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    115 views212 pages

    How To Reassess Your Chess Jeremy Silman

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    Quân

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    HOw TO EASE aS YouR = CHESS” BA oT JEREMY SILMAN © copy Jeremy Sinn 199 Al igs reserve. No pat fhe bok may be wed oF Teprobied i any nioner whiaoeer mit ween sma rom te plier, emcee in the eas fb Fe Sie es tin 987654 bray of Congress Cutoging--Pbeaion Data Siem, jeremy ow to eats your cess" crete chesrmasery cou / Seren ima I Ses Pree rig published: Expanded Se Ine Anges Sone Pu, ©1993 Tedd gnghl eeeer or14955555 197 WUIT—EAI SETS son soms.006 ‘ove en by Hest Peder Cone phar and tracy Dani Sh Sis Press 43624 Shannon Road 12s Angeles CA 90027 Dedicated to Steven Christopber—the kindest gentleman “Tue ever met in my ches travels, Tis book would not exist tutbou bis belp and encouragement CONTENTS Key to Notation and Symbols x Preface tothe Thied Edtion tt Introduction av PART ONE: BASIC ENDGAMES Chapter One—Understanding the King 3 (Chapter Two—King and Pawn Endgames 9 Chapter Thsee—Rook and Pawn Endgames 15 PART TWO: THINKING TECHNIQUES AND LIST OF IMBALANCES 23, Chapter One—What Is 2 Plan? 25 Chapter Too—imbalances and the ‘Silman Thinking Technique’ 27 PART THREE: CALCULATION AND COMBINATIONS 35 Chapter One—Caleulaion 37 Chapter Two—Rules of Combination 47 PART FOUR: MINOR PIECES IN THE MIDDLEGAME 53 Chapter One—The Bishop 55 Chapter Two—Undersanding Knights 79 Chapter Theee—Dogs vs. Cais/Bishops vs. Keights 93 Chapter Four—The Power ofthe Two Bishops 171 Chapter Five—The Two Knights Victorious! 127 PART FIVE: SPACE AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE 137 Chapter One—The Big Squeeze 133, (Chapter Toro—The Dark Side of Space 142 Chapter Three—Block Before You Punch! 147 PART SIX: THE MYSTERY OF THE CENTER 155 ‘Chapter One—The Center Under Siege 157 Chapter Two—The Indestuctible Center 162 PART SEVEN; WEAK PAWNS-STRONG PAWNS 167 ‘Chapter One—Doubled Pawns 169 Chapter Two—The Isolated Pawn 180 Chapter Thwee—Backward Pawns 189 Chapter FourPasted Pawns 196 PART EIGHT: WEAK SQUARES 207 (Chapter One—The Creation of a Weakness 209 Chapter Two Making Use of a Weak Square 213, PART NINE: MATERIAL LOSS AND SACRIFICE 223, ‘Chapter One—Exchanging Material for Other Imbalances 225, ‘Chapter TWo— Making Use of Extra Material 232 PART TEN: TEMPORARY IMBALANCES—DEVELOPMENT AND INITIATIVE 243 ‘Chapter One—Slow Play vs, Fast Pay-—Statie ws, Dynamic 245 Chapter TWo—A Lead in Development 254 Chapter Theee—Initiative 261 PART ELEVEN: OPEN FILES 269 ‘Chapter One—Penetation Down an Open File 271 Chapter Two—Domination of Open Files 280 PART TWELVE: THREE KEYS TO SUOCESS 285 Chapter One—Mastering Positions with Many Types of Imbalances 287 Chapter Two—Preventing Counterplay 296 Chapter Thre Ar of Fighting Back 302 PART THIRTEEN: USING IMBALANCES IN EVERY PHASE OP THEGAME 321 Chapter One—imbalances in the Opening 313 Chapter Two—imbalances in che Endgame 323 Chapter Three—Opening imbalances That Last. Tile Endgame 333 PART FOURTEEN: GLOSSARY 339 PART FIFTEEN: THE SOLUTIONS TO THE PROBLEMS 363 PART SIXTEEN: RECOMMENDED READING LIST 395 INDEX OF GAMES 403, KEY TO NOTATION AND SYMBOLS ‘equality or equal chances ‘+6/Whie has a slight advantage White has a lear advantage +-/ White has a winning advantage Black has a sight advantage -/Black basa cleat advantage *+4/Black has a winning advantage excellent move wesiliant move Poor move PyBlunder interesting move A/Dubious move AL times you will ee a backslash standing between two symbols (like: +/=). The ist symbol stnds for the result i it is White to move. The second symbol is for Black to move. +%-/s means that White to move wins and Black 10 move draws. -+#/+s- means that Black wins if kis White to move while White wins iit Black to move, PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION | orginally wrote this book when I noticed that most ofthe instructional’ chess books really offered no instruction at all. Mos chess literature offers 2 bunch of positions that eater 103 theme but never explain how to implement the examples into your own game. I wanted to give the serious chess student (rom class D to Exper) a way to really improve his or her play-—a serious