Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Foundations of Education
Foundations of Education
I. HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS
2.2 Essentialism
Teaching the basic/ essential knowledge and skills
Aims: To promote the intellectual growth of the learners.
Proponent: William Bagley
The Leaner:
Receives instruction in skills such as writing, reading and measurement/ arithmetic (3R’s)
The Teacher
Focuses heavily on achievement test scores as a means of evaluating progress
2.3 Progressivism
Education is always in the process of development
Focused on the whole child and the cultivation of individuality
Centered on the experiences, interests and abilities of students
Progressivists strive to make schooling both interesting and useful
Aim: To provide the pupil the necessary skills to be able to interact with his ever changing environment
Proponents: John Dewey, Johann Pestalozzi
The Learner:
Learns through experiences, by doing
The Teacher
Plans lessons that arouse curiosity and encourage the students to develop a higher level of
knowledge
2.4 Existentialism
Man shapes his being as he lives.
Knowledge is subjective to the persons decision, and varies from one person to another.
Aim: To train the individual for significant and meaningful existence
Proponent: Jean Paul Sartre
The Teacher:
Assists students in their personal journey
Aids children in knowing themselves
The Learner
Determines own rule
2.5 Social Reconstructionism
Emphasizes the addressing of social questions and a quests to create a better society.
Social reconstructionists believe that systems must be changed to overcome oppression and
improve human conditions.
Curriculum focuses on students’ experiences
Aim: Education for change and social reform
Proponent: George Counts
The Learner:
Takes social action on real problems such as violence, hunger, international terrorism,
inflation, discrimination, and inequality, and environmental problems
The Teacher
Uses community- based learning and brings the world into the classro
RELEVANT PHILOSOPHIES OF EDUCATION OPERATING IN PARTICULAR CLASSROOM SITUATIONS
Nature of Subject- Subject- Individual & Child & Child, subject Child & Child &
Curriculum matter matter society process & human subject society
centered centered centered centered reaction- matter- centered
centered centered
Nature of Traditional, Traditional but Artistic with Flexible, rich Modern, Democratic
Classroom rigid, with little plenty of in needs-based /liberal
inflexible flexibility in reading opportunities
the materials for students
arrangement to experience
of seats what they’re
learning
Source of Books Objects, Works of arts Challenging Social issues, Books, Books,
Knowing nature and theology experience problems and experience, environment,
current issues society, experience,
environment society
current issues
Influences Values, Use of reality Humanities as a Learning by Politics and The use of Social
on the GMRC course, arts, experience social works group Sciences,
Present architecture, dynamics Anthropology,
Educationa painting Sociology
l Systems
3. EASTERN PHILOSOPHIES
3.1 Hinduism
Emphasizes a commitment to an ideal way of life characterized by honesty, courage, service, faith, self-
control, purity and non- violence which can be achieved through YOGA.
Proponent: Mahatma Gandhi
Hinduism in Education:
The teacher shows the way and imparts knowledge by his own example, responsible for
the students’ spiritual welfare.
The students aim to remember everything by heart and mastery of every subject learned.
Teaching methods are oral and memory intensive, discussion and debates
3.2 Buddhism
Believes in the FOUR NOBLE TRUTHS
Believes in the LAW OF KARMA
Proponent: Siddharta Gautama
Buddhism in Education:
Education rooted in faith
Continuing education system- to receive additional teaching and leanr from each other during class
discussions.
3.3 Confucianism
Teaches moral life through devotion to the family, loyalty to the elders. Love of learning, brotherhood, civil
service, and universal love and justice.
Stresses the FIVE CARDINAL VIRTUES
(benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and sincerity)
Proponent: Confucius
Confucianism in Education:
Civil Service Exams
Religious rituals in the schools
3.4 Taoism
TAO: a way of life, a philosophy advocating simplicity, frugality, and the kjoys of being close to nature and
being in harmony with the whole universe.
Strongly believes in WU WEI ( Let things come naturally)
Proponent: Lau-Tzu
Taoism in Education:
Taoist ethics emphasize compassion, moderation and humility
Physical exercises involve slow and controlled body movements to achieve mental stillness.
3.5 Zen Buddhism (Japanese Version)
Believes in the THIRD EYE (to see things which are invisible to the naked eyes and to get attuned to the
things around us.)
