Burnished exterior and lip. Phase 2.
J. Jars with furrowed or rilled necks or shoulders. A first century AD
'Belgic' form. Occur in fabrics IV a (10 gm), V (90 gm), total:
46. (Context 0142). Fabric lie. Burnished exterior. Phases 2-3.
100 gm.
47. (Context 0034). Fabric Ila. Burnished. Phase 3.
82. (Context 0034). Fabric V. Phase 3/4.
48. (Context 0119). Fabric Ila. Burnished. Phase 2.
83. (Context 0032). Fabric V. Cf Thompson 1982, form B4-l.
49. (Context 0117). Fabric Ila. Roughly burnished. Phase 2.
Phase 3/4.
84. (Context 0032). Fabric V. Cf Thompson 1982, form C7-l.
F. Bucket-shaped large vessels. Cf Rodwell 1976, type la
Phase 3/4.
(especially No. 5), Thompson 1982, form C1-3. Occur in
fabrics Ila (650 gm), lib (40 gm), IVb (580 gm), total: 1.35 kg.
50. (Context 0121/0142). Fabric Ila. Exterior decorated with comb- K. Round bodied neckless jars. First century AD 'Belgic' and early
scored lines. Phase 2. Roman vessels. Occur in fabrics Ila (90 gm), lib (20 gm), IVa
51. (Context 0034). Fabric ·IVb. Exterior has comb-scored (40 gm), V (35 gm), total 185 gm.
decoration. Phase 3. 85. (Context 0032). Fabric V. Phase 314.
52. (Context 0121). Fabric lib. Phase 2. 86. (Context 0032/0117). Fabric IV a. Phase 213.
87. (Context 0142). Fabric Ila. Sooted exterior and interior. Phases
2-3.
'Belgic' and Roman wheel-made wares 88. (Context 0034). Fabric V. Phase 3/4.
G. Flagons. Only bases, necks and body sherds recovered. Occur in 89. (Context 0034}. Fabric lib. Smoothed exterior. Cf
fabric V (20 gm), VIIIb (60 gm), IXb (30 gm), Xlla (140 gm), Camulodunum form 253 and Bushe-Fox 1925, form 33f. Phase
XVI (10 gm), total: 260 gm. 3/4.
53. (Context 0032). Fabric VIIIb. Phase 3/4.
L. Other jars. Occur in fabrics IVa (110 gm), V (170 gm) and VI
H. Double cordon jars. A first century AD 'Belgic' form cf (95 gm), 'total: 375 gm.
Camulodunum form 218, Thompson 1982, forms B3-1/4 and 90. (Context 0032). Fabric IV a. Phase 3/4.
D2-1. There appear to be two main sizes, with rim diameters of 91. (Context 0090). Fabric V.
13-15cm and 18-20cm respectively. Occur in fabrics IVa (2.0 92. (Context 0116). Fabric VI.
kg), IVb (70 gm), V (560 gm), total: 2.63 kg. 93. (Context 0090). Fabric VI.
54. (Context 0111). Fabric IVa. Horizontal burnished lines on the 94. (Context 0032: similar example from 0009). Fabric VI. Phase
lower body. Phase 3. 3/4.
55. (Contqt 0111}. Fabric V. Burnished exterior. Phase 3. 95. (Context 0009). Fabric V.
56. (Context 0111). Fabric IV a. Roughly burnished exterior. Phase 96. (Unstratzfied). Fabric VI.
3. 97. (Context 0032). Fabric VI. Phase 3/4.
57. (Context 0111). Fabric IVa. Burnished lines on lower body. 98. (Contest 0032). Fabric V. Phase 3/4.
Phase 3. 99. (Context 0032). Fabric IVa. Phase 3/4.
58. (Context 0032). Fabric IVb. Roughly burnished upper body.
Phase 3/4.
59. (Context 0032/0117). Fabric IVa. Roughly burnished exterior M. Butt-beakers. A first century AD 'Belgic' form, cf Thompson
with horizontal burnished lines on the lower body. Phase 213. 1982, form G5. Occur in fabrics IVa (210 gm), V (850 gm) and
60. (Context 0111/0142). Fabric IVa. Burnished exterior, lime VIlla (5 gm), total: 876 gm.
deposit on the interior. Phase 3. 100. (Context 0032). Fabric VIlla. Body sherd with rouletted
61. (Context 0119/0142). Fabric IV a. Roughly burnished exterior. decoration from a beaker ofCamulodunum form 113 (not illus.).
Phase 2. Phase 3/4.
62. (Context 0032). Fabric IV a. Slightly sooted interior. Phase 3/4. 101. (Context 0032/0034/011110117}. Fabric IV a. Roughly burnished
63. (Context 0142}. Fabric V. Phases 2-3. exterior. Cf Camulodunum form 115. Phase 213.
64. (Context 0032.0111). Fabric IVa. Roughly burnished. Phase 3. 102. (Context 0032). Fabric V. Cf Camulodunum form 115. Phase
65. (Context 0032). Fabric V. Phase 314. 3/4.
66. (Context 0142). Fabric IV a. Roughly burnished. Phases 2-3. 103. (Context 0032/0111). Fabric V. Exterior has alterhate rough and
burnished bands. Cf Camulodunum form 115/116. Phase 314.
I. Necked jars with a single shoulder cordon or groove. This is a 104. (Context 0032/0034/011110117}. Fabric V. Roughly burnished
fairly wide group of first century AD 'Belgic' and early Roman exterior with rouletted decoration. Cf Camulodunum form
vessels. Cf Thompson 1982, forms B1-1/2/3/4. Occur in 115/116. Phase 2/3.
fabrics Ila (80 gm), V (635 gm), IVa (210 gm), VI (120 gm), 105. (Context 0034). Fabric V. Rouletted decoration. Cf
total: 1.045 kg. Camulodunum form 119. Phase 3/4.
67. (Context 0032/0034). Fabric V. Cf Camulodunum form 267. 106. (Context 0034). Fabric V. Rouletted decoration. Cf
Phase 2/3. Camulodunum form 119. Phase 3/4.
68. (Context 0034). Fabric IV a. Phase 314.
69. (Context 0032/0111). Fabric IVa. Phase 314. N. Colour-coated bag-shaped beakers. Roman. Occur in fabric
70. (Context 003210111). Fabric V. Cf Camulodunum form 267. XVIII (10 gm).
Phase 3/4. 107. (Context 0001). Fabric XVIII. Body sherd with rouletted
71. (Context 0032). Fabric V. Phase 3/4. decoration. Probably a Colchester product (not illus.).

41
 73 \ ? 851 \

I J,F\
74

' 75 =~ ) ssl \ ,~-102(

~ 76 I ( ,
~-1
89 \

?-----r=l 77

==========;:::> '
911---=< ----

-- 7
78~\ -~921 ~
103 ~-

' \ ., ----=T
i . 79=~'1 I ,
931
941 (

J 951 ( 104

) 96F= Z
80

971 (;
i
'

1 82 f I,

I 84!- - -. - a'XJ::?
Figure 22 Other pottery from the 1975 excavations. Scale 1:4.

42
0. Colour-coated indented beaker. Roman. Occur in fabric Xlb (10 (Peacock 1971). However the same fabrics were used for
gm). Dressel2-4 amphorae, the majority of which seem to date from
108. (Context 0090). Fabric 23b. Sherd with applied scale the first half of the first century AD (Peacock 1977, 167); a
decoration. Probably a Nene Valley product. (cf Howe et al. dating which would be more in tune with the age of the deposits
1981, 18-9; not illus.). Second-third century. in which the sherds were found (not illus. ). Phase 3.
143. (Context 0121). As No. 142 (not illus.). Phase 2.
P. Imitation samian cup. Roman. Occur in fabric XIV a (30 gm).
109. (Context 0009). Fabric XIV a. Imitating a samian form 33. Z. Lids. Occur in fabric IV a (20 gm) and V (20 gm), total: 40 gm.
144. (Context 0032). Fabric IV a. Phase 3/4.
Q. Other cups. First century AD 'Belgic' and early Roman vessels. 145. (Context 0034). Fabric V. Phase 3/4.
Occur in fabric lib (5 gm), V (20 gm) and IVb (I 0 gm), total: 35
gm. AA. Pedestal bases. A first century BC/AD 'Belgic' form. Cf
110. (Context 0032). Fabric V. Phase 3/4. Thompson 1982, form Al. Occur in fabrics V (310 gm) and IV a
111. (Context 0142). Fabric lib. Phase 2/3. (20 gm), total: 330 gm. See also Nos 79, 80 and 81.
112. (Context 0142). Fabric IVb. Base with the remains of a very pale 146. (Context 0119). Fabric V. Cf Camulodunum forms 202, 203.
buff slip. Phase 213. Phase 2.
147. (Context 003210111). Fabric V. Phase 3.
R. Concave-sided cups or bowls. A first century AD 'Belgic' form,
cf Camulodunum forms 211-214, and Thompson 1982, forms Post-Roman pottery
El and E2/2. There appear to be two main sizes, with rim AB Thetford-type ware. Cf D.M.Wilson 1976,314-20. Fabric XXI
diameters of 14-15cm and 18cm respectively. Occur in fabrics (180 gm).
IV a (880 gm) and V (40 gm), total: 920 gm. 148. (Context 0002). Fabric XXI.
113. (Context 0032). Fabric V. Burnished exterior, slightly sooted
exterior and interior. Phase 314.
114. (Context 0032). Fabric IVa. Roughly burnished exterior. Pottery fabrics
Possibly the top of a pedes tailed cup, cf Thompson 1982, form with petrological notes by D.F.Williams
F3-2. Phase 3/4. The pottery from the 1975 excavations was divided, on
115. (Context 0034/0142). Fabric IV a. Burnished exterior. Phase 3/4.
116. (Context 0012). Fabric IVa. Roughly burnished. the basis of macroscopic observations, into thirty-two
117. (Context 0032). Fabric IVa. Burnished exterior. Phase 3/4. fabric types. Samples of each type were then submitted
118. (Context 0034/0142). Fabric IV a. Burnished upper part, bands to the DoE Ceramic Petrology Project at Southampton
of burnishing on lower part. Phase 3/4. University for examination in thin section under the
119. (Context 0032). Fabric IV a. Phase 314.
120. (Context 0142). Fabric IV a. Burnished exterior and lip. Phases
petrological microscope; following this the number of
2-3. fabrics was reduced to twenty-two. Some sherds from
known Roman kilns site were also submitted for analysis
S. 'London Ware' bowl. Occur in fabric XIII (10 gm). to provide a basis for comparing the local wares (the
121. (Context 0032/0034). Fabric XIII. Cf Rodwelll978, nos 84, 85 results of these analyses are given at the end of this
and I 01. Phase 3/4.
section).
T. Colour-coated bowl. Roman. Occur in fabric Xlb (40 gm). I. Fabric containing angular fragments of white flint. Fairly soft
122. (Context 0032). Fabric Xlb. Body sherd. Probably a Nene to hard, and medium to coarse in texture. Reddish-brown to
Valley product (not illus. ). Phase 4. grey-brown in colour, grey to black core. Flint fragments
often exposed on the surfaces. Used for hand-made vessels.
U. Other bowls. Occur in fabrics IV a (50 gm), V (90 gm), VI (170 Petrology: Frequent grains of subangular quartz, average size
gm) and XVII (20 gm), total: 330 gm. 0.10-0.20 mm, with some slightly larger grains, flecks of mica
123. (Context 0009). Fabric VI. Possibly a lid. and fragments of shattered flint, up to 3 mm in size.
124. (Context 0032). Fabric VI. Phase 3/4. Forms: uncertain. Total weight: 60 gm.
125. (Context 0034). Fabric V. Possibly a lid. Phase 314.
126. (Context 000610142). Fabric IVa. Burnished exterior. Possibly a lla. Fabric containing grains of sand and occasional chalk flecks,
lid. cf Partridge 1981, F60 no. 12. Phase 2. over 50o/o of which are under I mm in size. Fairly hard to
127. (Context 0009). Fabric VI. Roman. hard, and fine to medium in texture. Colour range is from
128. (Context 0001). Fabric V. Cross-hatched burnished line black to reddish-brown and buff, with grey-brown being the
decoration. Roman. most common; more than one colour can, however, appear on
129. (Context 0009). Fabric VI. Roman. the same pot. Mainly used for hand-made wears.
130. (Unstratified). Fabric VI. Roman. Petrology: Frequent subangular quartz grains ranging up to
131. (Context 0009). Fabric VI. Flanged bowl. Roman. 2.30 across, but with an average size of 1.10-0.40mm,
132. (Context 0009). Fabric V. Flanged bowl. Roman. together with flecks of mica, a little flint, iron ore and
133. (Context 0084). Fabric XVII. Fragment of a flanged bowl, occasional limestone.
possibly ah Oxfordshire product. (not illus.). Roman. Forms: Group A (20 gm), Group B (1.635 kg), Group C (310
gm), Group D (10 gm), Group E (490 gm), Group F (650
V. Mortaria. Roman. Occur in fabric VI (30 gm), Xa (40 gm), Xb gm), Group I (80 gm), Group K (90 gm), Group Q (5 gm).
(40 gm) and Xla (20 gm), total: 130 gm. Total weight (including sherds not assigned to form groups):
134. (Context 0033). Fabric Xb. 9.84 kg.
135. (Context 0009). Fabric Xa. lib. As Fabric Ila, but with over 50o/o of the sand grains over 1 mm
136. (Context 0001). Fabric Xla. in size, also larger chalk fragments, the resulting texture is
medium to coarse.
W. Platters. Roman. Occur in fabrics V (110 gm), VI (20 gm) and Petrology: Frequent ill-sorted subangular quartz grains
Vlla (30 gm), total: 160 gm. ranging up to 3 mm in size, flecks of mica, limestone and
137. (Unstrattfied). Fabric V. Cf Camulodunum form 27. small amounts of what appear to be reddish-brown grains of
138. (Context 0032). Fabric V. Cf Camulodunum form 27. Phase 3/4. limonite (altered glauconite), though identification is
139. (Context 0116). Fabric V. difficult due to their condition.
140. (Context 0032). Fabric Vlla. Phase 3/4. Forms: Group A (130 gm), Group B (890 gm), Group D (2.65
kg), Group F (40 gm), Group K (20 gm). Total weight: 6.0 kg.
X. Large storage vessels. Roman. Occur in fabric IVa (110 gm).
141. (Context 0032). Fabric IV a. Phase 314. lie. Very similar to Fabric Ila, but also containing carbonised
organic matter.
Y. Dressel amphorae. (Identified by Dr D.P.S.Peacock, Petrology: A scatter of subangular quartz grains, average size
Department of Archaeology, University of Southampton). 0.2mm and under, flecks of mica, iron ore and some
Occur in fabric XV. elongated vesicules suggesting that vegetable material
142. (Context 0111). Body ·sherd of Dressel Form I, c. 50-10 BC (?grass/chaff) had burnt out during firing.

43
I 1111
119
c.~

'-~ / 1 I
120
I -~=) T
~

138 [-- 57

'.I_ . 14~\
145\

)
1311 ?
117

1321
)

lj=~ 1341 <z I~

~ 1461 \~
\' )
L
/

) ~ -~
~
1471
141 f - - - - 1- - - - - - - , . - - -

(-~
Figure 23 Other pottery from the 1975 excavations. Scale 1:4.

