UNIVERSITYOF BIRMINGHAM Short Laboratory Report 2015 MP2.2 Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycle Chloé Marie Taylor 1322748 Lab Group: Mech 18 Date of Experiment: 10” November 2015 Date of Lab Report: 24” December 20151 2 3 = Aims of Experiment - 4 = Theory of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycles —~ 5 — Set-up and Procedure -~ 6 - Gbservations and Results 7 — Discussion and Analysis of Results — 8 — Sources and Discussion of Error 9 - Conclusion 10- References 11= Appendi 1-Summary An air conditioning unit was used for the experiment. The purpose of the experiment was to study the performance of a vapour compression refrigeration cycle by calculating the unit's coefficient of performance (COPs). Air was heated, humidified, cooled and dehumidified and then reheated during the process. Temperature readings for the air and the refrigerant and working parameters of the unit were recorded during the experiment, The state of the air at each point was plotted on a psychometric chart, which showed that the unit did not reduce the humidity of the air as much as ‘expected. This was suggsted to be due to the refrigerant not removing as much heat fram the air as expected, The refrigerant cycle was plotted on a p-h diagram, where the ideal and actual cycles were shown along with irreversible pracesses. It was shown that the actual cycle moved more into the super-heated region meaning more heat was rejected inte the environment than the ideal eycle, The cooling loads from the air and into the refrigerant were calculated, giving values of 2.5SKW and 2.78kW respectively. The difference between these values was sald te be due to the unit being badly insulated hence the refrigerant absorbed heat fram the environment as well as the air COPs values for the refrigeration cycle were calculated based on the air and the refrigerant cooling loads, yielding values of 1.19 and 1.3 respectively. The COP, based on the refrigerant was said to be more accurate as it did not have the inaccuracies of the wet bulb temperature readings that the air based COP, had. Sources of error, how to minimise them and improvements for the experiment and the air conditioning unit are discussed,2- Introduction Introduction Heat pumps are very important in today’s society, being the basis for refrigerators and freezers as well as some heating methods. Heat pumps are machines which move heat from a lower temperature reservoir (called the source) to a higher temperature reservoir (called the heat sink) driven by a work input. Depending on the aim, they can be heaters by rejecting heat into the heat sink, or refrigerators by absorbing heat from the source. Their performance |s measured by the ratio of coaling obtained to work required, called the coefficient of performance (COP) shown in equation Lbelow, Where: 6, = cooting toad (heat removed from source) (W) We = Work input (W) COP values will generally be above 1 as more heat will be removed from the source than work is put in due to the nature of the cycle (discussed in 3— Theory of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycles). This experiment aims to find the COP of a vapour compression refrigeration cycle as it is used tocool and dehumidity air. Irreversibilities of the process and other paints of interest will be discussed, 3-Aims of Experiment ‘An air conditioning unit operating a vapour compression refrigeration cycle will be used to heat air toa warm and humid state, then dehumidify and cool air. Temperatures of the air and the refrigerant working fluid will be recorded from the air conditioning unit. Other working parameters including differential pressures, mass flaw rates and voltage/current values will be recorded. These st of results will allow: ‘+ The path of the air conditioning process to be plotted on a psychometric chart + The state of the air at each point to be found and comments to be made on the final quality of the air + The cooling load from the air during the air conditioning cycle ta be calculated + The ideal and real cycle for the refrigerant on a p-h diagram to be plotted + The cooling load forthe refrigerant during the cycle to be calculated + The coefficient of perfarmance af the refrigerator (COP) to be calculated4- Theory of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycles Camot Cycle This experiment uses a vapour compression refrigeration cycle which cools air down. Though the air is heated and cooled in the air conditioning unit it is the refrigeration cycle (using RL2 refrigerant as the working fluid) which is the main focus of the experiment. The refrigeration cycle removes heat from the air and rejects it to the environment, acting as a reverse heat engine — commonly called a heat pump. Heat pumps are based around reverse Carnot cycles, which are exactly the same as Carnot cycle but the process directions and hence work and heat inputs and outputs are reversed. Figure Land 2 below are the pressure-volume (p-v) and temperature-entropy (T-s} diagrams fora reverse Carnot cycle. 