MATA KULIAH PILIHAN

NATURAL MEDICINE
PUSTAKA
Indonesia Herbal Medicine Potential

> 400 ethnic groups in Indonesia use plants as the medicines GENETIC RESOURCES
Megadiversity and
megacenter for world
biodiversity; >30.000
plant species & >300.000
marine species
[Lipi, 2015]

TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE
25.821 herbal remedies;
2.670 species of
Anak Dalam,
Jambi
medicinal plants used by
101 plants, 27 Rejang Lebong, 303 ethnic groups in 24
mushroom, Bengkulu provinces in Indonesia
and 9 animals 71 etnomedicine Lombok, NTB Toraja ethnics, [Ristoraja Report B2P2TOOT,
for medicine and 10 plants 15 medicinal South Sulawesi 2015]
species for herbs for 22 plants for
Sumbawa, NTB
treating Malaria constipation 5 medicinal medicine and HERBAL MEDICINE PRODUCTS
Javanese, Java plants as sources
preservation Registered traditional
Island of liniment oil medicine: >26.000 in
77 etnomedicines 2022 [BPOM, 2022]
Sources of Natural Medicine

PLATEU MARINE
Indonesia Herbal Medicine Potential

□ High Economic Value and Trend to be

Increase
• 15 T, Indonesia (2016)
• 600 T, World (2016)* and expected to
be 5.000 T (2050)**
□ There are 20 large scale industries and
1,400 medium/small scale enterprises of
traditional medicine spread in Indonesia
which employs ±1.5 million workers

*) Directorate General of Pharmaceutical and Medical Devices, Ministry of Health, Indonesia

**) Sahu et al., Traditional Medicine, 2015
 Herbs Product Registered

In 2022, a total of 26.541 items of traditional medicines has been registered*)

*)Food and Drug Supervisory Agency of Indonesia, 2022

 Herbal medicines include herbs, herbal materials, herbal
What is preparations, and finished herbal products that contain as active
ingredients. Part of plants, other plant materials or
Herbal combinations. (WHO)
Medicine? In some countries, herbal medicines may contain, by tradition,
natural organic or inorganic active ingredients that are not of
plant origin (e.g. animal and mineral materials)

Safety and efficacy are scientifically Safety and efficacy are scientifically
Safety and efficacy proven through preclinical and
proven through preclinical trials.
are empirically Raw materials have been clinical trials.
proven standarized Raw materials & finished products
have been standarized
*)Food and Drug Supervisory Agency of Indonesia, No, HK. 00.05.41.1384
The classification based on their processing development:

❑ Herb (Jamu), when the process is simple and toxicity evaluation is

recommended (not compulsory). Total: >12.000

❑ Standarized Herbal Medicine (OHT), when the process is more

complex than jamu, has been controlled chemically, and has a preclinical
(toxicology, pharmacology) evaluation. Total: 86

❑ Phytopharmaca, when it has a complex process, preclinical and clinical

evaluation for safety and efficacy insurance is a must. Total: 26
 Is an Indonesian cultural heritage, in the form of medicinal plant
WHAT IS
ingredients, which has been used from generation to generation
JAMU? that are proven to be safe and have health benefit
The Advantages of Using Medicinal Plants

❑ Medicinal plants are very cheap

❑ The side effects are very small; contain multi

compounds (synergistic effects)

❑ Can be used more than one disease/condition; e.g.

Morinda citrifolia (Mengkudu) as antidiabetic and
anticancer effects

❑ There are options on how to use it; depending on herbs

Types of Herbal Medicine

1. INTERNAL USE - Processing methods:

• Stepping: ingredients pour with boiling
water and leave for 5-10 minutes

• Tumbuk Serkai (Pounded then

filtered): ingrediets pounded until
smooth, added water, squized until the
juice came out, and filtered
 Types of Herbal Medicine

• Decoction; extracting dry herb/simplicial

with water at 90oC for 30 min.
Ingredients: hard materials, does not
contain essential oils, resistant to heating:
roots, stems, rhizomes, seeds, and bark
Equipment: stainless steel or ceramic pots

• Infustion; extracting dry herb/simplicial

with water at 90oC for 15 min.
Ingredients: soft materials; leaves and
flowers
Equipment: stainless steel or ceramic pots
with cover (maintain the essential oils)
Types of Herbal Medicine

• Succus: liquid preparation by macerating or pounded

the fresh simplicial.

