Table of Contents ‘Magnetic around a current-carrying conductor. AS Properties of mage el Bn ans Py t Magnetic eld of olen oonnmn 6 7 ” 7 7 » a 5 6 7 8 9 » By z = Chapter 4 Electrical circuits 41 Basen. cow BL 42 Rosorsinseneg sn Sele eg ii cameedeen Seeesel = erie enerChapter 8 Measuring instruments 1 Moving nen 82. Containgsatem 83. Damping system 4 Anmeter voltmeters and ohmmetts. AS) Wheatstone bridge instrument AG Flcronic measurement instrument Bree Chapter 9 Celts a 82. Secondary ells on 93. Chargingsecondary ale Formulae and constonts ography ees 105 Electricity SGT CURCORGS, es) hen you Rave completed his chapter, you should ae to: 1 sate ous sources etal energy 2 explain the diference beeen caneetions! cent nd atl ‘Secon ow 3 know wht ede as an existing body knows developed athe undstom ofthe cue, Le cecal charge ment ed Pent difeence 4 lst varus conducos and sats ac epi wht thee ae, What is electricity ? ‘Wis well known that everything made up of atoms, Aoms consist of protons neutrons and ecfns. The male ofan atom con ‘of neutons with no charge, and protons witha postive charge [Negative clectons in fed etl srrund this clas of prone and neutrons ‘When electrons move fom ane atom to another, the flowing ‘ands are crested the atom that stan ceeron now has pst hog, theator tht gained anand no has gai ‘charge Varios naurl ccurtenesuppor this proces for sample, shen a rter baloon rub aainet wo, This cases» conaiion enown a tate lec When the aloo bough ooo ject witha pastve or nell charge tdncharges ina fraction of second. We can thas ty to define electrical energy at energy cari by Secrons as they move fom ane str to another Inthe pal the ‘iggest proiem with the development of eer energy was bow to generate and use ina wef! manne State ett charge 1maybe spectaclr but more manageable method was equi for Sect to be wae ‘wwasonly in 1786 that Lug Galvanlscovereda source of electrat ery oat east hats hat he thought When he oache = dead fog with wo diferent metal stp the frog's egs contracted twas slresdy known tat ste elect caused msclarcontractions ‘hehe aacomed thatthe fogs had an electra charge. In 1780, ‘Alstandoaatated why the fo slepreontraced ene pat two different metals n'a solion that conduct elect (en ‘ecrolye), an electric curent flows, This was the beginning of setatieris In 89,3 pyc profesor Hane Cian Oe, ‘covered thot when acuren flows though a conductor which is ‘owe to 4 compas, the needle of the compass defect. By 12, lectromapnets capable of ting more than 2 ton were beng ‘manutactured, Dig 2, Miche! Faraday vented the lca ‘motor but twas another ten years before Faraday cou show tha ‘mechanical energy ould ac be we Yo generate ltl emery ‘Thr was the bepning of electra geersos “aly wehinen wide che of pecical aumes fcc energy: = Haat thermecoople {+ Light photo-dectrc call 1 Magnetism -genertor {Chemical energy = ates Pressure ~pezelecricefect Various devies make use of heat and light sources for proving ‘etal energy but oto the industry rebes on magnet and "hemi enery the form off oe. These oso ll Common to all proceses of electrical energy generation is the ‘xparaton of lecrons rm he prent ats thet ones inne form or another). This separation rests a negative ‘ple (here the electron re concentrated) and postive pole’ (which Nata shortage of econ) If thee pos are conmeced by means of hextrral couche lector ates awa from the negate poleandthey fw aco he pote ole Thi ow dct fom equiv ta postive Is known ah electron ow A How convention ‘wes aleady decided upon