3 P T 2 3 : Ty, 4 1 4 1 al > V 5 Figure 1: Pressure Volume diagram showing Figure 2: Temperature-Entropy graph with Comer eyele. @ saturation curve shawing Carnot eyele. The processes relating to the points in figure 1 and 2 are detailed below: 1.2: Isentropic compression = work is dane on the working fluid at a constant entropy, resufting in ‘on increase in temperature 2-3: lsathermal heat rejection ~ heat is rejected into the high temperature reservoir 344: Isentropic expansion ~ work is done by the working fluid at‘ constant entropy, resulting in a decrease in temperature 4-4: Isothermal heat absorption ~ heat is absorbed ((),] from a low temperature reservoir Note that figure 2 shows the saturation curve for the cycle, Enclosed in the saturation curve the refrigerant is a mixed state of vapour and liquid, To the feft of the saturated liquid line the refrigerant is a sub-cooled liquid, to the right of the saturated vapour line the refrigerant is superheated vapour, The importance of this is discussed below, To base a refrigeration cycle around the reverse Carnot cycle, a working fluid must be found that is capable af isothermal heat rejection and absorption at the temperatures of the high and low temperature reservoirs (Ty and T.). This can be obtained by using fluids that condense and evaporate around these temperatures as phase changes are processes in which heat is input or autput with no temperature change. This can be understood more by looking at the Carnot cycle encased in a saturation curve (figure 2). By choosing a refrigerant which has saturation temperatures (Ty and T,) atthe required pressures, the phase changes of the refrigerant can be used to facilitate the isothermal processes 2-3 and 4-1. The refrigerant will have a low boiling point allowing it to change phase (and absorb heat) from an already coo! temperature.Practical vapour compression refrigeration cycle In practice the reverse Carnot eycle is adjusted to the vapour compression refrigeration cycle shown below in figure 3. The working fluid is a refrigerant that suits the high and low temperature reservoirs temperatures. 5 Figure 3: Temperature Enthalpy diagram showing vapour compression refrigeration cycle The processes in figure 3 are as follows: 1-2; Isentropic compression ~ the refrigerant is campressed to @ super-heated vapour 2-3; Heat rejection — the superheated vapour is. cooled to the saturation temperature (Ty) then rejects heat at constant temperature until it reaches the saturated liquid point 3-4: Expansion — the refrigerant is cooled quickly by use of a throttle valve to 7, forming a liquid vapour mixture 4-1: Heat absorption ~ the refrigerant absorbs heat (),) from Jow temperature reservoir until it reaches the saturated vapour point, The differences in figure 3 are mainly due to the practicalities of running a reverse Carnot cycle: Stage 1-2 is the most notably different as it is shifted completely out of the saturation curve, Compressors do not have high efficiency and require more maintenance when they operate with 3 mixed state medium, hence the compression stage isshifted into the superheated vapour region. This means that process 2-3 can no longer be isothermal as the super-heated vapour must first be cooled toiits saturation temperature (T,) before it can undergo the phase transition to the saturated liquid. Process 3-4 is an irreversible expansion process using a throttling valve. Throttling valves are used rather than isentrapic expansion engines {which expand saturated liquids) as there is only a small amount of work output to be gained — the costs for an engine would not be justifiable. The throttle valve reduces the pressure of the saturated liquid abruptly, causing flash evaporation (partial evaporation of liquid due to sudden drop in pressure) of the liquid and reducing its temperature. itis ideally a constant enthalpy process. Figure 3 shows an ideal refrigeration cycle. in reality the compression process (1-2) is likely to not be isentropic hence an increase in entropy will be seen. This will also mean that the superheated vapour will also reach a higher temperature meaning the heat rejection pracess will have to reduce the temperature more before reaching the saturation temperature (T.). There will be ather generally frictional losses during the process which will can cause pressure drops within the processes,5 - Set-up and Procedure nt The apparatus used is an air conditioning unit. The unit is divided inta stations where various readings can be taken, At station A air is taken in from the room and enters the unit. Station B is for mixing re-circulating air that has already passed through the unit in with the fresh air from the room. Air will not be re-circulated during the experiment sa any readings from station A and B should be identical. Between station B and C electric pre-heaters and steam injection occurs to bring the air to the conditions of 2 warm humid climate, Between station C and D the air passes though an ‘evaporator where it Is cooled and excess moisture