• Sirupus: succus containing 60-65% of sucrose. Usually

used for children.

• Tincture: liquid preparation by extracting simplicia with

alcohol (maceration or percolation).
The Most Popular Jamu in Indonesia

• Jamu beras kencur (Kaempferia galanga)

: Relieve pain in muscles & joints, fatigue, increase appetite, prevent from flu
• Jamu kunir asam (Curcuma longa L.)
: Primary dysmenorrhea; knee osteoarthritis; type 2 diabetes; overweight; liver cirrhosis;
cancer; HIV; antiinflammation; gastric ulcer; etc
• Jamu Pahitan (Andrographis paniculata/Sambiloto)
: upper respiratory tract infection; common cold; fever; DM type 2; hepatitis; lower blood
pressure
• Jamu Wedang Jahe (Zingiber officinale/Ginger)
: Nausea vomiting; Osteoarthritis; dysmenorrhea; asthma; allergic rhinitis; TB; dyspepsia;
ulcerative colitis;etc
• Wedang Uwuh (Caesalpinia sappan/Secang)
: antibacterial; gastroprotective; cardiovascular protective; vasorelaxant; antiplatelet; etc
JAMU
Types of Herbal Medicine

2. EXTERNAL USE
• Parem: usually placed on foot or hand,
used for improved blood circulation &
relaxation

• Pilis: applying to forehead, used for

improved blood circulation & relief
headache

• Tapel: used by speading at the surface

of belly/abdomen
 Medicinal Plant will be Efficacious and safe, when used
appropriately:
1. RIGHT PLANT
✓ Plant species; E.g. Lempuyang
: most people mistaken by the name
Lempuyang. The plants have
contradictive activity.

✓ Part of plant; e.g. Saga (Abrus

precatorium)
Leaves; mouth ulcer
Seed: toxic compound (Abrin) for
human
Medicinal Plant will be Efficacious and safe, when used
appropriately:
2. RIGHT DOSAGE
• Celery (Apium graveolens) used for
lower blood pressure.
✓ Over dosage → shock hypotension
✓ Safety dosage: 1 cup of juice (200 g)

• Gambir (Uncaria gambiere) used to

treat diarrhea.
✓ Over dosage → constipation
✓ Safety dosage: 8 cm (10 g)
 Medicinal Plant will be Efficacious and safe, when used
appropriately:
3. RIGHT TIME
✓ Jamu cabe puyang → at the beginning of
pregnancy
Contain piperin alkaloid → inhibit the
muscle contraction

✓ Jamu kunyit asam → end of pregnancy

Curcuma domestica → reduce menstrual pain

Medicinal Plant will be Efficacious and safe, when used
appropriately:
4. RIGHT USE
✓ For adult asthmatics:
Daun kecubung (Datura metel)

Inhalation the smoke of burn

dried flower/leaves

Bronchodilator activity
(Tropan alkaloid)
✓ Could toxic if consumed by oral →
midriasis
Medicinal Plant will be Efficacious and safe, when used
appropriately:
5. RIGHT INFORMATION
✓ Information without the knowledge is
dangerous
✓ Traditional medicine turned into poison
✓ Castor bean (Ricinus communis L.)
Seed could cure cancer

Contain risin → diarrhea,

poisonous 6x cyanide
Obat Herbal Terstandar (OHT)
Fitofarmaka
Biodiversity in Indonesian Ocean

>300.000 species plants, animals, and microbes → unidentified Ocean covers

>70% of earth’s
surface

> 12.000 novel

chemical was
discovered

Discovered
compound used as
lead compound →
synthetic
Biodiversity in Indonesian Ocean

• Marine invertebrates
(sponges, tunicates, soft corals,
gorgonians, molluscs,
echinoderms) and their
symbiotic microorganisms
are the most prolific
producers of secondary
metabolites, compare to fish
and other vertebrates.
DRUGS FROM THE SEA

Trabectedin
Ziconotide

Tunicata Sea snail

Eribulin

Sponges Sponge

Dolastatin

Mollusca
SEJARAH
 SO, WHAT EXACTLY IS THE
DEFINITION OF COSMETICS ?