before thi ifermation was knew This ‘ventional flow, trom pote Yo negative el used in oot “ppleatons 12 ‘The previous paragrphsll apply tthe concep of ells. For further information on cells and veld loration, eter t Chapter Nin, Symbol Q_ Unit coulomb C ° COnecoolombisthe quantity of etic tht pases given pln ‘creat when a current of | ampere tainted fr second Current Symbol: 1 Unit ampere, A ‘One ampere that current which, maintained in two pale condctrsofingete lngihand with nehigbe osseous, paced mete part ina vacuum, el praduce tween the afore S125 10°N por metre othr eng Potential difference A potential diference of 1 Vi reguled for cure 1A to Bowe ‘ivough avesstor oF Symbol: V_Unit walt, V Resistance Symbol: Unit ohm, ‘Ons Law sates that the cue thre acondctor proportional to the appied walle. Thi statement wl be aoayeed in Chapter Tore Electrical materials ‘There are various factors that mast be considered before uting smatertsn letra engineering Conductors have very bt ‘eststance to mnimibe ses Shorting an lc shh ste Prevented by the se of insulation around alcondvtors nels realbo used where bigh voltage conductors se atached fo mats Crea get del of research ising done nto supercondvcton. ‘hae mater will have silly essence» Prspest whch swine many advantages fr amongst ors te contends.When we ok tthe poston f elements onthe period tbl we hot te following: the terros oils of element othe ight of the able a ful of ltrs thee elements are relatly abe ‘Therefore hey ae Known as noble gases and precious metas ‘ements he ett ofthe ble however have ver) few okctronsin {hel outer otal Elements in the mid of theta have gute {ew eectronein thei outer ora, bt not enough abspay note ‘horace These ater ree copper 2am, [aver ae very god conductors Various aoyrt there mater Se ako sed 9 Conductors. All conductors have the following Properties in vei combinations 2 rds resistance against wear ang tear 1 nteress hard bt ite 1 toughness restnce ais stretching {as ait to return wo org er 1 dctty~materalcan be raw int thin wires {+ maleablity canbe processed without breaking Inculators ‘We can generale by saying that nonmetal are good insulators However instore shold not be porous If porous tea ‘storied with wate twilleondct ety nals should alo Ihave many ofthe sane properties as conducts, but there at ao ‘onl properties ht ae nportan fornalstors 1 high disectctrength resistance against high ologes 1 nomhygronopic— resistance gaint water nation 1 plabltytnentgty ofthe insulator shold remain ntact when hecondctor whch turound bet ‘The follwing mater are reguently we armas: bake, orci mie, PVC arabe Basic concepts When you ve completed his chapter, you should be able to: 1 apply the sistem ardmevcramber steno pact problems 2 apply diferent tempetue sca, mass ad wight o praca probleme 3 apy force ener. powe near adele and therm, Sd efclency to pracia probiens ST system In accordance withthe 51 tem (Systeme Internationa al eew- Intions are done inthe lowing bas ie Ca tere | eve " Ts im [eg | Tie [ond [= Beer 11 sega ‘epee kis € Tamir iety | ——]} — eas | ed eet fence | 9 —| le wh ‘able 24 TheSISystem ‘These represent the base unis used in engineering Al cautions should be done wing base unis eg rere and nt komt The ‘only exception this mass Maneshold ways be sed nla Sd no gram, 5a ert tei — - | ‘Miscellaneous constants “Thefllowingiss compilation ofratos and ats tha students should lteady now a his stage Thisinfrmation wie used Uoughout this book. Usefa genea convenons: i= 1am 001 = tm 1 ber= 