study ofthis book should enable the reader to achieve thie goal have been more than gratified by the many kind words sven to. How To Reasses Your Chess by players all over the ‘world, These positive comments show me that the book is doing its job—its helping people to beter understand chess For this thie edition Ihave created new chapters, added lots ‘of important examples to already existing chapters, and clari- fied any obscure language that might have detsacted from the instructional value ofthe text T hope How To Reassess Your Ches brings you many hours of pleasure and opens up new levels of understanding to the game that we all love Jeremy Sitman. Bevery His, 1993, INTRODUCTION ‘Often when I talk to players of D-A strength Lam surprised 10 find how litle they know about the game. Moreover, when | recommend a book for them to study they often tll me twas lover their head-—that they had difficulty understanding Is In pantcula, | have found that most players have problems swith the following subjects: 1) Alack of understanding concerning the tue purpose of the opening, 2) No knowledge of planning and the thinking processes ‘hat make ie happen 3). No understanding ofthe most elementary endings. D How all thee of these subjects are closely connected ‘This lack of understanding ofthe fundamentals often contin ues fr a hfetine. Typical isthe following soe: John Everyman was aught how to play chess by bis fate at the age of twelve At Fist he leaned the basic rules and thea, aller he gained some experience, he memorized vasious mating patcens. Everyman was toldthat he should learn some endgame Positions also and so, witha heavy heat, he took the time 10 Figure out how to matein such one sided situations as King and Rook King, However, he generally found endings boring and not Worthy of alfeniion. Everyman was an attacker, he loved chasing an opponent's King across the board. To this end hae studied chess problems and a few base texts on combina tion, Everyman reigned supreme on his block; few coule put up ‘even the (iniest resistance. His ego bursting with power, Everyman decided to extend his area of dominance—he joined a chese club. ‘Against these new, more seasoned adversaries, Everyman, could do litle. He would uy 10 atack, but his cowardly ‘opponents would take a pawn, ade all the pieces off, and ‘eventually win che resultant endgame. Obviously he had gotten involved in a club of wimps—real men would never play such chicken chess! Nevertheless, his syle slowly went through certain transformations. Everyman leamed to avoid weak pawns, develop all his pieces before attacking, try :0 avoid loss of| material, ete. Everyman dida' paniculaly like these changes, bu he liked losing toa bunch of wimps even less ‘The years rolled by with Everyman memorizing 2 few open- ing varations and refining the various postonal lessons he had been givea by the other members. Soon Everyman was top dog In the club. His ego soared to new heights t was time for further expansion. Everyman started to compete in wourna- ‘ments, AC fis his resuits were shaky: the chess clock unnerved him and, in general, he was looked down on by the top players. This proved tobe temporary though-—in a way twas arte of Initation. As he became more familar with the atmosphere of| ‘tournaments and ashe picked up afew new strategies, Everyman stared winning games with regularity. When he got his rating published he felt great pride—1802, 2 class‘ player! ‘More time swam by and Everyman continued to hone his skill When sot working of spending time with his family, Everyman would sit back and memorize a few more opening lines and, a times, leaf though a tedious middlegame mana Eventually Everyman achieved an Expert ranking and ty as he might he could never get beyond i ‘This did not have o be the case. Everyman was tuck because his foundation was rotten. His knowledge was sipshod and Incomplete. Most imporartly, he never viewed the game as hhomogencous whole, Instead, eventing was made of dis jointed fragments. Despite mediocre leaning techniques, Everyman had reached the expert level. Unfortunately, his same mediority as now acting as an anchor and was effectively preventing him from setting any beer, The tuth wasnt prety, but unless he ‘eseroyed that rotten foundation and lesmed everthing