Parseval’s Relation and the Power in Periodic Signals Given the periodic signal rp(t), it is easy enough to evaluate the He rat —= > XIAP ir P Since the Fourier series deseribes p(t) a8 a sum of sinusoids at diffe equals the sum of the power in each sinusoid ignal power in the time doma Parseval’s relation: p— ant frequencies, its signal power also 7 + Qos oe Pas S050} +82) oy ix? = Dy X(HX"(H] tIThe Spectrum of Periodic Signals ‘The terms spectral analysis or harmonic analysis are often used to describe the analysis of a periodic signal ,(t) by its Fourier series. The quantities ax, x, cx, Ox, ot X[k] describe the spectral coefficients of zp(t). They may be plotted against the harmonic index k, or kfo (hertz), or kwy (radians per second), as iggaln Tiga und sie callediepectea or epoctrall plots Magnitude or phase spectrum, J +5 Gnes © (ads) = 7 By dy | Woy Bg Kg Shh hk Te he he ‘The magnitude spectrum and phase spectrum describe plots of the magnitucle and phase of each harmonic. They are plotted as disereto signals and sometimes ealled line speetia. One-siced spectra refer to plots of cx and 9, for k > 0 (positive frequencies). Two-sided spectra rofer to plots of |X(R]| and Ox for all k (all frequencies, positive and negative). Periodic Signals Have Discrete Magnitude and Phase Spectra The magnitude and phase may be plotted against & or f = kfo (Hz) or w = hwy (radians /s). One-sided spectra: Plot cy and 0, k > 0. Two-sided spectra: Plot |X|) and ZX(h], all h ‘The two-sided magnitude spectrum is even symmetric. ‘The two-sided phase spectrum is odd symmetric (if the de value is non-negative).Identifying the kth Harmonic If we write p(t) = xo re(t), the quantity g(t) deseribes the kth time-domain harmonic with a(t) = cx cos(2rkfot + Ox) = 21X{Alleos(2rkfot +4.) (the kth harmonic) We can identify x4(f) from the magnitude and phase spectrum. If the spectra are one-sided (plots of cx), the kth harmonic is simply z4(#) = cy cos(27k fot +). If the spectra are two-sided (plots of |X/h]|), the kth harmonic is g(t) = 2|X [k]|eos(2rk fot + Ox), where Oy is the phase at the frequency f = kfo. ah a, phsesiate ‘The harmonic frequencies are 12 Hz, 20 Hz, and 28 Hz 4 3 fo = GCD(12, 20, 28) = 4H, T= 1/fo ul Tpit P=SINWR=1416+944+9416+1=56W ame = VP= V5 a 120 ia Lies: ia a(t) = 2+ 6cos(24nt — 180°) + 8 cos(40mt) + 2.cos(S6at + 180°) or = 15 ul oa 1(t) = 2— Geos(24at) + Seos(40nt) — 2eos(56nt). as Ds 180 180 Only the de and odd-indexed harmonics are present. ‘Thus, the signal shows hidden (not true) half-wave symmetry. ‘The phase of the harmonics is either zero or +£180°, implying only cosine terms. Thus, we also have even symmetry.wt) The harmonic frequencies are 5 Hz, 15 Hz, 25 Hz, and 35 Hz. fo = 5 Hz, and the time period is T = 1/fo = Only the odd-indexed harmonics are present. Since the de value is zero, te signal shows halE-wave symmetry. ‘The