Abstract

Silver nanoparticles are usually used in innumerable products due to their idiosyncratic and
antibacterica actions. Nanosilver are used in electronics bio-sensing, tailored, cosmetics,
sunblock and medical plans but a great numbers of in vitro illustrations that AgNPs has toxic
possessions on several cultured mammalian cells. In this paper I reviewed about the
venomousness effect of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) on humans Health. In accumulation
we studied to which contented the silver ion fraction recompense the toxicity to cells. However
by green establishment of silver nanoparticles(AgNPs) the harmfulness of silver nanoparticles
can be compact. More studies and research is compulsory that confer AgNPs at lesser toxicity
only then their use would be verified useful in some industry biomedical circumstances and for
human health also. The desire or goal of this review is to evaluation the literature on the
toxicity of silver nanoparticles. The aim of this review to instigate more studies in the
pulverized of toxicity of nanoparticles of silver or silver nanoparticles.
1. Introduction
Nanoparticles are defined as particles with structural measurement of 100 nm or less[12] Use
of nanoparticles are increasing day by day because of its unique and physicochemical
properties but there are many research and evidence which show the adversative effect of
nanoparticles towards human health and environment[3]. In today’s eon the use of
nanotechnology upsurge nanoparticles technology also castoff in food system to increase the
nutritional value but it also have some hostile effects diagrammatic view of assistances and
adverse effect of nanotechnology fig: 1[4]
some studies demonstrations that nanoparticles can pass the cell membranes and also cooperate
with the biological system due to the strong oxidative activity[5] silver nanoparticles (AgNPs)
after pass- ing the cell membranes and release ther ions of silver into the cell these ions has
side effects on the biological system these ions tempted genotoxicity[6] ,cyctotoxicity [76] and
unfluctuating death of the cell. A study expresses that the nanoparticles of TiO2Induce ROS
which mains protein dysfunt ,degradational of DNA and oxidative damage in the mouse
brain[5]. So, the toxicity of nano particles became a substance of concern for human health and
environment that is why there is a essential of research and some procedure to ensure the saftey
from nanoparicles. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are used most usually used due to its
antibacterial or antimi- crobal activity (Jun Sun [8,1].Claim of nanoparticles of silver are in
environmental, biomedical and industrial area (S.P [9]. Silver nanoparticles used in dental
work, surgery applications, injuries,
domestic appliances ,odor resilient textials , food processing, food packaging, food safety,
beautifying and various biomedical devices [10,11,12]. but there is some adverse effect of
silver nano particles. About studies shows that liver and lungs are main terminus or target tissue
for continued AgNPs contact [13]. AgNPs can mutilation the cell possibility of human
hepatoma cell [14].Lungs can simply damage by nanoparticles. The process by which AgNPs
arrive to the cell is endocytosis and diffusion .Oxida- tive trauma caused because secret the
cell, in the cytoplasm the sil- ver nanoparticles ionized Ag± And start development of ROS and
these species triggered oxidative stress [5]AgNPs cause DNA damage, apoptosis, genotoxicity
and chromosome peculiarity. In a study it is institute that silver nanoparticle can have genotoxic
effects. In vitro and in vivo studies both gave positive result on genotoxicity[15] some studies
also examined that silver nanoparticles are also harmful for environment (C.A. [16] because of
its acuteness and surface area when it acquaintance to environment then various alteration
occur which is problematic for environment.[17].
2.Synthesis of silver nanoparticles
Nanoparticles or nanomaterials are manufactured by chemicals physicals and biological
method. AgNPs used generally due to the anti bacterical properties of silver. For the preparation
of silver nanoparticles there are two method first one is upper to down approach and one more
method is bottom to upper[18],[19],20 . Nanoparticles and nanosilver are manufactured by
taking bulk material in topmost to bottom approach where as in bottom to topmost method
nanoparticles are produced on the basis of their packing of particles[2122].by phyochemicals
approaches AgNPs can also be arranged. AgNPs can be prepared by photochemical decrease,
microwave, electrochemicals and by chemicals reduction however there is constraint in both
physical and chemicals approaches of creation of AgNPs because the manufactured NPs are
very short existed and the process of formation is very pricey[23]. Over physical and chemical
methods the green synthesis of silver nanoparticlesis more progressive and green synthesis is
environmental friendly ,less pricey as compare to the both chemical and physical methods. In
green synthesis of silver nanoparticles there is no obligation of high pressure, extreme
temperature and harmful chemical So many articles has been described till now on the green
synthesis of- nanosilver (AgNPs). In Biological synthesis microorganism with fungi bacteria
or plants are used for the making of silver nanoparticles because of their tumbling properties.