Cosmetic defines by Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act as ‘articles intended to be rubbed, poured, sprinkled, or
sprayed on, introduced into, or otherwise applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting
attractiveness, or altering the appearance.

which are : shampoo, facial makeup, skin moisturizer, toothpaste, hair colour, deodorant and
any component used in cosmetic product. It is also skincare, hair care, dental care, nail care
and fragrance .

Natural cosmetic is a general term which applied to all

preparation for external conditioning and beautifying the
NO INTERNATIONAL DEFINITIONS
OF NATURAL COSMETIC body from ingredients produced by or found in nature
(Ammar et al. 2011; Dorland 2000)
 GLOBAL MARKET POTENTIAL
Natural cosmetic are in trend due to several
reasons:
• natural and free from harmful chemical
• safe to use
• usually compatible with all skin types
• minimun side effect
• nutrients provided by natural sources.
• Number of products in skincare sector with
natural ingredients as main substances :
900 in 2005 → 6000 in 2012 (+++)
• the global organic personal care market will
reach approximately USD 25.11 billion by
2025.

• consumer awareness on environmental

issue and,
• preference of healthy lifestyle
HOW ABOUT IN INDONESIA? • Tren masyarakat untuk menggunakan produk
kosmetik, jamu dan herbal sangat besar.
• Potensi tanaman obat, kosmetik, dan aromatik di
Indonesia, jumlah sekitar 30 ribu jenis tetapi hanya
350 jenis yang telah digunakan.
• Indonesia dipandang sebagai pasar potensial dg
jumlah penduduk yang lebih dari 250 juta jiwa.
• Thn 2013 diperkirakan pertumbuhan kosmetika
mencapai 6% untuk industri kosmetika bermerk dan
4% untuk produk kosmetika secara umum.
• Tahun 2012 omzet industri kosmetik mencapai Rp 9,7
triliun, dan tahun 2013 dengan bertumbuh 15%
diperkirakan mencapai Rp 11,2 triliun.
HOW ABOUT IN INDONESIA?
COMPARE TO KOREAN COSMETICS
WHO WANNA BE
THE NEXT?
 BOTANICAL COMPOUNDS IN LIPIDS
NATURAL COSMETICS
• Simple lipids are fatty acids, alcohols, or aldehydes, linked to a medium
to long saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain.
• Various plants yield lipid materials in liquid (oils) or solid form (butters)
• Act as simple emulsifiers and give the biological effects, including skin
moisturizing, smoothing and lubrication, soothing of sunburning, and the
healing of wounds and burns.
• Fatty acids, tryglicerides, and glycerol are used as emollient and
hydrating components.
• Example: Cocoa butter extracted from the seeds of the cocoa plant
(Theobroma cacao) contains oleic acid, and also the saturated palmitic
and stearic acids. Used as emollients, moisturizers, and dry skin.
 BOTANICAL COMPOUNDS IN TERPENOIDS
NATURAL COSMETICS
• Saponins are glycosylated triterpenoid
• Derived from isoprene units (C5)n and • Saponins are known to exert on the skin
classified depending on the number of antioxidant effects, protection against UV-B,
isoprene unit : mono (2-isoprene unit), antiaging effects, anti-inflammation effects.
sesqui-(3), di-(4), ses-(5), tri-(6), tetra-(8), • Example: ginsenoside, (Panax gingseng), used
and polyterpenes-(>8). for skin tonifying and antiaging properties.
• Constituents of essential oils present as
mono and sesquiterpenoids and responsible
for the characteristic flavours that distinguish
different parts of plants.
• Example: tea tree oil (Camellia sinensis)
useful as antiseptic agent
BOTANICAL COMPOUNDS IN PHENOLS AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
NATURAL COSMETICS
• Characterized by having at least one
aromatic ring bearing one or more hydroxyl