100s A iveter= 1 ‘The metric number system is iusrated in table 22 and further depicted in gre. 7 1 “Table 22 The Meticnumber system ca -Answerstocaeuaons shoul always shove atlet ive Ya numbers (hissknownasceniicnotation). Lokingat the folowing ample, ‘he Brat newer does ave ive digs and yetitshoul be cbvious that thesecond ansiers mach more accurate. To ave a ow of eet ‘may lobe writen in engineering notation a he hid anew An sD, Exomple 2.1 Rewrite theollowing quantities ia thera units and convert then ‘nto acentienoation where necessary 3) thm 0) Sent ©) Bam? 8) 27 Me Solution 2) Thm = bem Sen Sten = Sean mn! 10m" 9 Baw = 74d? = xan mw 7x10 m Mg = 27g) Hg 271s ws = akg Greek symbols Mest teeter ile ed eythane encore {ebesome anlar ith hoe etn asec gy— het ts uc — alpha a ea oT rr) [Ems ba ele|s|a)ale|a|]ola|=le|afule Table 23 The Geek alphabet Subscripts | ‘The Engh alphabet only has eters and theGreckalphabetallows ussome ore ymbolstonsenfarmulae. Asyou wil dscaveshordy thisisjast not enough. Most eters and symbols are used repestely incierent dcpines ot engneng Arik ese me te Sesion symbian Lets teytexplin the se of abl ith headform R=R (+ oa) aR 1 HQ (,-20°C)) ‘hc he one we ame may eed | IRR ~ These present the resistances at temperaes 1 and 2 “These stserips show the diferent values of The same Property or characterstic RyRy These however represent the emperatre at FC and °C In this case, the subsonpts refer to the condition of the property or characters Wis very important o understand subscripts formulae must often be adapted immediately when calculating between two diferent Points This important os formal retype dese btween eo points o conditions Basic concepts ‘Various concepts ad terms were used repeatedly in igh school We willbe revising thee a an intact to Flectotchnology ‘Temperature scoles pee Absolute temperature (7 measured hele (Oh wietemperatre (emer depress cel (C). anc bmw ‘Wie know that 0°Cis equa to 273; ths: Kec423 om this we see that 100°C is qual 0 373K. ‘Thus, a change of 100°C aio change of 100, “Tas we can sy tha ac-ak wore the capital Grek eter da) means ot ‘ange grea Example 2.2 ‘ind the abslate temperature of water at 15 C. What the Final celsus temperature of he water tis heated by 18K? Solution k=ccem = s4mKen scm Fame woxoe Symbol: m Unit gram. ig man ‘Mass ithe amount of mater which a ody has The mas of iy Sayama epee sf efoto = aan Weight Symbot F_ Unit newton. Energy Symbat Unit joule, Famg “Thee rhc iinet thay whch energy may eden: ‘The weight of abody ithe result the gravitational atracon ont nase Weight sa force. Thus a body wilt have He sae weight tthe moon asa the earth since te acceleration det gry themaon only one sath ofthat on earth Cravtational ceeration {@) willbe taken 69381 msn this couse Example 2.3 Calculate the weight ofa machine with 2 mast of 2 bg.) ta Jewel onthe moon, Assame sgavtational acceleration of 104 forthe moon. Seton a Fems = me = Boat = as 6 B6N Force Symbol: F_ Unit newton, When an undue fr of one newton is applied obo with ‘nas of one gee acces the boy ot prone ial the ody son iat vison. fone see. Example 2.4 _Acontsine experiences horizantl acceleration of 75 mi when a oreontal unbalanced force of 70 ape on Determine 2) the wight of the container and 1) the force equine to accelerate the mass vertically upward aa satel om calulating the work done, By determining the Kinet enegy of body and by determining the potent! energy of» body ater we ab be loking telstra an thermal ney Symbol: WD Unie joule) ‘One ou