These reducing properties are proficient for the reduction of metals compounds into
nonaparticles ,Due to the non– toxicity or little biohazard and process of cell culture sustaining
.Plant extract is used is used for this procedure over microorganism .Many biomolecules
which are present in plant extract like Amino acids ,enzymes ,alkaloids, tannins phenolics,
proteins , vitamins and polysaccharides intensification the medicinal values of silver
nanoparticles during the process of decrease and stabilization of ions by plant extracts[24].
silver nanoparticles synthesized by Acorus Calamus has antibacterical antioxidant and
anticancer effects[25].Nanoparticles of silver can be produced by Seaweed
(Gracilariabiridial)and these nanoparticles has antibacterial effect[26].There are several
assistances of silver nanoparticles which are manufactured by plants extract, these benefits are
defense of environment and human health ,less expensive and energy efficiency[27] Fig. 1. is
the green or biological synthesis of nanoparticles (silver nanoparticles) [28] Figs. 2 and 3.
3.Cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles
Humans exposed to AgNPs by cutaneous contact ,pant, oral administration and blood
movement[29], (Niels [13] For in vivo and in vitro experiments of toxicity of nanoparticles
there are numerous paper and journal are published which show that the toxicity of silver
nanoparticles upon there absorptions environmental factors, size and description
time[5].Larger silver nanoparticles is rarer cytotoxic as compare to small silver nanoparticles
because of its higher surface area per unit mass and due to the higher proclamation of Ag±
ion the cytotoxity of silver nanoparticle at sizer lager than 10 nm dominate by the direct
interface of silver nanoparticle- sand macrophage[30]. Size 10 to 100 nm and conc. Range 5 to
10 mgmL—1 of silver nanoparticles is very significantly toxic to the mitochondrial functions
according to in vivo experiments[31,32]. in vitro studies also tells us that silver
nanoparticles affect the reproduction, morphological irregularities and non mammalian
animals[33]. There are many paper which assumed that AgNPs annoyed the cell membrane and
also mitochondria but there is no evidence conditions AgNPs enter to the organelle To oxidative
damage or AgNPs directly interact with mitochondria. Silver nanoparticles can affect the
respiratory chain of mitchondria, producing ROS and disturbing the ATP, DNA damage. silver
nanoparticles are toxic to human also . Factor that effect the cyotoxicity of silver nanoparticles
are surface chemistry crystallinity, shape, size, covering agent. Ionic strength, ph, presence of
complexing agents all these environmental factor also effect the toxicity of AgNPs[34].The
nanoparticles of silver also effects the explosion. Not human but naonosilver are also toxic to
animals some studies demonstrations that silver nanoparticles has 50% high toxicity than
chrysolite asbestos. Nanoparticles of silver gather in the testes by crossing blood barrier and
disturb the sperm cells[35].In a research silver nanoparticles are appeared in different organ of
mice like kidney liver lungs heart and brain the appearance of nanoparticles of silver shows
that brain blood barrier are infiltrated bye nanoparticles (AgNPs) (SCG. [36]. In a research of
the destructive effects of silver nanoparticles to the photosynthesis action of algae is studied
the consequence of this study is that the coating of protein did not stimulate toxicity but the
consumption of silver nanoparticles and release of Ag + ion cause photosynthesis drop[37].
3.1. Damage to cell membrane
Silver nanoparticles cause harm and toxicity by cooperating with cell membranes although
silver has antimicrobial properties because they can relate with bacterial membrane or surface.
Interface with bacterial membrane depends upon the pH and Nacl concentration .for this
interface surface charge is very significant but in vitro studies it is found that silver
nanoparticles source damages in cell membranes of mammalian cells [38].It is found that cell
membrane is disturbs and through oxidative damages apoptosis caused .Calcium influx is
allows due to the damage of fibroblast membranes this damages also produced potential
discrepancy in mitochondrial membranes overproduction of Reactive Oxygen Species [33].