again from scratch he would never get over the exper hump, Everyman's stony is common. Most players teach peak and find themselves tapped there—A prsoner of their mind's erroneous dogmas ‘Are You in similar situation? Are you willing to rebuild your foundation, make a change, and reach new heights? Ifyou are, then empry your brain of preconceived ideas, open you eyes, and prepare to he the player you always knew you could be, ‘The purpose of this book i to offer a complete course of study 10 the serious student. You will be taught the basic endgames, middlegame concepts, and the rue purpose of the chess openings. You will be shown how to structure your thinking processes and how to come up with plans based on the needs of any given postion. Tests, basic rules, and other recommendations wil aso be included. You will earn how 10 train yourself and be given all the tons necessary to do this ‘This book is writen on many levels. Much very basle materi 's included, Stady it Even if you feet you know i, sill go over i again. Some ofthe material will be a bit advanced for many players Do the best you can with i Reread this book every’ six ‘months, You will ofen find thatthe material that ws once an ‘enigma becomes crystal clear with the passage of litle time. ‘This isnot simply another tome oa the middlegame Instead | ‘offer a method of contoled thought—we will examine many ferent aspects of chess, but always through the confines of ‘that method. Enough material is given in each chapter to get a point across. A complete explanation of each subject would {ake many thousanes of pages. list of recommended iterature is given atthe end of this book for those who wish to delve decper into vaious topics Ts iy contention that any student who seriously studies this ‘book ancl continues the work schedules therein can eventually achieve a master ranking ‘One pitfall must be mentioned before we finish this trode. tion and get into the actual lessons, Most players have devel ‘oped a cenain proficiency with ther syle. They are skilled in theie mediocsty. When you start changing the way you think about the game, you may find your results will actually get ‘worse! Don't panic. AS you muster che materials inthis book your downward plunge will reverse iseif and you sill soon {ind youreelf ata point of understanding and achievement fae beyond anything you have previously obtained. OF course, fallin stenggh isnot necessary. Everyone will react eifferently to the information inside. One gentleman had an ‘A’ rating for years but had never won an “A’ section. After one lesson something ‘clicked! and he won 1Wo tournaments saigh, both swith 5.0 scores! May things go so well for you! PART ONE BASIC ENDGAMES ‘This par of the book is an anomaly-—it ealy should not be bere! 've struggled long and hard with the simple face that basic endgames have nothing to do with my general theme, Why then, have 1 decided to include this section? In a way the anstier is less a matter of reason and more @ question of Conscience. Quite simply: EVERYONE needs to know the bases of endgame play. Unforunately 1 have found that players of| every class have very litle Gf any) knowledge of this subject. Since the material in this section represents the building blocks ofall endgames, I feel compelled to offer it here and BEG you to take the time to master, Your reward will be many saves from poor positions and numerous wins fom endings that you ‘ever would have gone into in the past Remember that fam only giving basic endgame material that I think you simply must know. For a deeper study of the subject, there are numerous books on the market that just explore ths area of the game (See the recommended reading lise at the end of this book. Twill take i for granted tha the student is already Familie With the basic mates such as King and Queen vs. King, King and Rook vs. King. etc. More complex and appropriate) endgame considerations will be studied later (See Part Thineen: Imbal- ances In The Endgame) CHAPTER ONE UNDERSTANDING THE KING “Throughout a chess game a player hides his King away on the sidelines where ic quivers ina perpetual sate of eae. Of course {his is easy to understand—a state of marial law exiss on the chesshoard and a wandering King willbe quickly executed by a vindictive Queen and her