of work done when a force of LN moves hough 8 Siance of Tm. n the econ af the app ore Example 2.5 Determine the work done when 3 machine ks moved tough & stance Im bya ore oF36N. Solton MD = Fs sexs so) 26.5.2 Kinetic energy Symbol Unit joule) ke daw ‘The energy of an abject in motion calla its inet energy. Example 2.6 ‘A Lous Fie has amass of 690 kg. Determine the Kinetic energy of this etl a 120® icc Saw Fc woxma = is Nebo hci doen ai 2.6.5.3 Potential eneray Smt EU: joes Famgh Vhenan cet ra above dat fence. nytt ey ine Example 2.7 Determine the pote energy requ to ita Lots se with 3 ‘mast of Dy Heough a distance oF 1 th a Soltion Fe mgh = en x981 «19 = 61K) Power Symbol: P- Unit: wat, W wera thera at which works being done. ae ‘itor etna a ngneing Aay ree ‘scenery Lepore hing ein cc dd tine ‘Sin orth risen the owe eo comps he Pen Example 2.8 Determine the power rogue to ia 80 kg Lotus Hse ough 3 height 181m (a) 2 mites) 8 seconds Power = Solon ome 5 Gon x19 = asc 2) Power = Ee Power = EO ae = = iw ~ sw Rotational (or engiler) energy and power So farwe have only Joked at systems with nese ‘motion. The main eof lect power I fo the lecie moor which delivers rotational mation ‘When forces applied perpendicular to ada, 2 fuming momento tore 1) reduced. The tof torgue's the newton mete (Nn). TeFr Rotana power may be determined a ows ere N = revolutions per inate (NI = revs) “The rotational pomer can ako be determined as flows: Power To Power where o = 228 = radians per econ Angle movement common in engineering. Students Dre encouroged to famine terete with th eto. Example 2.9 ‘force of 25s applic ta torque wrench with aength of Sdn Determine the applied orgegy — Seated Efficiency (Percentage, %) Symbol 7 Unit % ToFr 1m accordance withthe conservation of energy, energy cannot be 25x85 x10! created oe destroyed, bat merely transormed from ne frm to are ‘shother Unfortunately this tantric alway subject lose Ths ; ‘Some of the energy Is converte heat nae some other form of Again noe the seo se wit ‘The rao ofthe weleutptenegy tthe ttalimpatenesy, {sealed the etfsency ofthe ystems, 10 Example 2. ee tclency = 9 = Sete “+ Thecfieneyfomlamay besser anyeny whch encnntere losses fe power energy et ‘+ Eten ean eer be moce han 100%. -Ateach pol wihere energy tarformed from one frm tana Aswimesng poo pump rotates at 40 in The enfin pate ‘how that te motor has a capacty OF OS YE Determine 43) theangulrvlosty and 5) Memotortrque Soltion ask fr where wafer takes poe sss out Ths all machines ler es ‘many elicency less The total sytem efficiency then found 3 fotows: 1, = HX ~ ell ales are eriten as percentages) {ntomechania energy fry ‘The drivetrain sytem changes the Hb oof angry and tng, “fs In thi manner we eon Fenty numerous losses imal oe Exomple 2.11 ‘An ndustial machines powered by 235 KW motor with an out torque of 30 N'm. Determine the tational equency (rang to determine the Figere24 sec) in Inver output power H the ontpat aso take place a ven rae we work tock on the regu atm ieee pore Example 2.12 sso = 20 ‘Amotor wth rotational fequeny of 1400 rnin develop torque 157 Nm Determine the input power the tat oly 67 N= 931 nin | tte (Here ‘tec ha hero mesning een) ” | aecco Powe = 6235 KW Electrical power Symbol P_Unit wate Ww "lect powers determined as allows: Power = VI Fro this follows that ketal energy maybe found flows: ergy = Power x tine Vix oe ‘The ui of energy 6] but fom the previous formula can be ser {Gat itcan ako be expested se Throughout the wo, ela Scout oe cleus in terms ofthe