is condensed out. The evaporator uses dichlorodif_uoromethane (R12) refrigerant ~ the cycle of the refrigerant is of key importance to the experiment and will be discussed in more detail in Section 7. = Discussion and Analysis of Results. Between station D and E there is re-heating of the air to increase its temperature and reduce its humidity. Each station has two thermocoupled thermometers — a wet and a dry bulb, By taking these two readings we can determine the state of the air (its relative humidity). Other readings about the unit such as mass flow rates, current in compressors, relative pressures and temperatures in the refrigerant cycle will be recorded. Equi Set-up and Procedure Hot and humid air must be produced for the air conditioning cycle. This air will then be cooled and dehumidified and then reheated to a required temperature of 20°C. The unit is turned on and air flow is set to a minimum of 0.07kgs * (any lower and the reliability of the wet bulb thermocouples will be poor). The boilers and refrigerator units are turned on and allowed to stabilise for about § minutes, Once steam is being produced by the boilers, two of the three boilers are turned aff and the re-heater between station D and € is turned on, adjusting it so that the air before the cooling is heated to 25°C and a relative humidity of 90% (a warm humid climate). The unit is then left again to stabilise for 10 minutes, after which the resheater is adjusted to give a temperature of about 20°C and relative humi ‘of 50-60% after the cooling as it exits the unit. After allowing the unit to stabilise for 10 minutes once more, thermacouple readings and other parameters ateach station can be taken. The results can be seen in the section below. 6 - Observations and Results The temperature readings from the thermocouples (wet and dry bulbs} were recorded and shown in table 1. The corrected values for the wet bulb temperature are also shown ~ the correction value was found using figure 6 which shows the relationship between ‘Screen’ and ‘Sling’ wet bulb temperatures when the dry bulb temperature is known. Figure 6 and a brief explanation of how correction values are obtained is shown in the Appendix. Station Dry Bulb Temperature | Wet Bulb ‘Wet Bulb cy ‘Temperature Temperature (observed) (°C) (corrected) (° A-Intake 20.0 16.0 16.4 B- After Mixing 21.0 17.0 17.4 €-After Pre-heating | 27.5 25 22.5 and Steam Injection D-After Cooling and | 18.3 183 18,3 Dehumidification E~After Re-heating | 24.0 22.0 22.2 Table 1: Dry, Wet bulb and corrected wet bulb temperature readings from each station.Note that when the readings for station C and D were taken the wet bulb temperatures were higher than the dry bulb temperatures. The wet bulb is meant to be less than or equal to the dry bulb so the wet bulbs were given the same temperature as the dry bulb. No correction values were obtained for these temperatures, This is further discussed in the section 8 - Sources of Error. The ait at A and B is expected to be identical as there Is no change in the air between these two points, However at station B there is an increase in temperature of 1°C for both the wet and the dry bulb. This could be due to the air conditioning unit acting as an insulation to the outside environment saair further in the unit (station 8) will be warmer whereas station Ais not well enclosed. It could also be due to a too short stabilisatian period. The temperature readings from the refrigerant cycle are shown in table 2. These will be used in Section ? ~ Discussion and Analysis of Results to plot a more realistic cycle on a p-h diagram, R12 Temperature: ‘Temperature (°C) Before Expansion valve 33 ‘After Expansion valve oO ‘After Evaporator 2s ‘After Compressor 22 Table 2: Temperature of R12 refrigerant at various stages through cycte and currents through the relevant equipment are recorded, shown in table 3. Reading Voltage (V) 233 Pre-heater current (A) 2 Boiler current (A) 8 Compressor and cooling fan current (A) _| 9.2 Re-heater current (A) 2 ulating fan current (A) 0.8 Table 3: Voltage and current readings from the unit. Using the value of voltage and compressor and cooling fan current we can caleulate the amount of power the compressor and cooling fan requite. This is calculated using equation 2 below and we obtain a power of 2.144kW. Power = IV = 9.2x233 = 2143.6W, eg.2 This value of power is the work input to the refrigerant cycle. It will be used later to find a value for the COP, of the refrigerant cycle, Other variables of the unit which were recorded are shown in table 4. They will be used in later calculations finding the COP and mass flow rates of the air and refrigerant. Reading Units Orifice Differential intake) | ramHs0 oF Orifice Differential outlet) | mmH,0 o7 Evaporator Pressure (gauge) | KPa 200) Condenser Pressure (gauge) | kPa 750 Refrigerant mass flow rate kgs? 0.024 Table 4: Orifice differential intake and outlet, evaporator and condenser pressure and refrigerant mass flow rate as recorded from the unit.7 - Discussion and