44
 Forms: Group C (150 gm}, Group E (60 gm). Total weight:
440 gm.
lid. Similar to Fabric IIa, but also containing coarse particles of
grog (crushed pottery).
Petrology: Similar to Fabric !la, but also containing some
argillaceous material.
Forms: Group B (520 gm). Total weight: 610 gm.
Ill. Fabric containing abundant shell fragments. Fairly hard and
medium in texture. Colour ranges from grey-brown to buff,
sometimes with a slight purplish tinge. The shell fragments
are sometimes eroded away, giving the surface a vesicular
appearance. Used for hand-made vessels.
Petrology: Frequent inclusions of shell with a little quartz.
Forms: Group B (120 gm). Total weight: 185 gm.
IVa. Fabric containing abundant finely crushed grog particles and
some sand. Fairly soft to hard, often having a 'soapy' feel.
Usually fine in texture. Colour ranges from black to buff,
with dark grey being most common. The core is often grey
with reddish-brown edges. Mainly used for wheel-made
vessels.
Petrology: Frequent subangular grains of quartz, average size
0.30mm and under, flecks of mica and argillaceous materi~l.
Forms: Group E (40 gm}, Group H (2.0 kg), Group I (210
gm), Group J (10 gm), Group K (40 gm), Group L (110 gm},
Group M (210 gm}, Group R (880 gm), Group U (50 gm},
Group X (110 gm), Group Z (20 gm}, Group AA (20 gm).
Total weight: 7.41 kg.
IVb. As Fabric IVa but containing larger particles and occasional
chalk flecks.
Petrology: A slightly coarser version of Fabric IV a but with
some limestone.
Forms: Group E (150 gm), Group F (580 gm}, Group H (70
gm}, Group Q (10 gm). Total weight: 2.115 kg.
V. Fabric containing fine grains of sand and finely crushed grog,
with occasional flecks of chalk. Fairly hard to hard, and fine
to medium in texture. Colour range is from black to reddish-
brown, with dark grey being most common. Used for wheel
made vessels.
Petrology: Frequent subangular quartz grains, average size
0.30 mm and under, flecks of mica and argillaceous material,
occasional inclusion of limestone.
Forms: Group E (40 ·gm), Group G (20 gm}, Group H (560
gm), Group I (635 gm), Group J (90 gm}, Group K (35 gm),
Group L (170 gm}, Group M (850 gm), Group Q (20 gm},
Group R (40 gm}, Group U (90 gm), Group W (110 gm),
Group Z (20 gm), Group AA (310 gm). Total weight: 7.795
kg.
VI. Hard, fine-grained grey fabric containing fine sand. Used for
wheel-made vessels.
Petrology: A groundmass of subangular quartz grains
O.!Omm and under in size, with a scatter oflarger grains up
to 0.50 across, flecks of mica and a little flint.
Forms: Group I (120 gm), Group L (95 gm), Group U (170
gm), Group V (30 gm}, Group W (20 gm). Total weight: 3.95
kg.
Vlla. Highly micaceous grey-brown or grey fabric, containing fine
sand. Soft to hard and fine texture. Probably a product of the
Wattisfield kilns in north Suffolk (cf Maynard et al. 1935}.
Used for wheel-made vessels.
Petrology: Frequent subangular grains of quartz, average size
0.10-0.400 mm, and plentiful longish flakes of mica. This
fabric compares favourably in texture with a sample of
pottery from Wattisfield Kiln 7 (Ipswich Museum 1935.22).
Forms: Group W (30 gm). Total weight:· 205 gm.
Vllb. Very fine-grained micaceous fabric, containing some sand
and red inclusions. Grey exterior with a grey-red core. Soft.
Probably a Wattisfield product.
Petrology: Frequent subangular grains of quartz, average size
O.lOmm and under, but with a few slightly larger grains, and
flecks of mica.
Forms: uncertain. Total weight: 20 gm.
VIle. Fine-grained micaceous fabric with small chalk flecks.
45
Brownish-red exterior with a red core. Fairly soft.1'robably a
Wattisfield product.
Petrology: Similarities in fabric with Vlla, but with the
addition of limestone.
Forms: uncertain. Total weight: 10 gm.
VIlla. Off-white hard fine ware with a cream coloured core,
containing very fme sand and occasional very small red
inclusions.
Petrology: Frequent subangular grains of quartz, average size
0.20 mm and under, flecks of mica and some iron ore.
Forms: Group M (5 gm). Total weight: 5 gm.
Vlllb. Similar to VIlla but with more red inclusions, g1vmg a
pinkish blush to the surface, and not quite as fine.
Petrology: Fairly similar to Fabric VIlla.
Forms: Group G (60 gm). Total weight: 70 gm.
IXa. Greenish-white fairly soft ware, containing sand and off-
white inclusions.
Petrology: Scattered quartz grains, average size
0.50-0.30mm, flecks of mica, iron ore and limestone.
Forms: uncertain. Total weight: 20 gm.
IX b. Dense soft off-white ware with occasional sand grains and
black or grey inclusions (sometimes leached into larger spots}.
Petrology: Fairly similar to IXa.
Forms: Group G (30 gm). Total weight: 50 gm.
Xa. Pale buff fine ware, with sand and red and white inclusions.
Fairly hard.
Petrology: Frequent subangular grains of quartz, average size
0.05-0.30 mm, but with some reaching 0. 70mm across, flecks
of mica and limestone.
Forms: Group V (40 gm). Total weight: lOO gm.
Xb. As Xa, but softer and coarser, with more sand and grog.
Petrology: Fairly similar to Xa but slightly coarser and with
some small argillaceous material.
Forms: Group V (40 gm). Total weight: 40 gm.
XIa. White hard fine fabric with red inclusions. Probably a Nene
Valley product (cf Howe et al. 1981).
Petrology: Numerous subangular quartz grains, average size
0.30 mm and under, with a few slightly larger grains, flecks of
mica and some iron ore.
Forms: Group V (20 gm). Total weight: 60 gm.
XIb. As IXa but with a black or brown colour-coat. Probably a
Nene Valley product.
Petrology: Similar to XIa.
Forms: Group 0 (10 gm), Group T (40 gm). Total weight: 50
gm.
Xlla. Salmon-pink soft fine ware, with a yellow exterior. Contains
small red and white inclusions and some sand grains.
Petrology: Scatter of quartz grains, average size O.lOmm and
under, but with some slightly larger grains, flecks of mica,
limestone and some iron ore.
Forms: Group G (140 gm). Total weight: 255 gm.
XIIb. As XIIa but without the yellow exterior and inclined to be
slightly harder.
Petrology: Fairly similar to' XIIa.
Forms: uncertain. Total weight: 10 gm.
Xllc. Brownish-pink fine micaceous ware with quite large white
inclusions and numerous red inclusions.
Petrology: Frequent subangular quartz grains, average size
O.lOmm and under, flecks of mica, some limestone and
argillaceous material.
Forms: uncertain. Total weight: 5 gm.
Xlld. Pale pink soft fine ware, with red and pale yellow inclusions
and some sand.
Petrology: Frequent subangular quartz grains, average size
0.30mm and under, but with some slightly larger grains,
flecks of mica and a little limestone.
Forms: uncertain. Total weight: 5 gm.
XIII. 'London Ware'. Fine fairly soft ware containing fine sand and
small chalk flecks. Brown-grey surfaces, grey core with very
pale buff edges.
Petrology: Frequent subangular grains of quartz, average size
•O.lOmm and under, but with a few slightly larger grains,
flecks of mica and some limestone. This sherd differs in
composition to samples of 'London Ware' previously
examined from Southwark (Williams 1978b).
Forms: Group S (10 gm). Total weight: 10 gm.
XIVa. Imitation samian. Soft ware with pinkish-red surfaces,
yellow-buff core, containing fine red grog, chalk flecks and
occasional sand grains.
Petrology: Fairly fine clay matrix containing subangular
quartz grains 0.10 mm and under in size, flecks of mica and
a little argillaceous material.
Forms: Group P (30 gm). Total weight: 30 gm.
XIVb. Imitation samian (?). Fine red ware with small chalk flecks
and very fine sand, slightly micaceous. Orangey red matter
slip.
Petrology: Frequent subangular grains of quartz, average size
O.lOmm and below, but with some slightly larger grains, and
flecks of mica.
Forms: uncertain. Total weight: 5 gm.
XV. Dressell amphorae (cf. Peacock 1971).
Forms: Group Y (2 sherds). Total weight: 2 sherds.
XVI. Orangey red ware, soft to hard, and medium to fine in
texture. Containing sand and grog.
Petrology: A groundmass of subangular quartz grains
0.15 mm and under in size, with a scatter of larger grains up
to 0. 70 mm across, flecks of mica and some argillaceous
material.
Forms: Group G (10 gm). Total weight: 80 gm.
XVII. Red micaceous fabric, containing sand and red inclusions.
Fairly soft, medium to fine in texture, sandy appearance.
Possibly an Oxfordshire product (cf. Young 1977).
Petrology: Frequent subangular quartz grains, average size
0.30mm and under, flecks of mica and some iron ore.
Forms: Group U (20 gm). Total weight: 30 gm.
XVIII. Fairly hard red fabric containing fine sand, with a matt black
colour-coat. Probably a Colchester product (cf. Hull 1963).
Forms: Group N (10 gm). Total weight: 10 gm.
XIX. Hard colour-coated ware with a grey core, thin reddish outer
edge, covered with a slightly glossy black colour-coat.
Forms: uncertain. Total weight: 5 gm.
XX. Soft orange fabric with small white and red inclusions,
exterior has a black-colour coat with a brown and white slip-
painted design, the interior has an eroded red colour-coat.
Petrology: Frequent subangular quartz grains, average size
O.lSmm and under, and flecks of mica.
Forms: uncertain. Total weight: 5 gm.
XXI. Thetford-type Ware (cf. Wilson 1976, 314-20). Slightly
micaceous fabric containing sand and small red inclusions,
fairly hard and medium in texture. Black exterior with a
reddish-grey core.
Forms: Group AB (180 gm). Total weight: 180 gm.
XXII. Post-medieval glazed wares.
Total weight: 50 gm.
Comparative material from some Suffolk kilns:
1. Hacheston (HCH 001): first-second century kiln found by
M.J.Campen in 1973 within a large Roman settlement site.
Petrology: A groundmass of subangular quartz grains, average size
below O.lOmm, with a scatter of larger grains up to 0.70 across,
flecks of mica and some iron ore.
2. Martlesham (MRM 007): Neronian kiln found in 1952 exposed in a
military slit trench (Ipswich Museum 1952).
Petrology: Frequent subangular grains of quartz ranging up to
0.60mm in size, flecks of mica and some iron ore.
46
3. Stowmarket (SKT 008): Neronian-Flavian kiln discovered in a
building foundation trench in 1978 (Plouviez forthcoming).
Petrology, Sample A: Frequent subangular grains of quartz, average
size 0.05-0.40mm, and flecks of mica. Sample B: A scatter of
subangular quartz grains 0.20mm and under in size, flecks of mica
and limestone.
4. Wattisfield (WSF 003): Kiln 7 on Foxledge Common, one of a large
number of kilns in production from the late first century to the
fourth century. Excavated in 1935 (Maynard et al. 1935; Ipswich
Museum 1935.22).
Petrology: Frequent subangular grains of quartz, average size
0.10-0.40 mm, and plentiful longish flakes of mica.
5. West Stow (WSW 002): Several kilns in production c. AD 80-100 on
West Stow Heath (West 1952).
Petrology: Fairly fine-grained fabric with a scatter of subangular
quartz grains, average size 0.15mm and under, but with a few
slightly larger grains, flecks of mica and some iron ore.
General petrological comments on the Burgh pottery fabrics
Burgh is situated in an area of Red Crag with pockets of
London Clay and extensive deposits of Boulder Clay
(Boswelll927). The majority of the coarse and fine wares
from the site contain a fairly common range of non-
plastic inclusions: notably quartz, mica, flint, limestone
and some argillaceous material. Given the local geology
of Burgh and the general ubiquity in Roman pottery of
such inclusions, it is difficult at this stage to offer
comment as to whether the majority of these sherds are
likely to have been made fairly locally or some distance
away. There are some exceptions, however. Fabric VIIa
is sufficiently similar to a sherd from Wattisfield Kiln 7
to suspect an origin there. If limonite has been correctly
identified in Fabrics lib and lid, it may point to an origin
in the Than et Beds of the region, of which the nearest
deposits to Burgh are some six to seven miles to the
south-west (Boswell 1927).
Other pottery, 1947-1957 excavations
(Figs 24-34)
The pottery now surviving from these excavations is
known to be biased towards the .finer and decorated
wares, much of the coarser material was discarded at the
time of excavation. In view of the incomplete nature of
this sample no attempt was made to divide the pottery
into fabric groups.
The entries for each item in the list below begin with
the item's Treherne Collection catalogue number and
context (when known), followed by a condensed
description of its colour (divided into exterior, interior
and core where necessary), hardness, texture, inclusions,
and surface treatment or other notable qualities.
Where possible the pottery has been phased
according to the sequence established for the pottery
from the 1975 excavation (seep. 37).
Iron Age Hand Made Wares
Plain Bowls
cf. Thompson 1982 forms Cl-C3.
149. Tr. 576 (pit in Trench M). Grey-brown, black core; hard;
medium; sand. Phase 1-2.
150. Tr. 482 (probably from the pit in Trench M). Dark brown-black;
hard; medium; sand; smoothed exterior and inner lip. Phase
1-2.
151. Tr. 437 (probably from the pit in Trench M). Dark brown, dark
grey core; hard; medium; sand. Phase 1-2.
152. Tr. 436 (pit in Trench M). Brown, black core with reddish-
brown outer edge; hard; medium; sand. Phase 1-2.
l J" ~
I 151

I
( 153

- - --!' ~

~- .
,. Q··

160

155

~"\.
__
-"-.-----,.-'---_.-=----..:...-==-"""-
_..__
_.~,-:;

-----'--
) 16t=~
' . .-:~
/. . /

(
r i-. ~ .I
156 I I

~ -- ~
_,..
-·--
p."

163 /<1'~l:,

Figure 24 Other pottery from the 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:4.

47
 1
~-(
16~ \
'

177

167

168

1 ,. 1~ \
)J~
183(~
'p 184

~ 189~ _ ___,

185
CJ
172

Jl\
173
----

, 187
1

(
7
191

Figure 25 Other pottery from the 194 7-1957 excavations. Scale 1:4.