quant fetal emery ‘ie. The ut ued fortis purpose the KW. Ths seaman refered a8 Units 1a24W kote tkes6 minoes ool he waterituss, 2 6 = 60 O2KWh Ths theo ie2 9 = 986 1+ Note the wef powerin “kV” an tine in “hour” {However the Uh bol a standaed bse unit {Ah = 1000 «6 mien cond = 3600 000 = 36 ‘cos is evi per LW used. Currently, South Acan users pay ‘pprointely per kWh This values use throughout tisk [Nole: Only he cot elution done in RW Alter aelatons ae done in Use uit Example 2.13 Anetta mtr ews A when sup by 420-50 ture Te mor mk ths he fry Sy per eck Bncrmie the monly esa a Se four weeks in a month. cama Soltion ‘Time = ¢4¢No of days No.of weeks ax6xe = mn vt = 201 aan Power tie wxn waaekwn Cons = unt unit cont = inane oa = RAS38 _Alteratvly the cost can be calculated flows: Cost = Per x tie unt ont nts Exomple 2.14 Ate pump ms deter 70 sof wate per hous ough beige (£27 m The pump has an etisency of 4% and the motor he ‘cen 50%, The mtor hea up of 20 VDeterminetecarent ‘hat the motor deer an te cot of ening or 8 ho dy pa eon = 282 = saCoat = Power x tie unto = 0718758089 = Rass perday ‘Thermal energy Symbol: © Unit ag Dierent materials experience diferent temperature increases when they ae subjected tthe sme amount of hes energy. The specie ‘ea capo fo motel determines the ness temperate result of heating and can be defined as follows: Speci het capacity the quan of hea energy required fo ie thetemperste of {hg of mately °C Ne ‘ASR 50 Bas 370 Copper 350 ee 700 on S00 wate 4190 “able Example 2.15 ‘Acatronplatemastbe heated fom 12°C to 45°C The pase we ‘Sig and ha a spec Reat capac of 2118 FKgK. Determine the heaenergy equ Hest = meat 32100 (45—12) = 2238) uc such seal and diese! havea energy (heat) ven Pk. ‘he heat value fthe aes kaon, we ot clei he amount of eat that can be made avaiable by sven quant of uel Example 2.16 ‘iterated with the ad of @ dee fence. Dist has eat ‘ae of 31.5 MIA and 15 kg used for every 24 reso ater ‘The heat anseris00% eitecve Determine the nal temperstre, tthe supply water at 15°C Solrion Heat inpat Heat ate, = sss Soe oo me Heat = meat 05 = 200 4190 @, 15) t= Sram Exercise 2 ind the aboltetempertuss of bjs with empersturs of 88°C and 15°C respectively. Also expres 187 Kin tems of "als Water with Yemperatere of °C te heated by 58K Determine he fal temperature, (58K, 288K 16°C, 103°C) 2 Determine the weight 18 yard witha mass 75 ky a575N) gee weighs sh ona sping seal, he reading on oh) coy 3. When an Mheseaes 731. Cane te mae of the acme io Daterine the ms of wally ft aces hazmat 2ZémiPhenamuntlanced onal ISN apd we ‘akg ‘rele mote with ams fg ein hed py 9 ‘pe alsa the fn fore in he rope ithe sc ae 3 Constant velo: Abe clealtethe ene cen terope the SBject has an upward sss 25m (SEAN Baan) ‘Ahan rope onts drmynh ameter off Armes ‘25 Iatached he rope Clee he one ered 9 ete lon ats ort wey. Gann) ‘Aor of 168 isneded to push mato Determine the work lame when this motor pared over «ace of 123 eat An lec motorised hog a helt of 6 235 | 6 ‘ed forth proces Cate he mao heme. oy eo ON napptoveradstncef 150 nthe den ‘tthe apie force. The tance covered In minster. Deter he power ‘301 ‘Archie witha mes of 45g mustberaed though eight {SSmin os Cau he power vam ‘Reyes witha maar of 75 ey de 5 hv Dette ie nc ene ‘Saou ‘nso 0 kg must be ited wih st The ram hs lame of048 mand anal fequeny oft sn Bd iheinpat power nesemtaran ete 78%, Dore {Mean wopente the fasts hon pry days pr moh ‘wanes ‘Aosta supled with 4514 th abode onanng 208 Fe tater Determine therottional