analysis of Results Air Calculations Psychometric chart The temperature readings (dry and wet corrected) from table 1 are plotted on a psychometric chart to enable the state of the air at each station to be found. This is shown in figure 4 below [1]. Fach point has been labelled and fram the graph we can find the specific enthalpy, % saturation and specific volume of the air at each station, The data obtained from the graph is shown in table S below. Figure 4; Psychometric chart for air at 101.325kPo with points of air at each station plotted on. [1] Table 5: Specific enthalpy, 2% soturation and specific volume for air at each station read from figure 4. We can see that the states of A and B are very similar ~ this is expected and was discussed ‘earlier in section 5 - Set-up and Procedure, Station C was aimed to have 3 % saturation of 90 and 2 temperature of around 25°C, table S and table 1 show that actual values were 100% saturation and 27.5°C. Station E was aimed to be at 50-60% saturation and around 20°C, table § and 1 show that actual values were 88% and 22.2°C. The actual % saturation atE is considerably higher than expected, showing the re-heating process between O and E did not reduce the relative humidity as much as ‘expected. The final temperature af the air leaving the conditioning unit (station €) was 2.2°C abave the aimed value, suggesting that the refrigeration process may nat have reduced the temperature as much as was required. Had the refrigeration cycle cooled the air more, more heat could have been Page Bof 13added back duiring the re-heating process which may have decreased the % saturation more, giving @ closer value of both % saturation and temperature to the aim. Other differences between the aimed and actual values are commented an in the section & - Sources of Error, Cooling Load The cooling load on the air is the amount of heat removed from it as it passes through the heat exchanger where the cooled refrigerant flows. it can be calculated using equation 3 below a iaghy — hy), eq.3 Where: mass flow rate (kgs) (aie) specific enthalpy of air before cooling (station C) (ki/kg) hy ‘ig = specific enthalpy of air after cooling (station 0) (ki/kg) The values of hy and hy, from table 5 are 87 ki/kg and SO k/kg respectively, The mass flow rate of air can be calculated using equation 4 shown below. eq. whet 4p = intake orifice differential pressure (mmH,0) Ug = specific volume at intake (station A) (m'/kg) The value for Ap was recorded to be 0.7 mmit.0 (tabie 4) and the value of vy was faund to be 0,843 m’/ke (graph 1 and table 5), These two values can be substituted into equation 4 and give a value of 0.0690kgs" for the air mass flow rate. Substituting the mass flow rate and both spe enthalpies for station D and C (table) into equation 3 a coaling load on the air of 2.55kW is obtained. Refrigerant Calculations Refrigeration Cycle on pressure-enthalpy Diagram ‘The readings that were taken during the experiment can be used to plot a ph diagram for the refrigerant cycle, A pressure enthalpy (p-h) diagram shown in figure 5 [2] can then be used to find the enthalpy of the refrigerant at each stage and hence the codling load can be calculated. This can then be used to calculate the COP, of the refrigeration cycle. A pressure enthalpy diagram for dichlorodiflueromethane (R12) was used, by plotting the points the changes in phase of the refrigerant can clearly be seen. Note that on this graph there are multiple axes. in order to plot the points the absolute pressures at which the condenser and evaporator are running on must be calculated. The gauge running pressures of the evaporator and condenser were recorded to be 200kPa and 750kPa respectively (table 4), To convert the values to absolute pressure the atmospheric pressure (taken as 100 kPa) is added to each value. From this the evaporator pressure is found to be 300kP3 and the condenser pressure is found to be BSOKP3, Each point s platted on the diagram (figure 5), note that the same nomenclature for the points, is used as in the theory section (4) above. Point one represents the refrigerant as a superheated vapour as it exits the evaporator. It is plotted at 0.3 bar (evaporator pressure) and on the saturated vapour curve. Process 1-2 is a constant entropy compression of the refrigerant to the condenser pressure (0.85 bar), so point 2 is plotted at 0.85 bar (condenser pressure) and at entropy as point 1 (0.7 ki/kg/K}, Process 2-3 is a condensing process where the refrigerant is cooled and phase changes intoa liquid, Point 3 ean be plotted at 0.8Sbar (condenser pressure} and on the saturated liquid curve, Process 3-4 is a constant enthalpy expansion process where the refrigerant is bought to the evaporator pressure (0.3 bar) so point 4 is plotted at the same enthalpy as point 3 and on the evaporator pressure line.Point 1 has been plotted assuming that the evaporator only heats the refrigerant to the saturated vapour point. The actual pc 1(1,) can be plotted on the graph using the temperature of the refrigerant as it