48
153. Tr. 441 (pit in Trench M). Dark brown; hard; medium; sand.
Phase 1-2.
154. Tr. 220 (probably from Trench K). Red-brown to grey-brown
exterior, grey interior, black core; hard; medium; burnt organic
matter, micaceous; smoothed exterior.
155. Tr. 439/464 (pit in Trench M). Dark grey-brown; hard; medium;
sand; roughly burnished. Phase 1-2.
156. Tr. 442 (pit in Trench M). Brown exterior, grey-brown interior,
grey core; hard; medium-coarse; sand. Phase 1-2.
Decorated bowls
157. Tr. 143 (pit in Trench M). Black; fairly hard; medium-coarse;
sand; burnished exterior with curvilinear burnished line
decoration, sooted interior. Phase 1-2.
158. Tr. 410 (pit in Trench M). Dark brown/black, dark grey core;
fairly hard; medium; sand, chalk and occasional fragments of
?grog; burnished exterior with impressed multiple chevron
decoration, fabric has a tendency to flake. Phase 1-2.
Large vessels
159. Tr. 580 (pit in Trench M). Light buff-brown exterior, brown
interior; hard; coarse; coarse sand; ornamented with vertical
lines probably made with the back of a finger nail, rim
ornamented with finger-tip impressions. Phase 1-2.
160. Tr. 416 (pit in Trench M). Brown/reddish brown, grey core;
hard; coarse; coarse sand; rim ornamented with finger-tip
impressions. Phase 1-2.
'Belgic' hand-made or partly hand-made wares.
These vessels exhibit regular and irregular characteristics and in many
cases it is very difficult to decide on the technique of manufacture. All
probably date from the first half of the first century AD.
Jars with rippled or corrugated shoulders.
Cf Camulodunum form 229, Rodwell 1976 type Illc and Thompson
1982, form B2.
161. Tr. 423 (pit in Trench M). Black; hard; medium; sand and burnt
organic matter; burnished exterior. Phase 1-2,
162. Tr. 418 (pit in Trench M). Dark grey-brown exterior, black
interior and core; fairly hard; medium; sand; roughly
burnished exterior, now covered with a limey or clayey deposit,
interior partially eroded. Phase 1-2.
163. Tr. 470 (probably from the pit in Trench M). Light reddish-
brown; fairly' soft; medium; grog, fine sand and possibly burnt
organic matter, slightly micaceous; roughly burnished exterior
with the remains of burnished line cross-hatching. Phase 1-2.
164. Tr. 144 (possibly from the pit in Trench M). Light brown/black
exterior, black interior and core; fairly hard; medium; sand and
grog; burnished exterior and lip. Phase 1-2.
165. Tr. 426/463 (pit in Trench M). Dark brown, black core; hard;
medium; sand; burnished exterior. Phase 1-2.
166. Tr. 445 (pit in Trench M). Dark brown, black core; hard;
medium; sand; burnished exterior. Phase 1-2.
167. Tr. 425 (pit in Trench M). Black exterior, brown interior, grey
core with brown inner edge; fairly hard; medium; grog and
sand; burnished exterior, partially covered by a lime deposit.
Phase 1-2.
168. Tr. 468 (pit in Trench M). Black exterior, dark grey interior,
grey core with red-brown edges; hard; medium; fine sand;
burnished exterior. Phase 1-2.
169. Tr. 4151465 (pit in Trench M). Dark grey/brown exterior, dark
grey interior, grey-brown core; hard; medium; fairly coarse
grog; smoothed exterior. Phase 1-2.
170. Tr. 417 (pit in Trench M). Black; hard; medium; sand and larger
pieces of gravel; upper part of exterior is roughly burnished and
there is a hole drilled through the neck. Phase 1-2.
Jars with single shoulder cordons
171. Tr. 469 (pit in Trench M). Brown-black, medium-coarse; chalk
and sand; exterior roughly burnished and sooted. Phase 1-2.
172. Tr. 424 (pit in Trench M). Brown/black exterior, black interior
and core; hard; medium; sand; smoothed surface. Phase 1-2.
173. Tr. 422 (pit in Trench M). Brown/black exterior, black interior
and core; hard; medium; sand; roughly burnished exterior.
Phase 1-2.
174. Tr. 420 (pit in Trench M). Black exterior, dark grey interior,
dark reddish-brown core; fairly hard; medium; shell, fine grog
and some sand; burnished rim, body decorated with square
toothed rouletting. Phase 1-2.
49
'Belgic' and Roman wheel-made wares
Flasks
175. Tr. 102 (unstrattfied). Purplish-brown, reddish-orange core,
covered with a cream coloured slip with brown painted
decoration; hard; medium; sand and white flecks.
176. Tr. 564 (unstratified). Brown exterior, grey-brown interior,
grey core with brownish edges; hard; medium; fme grog;
burnished upper portion. A first century AD 'Belgic' form cf.
Camulodunum form 239 and Thompson 1982 form B3-8.
177. Tr. 387 (probably from Trench A). Brown exterior, grey-brown
interior, black core; hard; medium; grog; burnished upper
portion. Cf Camulodunum form 231 and Thompson 1982
form B3-8.
178. Tr. 141 (unstratified). Grey; hard; medium; sand and small
white flecks, slightly vesicular; narrow burnished line
decoration, roughened lower zone. Cf Camulodunum form 232
and Thompson 1982 form B3-8.
179. Tr. 141 (unstratzfied). Grey; hard; medium; sand and small
white flecks; burnished line decoration and incised zig-zag
lines. As No. 178.
Flagons
180. Tr. 50 (unstrattfied). Black, grey core with red-brown edges;
hard; medium; grog; burnished exterior, remains of a handle.
181. Tr. 514 (unstratified). Single handled flagon. Buff, hard; fine;
white inclusions and red grog, slightly micaceous; exterior has
been wiped or has a thin self-coloured slip, three-ribbed handle.
Cf Camulodunum form 154.
182. Tr. 518 (unstrattfied). Chocolate-brown, grey core; hard;
medium; sand; smoothed exterior, grooved neck. Perhaps a
version of Camulodunum form 163.
183. Tr. 525 (unstratijied). Single handled flagon. Pinkish cream;
hard; fine; red grog. Cf Camulodunum form 148.
184. Tr. 519 (unstratijied). Red-brown; hard; medium; sand and
grog. Cf Camulodunum form 141.
185. · Tr. 517 (unstratijied). Two handled flagon. Pale buff exterior,
pale buff/orange interior, orange core; hard; medium; white
inclusions and sand. Cf Camulodunum form 146.
186. Tr. 534 (unstratified). Two handled flagon. Dirty cream
exterior and upper interior, buff lower interior and core; hard;
fine; white inclusions and sand. Cf Camulodunum form 155.
187. Tr. 522 (unstratified). Dark grey-black, brown core, hard,
medium, grog and sand; burnished exterior. Cf Camulodunum
form 136 C.
188. Tr. 516 (probably from Trench A). Cream; hard; fine occasional
pieces of red grog. Cf Camulodunum form 140.
189. Tr. 521 (probably from Trench A). Cream, pale pink centre to
core; hard; fine; occasional inclusions of red grog. Probably as
No. 190.
190. Tr. 515 (probably from Trench A). Two handled flagon. Cream;
hard; fine; occasional small inclusions of red grog.
Camulodunum form 161 (Hofheim-type flagon), imported, pre-
Flavian in date.
191. Tr. 533 (probably from Trench A). Dirty cream, core partially
beige; hard; fine; small white inclusions, also some red grog and
sand; messy surfaces covered with fingerprints etc. As No. 190.
192. Tr. 355 (possibly from Trench A). Two handled flagon. Cream
slip on exterior, red-brown interior, grey centre to core; hard;
fine; grog and some golden mica, the cream slip is slightly
micaceous. Camulodunum form 165, a copy of the imported
flagon Camulodunum form 161.
Mica-dusted jar
193. Tr. 27 ('in sand at + 9ft' in Trench A, ie. from the very bottom
of the primary silt of the ditch). Reddish chocolate-brown; fairly
hard; fairly fine; sand and grog; burnished exterior, golden
mica- dusting around the neck and rim (shown stippled). A
small jar with an internal seating for a lid, cf Partridge 1981,
fig.22.60 (dated to the mid-Augustan to early Tiberian period,
c. 10 BC-AD 20), probably imported. Phase 3.
194. Tr. 781529/539 (unstratified). Pinkish-buff; hard; fine; small
white inclusions; the exterior is covered with golden mica.
Probably the lower part of a mica-dusted jar related to
Camulodunum form 95, the fabric resembles that of the
stamped jars made by Camaro, two of which have been found
at Lincoln; Nero-Flavian in date (note by V. Rigby).
Double cordon jars and variants.
A first century AD 'Belgic' form, cf Camulodunum form 218 and
Thompson 1982 forms B3-l/4 and D2-l.
195. Tr. 220 (possibly from Trench K). Black/light brown, dark grey
core; hard; medium-fine; grog and flint.
196. Tr. 141 (now unstratified, though probably originally from the
same features as Nos 204-6). Grey; hard; fine; sand, fairly
micaceous.
197. Tr. 370 (possibly from Trench A). Black/brown, grey core with
brown edges; hard; medium; grog and some sand; burnished
exterior.
198. Tr. 232 (unstratijied). Black exterior, dark grey interior and
core; hard; medium; grog; burnished exterior. Four holes
drilled through the upper body (two on each side opposite each
other) and at least three in the lower body (the third is a quarter
way round from the two shown in the drawing); the base has a
large hole, broken through from the outside.
199. Tr. 566 (Trench A or B). Dark grey-brown, grey core with
brownish edges; hard; medium; fine grog; burnished exterior
and lip.
200. Tr. 557 (unstratijied). Brownish-black exterior, reddish-brown
interior, grey core with reddish-brown edges; hard; medium;
fine grog; polished exterior and lip.
201. Tr. 224 (unstratijied). Dark brown exterior, dark grey-brown
interior, grey core.
202. Tr. 220 (probably from Trench K). Black, purplish-brown core
with slightly redder edges; fairly hard; fine; grog; slightly
micaceous; highly burnished exterior, burnished line
decoration on lower body.
203. Tr. 566 (Trench A or B). Dark grey-brown, grey core with
brownish edges; hard; medium; fine grog; burnished exterior
and lip.
204. Tr. 141 (unstratijied, but see No. 196). Grey; hard; medium;
sand; burnished exterior.
205. Tr. 141 (unstratijied, but see No. 196). Grey, reddish-brown
centre to core; hard; medium; sand, grog, also some hard white
inclusions, the rim is partially distorted and the pot is possibly
a waster.
206. Tr. 141 (unstrattfied). Brownish-grey, red-brown core; hard;
medium; sand and grog; burnished line decoration.
207. Tr. 579 (unstratijied). Brownish-grey, red-brown core; hard;
medium; fine grog; semi-polished exterior and lip, cross-
hatched burnished line decoration.
208. Tr. 358 (unstratijied). Black, dark grey core with light brown
inner edge; fairly hard; medium; grog; burnished exterior.
209. Tr. 361 (unstratijied). Dark grey, reddish brown core with
darker edges; hard; medium; sand and grog; lime deposit on
interior.
210. Tr. 221 (A-unstratijied). Black exterior, brown. interior, black
core; fairly hard; medium; grog and some sand; upper portion
burnished.
Necked jars with a single shoulder cordon or groove
This is a fairly wide group of first century AD 'Belgic' and early
Roman vessels. Cf. Thompson 1982 forms Bl-1/2/3/4.
211. Tr. 365 (unstratijied). Black exterior, dark grey interior, grey
core with reddish-brown; hard; medium; grog; burnished
exterior. Cf. Camulodunum form 266.
212. Tr. 229 (unstratijied). Black/brown exterior, black interior and
core; hard; medium; grog; lime deposit on interior. Cf.
Camulodunum form 264.
213. Tr. 431 (pit in Trench M). Dark grey, grey core with light brown
edges; hard; mediums fine grog; smoothed surface. Possibly the
upper part of a pedestalled urn (cf. Bushe-Fox 1925, pl. iv);
occurred in the same context as two pedestalled bases, see Nos
364-5. Phase 1-2.
214. Tr. 421 (pit in Trench M). Black, dark brown core; hard;
medium; sand and grog; burnished exterior and lip. Possibly
the upper part of a pedestalled urn; see No. 213. Phase 1-2.
Jars with furrowed or rilled necks or shoulders
A first century AD 'Belgic' form, cf. Thompson 1982 form C7-l,
considered to be a standard Hertfordshire form.
215. Tr. 140 (Trench A orB, probably from a low level). Black, grey
core with red-brown edges; hard; medium-fine; grog; decorated
with horizontal combed scoring, some of the body sherds
indicated a plain band towards the base. There is also another
very similar vessel with a slightly longer neck. Cf. Partridge
1981 fig. 131.61. Probably Phase 3.
216. Tr. 505 (?Trench F). Black, pale purplish-brown centre to core;
hard; medium; grog smoothed neck, rough lower body,
impressed horizontal line decoration.
50
.Black-burnished Ware jar
217. Tr. 240 (unstratijied). Black; hard; medium; quartz sand and a
shale fragment; burnished exterior and rim, roughened zone
with slight traces of cross-hatching on the lower body. Black-
burnished Ware, Category 1 (made in Dorset; Farrar 1973;
Gillam 1970, type 147), late third-fourth century.
Other jars
218. Tr. 220 (Trench K). Grey-brown, reddish-brown/grey-brown
core; fairly hard; medium-fine; sand and grog, micaceous.
219: Tr. 512 ('villa' -?top level, Trench A). Grey; hard; medium;
sand; coarse rouletted decoration, lime deposit on interior.
220. Tr. 356 (unstrattfied). Dark grey, reddish-brown core; hard;
medium; fine sand; upper portion is burnished, below this is a
panel of finger-nail rustication. Cf. Camulodunum form 108.
221. Tr. 239 (unstratijied). Light grey; hard; fine; chalk; decorated
with ring impressions, fabric is distorted by gas blisters.
222. Tr. 220 (probably from Trench K). Grey; hard; medium-coarse;
grog and sand; burnished rim, pimply body.
223. Tr. 366 (unstratijied). Dark grey-brown/black exterior, grey
interior and core; hard; medium; grog and some sand;
burnished rim and smoother lower body, remainder pimply.
224. Tr. 164 (unstratijied). Grey-brown exterior, grey interior and
core; hard; medium; grog and occasional chalk flecks;
decorated with ?spatula impressions on the rim and upper
body, lower body is roughly burnished, remainder pimply.
Butt beakers.
A first century AD 'Belgic' form, cf. Thompson 1982 form G5. Most
of the unstratified beakers in this section probably came from Trench
A or B and most likely belong to Phase 3.
225. Tr. 135 (unstratijied). Black/dark brown, dark grey core; fairly
hard; medium; grog and sand. Cf. Camulodunum forms
115/116.
226. Tr. 446 (pit in Trench M). Dark reddish-brown, dark grey core;
fairly hard; medium; sand and grog; hole drilled through neck.
Cf. Camulodunum forms 115/116. Phase 1-2.
227. Tr. 230 (unstratijied). Cream; hard; fine; fine grog and sand;
polished and rouletted exterior. Camulodunum form 113.
228. Tr. 115 (Trench B). Purplish-cream, cream core; hard; fine; fine
grog; polished and rouletted exterior. Camulodunum form 113.
Probably Phase 3.
229. Tr. 106 (Trench A). Light brown exterior, brownish-cream
interior and core; hard; fine; sand and grog; polished and
rouletted exterior. Camulodunum form 113. Probably Phase 3.
230. Tr. 104 (unstrattfied). Cream; hard; fine; fine grog and sand;
polished and rouletted exterior. Camulodunum form 113.
231. Tr. 1031145 (unstratijied). Greyish-cream, cream core; hard;
fine; fine sand and red grog; polished and rouletted exterior.
Camulodunum form 113.
232. Tr. 220 (probably from Trench K). Dark chocolate-brown, grey
centre to core; fairly hard; medium-fine; sand and grog;
burnished and rouletted exterior. Cf. Camulodunum forms
115/116.
233. Tr. 220 (probably from Trench K). Chocolate-brown; grey
centre to core; hard; fine; sand and grog, fairly micaceous;
burnished and rouletted exterior, there is an unburnished band
(lightly stippled) on the lower body and the base is covered with
a cream slip (heavily stippled). Cf. Camulodunum forms
115/116.
234. Tr. 121 (unstratijied). Black, reddish-brown core; hard;
medium- fine; sand and grog; burnished exterior with coarse
rouletting. Cf. Camulodunum form 115/116.
235. Tr. 134 (unstratijied). Dark brown-black exterior, brown
interior, dark grey core, hard; medium; sand and grog;
burnished exterior with some roughened bands (stippled). Cf.
Camulodunum form 115/116.
236. Tr. 132 (unstratijied). Grey-brown, grey core with brown edges;
hard; medium; sand; burnished line decoration on exterior. Cf.
Camulodunum forms 115/116.
237. Tr. 109~(unstraifed). Orangey-red; fairly hard; fairly fine; sand
and grog, slightly micaceous; burnished upper part, zig-zag
decoration executed with a blunt instrument, interior has a
tendency to flake. Cf. Camulodunum forms 115/116.
238. Tr. 110 (unstratijied). Orange-brown, orange-red core with thin
grey centre; fairly hard; fine; fine sand, slightly micaceous;
burnished and rouletted exterior. Cf. Camulodunum form
115/116.
239. Tr. 124 (unstratijied). Black exterior, dark grey interior and
core; fairly hard; medium; grog; burnished exterior with panels
 )
0

205

-~J
\ 194 7 206

1 1951
)
) J \ \
200

197

*
-

( 213

199
203 ) ,.I {3
Figure 26 Other pottery from the 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:4.

51
216

:~ \
226 t====_=_=_=_""-\
I

21~
231

222

~
. . •'
-~
o·.· .

.-
• 0 • • : • " - •

. .- ; ... - ...
,;....
. ·;- .... .,•

223

Figure 27 Other pottery from the 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:4.

52
 ..... . . .... "-. ..........
~ ~ --' ... -.
" .. - ' . " ..... .
~

• .. ~- .• •· • - ' . . . . ~ • "' 0"' ..

" .... " " - '

.. ,.' .... ' ..... ., ., '
~ ~-
~ ~ ;
' c. r "' ,._ ~ ., " - • ,. "" ~

242 1========7'
) ~\/ 252 \

253

255- -~

\
( 256

( 248

1249~
Figure 28 Other pottery from the 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:4.