cohons, Ths matriarch exiss as long. as the all powerful Queens roam. Eventually though, all goes ‘Quiet, the Warring factions have bludgeoned exch other into ‘oblivion and only the Kings anda few faithful pawns ae let (a remaining Knight, Bishop, or Rook may also exis, acting as seal dogs that bark 2nd saap at the King’s heel), ‘When the board is Finally cleared of hostile pieces the Kings finally become supreme, Now, sfe from attack from the extinct larger pieces, the Kings are free to leave their respective bunkers and go fora ssol. At times what’ lft of the two male run armies give up hostihies and make peace—a draw is declared, More offen than not though, the King, so recently freed from the bulying presence of the dominating Queen, finds himself lonely. He misses his lady and goes in seach of new one. Thus the queening of a pawn becomes his sole ambition and he roams the face ofthe boar in an efor to corn {this dream into reality In this chapter we will strive to understand the basic move: rents ofthe King nd the relation that the opposing Kings have tovcach other. “The fight between Kings to determine which one is stronger s eae the opastion agra Both Kings would like to advance but they are placed ina ‘way that prevens thelr counterpar rom doing so. In this type of stuation I is disadvantageous to have the move since you ‘must then give up conto of one ofthe ertical squares and allow the enemy King o advance. With hi in mind, we can see that White 10 move gives Black the opposition since 1.Kd3 allows 1.-Kb4, while 1Kb3 allows 1..Kd4. In both cases, black’s King is making headway into White's postion ‘This called the distant opposition The rule is: Whoever ss 10 ‘move when there san odd number of squares berween the Kings doesnot bave the opposition. The reverse i: Whoever ks to move when tbere isan even number of squares beswoen the Kings des ‘have the opposition. they coniaue to walk towards each other ‘we will arve at diagram #1 again These same rules aso aply to diagonals (gram +), If is White to move then who has the opposition? The answer is that White does since there is an even number of squares between the Kings. Thus White would play L.Kb2 ‘which would leave Black on the move with an odd number of| ‘squares between the Kings 1 now should not be dificult to determine who has the ‘opposition wien the Kings connect on a rank, file, or diagonal ‘But what if they fallto connect altogether? Docs one then need to ‘work out elficult mathematical formulas? Hardly Lets look at sdagram 24, | Jn non-comeding sustlons the rule is Mate the King to a “square oF rectangle in which each comer © tbe same color Diagram 5 (next page) wil lustrate ths. ‘Whites jus played 1.Kb2. The connecting points b2, 8, 8, and f2 are all dark squates and form a rectangle. After LKb2 ‘White as the opposition. Lessee fm telling the truth: 1.KeS (..KI7 23 gives us direc diagonal opposition) 2.Ke2 KIB (2.k¢7 3 Kd oF 2..K08 3.K€2 both give us direct connections) 3.Kd2 KS 4.Ke2 Kh8 5.Kf2 Kh7 G.KfS Kh 7.KF4 and Black ‘an no longer avoid a direct connection (7..Kh7 BKDS; 7..KB7 8.Kg5;7.Kg88 Ke), Notethateach time someone moves, anew series of connection points ae formed. OUTFLANKING ‘Outtanking i simple but useful tool to know. With ta player ‘an make inroads into a position that were not otherwise pos sible. Admitedly, this often cos the opposition but it must be ememered thatthe oppasiion ss only a meas to.an end, not tbe Sai o A close study of diagram #6 ands coerec handing will each the student the finer points of oppostion and outlanking ‘White wo play as the opposition. His goal i to reach f8, g8 or bi in at most seventeen moves. Black will consanly try to sop this. L.Kaat The only way to take the oppeson. The moze clrect path als because i allows Blac to take the opposition: 1 Kb2? Kb8l2.Ke3 Ke? 3KeA Kd6 4.Ked Keb and White will not set close to his tages. 1..KB! A fine defensive move! Now 2.Kad? loses the opposition since Black has his choice of two squares oa the ale and thus can make i either odd oF even (2.Ka), White wil also fai 10 teach his goals alter 2Kb3? Kb7, 2.KD2 TTeading over to the target side of the boar 2..KeS Sill keeping Whie's options 1o a minimum. The seem- Ingly more acuve 2..Ke7 3Ke3 only ads White. 