Encourages meditation (mind awakening).
Teaches that the entire universe is one’s mind, and if one cannot realize enlightenment in one’s own mind
now, one cannot ever achieve enlightenment.
3.6 Islam
Has Five pillars: belief in Allah, prayer(5x a day), fasting, almsgiving and pilgrimage
Proponent: Muhammad/ Mohammed
Islam in Education:
Useful knowledge is necessary for the benefit of the self and humanity.
A truly Islamic government is required to provide all means to promote adequate education for its citizen,
to the best of its ability.
1. Plato
a. Every individual should devote his life to what is best fitted for him to do.
b. The important function of education is to determine what every individual is by nature capable and fitted of doing something.
c. Poor leadership will lead to wrong decisions.
d. The physical objects are not permanent representations of unchanging ideas, and that the ideas alone give true knowledge as
they are known by the mind.
e. Social justice is giving of what is due to whom it is due.
f. Intellect aristocracy is the rule of intellectual elite.
g. An individual who should lead society should be endowed with superior intelligence and possessed impeccable integrity.
2. Aristotle
a. The end of education is not knowledge alone. It is the union of the innate intellect of the individual and his will. It is knowledge
expressed in action.
b. Virtue which is moral excellence goodness and righteous is not possession of knowledge. It is the state of the will.
c. The process of correct thinking can be reduced to rule like physics and geometry, and taught to any normal mind.
d. Advocates the practice of moderation.
e. Vices are irrational habits or practices because they often stem from passion which often goes beyond reason.
f. Advocates scientific approaches to education.
3. Socrates
4. Confucius
a. .Development of moral and ethical principles to promote peace and order and to preserve human dignity.
b. The family should serve as a model correct relation among them.
c. Postulate the golden rule of all men to follow ”Treat others as you want them to treat you.”
d. Reason and natural law constantly enjoy man to live righteously to offend no one and to give one on this due.
e. Order and harmony should begin in the inner nature of man.
f. Man can enjoy peace and harmony and happiness by observing God’s law which is enshrined in every individual conscience.
g. Emphasized the importance of self-control. “He who conquers others are strong he who conquers himself is the greatest victor.”
h. Reason is supposed to rule and to regulate the lower craving of man such as appetites and passions.
i. Justice and love always go together.
j. The coming into being of the perfect man in a perfect social order is simply the full development of the human personality through
the realization of man’s powers and natural endowments- his physical, intellectual, emotional, political, and economic aspirations
5. Lao-Tzu
6. Comenius
7. Locke
a. “Tabular rasa” or “blank state” theory- a child is born with a blind mind- neither good nor bad.
b. Education can help shape the pupil according to the disposition of the teacher.
c. Emphasized formal discipline moral and physical education.
d. Methods of instruction should consider habit formation through drill and exercise, memorization and reasoning.
8. Rousseau
9. Pestalozzi
10. Froebel
a. “Father of Kindergarten”
b. Creative expression should be encouraged.
c. Education should be accompanied with the spirit of informality and joy.
d. Self-activity as means of development.
e. Individual differences should be respected.
f. Knowing is the thinking of the latent ideas.
g. Values are eternal.
h. Play, Spontaneous activity should be utilized to promote self-realization.
i. A subject matter curriculum emphasizing the great and enduring ideas of culture.
j. Social development
11. Herbert
12. Spencer
a. Knowledge acquired that is best use in life is also the best for e development of power.
b. Emphasis on physical activity.
c. Science oriented curriculum
d. Societies are bound to change
e. Opposed to free public education, those who really want an education should work hard to acquire the means to attain it.
a. Learning by Doing
b. Education is life, not preparation for life.
c. Education is a social process.
d. Education is growth and a continuous reconstruction of experience.
e. The center of correlation is the child’s own social activities.
f. The school is primarily a social institution.
Socialization
A process of adapting or conforming to the common needs and interests of a social group
A process whereby people learn the attitudes, values and actions appropriate to individuals as
members of a particular society, where a member of a group learns and internalizes the norms and
standards of the other member among whom she/he lives
Agents of Socialization:
a. Family- smallest social institution whose members are united by blood, marriage or adaptation,
constituting a household and having a common culture.
b. School/ Education- established by society for the basic enculturation of the group; an agency which
makes student learn how to value oneself and eventually others; an agency organized by society for
the basic function of teaching and learning.
c. Church
d. Mass Media
I. THE FAMILY
1. According to Structure
a. Monogamy- consisting of only one husband and one wife married at a time.