53
 of burnished line decoration. Cf. Camulodunum form 119.
240. Tr. 126 (unstratijied). Black, grey core with red-brown edges;
fairly hard; medium-fine; grog; burnished exterior with
rouletted decoration and roughened zones (stippled). Cf.
Camulodunum forms 115/116.
241. Tr. 108 (unstratified). Buff, pale grey core; hard; fairly fine;
grog and sand; burnished exterior with crude rouletted
decoration. Cf. Camulodunum forms 115/116.
242. Tr. 107 (unstratified). Chocolate-brown, grey core; fairly soft;
fairly fine; grog and sand; polished exterior with impressed
decoration. Cf. Camulodunum forms 115/116.
243. Tr. 105 (unstratzfied). Chocolate-brown, grey core; fairly soft;
fine-medium; sand and grog; burnished exterior with comb-
stamped decoration, eroded interior. Cf. Camulodunum forms
115/116.
244. Tr. 133 (unstratified). Dark grey-black, grey core with browner
edges; fairly hard; medium; sand and grog, slightly micaceous;
burnished line decoration. Cf. Camulodunum forms 115/116.
Globular or ovoid beakers
First century AD 'Belgic' form.
245. Tr. 120 (unstratzfied). Black, reddish-brown core; hard;
medium- fine; sand and grog; burnished exterior with coarse
rouletted decoration. Cf. Camulodunum form 105.
246. Tr. 122 (unstratzfied). Black, reddish-brown core; hard;
medium- fine; sand and grog; burnished exterior with coarse
rouletted decoration. Cf. Camulodunum form 105.
247. Tr. 578 (unstratified). Grey, hard, medium-fine; slightly
micaceous; polished exterior with rouletted decoration. Cf.
Camulodunum form 91.
248. Tr. 49 (unstratified). Chocolate-brown, grey core, fairly soft;
fairly fine; sand and grog; burnished exterior. Cf.
Camulodunum form 92.
249. Tr. 404 (unstraufied). Grey, reddish-brown core; hard;
medium- fine; fine sand; burnished exterior with crude cross-
hatching. Cf. Camulodunum form 108.
250. Tr. 407 (unstratified). Grey, reddish-brown centre to core; hard;
fine; fine sand; burnished exterior with crude cross-hatching.
Cf. Camulodunum form 108.
251. Tr. 141 (unstratzfied). Grey; hard; medium-fine; sand and white
matter; upper part burnished, lower roughened zone with
comb-stamped decoration. Camulodunum form 108.
252. Tr. 37 (probably from Trench B). Yellow-buff, greyish centre to
core; hard; fine; some sand and grog, slightly micaceous;
polished exterior.
253. Tr. 119 (unstratified). Black, grey core with red-brown edges;
fairly hard; fine; grog; rouletted decoration.
Girth beaker
A first century AD 'Belgic' form.
254. Tr. 34 (probably from Trench B). Chocolate brown, grey core;
fairly hard; medium; sand and grog; burnished exterior with
combed decoration. Cf. Camulodunum form 85.
Pedestal beakers
A first century AD 'Belgic' form.
255. Tr. 362/430 (probably from the pit in Trench M). Brown with
black mottling, black core; hard; medium-fine; sand; burnished
exterior with rouletted decoration, interior badly pitted. Cf.
Camulodunum forms 78/79. Probably Phase 1-2.
256. Tr. 35 (probably from Trench B). Buff, pinker core; hard; fine;
fine grog and sand, slightly micaceous; polished exterior
decorated with impressed lines. Cf. Camulodunum forms
76/77.
Lyon Ware beaker
(identified by Dr K.Greene, Department of Archaeology, The
University, Newcastle-upon-Tyne).
257. Tr. 29 (high level of the primary deposit in Trench A). Very worn
brown slip with rough-cast (sand) decoration, white fabric with
inclusions of sand. Form 20.5 (Greene 1972, 17 and fig. 1), c
AD 40-70. (See also No. 269). Phase 3.
Imitation Lyon Ware beaker
(Identified by Dr K.Greene; petrological note by D.F.Williams)
258. Tr. 28 (unstratified). Red matt slip with rough-cast (sand)
decoration, white fabric with a pinkish blush. Body sherd from
a Colchester imitation of a Lyon Ware beaker (not illus.).
Petrology: Frequent subangular grains of quartz, average size
0.20 mm and below, but with a few larger grains up to 0.50 mm
54
across, flecks of mica and some limestone. (For the Lyon Ware
petrology see No. 269).
Colour-coated bag-shaped beakers
Roman.
259. Tr. 110 (unstratified). Beaker with a grooved cornice rim.
Pinkish- buff; hard; fine; lustrous black colour-coat with rough-
cast (clay) decoration. Probably a North Gaul product in Fabric
2, c. AD 8-135 (Ahderson 1980, 33). Also a body sherd from a
similar vessel ( Tr.44-top level, Trench A).
260. Tr. 99 (unstratified). Beaker with a grooved cornice rim.
Orange- red; hard; fine; self-coloured slip with rough-cast (clay)
decoration; diagonal wipe marks on the interior. Probably a
North Gaul product in Fabric 1, c. AD 80-135 (Anderson 1980,
28).
261. Tr. 101 (unstratified). Beak~r with a cornice rim. Pink; hard;
fine; matt brown colour-coat. Possibly a Colchester product
(Anderson 1980, 35).
Colour-coated folded beakers
Roman.
262. Tr. 44 (top level, Trench A). Body sherd with two or three
beakers in 'Rhenish Ware'. Fabric consists of a sandwich or red
and grey layers; hard; fine; dark grey glossy colour-coat;
horizontal lines of rouletted decoration. Probably from Trier,
c. AD 150-250 (Greene 1978, 18), (not illus.).
263. Tr. 44 (top level, Trench A). Body sherd, orange; hard; fine;
slightly micaceous; brownish-orange slightly glossy colour-coat
(not illus. ).
Colour-coated globular and ovoid beakers
Roman (see also No. 366).
264. Tr. 197 (unstratified). Red; hard; fine; matt brown colour coat.
265. Tr.536 (Trench B). Pale greyish-buff; hard; fine grog; thin matt
dark grey colour-coat.
266. Tr. 300 A ·(Trench B). Grey, reddish-brown core with grey
edges and centre; hard; fine; fine grog, sand and white
substance, slightly micaceous; exterior and lip covered with a
dark grey colour-coat with a metallic lustre, applied lighter grey
barbotine dots.
267. Tr.300 B (unstratzfied). Dark grey, pale brown core; hard; fine;
fine sand and grog, slightly micaceous; ?self coloured slip.
268. Tr. 302 (top of Trench B). Pale buff, pinker centre to core; hard;
fine; fine red grog; matt brown colour-coat with a slight sheen,
barbotine decoration. Possibly a British product copying a
Central Gaulish form of c. AD 150-250 (cf. Greene 1978, fig.
2.3).
Lyon Ware cup
(identified by Dr K.Greene; petrological note by D.F.Williams.
269. Tr. 25 (high level of the primary deposit in Trench A). Two
fragments, each representing about a quarter of a cup. White
with a slight greenish tinge, brown lustrous slip with rough-
cast (sand) decoration. Form 1.4 (Greene 1972, 17 and fig. 1)
(See also No. 257).c. AD 40-70. Phase 3.
Petrology: Fine-textured fabric containing frequent subangular
quartz grains, average size below 0.10mm, but with a few
slightly larger grains and flecks of mica. The fabric of No. 257
(Lyon Ware beaker) is a slightly coarser version of the above.
Other cups
First century AD 'Belgic' and early Roman vessels.
270. Tr. 51 (unstratified). Buff, grey core; hard; fine; grog and sand,
slightly micaceous. Possibly imported; the form is found at
Novaesium (Filtzinger 1972) and possibly from the same
factory as Nos 271 and 272. Pre- to early Flavian in date (note by
V.Rigby).
271. Tr. 57 (unstratified). Buff, pinker core; hard; fine; grog and
sand, some mica; polished exterior. See also No. 270.
272. Tr. 67 ('last foot of sludge above the sand' (ie. the primary silt) in
Trench A). Pinkish-buff, pink core; hard; fine; red grog and
sand; polished exterior. (See also No. 270). Phase 3.
273. Tr. 26 (high level of the primary deposit in Trench A). Chocolate-
brown, grey centre to core; hard fine; fine red grog and sand,
slightly micaceous; burnished exterior. Phase 3.
274. Tr. 61 (unstratified}. "Bia'~k•grey core with red-brown edges;
hard; medium-fine; sand and grog; burnished exterior.
275. Tr. 28 (unstratified). Reddish chocolate-brown, grey core; fairly
hard; fine; fine sand, chalk flecks and grog, slightly micaceous;
burnished exterior.
 -=---
,
288

284
\J
~ --
289
/

291

1-==---n
~731 /

C '2741
~
/

Figure 29 Other pottery from the 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:4.

55
276. Tr. 28 (unstrattfied). Reddish chocolate-brown, slightly grey
core; fairly soft; fine; red grog, slightly micaceous; burnished
exterior. Possibly cut down from a larger vessel and given a
new, ground-down, rim_
277. Tr. 234 (probably from the primary level in Trench A or B). Red-
brown, grey core; fairly hard; medium; sand and grog; lightly
burnished exterior. Probably Phase 3.
278. Tr. 364 (unstratified). Dark brown-black, grey core with light
brown edges; hard; medium-fine; grog and fine sand;
burnished exterior and interior. Copy of a Gallo-Belgic cup
(Camulodunum form 56 C), cf. Thompson 1982 form G3-l.
279. Tr. 363 (unstratified). Dark grey-brown, grey core with red-
brown edges; fairly hard; medium; grog; roughly burnished.
Copy of a Gallo-Belgic cup (Camulodunum form 56), cf.
Thompson 1982 form G3-l.
280. Tr. 221 B (unstratified). Cream; hard; fine; very fine sand and
small red and white flecks.
Concave sided cups or bowls
A first century AD 'Belgic' form, cf. Camulodunum forms 211-214 and
Thompson 1982 forms El and E2/1.
281. Tr. 377 (probably from the primary level in Trench A or B). Dark
grey- black, dull reddish-brown core; hard; fine; grog;
burnished exterior. Probably Phase 3.
282. Tr. 375 (probably from the primary level in Trench A or B). Dark
grey, reddish-brown core; fairly hard; medium-fine; grog and
sand with possibly some burnt organic matter; the fabric flakes
badly and there is a lime deposit on the interior. Probably Phase
3.
283. Tr. 381 (probably from Trench A). Light greyish-brown, grey
core with lightish brown edges; hard; medium-fine; grog and
occasional chalk fragments; burnished exterior.
284. Tr. 427 (pit in Trench M). Black exterior, dark red-brown
interior, grey core with red-brown edges; fairly soft; medium;
sand and fine grog; exterior shows signs of burnishing but is
much eroded, as is the interior. Phase 1-2.
285. Tr. 225 (primary level in Trench A). Black/brown exterior, dark
grey interior, black core; hard; medium; grog; burnished
exterior. Phase 3.
286. Tr. 372 (probably from Trench A). Black-brown, grey core with
reddish-brown edges; fairly hard; medium-fine; sand and grog;
burnished exterior.
287. Tr. 226 (unstratified). Dark brown-black, reddish-brown core;
hard; medium; burnished exterior with roughened bands on
the lower part, burnished line chevron pattern on upper part.
288. Tr. 378 (possibly from Trench A). Dark grey-brown, grey core
with brown edges; hard; medium; sand and grog; burnished
exterior, roughened panel with zig-zag decoration.
289. Tr. 233 (unstratified). Black; hard; medium; grog; burnished
exterior.
290. Tr. 221 (unstratified). Black exterior, eroded interior, grey core
with red-brown edges; fairly hard; medium-fine; grog and some
sand; exterior once burnished now badly flaked.
291. Tr. 373 (probably from Trench A). Light greyish-brown, grey
core; hard; medium-fine; sand; roughly burnished exterior.
Two-handled white ware bowls
292. Tr. 68 (high level of the primary deposit in Trench A). Off-white
with a pinkish blush in parts; hard; fine; sand (occasional grits
up to 3 mm) and white and red flecks; burnished lower part of
exterior. This form was introduced by the Roman Army from
the Rhineland and Danube Frontier (cf. Filtzinger 1972, tab.
43, 1-5) (note by V.Rigby). Phase 3.
293. Tr. 40 (unstratified). Off-white; hard; fine; core not visible. As
No. 292.
Bell-shaped bowl
294. Tr. 45 (top level of Trench A). Orange-red; hard; medium; sand
and red ?grog: self-coloured slip on exterior, lightly burnished.
Possibly a copy of an imported pedestal beaker, Camulodunum
form 76, and possibly itself an import, possibly pre to early
Flavian in date.
'London Ware' bowl
295. Tr. 308 (unstratified). Light brown/grey, grey core; fairly hard;
fine; sand and fine grog, micaceous; rouletted and, incised
decoration. Probably copying a samian form 37 and probably
early second century in date (Marsh 1978, form 42.1).
56
Cream ware bowls
Roman.
296. Tr. 538 (unstratified). Cream, pink centre to core; fairly hard;
fine; small white and red inclusions; remains of a stamp on the
flange. Flange-dmmed bowl, Camulodunum form 46, this form
was also produced in London (Marsh 1978, type 34). Late first-
early second century.
297. Tr. 537 (unstratzfied). Cream, pink centre to core; fairly hard;
fine; small; grey inclusions. As No. 296.
298. Tr. 535 (unstrattfied). Cream; fairly hard; fine; white inclusions
and some sand.
Other bowls
(see also Nos 367-9).
299. Tr. 440 (pit in Trench M). Black, black/reddish brown core;
hard; medium; sand and grog. Phase 1-2. 'Belgic'.
300. Tr. 69 (unstratified). Dark brown/black, grey core; hard; fairly
fine; sand and grog; burnished exterior and lip. 'Belgic'.
301. Tr. 151 (unstratified). Brown-black, grey centre to core; hard;
medium; sand and grog; burnished neck and rim (possibly
hand-made), finger-nail impressions on the shoulder. 'Belgic'.
302. Tr. 449 (pit in Trench M). Light brown with darker blotches,
core grey in patches; hard; medium; sand; roughly burnished
exterior, internal seating for a lid. Phase 1-2. 'Belgic'.
303. Tr. 141 (unstratified). Grey; fairly hard; medium; sand and
some white flecks. Roman.
304. Tr. 357 (unstratified). Dark grey-brown, grey core with red-
brown edges; hard; medium; grog; roughly burnished. ?'Belgic'
or early Roman.
305. Tr. 150 (unstratified). Grey, red-brown edges to core; hard;
medium; sand and grog; burnished exterior and lip, spiral
design on base. ?'Belgic' or early Roman.
306. Tr. 511 ('villa' ?top level, Trench A). Grey; fairly soft; medium;
abundant sand. Roman.
307. Tr. 141 (unstratified). Grey; hard; medium; grog. Roman.
308. Tr. 141 (unstratified). Grey; hard; medium; sand and white
flecks; sandy exterior with horizontal burnished lines. Roman.
309. Tr. 507 (unstratified). Flanged bowl. Pinkish-red; fairly soft;
medium; abundant red grog and white sand; interior fairly
eroded. Roman. ·
Mortaria
310. Tr. 227 (probably from the middle layer of Trench B). Cream;
fairly hard; coarse; abundant sand and large pieces of red grog
(some over 1 cm); sparse white quartz trituration grits; two
illegible stamps near the spout. Camulodunum form 195 B.
Later first-second century.
311. Tr. 200 (probably from the middle layer of Trench B). Cream,
slight greenish tinge; fairly hard; fine; black inclusions; white
quartz trituration grits. ? Camulodunum form 195 B. Later
first-second century.
312. Tr. 345 (unstratified). Cream; hard; medium; sand and grog;
pink and grey quartz and flint trituration grits. Hulll963, form
497. Second century.
313. Tr. 336 (unstratified). Pink; soft, powdery; medium-fine;
abundant fine white sand, red grog and white matter; pink and
white quartz trituration grits; ?remains of a cream slip. As No.
312.
314. Tr. 328 (unstrattfied). Greenish-white; hard; medium; fine sand
and grog; black and white trituration grits, some of quartz. As
No. 312.
315. Tr. 344 (unstrattfied). Cream; hard; medium; grog and sand;
white and black quartz and flint trituration grits. As No. 312.
316. Tr. 325 (unstrattfied). Cream, pinkish core; hard; medium; sand
and red grog; fine white quartz trituration grits; herring-bone
stamp, probably indicating a Colchester product. As No. 312.
317. Tr. 339 (unstrattfied). Cream, pinkish core; hard; medium; sand
and grog; fine white quartz with trituration grits; herring-bone
stamp, probably indicating a Colchester product. As No. 312.
318. Tr. 168 (unstratified). Pale buff, soft; fine; dense; sand and grog;
white quartz trituration grits.
319. Tr. 346 (unstratified). Creamish-yellow, pink core; hard;
medium; sand and red grog; pink and white quartz trituration
grits.
320. Tr. 331 (unstratified). Cream; fairly soft; medium-fine; sand
and grog; white quartz trituration grits.
321. Tr. 340 (unstratified). Off-white; hard; medium, sandy; sand
and yellow grog, micaceous; fine white quartz trituration grits.
322. Tr. 341 (unstratified). Cream; fairly soft; medium, gritty; sand
and yellow grog; grey and white flint and quartz trituration
grits.
 I
- )
7

. -- -)
7
304

7
· 318L____I _ _ j

Figure 30 Other pottery from the 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:4.

