stamina Written & illustrated by Zenda Leu — DIOMS ae eee . “SANTONYMS “uy PROVERBS NOUNS “PLACES ©--ARTICLES as oie ce OCCUPATIONS 5 SOUNDS SIILES =~ CORJUNGTIONS This book belongs to: Quality Prodiicts by Gualitied Teachers!Content Page Parts ot Speech Gender Nouns 4~5 Singular/Plural t Nouns 6 Pantslof Speech Interjections Articles Punctuation ns Sounds made by Objects Building Vocalbulamy, © Teachers’ ProductionUnd nglish Language All the words in the English Language have been divided into groups. These word groups are called the Parts of Speech. 1. @ Teachers’ Production Nouns name a person, place, thing, an animal or an idea. Pronouns (|, me, you) are used in place of nouns. Adjectives (short, slow, clever) describe a noun or pronoun. Verbs (is, run, hop) express actions or state of being. Adverbs (slowly, softly, quickly) tell something about a verb, an adjective or another adverb. Prepositions (on, near, over) show how a noun is related to some other words in the sentence. Conjunctions (and, or, because) connect words or groups of words. Interjections (Wow, Oh, Yikes!) show emotions or surprises. Articles (a, an, the). Parts of SpeechA noun is a word which names a person, thing, place, an animal or an idea. Person Animal Thing Annie = | bag Mr Wong = bed carpenter dinosaur % & building fireman Cay car friend sb coin girl lizard computer John os C22 ribbon nurse tiger pencil teacher turtle toy __ Place. Idea gS London faith Japan fear bus-stop friendship city happiness home hope market joy mountain love park sadness pond trouble © Teachers’ Production CD NounsCommon nouns are the general names of people, animals, places, things or ideas. Common nouns do not start with capital letters. Proper nouns are the special names of people, animals, places or things. Proper nouns start with capital letters. Common Nouns Proper Nouns boy car continent country day girl holiday island lake language month mountain people place sea street Common & Proper Nouns Benjamin, James Mercedes, Toyota Asia, Europe Singapore, Thailand Sunday, Tuesday Joanna, Mary Christmas Day, National Day Sentosa, Bali Lake Toba, Lake Mead English, Malay January, July Mount Everest, Mount Fuji Singaporean, American Queenstown, Jurong Red Sea, South China Sea Shenton Way, Amoy Street @ Teachers’ ProductionA noun can be in one of the four genders: Masculine gender: These are words that describe male Feminine gender Common gender Neuter gender creatures (boy, brother, rooster). : These are words that describe female creatures (girl, sister, hen). : These are words that describe either male or female creatures (child, adult, bird). : These are words that describe things that are neither male nor female (apple, bed). People Masculine Feminine Masculine Feminine | actor actress landlord landlady bachelor spinster male female boy girl man woman boy scout girl guide master mistress bridegroom _ bride monk nun fiancé fiancée salesman salesgirl gentleman lady sir madam god goddess steward stewardess headmaster | headmistress tailor seamstress hero heroine waiter waitress host hostess widower widow lad lass wizard witch @ Teachers’ Production Gender NounsFamily Masculine | Feminine Masculine Feminine brother sister nephew niece daddy mummy papa mama father mother son daughter grandpa grandma step-father — step-mother husband wife uncle aunt Royalty count countess His Majesty Her Majesty duke duchess king queen emperor empress lord lady heir heiress prince princess Animals boar SOW gander goose billy-goat nanny-goat he-bear she-bear buck-rabbit | doe-rabbit leopard leopardess buck (deer) | doe lion lioness bull cow peacock peahen cock hen ram ewe colt filly stag hind dog bitch stallion mare drone bee tom cat tabby cat drake duck tiger tigress fox vixen he-wolf she-wolf @ Teachers’ Production c Gender NounsA singular noun is used for ONE person, animal, thing, place oridea. ea) A plural noun is used for MORE THAN ONE person, animal, thing, place or idea. AES ) ee Cons Regular Plural Nouns i, By adding an_'s’ to the singular nouns: Singular Plural | Singular Plural apple apples hand hands bag bags leg legs banana bananas pencil pencils book books school schools cake cakes stamp stamps cow cows street streets girl girls table tables 2. By adding ‘es’ to nouns