1. Polyandry- one woman married to two or more men at the same time.
3. Cenogamy- group sex. Two or more men and two or more woman having sex together at
the same time and one after another.
4. According to Residence
a. Patrilocal- when the newlyweds live with the parents of the husband.
b. Matrilocal- when the newlyweds live with the parents of the wife.
c. Neolocal- when the new couples live by themselves and have a separate household.
5. According to Dominance
a. Patriarchal- when the father is the head and makes the major descisions and is dominant
b. Matriarchal- when the mother is the head and makes the makor descision and is dominant.
c. Equalitarian- when the father and the mother share in making major decision and have equal
authority.
1. Healthful Living
2. Ethical Standards
3. Socialization
6. Recreational skills
3. Church
A lifetime school of learning
Education from the church (through the Bible):
History
Ex. Persia (now Iran), Mesopotamia (now Iraq)
Prophecies
Ex. Earthquake, Famine Calamities
Divine Values
Ex: Love, Hope, Faith, Wisdom
How Teaching is done in the Christian Church
1. Sermon or Preaching- main part of the divine service
2. Sunday school
3. Bible studies
4. Sermons on special occasions
5. Christmas and summer institutes
6. Rallies and spiritual retreats
7. Evangelistic meetings
8. Daily vacation church school
9. Conferences
What are learned in the Church
1. History
2. Prophecies
3. Divine Values
Characteristics of Divine Values
1. Divine values are given and mandated by God.
2. Divine values are universally intended.
3. Divine values are eternal
4. Violators of divine values are punished.
SOCIAL GROUPS
b. Neighborhood- immediate vicinity of a family and composed of households which are closed together.
g. Nation- the whole country whose people occupy a portion of territory called their own, and who are
conscious that they are one and under the same government.
2. Voluntary associations or groups- individuals can choose the group to which he wants to belong.
a. Play groups- composed of children living in the same neighborhood. The individual child may or can choose
to join a play group or not.
d. School groups- set up for educational purposes and children flocked to them and form groups, school
groups.
e. Church groups-people who have the same religious beliefs and practices group themselves together and
form a church.
f. Purposive voluntary groups or associations-organized for certain purposes and have aims and objectives to
attain (for recreation/ for athletics/ charity/ civics/ brotherhood or purely social).
Play group is the most common peer group. Children become very intimate with one another and their play
is very informal and spontaneous without adult supervision. Oftentimes, they develop their own rules of play.
Gang- formed during teenage period but may continue until adulthood. Members recognize leader. Some
gangs are notoriously antisocial.
Clique- a small peer group within a bigger peer group, members from another group but not separating from
the original group.
a. They are formally organized in the sense that they elect a set of officers that would run the associations
c. They have a constitution and By-laws or a set of rules and regulations to guide their activities.
i. A member may or can get out or resign from the association of which a member without any legal implications or
obligations.
b. Social service groups- those who have soft heart for the underprivileged.
The Red Cross is a good example.- render free med/dental service/ put up an orphanage
c. Ideology or political action groups- those who have the same belief or idea in some kind of governmental structure
or administration/ work as team for their ideological goals./in some instances violence is created.
d. Professional groups- Purpose of enhancing and improving their professional knowledge and skills/ hold conventions,
conference, seminars, etc
e. Fraternity(for men)- to promote brotherhood among the members. The we group feeling is felt.. Sororities for
women.
g. The activist group- people who feel deprived of certain rights and privileges group themselves and stage rallies and
marches and make demands that are sometimes impossible to grant.
h. The union group- to enable them to have a stronger bargaining power/ for better wages, working conditions, and
other benefits. The strongest weapon of labor unions is the strike..
i. The syndicates- groups organized to commit criminal acts to enable members to get that they want/ kidnap-for-
ransom, bank robberies, etc…
1. Education 2. Protection
7. Charity 8. Recreation
Sociology of Education
Provides a study of the relationships between society and the educational processes which
contribute to the analysis and solution to problems confronting the educational system.