57
323. Tr. 330 (unstratified). Brown, orange core; hard; medium;
sandy; fine sand; white and pink quartz (and flint?) trituration
grits.
324. Tr. 342 (unstratified). Cream, slight pinkish tinge; soft
powdery; fine; grog; no trituration grits visible. Hulll963 form
501.
325. Tr. 167 (unstratified). Cream; fairly hard; fairly fine; sand,
cream and red grog; no trituration grits visible. As No. 324.
326. Tr. 343 (unstrattfied). Creamish-buff; fairly soft, powdery;
medium-fine; cream grog and some sand; sparse white quartz
trituration grits. As No. 324.
327. Tr. 327 (unstratified). White with the remains of a dull red
wash; hard; medium; fine sand and some red ironstone; pink
and white quartz trituration grits. An Oxfordshire product,
type M17, c. AD 240-300 (Young 1977, 74). Also two similar
mortaria, without the red wash; Tr. 337 and Tr. 347, but
unstratified.
328. Tr. 169 (unstratzfied). Buff; fairly hard; medium; black
ironstone and some sand; black ironstone trituration grits.
Probably a Nene Valley product. Third-fourth century.
329. Tr. 326 (unstrattfied). White with ?the remains of a cream wash;
hard; medium-fine; red ironstone; black ironstone trituration
grits. Probably a Nene Valley product. Third-fourth century.
330. Tr. 333 (unstratified). Grey, sandwich core or orange-grey-
orange; fairly hard; medium, sandy; sand and some grog,
micaceous; grey and white quartz and flint trituration grits.
Probably a product of the kilns of the Wattisfield area of
Suffolk (cf. Maynard et al. 1935).
Stamped platters
by Valery Rigby
331. Tr. 70 (unstrattfied). Black, grey core with reddish-brown
edges; hard; medium; sand and gmg. A platter copying the
Gallo-Belgic import, Camulodunum form 14, with a shallow
footring. Faceted burnished finish, burnished spiral within the
footring on the underside. Central mark within a burnished
circle on the upper base. There are no other stamps from this
die although there are a number of similar dies from sites in
eastern England. The combination of repeated V-motifs with
spots appears to be characteristic of factories marketing their
products in an area covering north Hertfordshire, Suffolk,
Norfolk and Essex, for finds occur at Baldock and Weston,
West Stow, Needham and Scole, and Colchester, as well as
along the south bank of the Thames, at Upchurch, and
Allington, Kent. A local product, probably made c. AD 50-85.
332. Tr. 90 (unstratzfied). Blue-grey, light reddish-brown core with
a grey centre; hard; fine; sand, slightly micaceous; smoothly
burnished. The base from a platter with a shallow moulded
footring, domed at the centre. Part of a bordered stamp, placed
centrally on the upper base, with a rouletted wreath. The
stamps is too fragmentary for the die to be identified, it could
be a name stamp or a mark. The fabric and the quality of the
bordered rouletted wreath suggests that the platter was a close
copy of a Gallo-Belgic import, probably made at Colchester
where the largest group of these imitations has been found (cf.
Camulodunum forms 24 A and B); c. AD 55-75 (not illus.).
333. Tr. 82 (unstratified). Blue-grey; hard; fairly fine; micaceous;
smoothly burnished. A platter copying the Gallo-Belgic
import, Camulodunum form 14. An illegible stamp placed
centrally on the upper base, within two concentric burnished
circles. Possibly from the same factory as No. 332, c. AD 70-95.
334. Tr. 90 (unstratified). Grey; hard; fine; sand. A stamp fragment
within a burnished circle. Possibly from the same die used to
stamp three platters, copies of Camulodunum form 8, in graves
at Colchester, in the Joslin Collection (not illus.).
Mica-dusted platters
'Belgic'.
335. Tr. 30 (unstratified). Golden-brown, including towards
reddish-brown, grey centre to core; hard; medium; fairly
abundant quartz sand; golden mica-dusting on both the
exterior and interior surfaces.
336. Tr. 222 (unstratified). Buff; hard; medium; sand and grog; poor
quality golden mica-dusting on both surfaces.
Other platters and shallow bowls
(with notes by V.Rigby on Nos 337-41)
337. Tr. 81 (unstratified). Grey; hard; fine; sand and grog; polished
interior. A very close copy of the Gallo-Belgic platter,
Camulodunum form 8. Probably made at Colchester, where
58
several almost identical stamped examples occur in graves.
338. Tr. 85 (unstrattfied). Dark grey, brownish edge to core; fairly
hard; medium; abundant sand. A copy of Camulodunum form
14.
339. Tr. 89 (unstratified). Black, grey core with reddish-brown
edges; hard; fairly fine; sand and grog. A copy of Camulodunum
form 14, probably from the same source as No. 331.
340. Tr. 87 (unstratified). Black, reddish-brown core; fairly hard;
medium; abundant sand. A copy of Camulodunum form 14.
341. Tr. 86 (unstrattfied). Dark grey, brownish edge to core; hard;
fine; sand and grog, slightly micaceous; polished interior and
upper half of exterior. Probably from the same factory as No.
338.
342. Tr. 398 (unstratified). Grey, light grey-brown core; hard;
medium; find sand, micaceous; polished interior.
343. Tr. 141 (unstrattfied). Grey; hard; medium-fine; sand,
micaceous.
344. Tr. 397 (unstratzfied). Grey; hard; medium-fine; fine sand,
micaceous; polished interior.
345. Tr. 223 (unstratified). Red-brown; hard; medium; sand, slightly
micaceous.
346. Tr. 141 (unstratified). Grey; hard; medium-fine; sand,
micaceous; burnished interior.
347. Tr. 396 (unstratified). Grey-brown, grey core; hard; medium;
sand and grog.
348. Tr. 228 (unstratified). Black, core (where visible) tending
towards reddish-brown; hard; medium; sandy; burnished.
Early-mid first century AD.
349. Tr. 141 (unstratified). Grey; hard; medium; sand.
Large storage vessels
Roman.
350. Tr. 394 (unstratified). Pinkish-buff, greyish-buff core; fairly
hard; medium-coarse; coarse grog; smoothed exterior, eroded
interior Camulodunum form 275, possibly an import, similar
vessels occur at Haltern, Hofheim and Nijmegan, cf.
Thompson 1982 form S6. Probably Phase 3.
351. Tr. 239 (unstratified). Greyish-buff exterior, buff interior, light
grey core; fairly hard; medium-coarse; coarse grog and
occasional large piece of grit. Camulodunum form 275, as No.
350.
352. Tr. 241/402 (unstrattfied). Light brown/grey, grey core with
red- brown edges; hard; medium-coarse; abundant fairly coarse
grog and some sand; burnished rim, other surfaces rough and
pimply; ornamented with a row of stab impressions (?made
with a stick). Camulodunum form 271.
353. Tr. 574 (unstratified). Light reddish-brown, greyer core; hard;
medium-coarse; abundant grog and some sand; burnished rim,
other surfaces rough and pimply; ornamented with a herring-
bone pattern of spatula impressions. Camulodunum form 271.
354. Tr. 574 (unstratified). Dark grey, grey core with red-brown
edges; hard; medium-coarse; abundant grog; burnished
exterior and rim, eroded interior. Camulodunum form 271.
355. Tr. 574 (unstratified). Light reddish-brown/grey, greyer core;
hard; coarse; abundant grog; burnished rim, rough and pimply
exterior decorated with roughly combed lines, eroded interior.
Camulodunum form 270 B.
Amphorae
356. Tr. 479 (unstrattfied). Pinkish buff, covered with a thin cream
wash, greyish core; hard; medium; small white and grey
inclusions. Probably of Spanish origin, Dressel form 20, mid
second century (cf. Wilson 1972, fig. 99.17).
357. Tr. 495 (unstrattfied). Buff, grey core; fairly soft; medium,
sandy; abundant quartz sand and occasional fragments of red
ironstone. Probably from the same source as No. 358.
358. Tr. 496 (unstrattfied). Buff/grey; fairly soft; medium, sandy;
abundant quartz sand and occasional fragments of red
ironstone. See No. 357.
Perforated vessels
359. Tr. 429 (unstratified). Brown exterior, dark brown interior, grt;r·
core with red-brown edges; fairly hard; medium-fine; grog ,and
some sand; burnished exterior, eroded interior; base has fodr
concentric rings of perforations, made before firing.
Presumably a colander. 'Belgic'.
360. Tr. 395 (unstratified). Crudely made vessel. Grey-brown, grey
core; hard; medium; grog; base pierced before firing. Probably
part of a cheese press. ?'Belgic'.
t--~ ~ ._.·':. :,;~r-)/ -7~) ~37-.bl ~-)
~· .. 32~1 ) ' .~3=:L81 =-7)

7
~-241 ~ X: 3401 ---;;
" 325i~ \: . 3411 ---;
l-.-=:J~? ~ ~3:-/

-.J_~7
~ ~ ~1-,.7

D.:..0 ~
~go w;. • •

~ [? (). ;:"

329t/

331[

.,"' a
3331
"""

3351
~ 3361 --7
-3~51

Figure 31 Other pottery from the 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:4.

59
 7
·-

- '!.- - . .•
352

357

)
355

·-.· .)....·_-
(~
,

11BJ.
~ .

~ -_:·.

- 376

382

, 381-~
381

Figure 32 Other pottery from the 1947-1957 and 1900-1901 excavations. Scale 1:4.

60
 367

, 368 F ti!_ ~I
I
)

_______
369

"--. __)
I I

370

Figure 33 Pottery with graffitti from the 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:2.

61
361. Tr. 399 (unstratified). Dark grey, grey core; hard; medium; fine 369. Tr. 148 (top of Trench B, 'villa debris'). Black; hard; medium;
sand; pierced before firing. Probably part of a cheese press. abundant sand; burnished surfaces; scratched graffiti.
Roman. 370. Tr. 235 (unstratified). Grey; fairly hard; fine; sand, micaceous;
scratched mark.
Lids 371. Tr. 149 (unstratified). Grey-brown, dark grey core; fairly hard;
362. Tr. 202 (unstratified). Dark grey, light grey core with red·brown medium; abundant sand and grog; polished interior; scratched
edges; hard; medium; grog and sand, slightly micaceous. mark on base.
363. Tr. 242 (unstrattfied). Grey/red-brow11 top, red-brown base, 372. Tr. 236 (unstratified). Grey; hard; medium-fine; sand, fairly
black core; hard; medium-coarse; sand. ?Iron Age/'Belgic'. micaceous; scratched mark on base.

Pedestalled bases Late Roman pottery

(for possible pedestal jar rims see nos 173,213 and 214). A first century
BC/AD 'Belgic' form.
364. Tr. 414 (pit in Trench M). Light brown exterior, dark
brown/black interior (very eroded), black core; hard; medium;
sand; smoothed exterior, now very battered. Camu/odunum
form 202/3. Phase 1-2.
365. Tr. 412 (pit in Trench M). Dark grey-brown, grey core; fairly
hard; medium; fine; grog and sand, fairly micaceous.
Camulodunum form 202/3. Phase 1-2.
Graffiti (shown I :2 on Fig. 33)
All post-firing.
366. Tr. 147 (unstratified). Red ware with a dark brown colour-coat;
hard; fine; grog and sand; slightly roughened exterior;
scratched graffiti.
367. Tr. 146 ('found in the hypocaust stoke hole', Trench F). Black,
dark grey core with lighter edges; fairly hard; medium-fine;
polished surfaces; scratched graffiti.
368. Tr. 238 (unstratified). Black, grey core with lighter edges; fairly
hard; medium; sand, grog and white flecks; polished surfaces;
incs~d graffiti.
by D.F.Williams
374. Tr. 243 (unstratified). Red ware with orangey-red exterior slip;
hard; fine; small white inclusions. Partially covered with a lime
deposit. A small rim sherd with a short concave rim and small
flange, Hayes Form 3 (1972), figs 68-9). The sherd belongs to
the Late Roman 'C' class of red ware bowls and dishes of finely
levigated clay which are found overwhelmingly concentrated in
the Aegaean area from the fourth-seventh centuries AD (Hayes
1972, 323- 370), but which have outliers as far as South-
Western Britain ('Ai' ware, Radford 1956, Thomas 1959 and
1981). A major source of production appears to have been at
Phocaea in western Turkey (Hayes 1980). The distribution of
this ware in Britain is predominantly south-western.
A/magro 54 amphora
375. Tr. 244 (unstrattfied). Pale buff-grey; hard; medium, sandy; and
a little limestone scattered throughout; flaking surface partially
covered with a lime deposit. A small body sherd with thick
ridging. This type of amphora is generally believed to come
from Gaza in Palestine, and was in use from the fourth to sixth
centuries AD

• I~·<::::..
?
-~ ~I/

~r 1~
.?
;/' ~
~
~ t~.
121 ~v I~
~
~
~·
t::::..-'
296
~ ~ ~I
~;;;;;;; ~
~
~

~(l:§of}) = "-~ 317

316
331

378

Figure 34 Stamped pottery from the 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:1.

62
Note: Both these sherds of pottery contain a white encrustation on the Loomweight fragments in Feature 0004-Layer 0032: 440
surface (probably calcium carbonate), not noted on the other sherds gm
from Burgh and normally associated by the writer on this type of
pottery with material recovered from Mediterranean sites. In view of
0034: 300 gm
this, and of the unusual find in· eastern Britain of Late Roman 'C' 0111: 300 gm
pottery, in the writer's opinion extreme caution should be exercised in 0117: 550 gm
attributing either sherd to a provenance at Burgh. 0121: 2880 gm
(Mr Treherne's son, Mr R.D. Treherne, thought that sherd 374 did come 0127 : 1360 gm
from Burgh, however Mr Treherne senior is known to have visited
Cyprus). The loomweights are triangular, with sides
approximately 17 cm long and about 7 cm thick, with
Miscellaneous items perforations through the sides of each corner. The fabric
(Figs. 32-34) consists of coarse chalky clay containing numerous
376. Tr. 65 (unstratified). Buff, slight reddening on the interior and stones (the clay is almost certainly derived from the
exterior and base, grey core; fairly soft; coarse; abundant sand
and chalk. A hand·made lamp of crude workmanship. boulder clay which forms the sub-soil of the site) and is
377. Tr. 217/454 (pit in Trench M). Black exterior, dark brown imperfectly fired. The traces of wear around the holes
interior, brown/black core; fairly hard; medium; sand and grog; indicates that the loomweights were suspended point
burnished exterior decorated with impressive line and dot downwards and not, as they are frequently illustrated,
decoration; hand made. For similarly decorated Iron Age
vessels see Elsdon 1975, fig. 5.6 and pi. va. Phase 1-2.
with a point uppermost; in fact the loomweights are so
378. Tr. 216 (unstrattfied). Black; hard; medium; sand; stamped poorly made that any attempt to hang them by one corner
decoration and square-toothed rouletting occurs on other late would almost certainly result in the loomweight breaking
Iron Age vessels in eastern England, principally in apart under its own weight.
Lincolnshire (Elsdon 1975, 37-8). 1. Context 0121. Fragment from the top of a loomweight.
379. Tr. 219 (unstratified). Dark grey exterior, brownish-buff 2. Context 0121. Fragment from the base of a loomweight.
interior and core; fairly hard; medium-fine; grog and fine sand,
fairly micaceous; roller-die impression.
380. Tr. 218 (unstratified). Dark grey-brown exterior, grey-brown Baked clay fragments
interior, pale grey core with red-brown outer edge; fairly soft; A considerable amount (26 km) of baked or fired clay was
medium-fine; fine sand and some grog; micaceous; stamped recovered from Feature 0004 (seep. 11). In composition
decoration. this clay was very similar to the fabric of the
381. Tr. 201 (unstratified). Brown-black, grey core with red-brown
edges; fairly hard; medium. The lower rim of this reused pot
loomweights, however most of the fragments lacked any
has been ground into a flat facet, exposing the core; the core is distinguishing features or form. A few fragments,
also exposed on the internal facet of the upper rim, possibly however, appeared to have smoothed surfaces. A
indicating where the original base was cut out. There is a lime fragment from Layer 0113 had two surviving surfaces,
deposit on the interior and exterior, mainly on the lower half as implying that it came from a structure with walls up to 7
drawn. This seems to be a cooking pot that was altered and
reused, inverted as a sort of chimney to another vessel, the
lower rim being ground down to fit the other vessel.
382. Tr. 239 (probably from the middle layer of Trench B). Dark cream
exterior, grey-cream interior, light grey core; hard; medium-
fine; grog; burnished exterior, decorated with compass drawn
circles. Late first century.
383. Tr. 239 (unstrattfied). Light grey; hard; fine; very find sand,
micaceous; polished exterior.
384. Tr. 311 (?Trench G). Two body sherds, cream; hard; fine; red
ironstone and probably grog; exterior decorated with
horizontal bands of closely spaced red ochre painted lines.
Probably Parchment Ware, third-fourth century (not illus.).

Other pottery, 1900-1901 excavations (Fig. 32)

The original report mentions a 'vast quantity of portions
of large coarse cooking vessels, some showing action of
fire', however the only piece to have survived is referred
to as the 'Upper portion of burnt clay vessel with
embossed Ram's head'. '
''
Mortarium
385. I. M. 1934.191.5. Orange surfaces, purplish-grey centre to core;
hard; medium; sand and grog; quartz, quartzite and ? flint
trituration grits; polished exterior and upper part of interior.
Probably an Oxfordshire product, type C97 (copying a samian
form 45). Late third-fourth century AD (Young 1977, 173).

X. Baked Clay Objects

1975 excavation
(Fig. 35)
Clay loomweights
Fragments of several clay loomweights were found in
feature 0004, principally in the Phase 2 layers but also in Figure 35 Baked clay objects form the l975
the Phase 3 layers: and 1947-1957 excavations. Scale 1:4.