phase of the harmonies is either zero (cosine terms) or +90” (sine terms). ‘Thus, both sines and eusines are present, and tht neither odd symmetric nor even symmetric He Since the spectrum is one-sided, the total signal power and the rms value are found as: P=G+05) ch = 0.51 +9+ 16 +1) = 15W Yems = VP = V15 = 3.8730 We may also write the Fourier series for the signal by inspection as either 2cos(10xt +90") + Bcos(B0nt) + 4.e0s(50nt) + c0s(70xt — 90°) or —2sin(10t) + 3cos(30nt) + 4.cos(50xt) + sin(7Ort)‘The magnitude and phase spectra of a periodic signal 2(¢) are shown in Figure Write out the Fourier series in polar form Phase (degrees) Magnitude Jf (Ha) aosR=1Mand C= HF. VN 1 jean te) . = 4 1 a Xow) = w+i() wo=i(ea) [an =72. Y(w) = H(w)X(w) YQ) _ vow) _ (rac) _ (aa) we 1 1 | MOTT) H0 aH +i) we LT jwCGwen-+i)~jwne i Te ]w/8 [ v() =4—10sin(3t) ~5 sin(6t) ~ 3.33 sin(9t) — 25sin(12¢) — 2sin(15t)... |1 + jw/3 v(t) = 4— 10sin(3t) ~ 5 sin(6t) — 3.33 sin(9t) — 2.5 sin(12t) ~ 2sin(ASt).... Hw) = Y(w) = H(w)X(w) sin (wt) = cos(we = 90°) v(t) = 4 10.cos(3t — 90°) ~ 5 cos(6t — 90*) ~ 3.33 cos(9t — 90°) ~ 2.5 cos(12t — 90°) ~ 2.cos( 15 Siw =0,X(0)=4 Siw =3,, xo) = —105-"= 1906" 1 . quo HQ) === 1= 14° == __- Lost xl penla’/abe 2 @)=5 HQ) = 755 = Taras = 07071 bel peta a 7.071 XQ a} ¥(0) = X(0)H(O) = 4(1) = 44" ——-¥(3) = X(3) (3) = 104°"(0,.7071-—* Siw = 6,X(6) = —5'-9"= SU" = (Siw =9,X@) = —333—— 3300" > Z al east 1 1 = = 044s = = 03171568 HO) = Tyg pgumaw = O44 HO) = Taj = arise = 031 ¥ (6) = X(6)H(6) = 51° (0.444894) = 2.241257" ¥(9) = X(9)H(9) = 3.30 (0,31-7-5) = 1.023184 Siw = 12,X(12) = -2.54-9= 2,519" Siw =15, aos) = = 2-90" = 290" = n(2) = wo zgt-7590° Fe a Ta qe = it a = gr ¥(12) = X(12)H(12) = 2.549" (0,24-7596) = 0,614.08 ¥(15) = X(15)H(15) = 24°" (0,19'-786) = 90,3911[v(@) = 4-10 cos(3t — 90°) — 5 cos(6t — 90°) ~ 3.33 cos(9t — 90°) ~ 2.5 cos(12t — 90°) — 2 cos(15t — 90°) Siw =0,X(0)=4 Siw = 3,X(3) = —10“?"'= 10° 1 . 1 we H(0) ===1=1'" = =—__ Las" @)=7 HQ) = 755 = Taras = 0.7071 ¥(0) = X(0)H(0) = 4(1) = 44" ——-¥(8) = X(B)H(3) = 10'°"(0.7071'*5") = 7.07145" Siw = 6,X(6) = -St-9"= 5L9" = Siw = 9,X(9) = —3.33--%"= 3,334 1 quo HO) =Tyay> Fe ¥(9) = X(9)H(9) = 3.34°°(0.31'-7156) = 1.923484" 1 Lo HO=War ae ¥ (6) = X(6)H(6) = 5+°"(0,44-0343°) = 0.446843" g1b-7156° 22402657" Siw = 12,X(12) = 2590 Siw =15,X(15) = —24-90"= 2490" = 1 i = 17596 = = = 019-786" HQ2) = Taj = gure = 024 NOS) = 55 = Jpgcraar = 019 ¥(12) = X(12)H(12) = 2.549 (0,247 7598) = 0.641408" ¥(15) = X(15)H(15) = 24" (0,19+-7868) = 9.394113 y(t) = 4+ 7.071 cos(3t + 45°) + 2.24 c0s(6t + 26579) + 1.023c0s(9" + 10:64) + O.Gcos(12t + 14.04°) + 0.39 cos(15¢ + 11.34)_ 1 = Ty iw/8Sketch G[k] and g(t) and find the output y(t) 3a 5 ai x(t) = 4 + 6 cos(2nt) + 10 cos(6nt).... x() +h = 910 > XU) = 6) B= 8 Geos(2ne)10 The periodic sawtooth u(t) = 4— > 5, Sin(Bkt) volts is applied to the RC eirenit