3.Ke2 Sill beading forthe kingside. Instead White could try to outlank ‘Black, but tthe moment this would fall to achieve the set goa. let's ook at an example of outanking: 3.Ka3 ies , 2 Se a ee ypuating a file benwcen the Kings, White prevents black from taking direct opposition while simltancously making forward progress. This process is called outlanking, After 3K83 Black ‘an ake the opposition with 3..Ke? (forming connecting points (09 7, €3, a3, and a7) but White wil be able 19 move forward Kad Ke6 5.KaS Ke5 6 KaG Kos, White has managed to make Inroads into Black's postion but he will never be able to get ‘over to the kings, To solve dlagram #6 White must fust goto the target side of the board (kingside) and only hen outlank his opponent. The logic for this is easy to understand: when you are on the keingside, any forward motion will allow Whice to land on bis (goal squares, RAB Ger 3KC2) 4.Kd2 KeB 5.Ke2 KM 6K Kg8 7.Kg2 White is now on the optimum fle siace his King stands In between the target squares. 7..Kh8 &.Kf3 The out Aanking process finaly takes place. 8..Kg7 Diack covld take the opposition by 8..K but afler 9KF4 Kh6 10.K95 Kh 11.06 ‘White would be able to conquer the target square on f8. This Idea of giving up the opposition fora higher prize is a major pan of outfanking, 9.59 Saised that he has advanced one rank, White reakes the opposition. Blunders would be 9K? iG and 9.%g42 Ka. In both cases White wil never reach bis ‘oul, 9..KET 9..Kh7 10.KE leads to the same type of ply 1OKhA! Another outflankiog maneuver. White once again| offers Black the opposition. 10..Kg6 And Black once again refuses to take it After 10.,KF6 1.KAS KIS Black would clearly have the opposition but White would dance forward with 12.6 and claim h8 for himself. 1.Kg$ Grabbing the oppos ton again. 12..KN6 Or 11.7 12.KF5 Kg? 13.K95 Kh7 14.6, ec 12KES Kg? 13.Kg5 KIT 14.Kh6 KyB 15.Kg6 KES 1G.Kh7 and White cannot be prevented from achieving his goal by 17K. Please study the information on the opposition and outank: ing carefully. Dont let the scientific names of the siange rumbers and lines in the diagrams scare you away from learning something that is both easy to understand and highly useful! should add thatthe position in dlagram #6 isa for one to show friends. They will not be able 10 solve it and will be amazed when you demonstrate how one King can actually be stronger than another just by understanding the basics of the ‘opposition and outanking CHAPTER T KING AND PAWN ENDGAMES In endgames with only Kings and pawns presen, the oppost Lon takes on 2 huge importance. This means that ifthe reader thas not fully grasped the material in the previous chapter, 1 recommend that he go back and carefully eread it ‘With King and pawn vs. King the batle revolves around the queening squate of the paw. If White can gain contol of this ‘square he will queen his pawn and win the game. IF of, then a daw will result The opposition will be the means by which White succeeds of fails in his quest (rook pawns form the ‘exceptions and such situations will be studied at the end of this ‘chapte. Diagram 8s an extremely common position, White isa pawn ahead and wishes 1o advance it to e8, Black means to prevent this and atthe moment isfy blocking its path. Nevertheless, White can force the advance of his pawn, Dlack’s ability to draw epends on his knowledge of the opposition and his keeping, control of the queening square (€8). LKEZ KeS I have often seen beginners play the atrocious 1..KdBP, Afier 2KP3 Black's king & no longer blocking the pawn and must sit on the sidelines and watch if promote. 2KP3 KIS eit KeS 4.Ke3 ‘White has the opposition and Black has to give round. 4..Ket fier this fine move White can only keep the opposition by playing 5Ke2 Gwhich does nathing 0 help advance the pawn) fr 5Ke Gobich is log. Black's plan i simple. He mens 10 akoays sump 01 front of the pawn when possible. When tis ‘impassibe, Black wil always move straight backwards so that ‘when Wits King comes up Blackcan step fron of wand ake the opposition. For example, i Black had played 4..K1% White ‘would play 5.KF4 and take the opposition. 5.KfS Else Black ‘would go back to 65. 5..KAS Once again, if Black had played 4oKG6 then SKE leaves Black to move and White with the ‘opposition. After the comet 4..Keét SKE KI6 we have the same ‘postion but with Whiteto movethus Blk lsthe ane who has ‘gained the opposition. GeS+ Ke6 7.Ked Temporal taking the opposition. 