63
cm thick; another fragment, from Layer 0117, appears to
have come from something with walls 6.5cm to 8.5cm
thick and had been burnt red on its inner surface. The
most likely explanation is that these fragments were part
of clay ovens or furnaces.
1947-1957 excavations
(Fig. 35)
Clay loomweights
3. Tr. 457 (pit in Trench M). Seven fragments of triangular
loomweights, very similar to those found in 1975 (see above).
Other objects
4. Tr. 457 (pit in Trench M). A fragment of a pedestal made oflow-fired
coarse clay, very similar to the fabric of the loomweights.
5. Tr. 502 (unstratified). A large piece of low-fired coarse clay
containing large inclusions of chalk and flint. Appears to be the base
angle of some crude container.
XI. Building Debris
1975 excavations
Tile
The excavation produced 67 kg ofRoman tile (see Table
4), the majority coming from the large amorphous
feature 0008/0055/0056 on the edge of the site. The
following types of tile were recovered:
Roof tiles (tegulae): Flanged flat tiles, c. 2 cm thick, occasionally as
thin as 1.5cm. None complete.
Roof tiles (imbrices): Curved tiles, c. 1.5cm thick. None complete.
Box-flue tiles (tubuli): Rectangular, walls c. 1.5 cm thick, often
with combed sides. None complete.
Floor tiles: Flat rectangular tiles, c. 3 cm thick, some with sides
18 to 20cm long; these are probably examples of the tile known as
a bessalis (8 in or 20cm square), normally used for building
hypocaust pillars (Brodribb 1983, 176). None complete.
Brick: Rectangular, c. 4.5 cm thick, occasionally up to 7 cm thick.
None complete.
Some medieval roof and floor tiles were also
recovered, principally from the section up the bank of
the old graveyard (0058). These are thinner than the
Roman tiles and are mainly between 1 cm and 1. 5 cm
thick.
No analysis of the tile fabrics was attempted.
Opus signinum
Approximately 2 kg of opus signinum was recovered,
mainly from Feature 0008/0055/0056. The fragments
varied in thickness from 2 cm to 8 cm. Three fragments
from 0056 were attached to tile fragments and
presumably these indicate the resurfacing of a tiled floor
with opus signinum. A fragment from 0143 had a 1 mm
thick red slip on its surface.
1947-1957 excavations
Tesserae
1. Tr. 311 (?Trench G). Seven grey limestone tesserae, ranging in size
from 2 x 1.5 cm to I X I cm; two white limestone tesserae, I xI cm;
and one red tile tessera, 2.5 X 1.5 cm.
2. Tr. 162 (unstratified). Two grey limestone tesserae, 2x 1.5 cm; one
white limestone tessera, I X I cm.
3. Tr. 246 (unstratified). Two grey limestone tesserae, 1.5 x 1.5 cm and
1.5 xI cm; and one cream coloured tile tessera (powdery), 3 X 2.5
cm.
Tile
4. Tr. 247 (probably from Trench F). A complete flat tile, 39.5 cm and
4 cm thick. This is probably a tile of lydion size (40cm x 30cm x 4
cm; Brodribb 1983, 176), often used· for tile courses in walls. This
example is likely to have come from the hypocaust (Trench F) where
Treherne recorded that the flue lead~ng into the hypocaust was
composed of bricks measuring 16 inx 12 in (41 cm x 31.5 cm).
5. Tr. 248 (probably from Trench D). Complete tegula or roof tile, 38 cm
x 33cm (tapering to 31 cm) and 2cm thick, flanges 5cm high. The
narrower end has two roughly drawn semi-circles on its upper face,
presumably a maker's mark. Treherne mentions finding 'some
complete tegulae and imbrices' in Trench D and tiles 5-7 are
probably survivors of this group. ·

Box Floor Mise. Opus Medieval

Context Tegula lmbrex Tile Tile Brick Tile Sig. Tile
0001 90 40 80 170
0004, layer 0032 640 300 170
0004, layer 0034 220 10
0004, layer 0112 70
0004, layer 0006 50 40
0004, layer 0005 80 5
0004, layer 0113 40
0004, layer 0119 150*
0004, layer 0121 20
0004, layer 0127 80
0008/0056 8030 700 1320 22460 540 2720 850
0009 2020 320 240 420 90 40
0012 120 420 580 520
0013 50
0033 120
0035 50
0055 3000 !50 380 11600 1060 360
0058 820 170 460 3120
0107 40
0143 2070 130 560 3150 650 610
(contaminated)
Total 16880 1510 2760 38100 1120 6545 2080 3200
* ?burnt clay.
Table 4 Tile and Opus Signinum from the 1975 Excavation.
Weight in grams per context.

64
6. Tr. 249 (probably from Trench D). Approximately three-quarters of
a regula, 34 cm long, width uncertain, 2 cm thick, flanges 4 cm high.
The narrow end has three roughly drawn semi-circles (drawn with
a finger-tip) on its upper surface. There is a nail hole in the flat
surface adjacent to the flange on the left side of the tile, mid way
from either end; the corresponding position on the right side is,
unfortunately, broken off. Presumably this is a reflection of the
practice of nailing on the lowest course of tiles, the remainder being
held in position by their own weight on a shallowly pitched roof.
7. Tr. 250 (probably from Trench D). Virtually complete imbrex tile,
35.5cm long, 18cm wide tapering to 12. 5cm and 1.5cm thick.
Treherne also mentions finding 'a great number of broken tegulae
and box tiles' in the top layer of Trench A; 'a large amount of
roofing tiles' in Trench H; and tiles in Trench J.
Wall-plaster
8. Tr. 311 (?Trench G). Four fragments of wall plaster, I to 1.5 cm
thick, bearing traces of cream, brown, green, red and purple paint.
1900-1901 excavations
The original report mentions 'numerous tesserae'; 'wall plaster
coloured red, green, yellow and black'; 'a quantity ofhypocaust tiling';
'a perfect roof tile' and 'many fragments of roof tiling'.
XII. Bone Objects
2. S.F.0102, Context 0006. Pin, manufactured from a sharpened small
bone.
1947-1957 excavations
(Fig. 36)
3. Tr. 316 (probably from Trench M). Small pin.
4. Tr. 455 (pit in Trench M). Point with a round hole in the
unsharpened end, presumably to accommodate a wooden shaft.
There are a further two points of this type (both unstratified).
5. Tr. 312 (unstratzfied). Point with an unpierced shaft. There is
another point of this type, also unstratified.
6. Tr. 312 (unstratified). Point. There is another point of this type as
well, also unstratified.
7. Tr. 312 ('Belgic pit N of Trench B'). Crude point or awl.
8. Tr. 312 (unstratified). Point of peg made of very smooth and shiny
bone with a hole bored through the head.
9. Tr. 312 (unstraujied). Pin or peg with a groove cut around the
head.
10. Tr. 163 (unstratified). Pin or peg with a groove cut around the
head.
11. Tr. 163 (unstratzfied). Pin with a crudely formed head.
12. Tr. 163 (unstratified). Plain pin. There are also fragments of several
similar pins.
13. Tr. 163 (unstratified). Broken pin with a thick shaft.
14. Tr. 312 (unstratified). Spindle-whorl.
15. Tr. 163 (unstratified). Ring.

1975 Excavations
(Fig. 36) . 1900-1901 excavations
1. S.F.0059, Context 0032. Pin, fashioned from a splinter from a The original report mentions a 'bone stylus for ornamenting pottery'
larger bone. and 'two bone pins, 4 in'.

y
1_.

i,'.l_.
I· <I
- -· -· -·
:!
I
10 i'
9
11 ~

-@- 15
13

-=- 12

Figure 36 Bone objects from the 1975 and 1947-1957 excavations. Scale1:2.

65
 4. The Zoological Evidence
I. The Human Bones
1975 excavations
by C.B.Denston
A human skull was recovered from Layer 0132 in
Feature 0004. The remains consisted of fragments of a
cranium, which have been reconstructed as much as
possible (Pls 11 and IV).
Sex: ?Male
Age at death: 20-30 years
The specific features used in determining sex were
not very convincing where this cranium was concerned.
Posteriorly, the external protuberance and nuchal crests
were not very strongly developed. Anteriorly, the
supraorbital ridges were prominent with large frontal
sinuses, and rounded superior margins of the orbits.
Mastoid processes were neither large or small.
Measurements of the cranium were too few to be
worthwhile, so the cranium has been assigned tentatively
as male.
No teeth were present but parts of the maxilla were
available for study. Tooth sockets, those from the medial
incisor round to the first molar of the left half of the
maxilla, were intact. All the sockets displayed evidence of
extensive periodontal disease, the teeth from the two
right incisor sockets, and that from the first left premolar
Plate IV Human skull at the base of Feature 0004, restored.
66
socket lost antemortem. Abscess cavities had formed in
the sockets of the first right premolar, the second left
premolar and first molar, the infection burrowing out
into the lateral surface of the maxilla in each case.
The remains are now housed in the Department of
Physical Anthropology, University of Cambridge.
11. Animal Bones: Summary
1975 Excavations
by R.T.Jones, J.Sly, M .Beech and S.Parfitt
A total of 3117 bone fragments were examined, the bulk
of which came from a deep Iron Age pit (0004). Analysis
of the bones included: condition and preservation;
species identification and relative importance; age
determination; metrical analysis; anatomical
representation; fragmentation patterns; gnawing;
butchery and pathology.
The ovicaprid (sheep/goat) and cattle (Bos sp.) bones
were the most abundant species identified, with pig (Sus
sp. ) and dog (Canis familiaris) representing the less
common domestic animals. The wild mammal species
identified were: red deer (Cervus elaphus); hare (Lepus
sp.) and fox (Vu/pes vu/pes. Ten bird bones were
identified, which included bones from raven (Corv us
corax); duck (Anas sp., possibly domestic) and crane
(Grus sp.).
 Pit (0004) Postholes Scoops Slots Roman Unassigned Total
Species Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5
n o/o MNI n o/o n o/o n o/o n o/o n o/o n o/o
Cattle 585 19.7 36 6.25 5 14 17 19.1 608 19.5
Ovicaprid 692 22.9 61 6.25 50 8 22.2 14 15.7 716 22.9
Goat 5 0.2 2 5 0.1
Pig 178 6 22 3 5 5.6 184 5.9
Horse 51 1.7 2 51 1.6
Red deer 2 0.07 1 3 8.3 5 0.2
Large Artiodactyle 757 25.5 11 68.75 9 25 24 27 801 25.7
Small Artiodactyle 577 19.4 2 12.5 50 3 60 7 19.4 19 21.3 609 19.5
Dog 5 0.2 5 0.2
Fox 3 0.1 3 0.1
Dog/Fox 2 0.07 2 5.5 4 0.1
Hare 2 0.07 2 0.06
Duck 4 0.1 4 0.1
Raven 4 0.1 4 0.1
Crane 0.03 1 0.03
Unknown Bird 0.03 1 0.03
Unknown Mammal 100 3.4 6.25 2 40 2.8 10 11.2 114 3.7
Total 2969 16 2 5 36 89 3117
Table 5 Summary of vertebrate species represented at Burgh (1975 excavations).

Analysis of the ovicaprid bones (mainly sheep)
revealed that they were small, slender animals typical of
the Iron Age, and similar to modern-day primitive sheep
like the Soay. The ageing analysis suggested that some
lambs died within their first year, with probable culling
of other animals as they reached their optimum meat
weight. The older sheep would have provided wool and
possibly meat and manure.
The Iron Age cattle from Burgh were also of
relatively small stature, with an estimated height at the
shoulder of c. 1.08m. A few young animals were present
but the majority were over two years of age at death. In
addition to being a food source, the cattle may also have
been raised for milk and work purposes.
The full report on the animal bones appears on
microfiche.

67
 5. Discussion
I. The Iron Age Background
(Figs 59-61)
The area covered by the county of Suffolk is known to
have been occupied by at least two British tribes at the
end of the Iron Age; the Iceni and Trinovantes, the
former occupied north Suffolk and Norfolk, whilst the
latter were situated in south Suffolk and Essex. The
traditional view 1s that the Trinovantes were
overwhelmed by their western neighbours, the
Catuvellauni, in the first century AD, however several
recent writers have suggested that the union of the two
tribes may not have been achieved by simple conquest
but rather as the result of complex intradynastic and
inter-tribal conflicts and alliances (Rodwell 1976,
265-77; Webster 1978, 43; Partridge 1981, 355-6). The
unified Trinovantes and Catuvellauni were conquered
by the Romans in AD 43, despite the efforts of their
leaders, Caratacus and. Togodumnus, who led the
Br,itish opposition to the Romans. The Iceni retained
their independence a little longer but were finally
incorporated into the Roman empire following the defeat
of the uprising lead by Boudica (more commonly, if
incorrectly, known as Boadicea) their queen in AD 61.
The territories of the two tribes can in part be
identified by the distributions of the coins issued by the
Iceni on the one hand, and by the Trinovantes and
Catuvellauni on the other (Fig. 60). Tribal differences
can also be seen in the distribution patterns of
ornamental horse harness fittings, which appear to be
predominantly Icenian. However although the finished
objects occur in north Suffolk and Norfolk, clay moulds
for W esthall-type terrets and other harness fittings have
recently been found at Waldringfield (south Suffolk). In
contrast, the distribution of amphorae, Gallo-Belgic
pottery and 'Belgic' cemeteries, is closely linked with the
Trinovantian/Catuvellaunian area (Fig. 61). These
distribution patterns show that Burgh lay within the area
controlled by the Trinovantes and subsequently the
Catuvellauni, though when considered as a part of their
whole tribal territory it is obvious that Burgh lay very
much at the northern edge.
The general Iron Age settlement pattern in Suffolk
(Fig. 59) shows very few differences between the two
tribal areas in terms of settlement location. In both areas
the predominant impression is that the settlement sites
are directly related to the drainage pattern. The
distribution of Bronze Age barrows in Suffolk seems to
show a close correspondence with the areas oflight soils,
the heavy clay lands being virtually empty (Lawson et al.
1981, 77). The Iron Age distribution pattern also shows
a strong presence in the light soil areas (principally in the
north-west and south-east of the county) but also shows
a much wider penetration of the clay areas. The late Basil
Brown discovered a concentration oflron Age sites in the
clay land area of W attisfield in north Suffolk and there
are strong indications that this is not an isolated example.
Iron Age settlements are also recorded on clay soils in
Essex (Drury 1980, 4 7).
In discussing the distance from water of the Bronze
68
Age settlement at Grimes Graves in Norfolk (in that case
1.6 km), A.J,Legge drew attention to the fact that this
distance corresponded well with that recommended by
the Ministry of Agriculture as the maximum that should
be travelled by lactating cows (Mercer 1981, 96). By
applying this idea on a wider scale it is possible to
outline, in general, the areas which are suitable for the
keeping of cattle, in terms of access to water (Fig. 59). On
the basis of this it can be seen that the Iron Age
settlement sites are largely confined to the areas with
reasonable access to water; large areas oflight soils in the
Breckland are devoid of settlements because they are too
dry, the same is true oflarge tracts ofland along the east
coast. Significantly these areas contain a high proportion
of the surviving heathland in Suffolk and the agriculture
of several of these districts was dominated, until the
advent of modern farming, by extensive rabbit warrens
and sheep walks. The clay land areas away from the main
drainage pattern were probably plagued more by poor
drainage (leading to water-logging in some areas )
rather than dryness. Many of the modern settlements
in these 'dry' regions bear names which incorporate
elements: such as -by, -field, new-, and -stead, which are
often taken to denote late or secondary settlements
in the Saxon period, a possible reflection of their
unfavoured locations. The position of Burgh on a
clay soil close to a stream can thus be seen as being in
keeping with the general settlement pattern for the Iron
Age in Suffolk, with access to water playing a larger part
than lightness of soil in determining settlement
locations.
Burgh differs from the norm for Iron Age
settlements in Suffolk in that it had large and impressive
defences; only two other sites in the county are broadly
comparable, the reminder of the sites appear to have
been undefended. The two other sites are at Barnham in
north Suffolk and at Clare in south Suffolk. The
Barnham site is similar to Burgh in being double ditched
and roughly rectangular (more correctly a trapezium) but
is much smaller, having an area of 1 ha as opposed to near
7 ha. Excavations at Barnham have confirmed the Iron
Age date of that site and a radiocarbon date of 100 ± 80 be
(HAR-2902) was obtained from the base of one of the
enclosure ditches (Martin 1979, 218). The Barnham site
is presumably Icenian and may be regarded as a
precursor to the later Icenian fortified site 7. 5 km to the
north at Thetford, which has been suggested as the
.'palace' of Queen Boudica (Gregory 1981). Clare Camp
(formerly Erbury) is also double-ditched and roughly
quadrangular (though markedly less regular than Burgh)
and is nearly as large as Burgh, with an area of 5.25 ha.
However there is no firm evidence to support an Iror
Age date for this earthwork; its only known use is as a
medieval manorial compound. Clare, like Burgh, lies
within Trinovantian territory, but as its date is uncertain
there is very little that can be safely said about it. The
Essex part of the Trinovantian area is also lacking in
close parallels for the Burgh earthwork; forts such as
Ambresbury Banks and Loughton Camp in south Essex
(Morris and Buckley 1978, 22, 26) are perhaps the most
 IRON AGE SUFFOLK

• Pottery

e Sett l e m e n t s ite 0 Coin

0 Settl e me nt with c oin s ~ Co in hoard

l Okm
• De f e nd e d s it e t::. M e t a lwor k F3 F3 F3 E3 F3

[] Possible defende d site A Metalwo rk ho ard

• Burial ' 'Dr y' are a s

Figure 59 Map oflron Age Suffolk showing settlements and potentially dry areas. Scale 1:500,000.
 TRIBAL TERRITORIES

/~ri1@ /
//' ~@ ,./
,/ 0 0 l
• '·
~·@ I ceni

(
(
i
I
I

,.,· '.J .. 5

• e@ lcenian coin, coins and coin hoard

4A~ TrinovantianfCatuvellaunian coin,

coins and coin hoard
0 lcenian and Trinovantian coins.
former dominant
6. lcenian and Trinovantian coins: lOkm
latter dominant H H He==- H I
o 6 Imprecisely located coin

Figure 60 Map oflron Age tribal territories in Suffolk. Scale 1:500,000.