exits the evaporator which from table 2 is found to be 21.5°C. Note that this is much higher than the ideal temperature value of 0°C. it is seen that point 1, isin the superheated region in the p-h diagram, meaning the evaporator has heated the refrigerant more than is expected. The importance of this will be discussed when calculating the cooling load on the refrigerant (later in section), Point 2 has been plotted assuming the process 1-2 is isentropic (constant entropy). In reality it will not have been an isentropic process, there will have been a small amaunt of heat transfer into the refrigerant resulting in a higher final temperature. A more realistic point 2 can be plotted by using ‘the temperature of the refrigerant at the end of the compression process. From table 2 the value is found to be 92°C and can be plotted (as point 2,) an the condenser pressure line (0.85 bar) using 2 ‘constant temperature line. It is seen that the actual pdint (2,) is further to the right than the ideal isentropic point (2), as the ideal point is at a temperature of 40°C. This means that more cooling is needed to cool the superheated refrigerant to a saturated vapour, and also represents an irreversibility in the cycle. Point 1, and 2, have been connected and drawn on figure, to allow comparison between the actual and idea! cycle. = 2,) = i ¢ g OA £ 1, z J £ —— rs Specific Enthalpy (k/\ke) (Constant Specific Entropy (hi\kgK) Figure 5: Pressure-enthalpy diogrom showing the refrigerant cycle, Note that point 1 and 1, and the isentropic (2) arf actual (2,) points of the compression are shown. Dashed lines represent irreversible processes. [2] lereversibilities in the vapour compression refrigeration cycle have been shown on figure § by dashed lines. Process 1, to 2, is irreversible as it does is not an isentropic process (due to there being ‘small amounts of heat transfer) hence it cannot be reversed. Process 3 to 4 is irreversible due to the nature of the air conditianing unit, this was discussed in Section 4 - Theory of Vapour Compression Refrigeration Cycles. Page 10 of 13Cooling Load The cooling !oad on the air can be calculated using equation 3 from above, note that hy and hy correspond to the specific enthalpies of the refrigerant at points 1 and on figure 5 ~ 186 kikg andl 70 ki\kg respectively. These values and the mass flow rate of the refrigerant fram table 4 of 0,024 kgs can be substituted into equation 3, giving a cooling load of 2.78kW. Note that this is larger than the cooling load calculated for the air (2.55kW), showing that the rettigerant gained more energy than the air in the unit lost. This difference is further discussed in the section & - Sources of Error. Coefficient of Performance The COP; can be calculated for the refrigeration unit using equation 1 shows below. e COFa= TR eq Where: Q, = cooling toad (WW) W = Werkinput (power of the compéessor) (W) The work input into this cycle is the compressor, its power was calculated in section 6 = Observations end Results and was found to be 2.144kW. This and the value for cooling load from above (2.78kW) can be substituted into equation 1 yielding a COP; of 1.30. This COP, value means that for every 1kW of work input, 1.3kW of heat will be removed from the air. The COP, can alse be calculated using the codting load based on the air’s calculations. The compressor power and the cooling load based on the air (2.5SKW) can be substituted into equation 4 to give a COP, of 1.19. This is smaller than the COPs based araund the refrigerant, and:is due to the cooling load of the air being lower than the cooling load for the refrigerant. This COP, value means that for every 1kW of work input, 1.19kW of heat will be removed from the air. The significance of this is discussed in section 8 - Sources and Discussion of Errar. 8 - Sources and Discussion of Error As this experiment was mainly descriptive, it is difficult to quantify any errors. No fits or expected trenis can be compared to the results, instead the systematic and experimental errors and improvemants for the expetiment and the air conditioning unit are discussed, ‘The air conditioning unit was used ina large room with other large pieces of equipment running nearby. Intermittent construction work was going on in the room adjacent, meaning that the quality of the air may have fluctuated during the experiment. its also possible that the air had a higher dust and particulate content than normal. The experiment was conducted within a2 hour session, this time constraint limited the time that could be used for stabilisation of the unit. IF the expetiment were to be done again, an isolated, air coniditioned and filtered room should be used and longer times should be allowed for the stabilisation of the unit. All readings were taken from needle scales which were fluctuating, increasing the error inthe results. The unit was not calibrated before usage and hence the results obtained may have systematic error. A digital scale may have increased the precision of the results obtained though