Anthropology
Science that studies the origin and development of man, his work and achievements which
includes the study of physical, intellectual, moral, social and cultural development of man,
including his customs, mores and beliefs
Culture
The shared products of human learning, the set of learned behaviors, beliefs, attitudes, values and
ideals that are characteristics of a particular society or population
The complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, laws, morals, customs, and other
capabilities and habits acquired by man as member of the society.
Characteristics of Culture:
Culture is
Transferable Continuous
Symbolic Dynamic
Shared Adaptive
Learned Universal Borrowed
Elements of Culture
Language an abstract system of word meanings and symbols for all aspects of culture; the foundation of
culture; verbal and non verbal
Norms- are established standards of behavior maintained by a society; it must be shared and understood.
Sanctions- penalties or rewards for conduct concerning social norms
a. positive sanctions- pay, promotion, medals, word of gratitude
b. negative- fines, imprisonment, threats, stares, ostracism
Values- are collective conceptions of what is considered good, desirable and proper or bad, undesirable and improper
in a particular culture.
Change
An enduring force in history; is inevitable, takes place from time to time
The adjustment of persons or group to achieve relative harmony.
Forms of Change:
a. Cultural Change- refers to all alteration affecting new trait complexes to change the cultures content and
structure.
b. Technological Change- revision that occur in man’s application of his technical knowledge and skills as he
adopts himself to environment.
Examples of Technological changes in education:
Introduction of new methods of learning
Vocational education, computer education, and practical arts in the curriculum
c. Social Change- refers to the variation or modifications in the patterns of social organization, of such
groups within the society or of the entire society.
Examples of social changes in education:
Revival of nationalism themes in literature, music and arts, etc.
Anthropological- Sociological Implications to Education:
The curricular program of all learning institutions should be examined by the Commission on Higher Education
(CHED) and the Department of Education (DepED) so that those will be responsive to the needs of the society.
Parents should be involved in the school projects and activities, and in enculturation and socialization
processes.
SOCIAL CONCEPTS:
1. Values
Generally considered as something- a principle, quality, act or entity- that is intrinsically desirable.
2. Justice
Giving others what is due to them; rendering to every man that exact measures of his due without regard
to his personal worth or merit.
3. Freedom, Rights and Responsibility
Freedom is not absolute. It is not doing something without restrictions or reservations or interference and
influence of others.
Right means what is just, reasonable, equitable, what ought to be, what is justifiable, something that is
owed or due to others.
Rights and responsibility come in pairs. If one wants more rights and freedom, s/he shall also have to
accept more responsibility. A right is abused when it interferes with the rights of others.
The reciprocation of rights and duties is the true foundation of social order.
Duties- refer to those that are due justice, to another individual or collective persons and to God.
Authority- refers to the right given to give commands, enforce laws, take action, make decisions and
exact obedience, determine or judge
Accountability- means to be answerable for; emphasizes liability for something of value either
contractually or because of one’s position of authority.
Responsibility- refers to trustworthy performance of fixed duties and consequent awareness of the penalty
for failure to do so.
4. Ethics/ Moral Law
Ethics is based on one’s station in life; to each station corresponds a certain behavior according to which a
person must live.
Theories of Ethics
1. Consequentialism- claims that the morality of an action is determined by its consequences.
a. Hedonism-views that the only pleasure is good as an end; pleasure is the highest good
b. Utilitarianism- believes that the greatest happiness of the greatest number is the test of right or
wrong.
c. Self-realization- holds that the ultimate end is the full development or perfection of the self.
2. Non- Consequentialism- claims that the morality of an action depends on its intrinsic nature or on its
motives.
3. Divine Command Theory- claims that the morality of an act depends on whether it is accordance with
the will of God.
4. Categorical Imperative Theory- holds that for one’s action to be morally right, s/he must be willing to
have everyone act in the same way.
5. Egoism- claims that an action is right only if it is in the interest of the agent.
6. Situation Ethics- claims that the morality of an action depends on the situation and not on the
application of the law.
7. Intuitionism- claims that one’s knowledge of right and wrong is immediate and self-evident.
8. Emotive Theory- claims that moral judgments do not state anything that is capable of being true or
false but merely express emotions like oaths or exclamations.
9. Ethical Relativism-holds the view that there is no correct moral code for all times and peoples, that
each group has its own morality relative to its wants.