 TRIBAL CONTRASTS

,~·
0 i'
\

• 0

lceni

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'·,
i
i'
i

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l

e Horse harness fitting

• Early amphora
lOkm
A Gallo-Belgic pottery HHF3RH 1

• Belgic cemetery

Imprecisely located items shown in outline

Figure 61 Map oflron Age tribal contrast in Suffolk. Scale 1:500,000.

similar, but even they are closer to the loosely
quadrangular shape of Clare Camp rather than the more
rectangular outline of Burgh.
In · terms of hierarchy of sites within the
Trinovantian territory, Burgh obviously ranks beneath
the major oppida such as Camulodunum (Colchester) and
perhaps Braintree, but ranks with the minor oppida (as
defined by Rodwell 1976, 292) such as Wallbury Camp
and Witham .. As an oppidum it is likely that the site
served both as a regional centre and as the seat of a local
chieftain; combining the functions of a market with an
administrative and possibly religious role. The wealth of
the Burgh oppidum is manifest in the wide variety of pre-
Conquest imported wares found there, only paralleled in
range by the large oppidum sites such as Camulodunum
and Braughing, together with indications of prestige
metal working. A surprising and puzzling feature,
however, is the total absence oflron Age coins.
The geographical position of the Burgh oppidum,
hidden away in the valley of the River Lark, a small
tributary of the River Deben, in the far north-east corner
of the Trinovantian territory, is at first sight somewhat
puzzling. If, however, it is accepted that the River Alde
and the upper reaches of the River Deben marked part of
the southern boundary of the Iceni, it could be argued
that the territory of the Burgh oppidum was a naturally
bounded region stretching from the Alde to the River
Gipping; a region not too dissimilar to the Saxon and
Medieval Liberty of St Etheldreda, which probably had
its origin as a regia or province of the East Anglian
kingdom. Burgh is fairly centrally placed within this
region (in fact only a few miles upstream from
Woodbridge, one of later administrative centres of the
Liberty of St Etheldreda); its rather obscure position up
a small valley may have been the result of a deliberate
decision to make it difficult for an enemy to find, in other
words, a refuge rather than a dominating fort, a concept
that is in keeping with Caesar's description of British
strongholds as places where 'they retire in order to escape
the attacks of invaders' (Handford 1951, 139).
The position of the Burgh earthwork in the ultimate
north-east corner of the Trinovantian territory (in which
it is apparently unique) together with the presence of
non-Belgic pottery in its earliest layers, prompts the
question as to whether it was actually Trinovantian in
origin or whether it was built by an unknown tribe later
overwhelmed by the Trinovantes/Catuvellauni. In this
context it is tempting to recall the five tribes, presumably
from south-east Britain, who, following the lead of the
Trinovantes, surrendered to Julius Caesar in 54 BC: the
Cenimagni, Segontiaci, Ancalites, Bibroci and Cassi
(Handford 1951, 139). Of these only the Cenimagni,
usually equated with the Iceni, can be located with any
certainty, the others disappear never to be heard of again.
Could one of these tribes have been the builders of the
Burgh oppidum?
11. The Site
No properly recorded sections of the Burgh earthwork
have been excavated. The sections cut in the 1900-1
excavations merely indicated that there was no masonry
component to the banks and that the inner ditch was at
least 2.4m deep. However, on the assumption that
Feature 0004 in the 1975 excavations was a segment of
72
the earthwork ditch (p.OO), one can suggest that the ditch
was 3.2m deep and 6.35m wide. In the absence of
excavated evidence it is also impossible to say whether
the two halves of the earthwork are contemporary, or
whether the irregular western half pre- dates the more
regular eastern side (Fig. 2). The material from Feature
0004 suggests that the western half, at least, was built in
the late Iron Age, probably in the first century BC, by
people using hand-made non- 'Belgic' pottery.
The initial period at Burgh appears to end with
indications of some form of destruction. The Phase 2
deposits in Feature 0004 contained substantial amounts
of charcoal and burnt clay fragments (which seem to
include pieces from ovens and furnaces) which may
either indicate the violent destruction of a structure
within the earthwork, or, perhaps their peaceful
demolition and disposal, possibly subsequent to a fire.
These deposits were partially capped by a clean layer of
clay which probably represents the flattening of the
enclosure bank, a circumstance which may support the
idea of some sort of destruction. The subsequent phase
saw a marked increase in the amount of wheel-made
'Belgic' pottery, much of it showing close links with
material from Camu/odunum, the Trinovantian capital.
This phase also seems to have witnessed the silting up of
the enclosure ditch, thus seeming to indicate that the
defences had fallen out of use.
It is tempting to link events at Burgh with the wider
historical setting and to see in the possible destruction
phase and the subsequent strong presence of 'Belgic'
pottery a reflection of the expansion of the
Catuvellaunian/Trinovantian empire under its vigorous
ruler Cunobelinus. The changes at Burgh probably date
from c. AD 15-25 and are thus contemporary with the
reign of Cunobelinus.
The flattened and silted-up nature of the original
defences may have been a factor behind the decision to
build a new enclosure within the north-west corner of the
main earthwork (Fig. 2). The identity of the builders of
this smaller enclosure is, however, more problematic as it
must have been built either before, or shortly after, the
Roman Conquest of AD 43.
The rectangular shape of the Inner Enclosure (the
actual shape of the corners is unfortunately unknown)
and the V-shaped ditch might be taken as indications of
a small Roman fort tucked into the corner of a pre-
existing fortification in the manner of the Conquest-
period fort at Hod Hill in Dorset (Richmond 1968).
Finds of military equipment: a ballista bolt and a pi/um
head, at Burgh could be interpreted as confirmation of
such a fort. However, there is a worrying paucity of small
Claudian forts in Eastern England (Eddy and Turner
1982, 22-5) which might be regarded as parallels for the
Burgh fort. Aerial photography has revealed what is
probably a Claudian fort at Coddenham in the Gipping
Valley 11 km west ofBurgh; however this fort appears to
be the standard Roman rectangular shape with rounded
corners and seems to have three or four ditches, unlike
the single ditch of the Burgh enclosure. The Coddenhain
fort also has a larger internal area; approximately 2 ha
instead of 1 ha. Further doubt is engendered by the fact
that the Burgh ditch lacks the rectangular channel at the
bottom which is normally associated with Roman
military ditches and, more importantly, the finds from
the bottom of the ditch appear to have been primarily
'Belgic', with some early imported wares such as
 Arretine. Samian ware and other pottery typically
associated with the Conquest period was apparently not
present until the top of the primary deposit. Altogether
this suggests that the inner enclosure was not Roman but
native in origin and was built in the final period of the
Catuvellaunian/Trinovantian empire, c. AD 30-43.
Presumably it was the seat of a subordinate chieftain or
prince. The reduction in the size of the fortified area
might indicate that the site was functioning less as a
tribal centre but more as the personal seat of a chieftain.
The change might have provided the impetus for the
growth of the undefended market centres at Coddenham
and Hacheston, approximately 10 km to the west and
east, respectively, of Burgh.
The wealth of Conquest-period imported wares in
the inner enclosure ditch indicates that Burgh continued
to be occupied and important after the Roman Conquest.
Possibly the site functioned as some sort of official
administrative outpost; this might explain the military
items and the pottery that is closely linked with the
Roman army. Alternatively Burgh may have continued
in use as the seat of a native chieftain under Roman
suzerainty. A small client kingdom on the pattern
suggested for the Regni in Sussex and for the Iceni in
North Suffolk and Norfolk (Webster 1978, 54) would fit
the Burgh evidence quite well. This might have resulted
from a re-assertion of original tribal identity following
the downfall of the Catuvellaunian/Trinovantian empire
at the hands of the Romans in AD 43.
This official or noble occupation was interrupted c.
AD 60-70 when there are indications that part of the
inner enclosure bank on its south- west side at least, was
deliberately pushed into the ditch; however it is
impossible to say whether this was done during or after
the Boudican Revolt, or by whom. It is, however,
possible that the bank was levelled merely to make way
for the Roman villa which was subsequently established
within the earthwork.
Unfortunately very little is known about the detailed
layout of either the Iron Age or the Roman settlements
within the earthwork. The earliest pottery from the site,
the hand-made Iron Age wares, only occurs at the south-
west end of Castle Field: in Feature 0004, in the pit in
Treherne's Trench M and in the ditch in Trench K (Fig.
2). Wheel-made 'Belgic' pottery had a wider distribution,
being found not only in the above area but also in the
ditches of the Inner Enclosure. Within the Inner
Enclosure Treherne noted the surface indications of
'Belgic' pits and ditches, one of which (the ditch in
Trench C) contained early 'Belgic' pottery that pre-dated
that in the ditches of the Inner Enclosure, suggesting
'Belgic' occupation in the north corner of the earthwork
both before and after the building of the Inner
Enclosure.
The evidence of Claudio-Neronian occupation is
strongest from the ditches of the Inner Enclosure,
particularly Trench A and one suspects that the Inner
Enclosure was the centre of the settlement. The Flavian
material, however, is strongest in the area of Trench B,
perhaps indicating a shift to the south end of the
enclosure. In the second century there is evidence of
buildings with tiled roofs over much of Castle Field,
covering something like 2 ha, the centre being perhaps
on the higher ground in the area ofTrenches A, D and 11
(Fig. 2). Where known the buildings were rectangular,
built largely of timber but often with stone plinths to the
73
bases of the walls. Within these buildings were such
sophisticated items as a hypocaust (? related to. a bath-
house), tesselated floors, painted wall plaster, window
glass and door locks. All this strongly suggests the
presence of a villa rather than a humble farm.
The animal bone evidence from the site, most of
which is derived from the late Iron Age pit excavated in
1975, suggests that sheep were the most abundant
species kept (23o/o of the bone sample, representing at
least sixty-one animals), closely followed by cattle (19. 7o/o
of the bone, representing at least thirty-six animals). Pigs
were less numerous, only 6o/o of the assemblage. Other
domestic animals present in small numbers were goat,
horse and dog; wild animals present in small numbers
were red deer, hare and fox; bird bones indicate the
presence of raven, duck (?domestic) and crane.
The sheep were small animals, similar in size to the
modern Soay sheep and comparable in size with other
known Iron Age sheep. Evidence from their teeth
indicates that some lambs were killed in their first year,
however a high percentage did reach dental maturity
(three to five years) suggesting the culling of the animals
as they reached their optimum meat weight). The cattle
were also small, with an estimated shoulder height of
1.08m (modern dairy cows have an average shoulder
height of 1.4 m; Barker 1985, 31 ), though this falls near
the top range for Iron Age cattle. A large proportion of
the cattle were kept into adulthood and were over two
years old at death. The composition of the sheep and
cattle bone assemblages suggests that the material may
contain an element of primary butchery waste.
The pigs were within the size range of modern
European pigs. Approximately a quarter were killed in
their first year, but the majority were aged two to three
and a half years at death. The bones seem to indicate a
greater number of males (? castrates) than females, a
phenomenon noted elsewhere. The horse bones
represent at least two animals, one of which died. aged
eighteen months or younger. An estimated height of
11-12 hands is suggested, a size typical of the small
ponies found on Iron Age sites. No evidence of
butchering was found on these bones. The dog bones
represent at least one large dog of alsatian size and a
smaller dog of collie/labrador size. The red deer remains
include two antler fragments from Feature 0004, which
probably represent debris from artefact manufacture.
The small amount of deer and other wild animal remains
suggest only a limited amount of hunting.
Overall the bones suggest an economy with a sizeable
pastoral element, relying almost equally on sheep and
cattle; these being kept for meat, milk, wool and hides
and also, in the case of the cattle, for pulling carts and
ploughs. The horses were presumably kept for riding or
pulling carts, for there is no direct evidence that they
were eaten.
The isolated human skull in Feature 0004, where it
may have been deliberately deposited, may indicate a
ritual or religious use of the site in the Iron Age. Isolated
skulls are known from other Iron Age sites (Wilson 1981,
135) and these may be connected with the head cults or
fetishes which appear to have existed amongst the Celts
(Piggott 1968, 40; Chadwick 1970, 49). A religious
aspect would not be out of keeping with the site's
assumed function as a tribal centre.
The subject of when and how the Roman villa at
Burgh came to an end is shrouded with uncertainties and
confused with doubtful evidence: the supposed late
fourth-century coin hoard from Burgh might indicate
that the end came in a time of danger, possibly associated
with Saxon raiding or general unrest, whilst the Late
Roman imported pottery which is alleged to have come
from Burgh might indicate that the settlement lasted into
the fifth century. However we can be sure that the
earthwork was still surviving as a recognisable
fortification when the Anglo-Saxons arrived, for it was
they who named the site as a burh, meaning a 'fortified
place' in Old English.
Ill. The Later Settlement History
At first appearance the Burgh earthwork would seem to
be totally unrelated to the present settlement pattern,
situated as it is on the extreme western edge of Burgh
parish, with the parish boundary actually skirting around
the edge of the earthwork. However when it is seen in the
context of the other parishes in the upper Lark valley
(Fig. 60) it becomes apparent that the earthwork does in
fact lie fairly centrally in a natural block of land, 7 km
long by 5 km wide, and containing 3001 ha (7417 acres),
made up of the combined parishes of Burgh, Clopton,
Grundisburgh and Otley. Interestingly the outline of this
block is respected by the boundary of the medieval
Hundred of Carlford, which runs up the east side of
Burgh and Clop ton, round the north of Otley and down
the west side of Grundisburgh. In size this territory is
comparable to some known and postulated Saxon estates
(Wilson 1976, 37) and one is tempted to suggest that here
we may have a Saxon estate which owes its origin to the
estate of the Roman villa at Burgh.
The idea of an estate does not preclude the
occurrence of other, smaller, settlements within the
territory of the major settlement and fieldwalking (by
John Newman of the Suffolk Archaeological Unit) has
shown that there are at least eight other areas of Roman
occupation in the postulated estate area; two near the
Roman road in Clopton and the others on the west side
of the Lark.
Finds from the earthwork imply a gap in its
occupation between the Late Roman and the Anglo-
Norman periods. Fieldwalking evidence suggests that by
the Middle Saxon period the focus of the estate had
shifted some 400m from the earthwork to an area around
Clopton church, where Middle Saxon Ipswich Ware has
been found. Smaller amounts oflpswich Ware have also
been found at four other locations in the area, most
noticeably around Grundisburgh village, which suggests
the continued existence of satellite settlements.
By 1086 churches were established at Burgh,
Clopton and Otley. Those of Burgh and Clopton are
peculiar in that they are only 400 m apart and are both
oddly positioned in their parishes. Burgh church is
situated in the earthwork on the western edge of the
parish, over a kilometre from the present village of Burgh
(which is in fact closer to Grundisburgh church), whilst
Clopton is at the southern tip of its parish, some 2 km
from the main settlement around Clopton Green.
The founding of St Botolph's Church at Burgh may
be connected with the removal of the bones ofSt Botolph
from his ruined monastery at Iken on the Suffolk coast in
the tenth century (the monastery was founded in 654 and
destroyed by the Danes c. 870). His remains were divided
74
into three portions, a third each going to the abbeys of
Ely and Thorney in Cambridgeshire and the remaining
third was alotted to King Edgar. There are, however,
grounds for thinking that the king's third may have been
brought inland to the Burgh earthwork for safekeeping
before its final division in the eleventh century between
the abbeys of Bury St Edmunds and Westminster; this
supposition depends on the interpretation of a medieval
document from Bury Abbey which refers to the
translation of relics of St Botolph from a resting place at
or near Grundisburgh (Martin 1978a). Burgh church
may therefore mark the spot where the saint's bones were
temporarily stored and could thus be more of a
commemorative chapel than a community church. The
finding of a small amount of Anglo-Norman Thetford-
type War.e in Burgh churchyard is probably explainable
in terms of this Domesday church.
A larger amount of Thetford-type Ware from near
Clopton church suggests that the settlement established
in the Middle Saxon period was still in existence and that
the church was built to serve that community.
Fieldwalking has also revealed that there are intermittent
spreads ofThetford-type Ware extending in a line north-
eastward from Clopton church to maximum distance of
900m. Thetford-type Ware has also been recovered from
the edge of the river terrace 270m to the south of Burgh
church.
In view of the strong indications of a sizeable Late
Saxon/Norman settlement in the vicinity ofClopton and
Burgh churches it is possible that the two churches
indicate that the original Middle Saxon settlement split
into two and that each part acquired a church despite
their proximity. Dual or split settlements, each with a
church, are known from elsewhere in Suffolk, eg.
Barnham St Gregory and Barnham St Martin (churches
320m apart), Creeting All Saints and Creeting St Mary
(churches 50 m apart in the same churchyard, though one
church has now disappeared), Icklingham All Saints and
Icklingham St James (church 700m apart), Rickinghall
Inferior and Rickinghall Superior (churches 500m
apart), Stanton St John and Stanton All Saints (churches
480m apart) and Trimley St Martin and Trimley St
Mary (churches 50m apart in adjoining churchyards);
however in all these cases the settlements share a
common placename, which is not the case with Burgh
and Clopton.
The finding oflpswich and Thetford-type Wares at
Grundisburgh suggests that this settlement was founded
in the Middle Saxon period, but although it is a named
vill in Domesday it did not possess a church of its own.
The placenames of Burgh and Grundisburgh appear to
be inter-related in that the Burgh earthwork is the only
known burh or fortification in the area and therefore both
parishes appear to be named after it. In the medieval
period the two parishes are often found bracketed
together (eg. for the 1327 Lay Subsidy return) and this
relationship may explain the Domesday presence of a
church at Burgh and the absence of one at
Grundisburgh.
The Domesday situation in the four parishes is a
complicated one. Burgh had one main manor of 1
carucate 20 acres (ie. about 140 acres) held by a
substantial freeman or minor thegn called Ailric of
Burgh, together with a church (in which several persons
were said to have owned a part), but also had a subsidiary
vill at Thistleton which was split into two small manors
 ~
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Figure 62 Map showing Burgh and its possible territory. Scale 1:40,000.