ending in ‘ch, sh, s and x’: batch batches match matches beach beaches patch patches bench benches peach peaches branch branches punch punches brooch brooches sandwich sandwiches bunch bunches stitch stitches church churches torch torches couch couches watch watches P fe Singular & Plural Nouns Teachers’ ProductionSingular Plural Singular Plural ash ashes dish dishes brush brushes flash flashes bush bushes wish wishes boss bosses gas gases bus buses glass glasses class classes guess guesses dress dresses kiss kisses box boxes sex sexes fox foxes tax taxes 3. By adding ‘es’ fo nouns ending in ‘o’: buffalo buffaloes mango mangoes cargo cargoes mosquito mosquitoes echo echoes potato potatoes hero heroes tomato tomatoes Some nouns do not follow this rule. By adding an ‘s’ fo nouns such as musical terms, words of Spanish origin or nouns ending in ‘o’ (with a vowel just before the o): banjo dynamo photo piano piccolo radio banjos dynamos photos pianos piccolos radios @ Teachers’ Production studio taco ZOO cuckoo igloo tattoo ae : ® studios tacos Zoos cuckoos igloos tattoos Singular & Plural Nouns4. By changing nouns ending in ‘f or ‘fe’ to ‘ves’: Singular Plural Singular Plural | calf calves shelf shelves elf elves thief thieves half halves wolf wolves leaf leaves knife knives loaf loaves life lives scarf scarves wife wives There are some exceptions: chef chefs proof proofs chief chiefs puff puffs cliff cliffs reef reefs giraffe giraffes roof roofs handkerchief — handkerchiefs safe safes 5. By changing nouns ending in ‘y’ to ‘ies’: army armies lorry lorries baby babies pony ponies body bodies puppy puppies city cities story stories enemy enemies cry cries laboratory laboratories fly flies lady ladies fry fries library libraries sky skies zy} i GIS By Singular & Plural Nouns @ Teachers’ ProductionBy adding an '‘s' if the letter before ‘y’ is a vowel: Singular Plural Singular Plural | day days donkey donkeys way ways key keys boy boys monkey monkeys joy joys storey storeys toy toys turkey turkeys chimney chimneys valley valleys Irregular Plural Form 1. Some plural nouns are formed by changing the vowels: foot feet goose gees man men policeman policemen e tooth teeth woman women 2: Some plural nouns do not follow any rules: cactus cacti louse lice fungus fungi mouse mice child children ox oxen 3. Compound nouns form their plurals by adding an ‘s' to the most important word in the compound: maid-servant man-of-war mother-in-law mouse-trap passer-by step-son @ Teachers’ Production maid-servants men-of-war mothers-in-law mouse-traps passers-by step-sons aR D> Singular & Plural Nouns4. | Compound nouns that are used as adjectives do not have an ‘s’ added to them: a five-day week | a ten-dollar note a seven-storey building | a thirty-cent stamp a six-year-old child | a twenty-cent coin 5. Some nouns have their singular and plural form alike: Singular Plural Singular Plural aircraft aircraft fish fish / fishes cattle cattle fruit fruit / fruits Chinese Chinese sheep sheep deer deer trout trout 6. Some nouns are used only in the plural form: chopsticks mumps shorts clothes pants slacks drawers pincers spectacles jeans pyjamas tongs measles scissors trousers 7. Some nouns are used only in the singular form: advice information silver clothing luggage stationery fun machinery traffic furniture poetry water help scenery young 2D EDS} 3B, ah sb 3 BH OS BSu a Singular & Plural Nouns any @ Teachers’ ProductionA collective noun is a word used to group people, animals, places, things, or ideas. People an army of soldiers a band of musicians / robbers a bevy of beauties / ladies a choir of singers a class of pupils / students a company of actors / actresses a crew of sailors a crowd of spectators a flood of visitors a gang of thieves / robbers / labourers a host of angels a panel of doctors / judges a staff of servants / teachers a team of players , a troupe of acrobats / dancers / performers assembly people at a hall or meeting audience people at a concert, lecture or play congregation people in a place of worship, like a church crowd a large number of people together people lining up to enter a place, to get ona aueve bus or to buy something spectators people watching a game or an event © Teachers’ Production ap Collective Nouns - People