groups.
• Very frequently as secondary metabolites of
botanical organisms.
• Simple phenolic compound used as non-
irritative exfoliants in cosmetic treatments of
fine wrinkles : Salicylic acid.
• Arbutin (genus Arctostaphylos) :
antimelanogenesis agent → cure skin
hyperpigmentations.
BOTANICAL COMPOUNDS IN ALKALOIDS
NATURAL COSMETICS
• Structure contain a basic nitrogen inserted in
a heterocyclic ring which are biosynthesized
from amino acids.
• Example: Caffeine (Coffea arabica) used to
combat androgenic alopecia. Mechanisms is
blocking the destructive action of
dihydrotestosterone on hair follicles.
BOTANICAL COMPOUNDS IN CARBOHYDRATES
NATURAL COSMETICS
• Carbohydrates are highly hydroxylated
compounds existing as simple units, dimers,
and polymetric forms (polysaccharides).
• Example: Oat Beta-glucan (Avena sativa)
claimed as anti-aging agent, protect against
UV, activate collagen synthesis, and
strengthen hairs.
• Another example: Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
is a sugar acid (simple carbohydrates). Used
as antiaging cosmetics with antioxidant
properties.
 MEKANISME DISKUSI SINKRON (100 MENIT) : PRESENTASI & DISKUSI
PERSIAPAN MATERI PRESENTASI • Presentasi dilakukan 2 kelompok/pertemuan
• Kelompok mengupload PPT presentasi di schoology
• Total alokasi waktu presentasi per kelompok yaitu 50
sesuai folder yang sudah disediakan maksimal H-2 jadwal
perkuliahan. menit dengan rincian:
- Pembukaan : 5 menit
• Dosen membuka ruang diskusi di schoology (H-2).
- Presentasi : 20 menit
• Mahasiswa yang bukan penyaji diminta bertanya melalui
ruang diskusi schoology sampai H-1. Format pertanyaan: - Diskusi : 20 menit
(Pertanyaan Kelompok 1_NIM_Nama) Sebutkan • Klarifikasi dan tambahan dari dosen: 5 menit
pertanyaan. • Semua anggota kelompok wajib ikut presentasi
• Kelompok penyaji memiliki 1 hari untuk mencari termasuk moderator/notulen.
jawaban pertanyaan, jawaban pertanyaan disampaikan • Partisipan juga dipersilahkan bertanya secara
saat sesi sinkron.
langsung setelah presenter selesai menyampaikan
• Jawaban kelompok penyaji (notulensi diskusi) diupload
materi (bila waktu memungkinkan)
di ruang diskusi schoology sesuai foldernya, berisi nama
& pertanyaan; nama & jawaban jawaban dikirim dalam • Selama presentasi wajib on cam dan audio
format Pdf.
 FORMAT PPT
NO FORMAT PPT JUMLAH
PENYAJI
1 Deskripsi tumbuhan/mikroba dan pemanfaatannya di 1 orang
masyarakat (manfaat lainnya)
2 Senyawa aktif yang berperan dan mekanisme kerjanya 1 orang
terhadap topik yang dipresentasikan (misalnya anti-
aging)
3 Metode uji in vitro yang pernah dipublikasi 1 orang
4 Metoda ekstraksi yang digunakan 1 orang
5 Contoh produk yang beredar di pasaran, jelaskan 1 orang
komposisi dan fungsinya
Daftar Pustaka
MATERI KULIAH BU REFSYA
MINGGU
MATERI PERKULIAHAN METODE
KE-
8 PENDAHULUAN CERAMAH
9 WHITENING AGENT (Pachirhizus erosus) DISKUSI
9 ANTI-AGING (Ginkgo biloba) DISKUSI
10 MOISTRUIZER AGENT (Cocos nucifera) DISKUSI
10 ANTI-ACNE (Centella asiatica) DISKUSI
11 SUN-SCREEN/UV PROTECTION (Daucus carota) DISKUSI
11 ANTI-ALOPECIA (Coffea arabica) DISKUSI
MATERI KULIAH BU RIMA
MINGGU
MATERI PERKULIAHAN METODE
KE-
AROMA TERAPI MELALUI KULIT (Minyak daun DISKUSI
12
Melaleuca alternifolia/Tea tree oil)
AROMATERAPI SECARA INHALASI (Minyak bunga DISKUSI
12
Lavendula angustifolia/Lavender oil)
13 PROBIOTIK (Lactobacillus acidophilus) DISKUSI
SINBIOTIK (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium DISKUSI
13
longum, FOS)
SEREAL DAN BIJI BIJIAN SEBAGAI PANGAN DISKUSI
14
FUNGSIONAL (Kacang Hijau)
14 IMUNOMODULATOR (Echinacea) DISKUSI
PEMBAGIAN KELOMPOK
TERIMA KASIH