7..Ke7 Continuingto sep stnight back. Now White ‘would have to play 8 KeS inorder to rein the opposition. Since thisisleal, it will once again switch over to Black. 8.65 Kd7 Obviously not &..KIT? 9.Kd6 sehen White i allowed to come forward, 9.e6¢ Ke7 10.Ke$ KeSt When it coun the most Any tther move would lose. For example, 10..KUR? 1L.K6 Ke8 1327 KIT 13.Kd7 when White has gained contol of ef and wil easily queen his pawn. LLAKFS Hoping for 11d or 11K? ‘when 12.K16 would take the oppostion and win after 12..Ke8 he? followed by 14.K77. 1...Ke7 Always ump infront ofthe pawn when possible. 12.Ke5 KeS! 13.416 KMS 14.¢7+ Kes 15.Ke6 Sialemate and thus dren ‘Drawing this postion should become second nature 10 you, Gta fiend to take the King and pawn while you ty to save the same with the lone King, Use a chess lock and give yoursef twenty seconds he player with the King and pawn can take as ‘much time as he wants) for an infinge number of moves. ter a few practice sessions thought will not be necessary—your hand will know how to dav this in your sleep Wah King and pawn vs. King, White's main hope 10 win occurs when bis King 4 $1 front of the paten. Diagram #9 alstrates this poi White to move isa draw because Black has the oppostions LKd3 Kd5 e+ 2Kc3 Koi oF ZKed KeS are no better 2.Ke§ 3.Ke3 Ke6 with an easy draw as in diagram #8, Black to move (irom Diagram #9) is a diferent story. White ‘now has the opposition and wherever the Black King moves i ‘ill allow White's monarch to advance: 1..Kd5 The same type ‘of pla follows 1.5 2Kdl while 1..Kd62 KA Kes 3 Kes Kal6 “AXES 15 also not eifcul, 2.KFAY White wants to control the pawn's queening squate. The rule 10 follow is: Advance your ing as far as pale without endangering the pave, malsing sure to take the opposition atthe esical moments. With the king far advanced White can take the opposion at anytime because he wil always have tempo moves with his pawn. 2.KAG Other tes D 2uKdS 36 Ged+ KAS 4.5 Is also good) 3..KeS 4ke5! Gtopping Black from gesting in front of the pawn) 4..Ke6 5 Ke Ke? 6 Ke? followed by 65, 6, XI, 7, and e8=Q 2) 2.Ke6 3.Xelt Gand not 304 KIG with a basic daw) 3.KI6 4 KdS KES 5.of+ avoiding 5.Ka6? Kes when the ‘pawn will be eaten) 5..K16 6.6! e547 KeT) 6 .K07 7.65 Chreatening 8KG7) 7..Ke 8Ke6! (taking the ‘opposition. A blunder would be 86” Kd8 967+ Ke8 10.Kes stalemate) &..K68 9KT7 winning, SKIS Ke7 Or 3..KAS 40% KdS 5 KE 4.KeS KET 5.146 KG 6.04 KI7 7.65 7.KA7 KIG 8 KAS wastes time. 7..KeB Hse White ‘would play SK? with contol over eB. 8.KeG Grabbing the ‘opposition, Naturally 8.6? would allow Black to gain the ‘opposition by 8..KdB with a draw. 8..KA8 9.K07 White has fined contol of the ceiial 68 square and will shorly queen his pawn, Diagram #10 is similar to diagram #9 but here White wins lnrespective of whose move lt is because he has the oppastion| (Ghanks to the pawn move available to him). White to move ‘would play 1.e3), taking the opposition and winning as in| slagram #9. ‘As player gals more experience he will discover that a Rook pawn will ofien provide exceptions to rules that we normally take for granted (see diagram #11. Usually sucha fine King postion for White would guarantee tim the win. fo this case however, Black will experience no sifficulties in drawing because he cannot be flushed out of the corner. Lh Kg8 2.h5 Kh8 3.Kg6 Kg8 4.86 Kh8 5.47 stalemate. Diagram #12 shows another strange Rook pawn result. Blac, ‘who has no material tall, stalemates the stronger side. 1Lh6 1LKhS Kg is also a basic draw, as was seen in dlagram #11 1.sKf8 2.Kh8 Or 2K@6 Kp8,e(6 2..KIT 3.47 KiB stalemate t's elear that the oppesition doesn't mean much when the only remaining pawn is a Rook pawn, White must cootrl the queening square and avoid having hls King trapped in the comer if he hopes to win, ‘To complete our discussion of King and pawn endgames,le’s touch upon an old fashioned pawn vs. King foot race. fa King is far away from an enemy pawn, how cin you tell if i wil arrive in time 10 slop i om queening? Is it a maker of Calculation? No, is actually ute a simple process. «aH Diagram #13 shows a quick and easy method. Create 2

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