3.2. Silver nanoparticles’ uptake
Silver nanoparticles disbursed different cells (Joel N. [39,40]and also by human body by unlike
path ways like oral, dermal, res- piratory ways [17] Consumption of silver nanoparticles is
done by diffusion, endocytosis and phagocytosis method . uptaking process may be differ for
different cell. AgNPs can uptake by phagocytic and non phagocytic customs in macrophages
cell, uptake depends upon the cell categories and size of silver nanoparticles[5]. Human skin
uptake the AgNPs is depends upon their shape, size and progress time. cell membrane is
stabbed by the spherical and cylindrical or rod formed silver nanoparticles and uptake depends
upon the incubation time[41]. HepG2 cell line was studied under different concentration of
both silver nanoparticles and silver ion (Ag±) after experimental period of 24 h the uptake
quantity of silver nanoparticles studied by measuring silver con tent in digested cell . it is found
that at 1 mg/L concentration of AgNPs the content of intracellular silver is small as
comparability to the content silver at 10 mg/L concentration of silver nanoparticles. It is also
found that cellular uptake of both AgNPs and Ag±are analogous[14].
4. Production of ROS (Reactive oxygen species)
Silver nanoparticles morbidity is connected to the over manufacture of ROS. ROS is obligatory
for the normal physiological activities but life-threatening production of ROS can
compensations the DNA [42,43]lipids and proteins and also risky manufacture of ROS can
clatter the antioxidant protection system[44].In the study of damaging effect of silver
nanoparticles in liver cells and prime fibroblast it is initiate that the silver nanoparticles activate
the antioxidant mechanisms in mitochondria[31].there is many journal which shows the cor
relation between ROS level and mitochondrial desecration. In a study minor nanopartciles of
silver produce ROS and source apoptosis in stem cell of mouse [45]. Mitochondria release ROS
this ROS mains the oxidative stress, disorder in synthesis of ATP, destruction the DNA and
apoptosis [46].Due to the ROS level expand the level of GSH decline and at the same time
LDH rise which leads Apoptosis[47].In intracellular level redox homeostasis is ostentatious by
the generation of ROS as a consequence there is generate of protein carbonylation and lipids
peroxidation and gulatathione level diminution and also antioxidant enzymes action are
reduced which leads the apoptosis hence the cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles is apoptosis
mediated and cell death[5]. In a study of HepG2 Cell line it is found that the HepG2 cell has
hostile effect of silver nanoparticles . silver nanoparticles disturb the cell viability and LDH
membrane leakage it is also initiate that both silver nanoparticle and ionic sil- ver reduction the
viability of HepG2 cells. At higher concentration the AgNPs is very poisonous to the cell[14].
5. Interaction between silver nanoparticles and proteins
Contact between proteins and nanoparticles of silver is major events of toxicity of silver
nanoparticles this contact studied by many researcher [48]Interaction between silver
nanoparticles and human blood protein Hb was also deliberate and by using spectroscopic
methods cytoskeletal proteins has been also studied hemoglobin has been observed with silver
nano particles which are ime and con. Dependent silver nanoparticles relate or bind to heme
amide and tryptopham. after obligatory the hemoglobin b-sheet structure rises and hb start
unfolding charge intricate is formed by AgNPs –Hb in this complex creation of Hb –AgNPs
gathered structure and Hb – AgNPs along with sil- ver nanoparticles complex in mechanism of
electron transfer. The likely binding remains in Hb with silver nanoparticles like amide group
and was exposed by Raman spectroscopy and by FTIR[49]. In a study some researcher
examine that serum pro- teins ,albumin and Keratins respond with nanoparticles of silver
(AgNPs), PVP and Citrate coated nanoparticles expressions higher binding Quality than minor
nanoparticles of silver (JH [50] .
6. Conclusion and future perspectives
The claim of silver nanoparticles are increasing day by day in customer products due to there
antibacterial properties therefore quantity of research paper and review articles on the uses
and synthesis of silver nanoparticles but there is very few publications on the toxicity of silver
nanoparticles. There are many ques- tion that is remain to be answered like, which form of
silver contribute more poison silver nanoparticles or ionic silver in this paper we debated about
the size of particles toxicity and mechanism of poison. Small size of silver nanoparticles
contributes foal toxicity than larger AgNPs. In this review paper it is clear that silver
nanoparticle pierce the cell membrane. They target the cell membrane and harm the DNA by
ROS. Silver nanoparticles also respond with the proteins. So, it is essential to be examined how
silver nanoprticles produce poisonousness. Only when we are capable to find the method for
dropping the toxicity of silver nanoparticles. but another fact is that silver nanoparticles have
antibacterial properties because of that it is the first choice for antibacterial application in
future. The aim of this review paper is to stimulate more research in the field of toxicity of
silver nanoparticles.