this wiould require adjustment on the unit. In section 6 the results obtained showed that for two of the recorded temperatures the wet bulb was higher than the dry bull temperature - this may have happened due to the unit net having enough time to fully stabilise. In section 7 it was shown that the aimed temparature and saturations at stations C and E were different to the values aired for. This was suggested to be due ta the refrigeration cycle nat removing as much heat from the air as expected. This is supported by the fact that the cooling toad on the air was found to be less than the cooling load gained by the refrigerant (2.55kW to 2.78KW, section 7), showing the refrigerant was removing more heat than was lost from the air. The extra heat gained by ‘the refrigerant could be due to it also absorbing heat from the surrounding environment.as the unitmay riot be weil insulated on the section wihere the heat exchange occurs, The extra heat absorption is also supported by the actual cycle plotted an the p-h diagram where the evaporator increases the temperature af the refrigerant as well as changes its phase (pushing it into the superheated region) Two COP, values were calculated, ane using the coaling lad to the refrigerant (1,3) and one from the cooling load from the air (1.19). The COP, based on the air is more concervative as it uses the cooling load that was directly measured from the air and is the desired outcome of the air- conditioning process. However the refrigerant based COP, is more accurate as it does not have the inaccuracies in measurement of the wet bull readings a8 the air COPs does. The COP; values obtained for the unit could.be improved in a number of ways. From equation it is clear that the CGP value can be increased by making the cooling load larger, or the work input smaller. The cooling load could be made larger by insulating the heat exchange section to ensure that all heat absorbed by the refrigerant is from tne air. It could also be increased by using 2 contea-current flow af the refrigerant and aie when the exehange takes place as this maintains 2 higher temperature gradient increasing the amount of heat exchange. Work input could be reduced by using 2 more efficient compressor. 9=Conclusion ‘The results obtained allowed us to plot the state of the airona psychometric chart. It wes shown that the % saturations of the air were different to the values that were aimed for, this was attributed to the refrigerant removing less heat from the ait than expected hence removing less humidity. The temperatures of the air were relatively clase to the aimed values, though the final temperature of the alr was 2.2°C ahove the aimed value, again suggesting that the refrigeration cycle did not reduce the air’s temperature enough. The refrigerant cycle was plotted on a p-h diagram, showing the idea! and actual cycle along with irreversibillties. The actual cycle moved into the super-heated vapour region of the graph much more than the actual cycle, meaning that more heat was rejected ta the erwviranment than expected The cooling loads on the air and to the refrigerant were calculated, giving 2.55KW and 2.78kW respectively. This higher refrigerant cooling load was said to be due to the air conditioning unit not being well insulated so heat was removed from the surrounding environment as well as the air. COP; values were calculated based on the cooling loads for the air and the refrigerant, yielding values of 1.3 and 1.19 respectively. The COP, based on the airs cooling laad was said to be more conservative as it used a smaller cooling load and the desired outcome of the refrigeration, however it is more inaccurate as it includes the measurements of the wet bulb temperatures which are inherently inaccurate, Improvements for the air conditioning unit were discussed including using a more efficient compressor and a counter-current flow in the heat exchanger. 10—References [1] - Heikal Morgan R., Miller A.J. {2011}, AIR CONDITIONING. Available: hittp://wwrw.thermopedia.com/content/550. Last accessed 24th Oec 2015. Edited. [2] - University of Birmingham (2015). Laboratory Experiment MP2.2. Appendix 5 = Enthalpy diagram for R12. p10. Edited. [3] - University of Birmingham (2015). Leboratory Experiment MP2.2: Appendix 6: Relationship between "Screen" and “Sling” wet bulb temperatures, p11. Edited.11—Appendix Relationship between “Screen” and “Sling” wet bulb temperatures. TIT Litt ° 8 7 BULB TEMPERATURE (SCREEN) 9 (AT 4:0 to 2-0 oe) Figure 6: Relationship between ‘Screen’ and ‘Sling’ wet bulb temperatures. [3] For the readings from station A values of 20°C and 16°C were obtained for the dry and the ‘wet bulb respectively. To obtain the correction value for the wet bulb temperature a line was drawn up from 16°Con the x axis until the dry bulb temperature af 20°C was reached, A line was then drawn horizontally and we obtain a correction value of 0.4°C. The same process was used for each set of thermocoupled readings and the carrected values are shown in Table 1, Page 13 of 13