of 50 acres and 60 acres respectively. Clopton had four carucates to 1 carucate. The owners of these manors were
manors of more or less equal size (varying from 1 many and varied, however there are underlying
carucate 20 acres to 1 carucate 42 acres) with a church indications that the whole area may once have belonged
which was said to have 15 acres taken out of four to the Abbey of Ely, part of the endowment given in the
demesnes (ie. of the four manors). Grundisburgh had two seventh century to the abbey by St Etheldreda, the
major manors of 1 carucate and 1 carucate 30 acres daughter of King Anna of East Anglia.
respectively and two minor manors of 60 acres each. Thus by the eleventh century the area was split into
Otley had three major manors ranging in size from 2 five named vills - Burgh, Clopton, Grundisburgh, Otley

75
and Thistleton, with three churches between them, and
further split into ten major manors and four minor ones.
These Domesday manors are all relatively small and not
all of them seem to have survived into later medieval
times; Burgh, Thistleton and Clopton retained their
manors, but Grundisburgh contracted to one and Otley
to two manors.
What is less clear, however, is how this set-up was
reflected in the settlement pattern. Burgh would seem to
have had one main centre, presumably near the church,
where Ailric of Burgh lived and outlying farms at
Thistleton. The site of Thistleton Hall is an isolated
moated site near the boundary with the parish of Boulge
(Old French bouge 'uncultivated land covered with
heather the the like', Ekwall 1960, 55). The second
manor in Thistleton may have been centred on two
smaller moated sites also near the Boulge boundary
(Moat Farm and Looms Farm) which are only 300m
apart. Moated sites like these close to parish boundaries
would normally be thought of as dating from the late
twelfth to the early fourteenth century, however in this
case it is clear that they were established as settlements
by the Late Saxon period, though the construction of the
moats themselves probably did not take place until the
thirteenth century. Clopton could be regarded as a
polyfocal parish (Taylor 1977) with its four equal-sized
manors each with its own demesne-Clopton Hall in the
south near the church, Brand Hall or Brenthall in the
centre and Rouse Hall and Wascolies in the north. The
two main manors in Grundisburgh were presumably
centred on the village, whilst the two minor manors, like
those of Thistleton, may have been outlying farms, such
as the present Stanaway or Rookery Farms. The manor
of Netherhall in Otley was originally centred on the
motte and bailey castle 400 m to the south of the church;
the other two manors, under the same ownership at
76
Domesday, seem to have coalesced into the manor of
Overhall, probably centred on the moated site
immediately north of the church. Otley Hall, 1.3 km
north of the church, may owe its origin to the smaller of
the two Domesday manors that constituted Otley
Overhall, otherwise it may not be manorial in origin
(though confusingly the manor of Nether hall was later
acquired by the Gosnolds of Otley Hall).
A further and important development in the
settlement pattern was the establishment of green-side
villages, a phenomenon which elsewhere in East Anglia
is dated to the twelfth century (Wade-Martins 1975,
152-3). In Burgh this seems to have entailed a shift of
settlement from the church southwards to the present
village of Burgh (formerly called Sky Green, Hodskinson
1783). In Clopton settlement moved northwards to
Clopton Green. Otley seems to have gained a northern
extension known as Otley Green. Grundisburgh village
is centred around a small green and it is possible that the
growth of this village and the establishment of a church
(in existence by 1254) were mainly twelfth century
phenomena.
Thus, in conclusion, the settlement history in these
four parishes is a complicated one which seems to entail
development from a dominant central settlement,
through stages of increasing fragmentation into separate
manors and farmsteads, to a complex dispersed
settlement pattern by the Norman Conquest. Then,
probably due to an increasing population from the
twelfth century onwards, settlement re-coalesced into
four main villages; Otley and Clopton Green in the north
and Grundisburgh and Burgh village (Sky Green) in the
south. The original settlement area in the centre was
largely abandoned, except for the two almost isolated
churches of Burgh and Clopton, which stand as
memorials to an earlier settlement pattern.
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80
 Index
Site and placename references are followed by the county name. Pins, 8, 20 (Fig. 11), 22, 65 (Fig. 36).
(E)= Essex, (S)=Suffolk. Post-holes, 7, 8, 10, 12, 13, 15.
Ambresbury Banks (E), 68. Pottery, 4, 6, 7, 8, 11, 14, 27-63 (Figs 17-34).
Antonine Itinerary, I. amphorae, 6, 37, 43, 46, 58, 60 (Fig. 32), 62, 68.
Baked clay, 63-4 (Fig. 35). Arretine, 6, 30-3, 72-3.
Ballista bolt, 23 (Fig. 14), 25, 72. Be1gic, 7, 8, 14,34-6, 39-42 (Figs 20-22), 47-53 (Figs 24-8), 55-6 (Fig.
Barnham (S), 68. 29), 72-3.
Belgae, 34. Black-burnished Ware, 37, 50, 52 (Fig. 27).
Bone, animal, 6, 11, 66-7, 73. Butt beakers, 6, 28-9 (Fig. 17), 41-2 (Fig. 22), 50, 52-4 (Figs 27-8).
human skull, 10-11, 14, 66, 73. flint tempered, 34.
objects, 65 (Fig. 36). Gallo-Belgic, 8, 27-30 (Fig. 17), 37, 68.
Boudica, 68, 73. graffiti, 7, 61-2 (Fig. 33).
Bracelet, 21-2 (Fig. 12). grey wares, 36-7.
Braintree (E), 72. Ipswich Ware, 74.
Bricks, 7, 14. Iron Age, 8, 14, 37-9 (Figs 19-20), 46-7 (Fig. 24), 49, 72.
Bronze Age settlement, 68. Late Roman, 60 (Fig. 32), 62-3, 74.
Brooches, 6, 7, 8, 16-19 (Figs 9-10), 22. London Ware, 43-4 (Fig. 23), 46, 55-6 (Fig. 29).
La Tene III, 16,17 (Fig. 9), 19. Lyon Ware, 6, 8, 37, 53-5 (Figs 28-9).
Nauheim Derivative, 16, 17 (Fig. 9), 19. mortaria, 6, 37, 43-4 (Fig. 23), 56-9 (Figs 30-1), 63.
plate, 17 (Fig. 9), 19. Nene Valley, 37, 45, 58-9 (Fig. 31).
Burgh Church, see St Botolph's Church. ollae, 7, 8.
Burgh parish (S), 1, 3, 74-6. Oxfordshire Ware, 37, 58-9 (Fig. 31).
Caesar, Julius, 72. petrology, 27, 43, 45-6.
Camulodunum (Colchester) (E), 6, 30, 35, 37, 72. Rhenish Ware, 37, 54.
Caratacus, 68. samian, 6, 7, 30-4 (Fig. 18), 73.
Carlford Hundred (S), 74. sand-tempered, 34, 36.
Castle Field, 3, 7, 73. shell-tempered, 34.
Cattle, 66-8, 73. stamps, 6, 7, 34, 58, 62 (Fig. 34).
Catuvellauni, 68, 73. Terra Nigra, 27-30 (Fig. 17).
Clapton parish (S), 74-6. Terra Rubra, 6, 27-30 (Fig. 17).
Clare Camp (S), 68, 72. Thetford-type Ware, 43-4 (Fig. 23), 46, 74.
Cobbling, 10, 14. Pruning hook, 23 (Fig. 14), 25.
Coddenham (S), 73. Querns, 25.
Roman site, 1, 72. Regni, 73.
Coins, Iron Age, 68, 72. Rings, 21-2 (Fig. 12), 65.
Roman, 7, 16. Ritual/religious behaviour, 14, 73.
hoard, 16, 74. River Gipping (S), 72.
Egyptian, 16. Roman forts, 72.
Combretovium, 1. Roman settlement, 74.
Copper alloy, 16-22 (Figs 9-13). St Botolph, 74.
Crucible fragments, 8, 24-5 (Fig. 15). St Botolph's Church, Burgh (S), 1, 4, 74.
Cunobelinus, 72. churchyard, 8, 15.
Domesday, 74, 76. new graveyard, 8, 14.
Flints, prehistoric, 25. Shale bracelet, 25-6 (Fig. 16).
Flint wall, 7-8. Sheep, 66-7, 73.
Glass, 8, 25-6 (Fig. 16), 73. Skull, see bone.
bead, 26 (Fig. 16). Slag, 25.
beaker, 25-6 (Fig. 16). Spoon, 6, 21-2 (Fig. 12).
bottle, 26. Spindle-whorl, 65 (Fig. 36).
vessel, 25-6 (Fig. 16). Stoke-hole, 7.
window, 26, 73. Stone, 25-6 (Fig. 16).
Grundisburgh parish (S), 74-6. Stowmarket (S), 46.
Hacheston (S), 46, 73. Styli, 23 (Fig. 14), 25, 65.
Hod Hill (Dorset), 72. Suffolk kilns, 46.
Hypocaust, 3, 7 (Fig. 4), 73. Tesserae, 7, 8, 64-5.
Iceni, 68, 72·3. Tile, 4, 6, 8, 14, 64-5.
Inner Enclosure, 3, 4, 6-8, 72-3. imbrices, 7, 64.
Ipswich Museum, 4, 16. medieval, 64.
Iron, 6, 22-5 (Figs 14-15). pilae, 3, 7.
Iron Age settlement, 68-73 (Figs 59-61). regulae, 6, 64-5.
Keys, 6, 22-5 (Figs 14-15). tubuli, 6, 8, 64.
Latch lifter, 7, 22·3 (Fig. 14). Togodumnus, 68.
Liberty of St Etheldreda, 72. Toilet set, 21-2 (Fig. 12).
Loom weights, 6, 7, 8, 63-4 (Fig. 35). Treherne, J.D.W., 1, 4, 6, 7, 8, 16, 63, 73.
Loughton Camp (E), 68. Trinovantes, 68, 72-3.
Martlesham (S), 46. V-shaped ditch, 4-6, 8, 72.
Mortar, 4. Villa, 8, 73-4.
Needle, 20 (Fig. 11), 22. Wall plaster, 4, 7, 8, 65, 73.
Norman motte, 3, 4. Wallbury Camp (E), 72.
Oppida, 72. Wattisfield (S), 46, 68.
Opus signinum, 8, 14, 64. West Stow (S), 46.
Otley parish (S), 74-6. Windmill mound, 3, 4.
Ovicaprid, 66-7, 73. Witham (E), 72.
Oyster shells, 4, 6, 7. Woodbridge (S); 1, 3, 4, 72.
Pigs, 73. Woodbridge Field Club, 1, 4, 16.
Pilum, 24-5 (Fig. 15), 72. Index compiled by J.A. Davies

81
East Anglian Archaeology
is a serial publication sponsored by the Scole Archaeological Report No.23, 1985 Norfolk: Excavations at Brancaster 1974
Committee Ltd. The Norfolk, Suffolk and Essex Units, the Norwich and 1977
Survey and the Fenland Project will all be contributing volumes to the Report No.24, 1985 Suffolk: West Stow, the Ahglo-Saxon village
series. It will be the main vehicle for publishing final reports on
Report No.25, 1985 Essex: Excavations by Mr H.P.Cooper on
archaeological excavations and surveys in the region.
the Roman site at Hill Farm,
Gestingthorpe, Essex
Copies and information about the contents of all volumes can be
obtained from: Report No.26, 1985 Norwich: Excavations in Norwich 1971-78;
Part 11
Centre of East Anglian Studies, Report No.27, 1985 Cambridgeshire: The Fenland Project No.l:
University of East Anglia, Archaeology and Environment in the lower
Norwich, NR4 7TJ W elland valley
or directly from the Archaeology Unit publishing a particular volume. Report No.28, 1985 Norwich: Excavations within the north-east
bailey of Norwich Castle, 1978
Reports available so far: Report No.29, 1986 Norfolk: Barrow excavations in Norfolk,
Report No.l, 1975 Suffolk: various papers 1950-82
Report No.2, 1976 Norfolk: various papers Report No.30, 1986 Norfolk: Excavations at Thornham,
Report No.3, 1977 Suffolk: various papers Warham, Wighton and Caistor St. Edmund,
Report No.4, 1976 Norfolk: Late Saxon town of Thetford Norfolk
Report No.5, 1977 Norfolk: various papers on Roman sites Report No.31, 1986 Norfolk: Settlement, religion and industry
Report No.6, 1977 Norfolk: Spong Hill Anglo-Saxon cemetery on the Fen-edge; three Romano-British sites
in Norfolk
Report No.7, 1978 Norfolk: Bergh Apton Anglo-Saxon
cemetery Report No.32, 1987 Norfolk: Three Norman Churches in
Norfolk
Report No.8, 1978 Norfolk: various papers
Report No.33, 1987 Essex: Excavation of a Cropmark Enclosure
Report No.9, 1980 Norfolk: North Elmham Park Complex at Woodham Waiter, Essex, 1976
Report No.lO, 1980 Norfolk: village sites in Launditch Hundred and An Assessment of Excavated Enclosures
Report No.ll,' 1981 Norfolk: Spong Hill, Part 11 in Essex
Report No.l2, 1981 The barrows of East Anglia Report No.34, 1987 Norfolk: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at
Report No.l3, 1981 Norwich: Eighteen centuries of pottery Spong Hill, North Elmham, Part IV:
from Norwich Catalogue of Cremations
Report No.l4, 1982 Norfolk: various papers Report No.35, 1987 Cambridgeshire: The Fenland Project No.2:
Fenland Landscapes and Settlement
Report No.l5, 1982 Norwich: Excavations in Norwich
between Peterborough and March
1971-1978; Part I
Report No.36, 1987 Norfolk: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at
Report No.l6, 1982 Norfolk: Beaker domestic sites in the Fen-
Morning Thorpe, Norfolk: Catalogue
edge and East Anglia
Report No.37, 1987 Norwich: Excavations at St Martin-at-Palace
Report No.l7, 1983 Norwich: Waterfront excavations and
Plain, Norwich, 1981
Thetford-type Ware production, Norwich
Report No.38, 1988 Suffolk: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at
Report No.18, 1983 Norfolk: The archaeology ofWitton
W estgarth Gardens, Bury St Edmunds,
Report No.l9, 1983 Norfolk: Two post-medieval earthenware Suffolk: Catalogue
pottery groups from Fulmodeston
Report No.39, 1988 Norfolk: The Anglo-Saxon Cemetery at
Report No.20, 1983 Norfolk: Burgh Castle: excavation by Spong Hill, North Elmham, Norfl~, Part
Charles Green, 1958-61 VI: Occupation during the 7th-2nd
Report No.21, 1984 Norfolk: Spong Hill, Part Ill millennia BC
Report No.22, 1984 Norfolk: Excavations in Thetford, 1948-59 Report No.40, 1988 Suffolk: Burgh: The Iron Age and Roman
and 1973-80 Enclosure