fequecy thet hava drm seh air of 027m 7m) The winch on the front of 3 baie spied wih 2 arcismomemesrentof45A The winch ply asad of ‘SSmande maxim ena lero 1280 Determine the rotational frequency ofthe sinc for these conditions (racy Determine he het oie tom temperate cpr {tjec witha masol Dig sei The esing pees {skesdminaes and0 hse oes ste hese Deermine eto (6 a) 16 An aluminium casting must be Rete fom 21°C fo 56°C in a peso of3mnutes Deteminethemadmam macoteach ting the termace te roppied with 17S (oa) 17. AZkW kee witha effceney of 9 Seed to het 125 go lap water trom 16°C to 96°C. Determine the tne taken 19 complete theheating, and theese min 776/620),Electrical resistance earner out Sana ‘When you have completed ths chp, you shold able: 1 explain the fernce bene neta non-lne reseances 2 apply Ohm wo acca prblens 1 apply temperate cote tn paca problems 4 apply ress to practi peblems potent difernce taken aso constant the magatade ofthe curentis dependent on the resistance Inthe cet Is important to have a good andemtanding of cecal esitance i onde 1 unersand the magnitude ofthe cure. Resistance When a voltage source is connate acos resistance #curent flows thyoug the dct In 7827, Georg Simon Ohm, 2 German Physcst showed thatthe relationship Between potenti fern nd curvent in acres constant and equal tothe weisance ote ‘eu This is known as Oh’ This however tue only for Tinea resistances, The enstance of most thermal device, ke fcandescent lamps and stove pats, rises as thei temperatures Increase Only ifarestance remainsconstan while the temperate ‘ange, does Of aw ap Symbol: R Unit: ohm, 1 = vollage drop or potenti ference, nV Example 3.1 Draw a graph to illustrate the relationship between potent Aierence and arent the folowing readigs were taken ding lan experiment swhece the potential difference was increaved Progesvelyacovs a liner festa 2p [Ie 132 [25s fas [0295 |oaoq[os_Joss7]o.07 “bles omy eaasases! Gaphat Example 3.2 rave a graph to illustrate the relationship between potenta ‘iterence and current if he flowing readings were taken ing an experiment where the potential difference was increwsed Progressive across «nonlinear reste a foul dtewiny [1 [15 [2 pas [fas Garena [07 [029] 036 [oat [ams foar | Te32g328s2322 ' Gaph a2 Conductor ao contribute othe reson of ret. n Grade {0,300 should have covered the factors that inflence he ean four Thee are length eos coal, temperate Snd the ype of motile These factors wl be covered nore epi in tis secton ‘Temperature coefficient syntota Un: pr hin. “The temperature coffe ofa material desea the change In esstance (neh), per kvm change In temperature Io ters rignalresistance The symbol forthe temperate cetcent 2 ‘A copper conductor with a atone of 130°C haa reste cof ter Oat 19) "C. There ea increase of O08 3 per °C rom this it flows that a, = 04 268 Frm the graph we se thal the restance at pnt maybe found as fallow Re + qa) Ry = resistance at temperature 1 = resistance an 49, = temperature vein 90°C A, = diferenc in temperature between and °C The valu of 245°C found fom he along, le sing ‘ohgare > Se 1-100) = 4098 = mis ‘ase the elf aan thas 2365°C The retreat point 2a be fn iy RRC + qa) Example 3.3 ‘copper a nian 88 0° Deen heres solrien Re R14 9,84) = 3501 + 00064 40) = m2 ‘Wi cn manipulate the fermalae or and allow:a Exomple 3.4 ‘A copper conductor has a resistance of 10 322°C, Determine the restance 350°C Sti &- Fea) & Hotomnsst R «1a Scrse coppers ich 8 cmon cna and besa wn the ol fr oper ay be sn rr ‘eat, = i ~ Hamoast x 33 Beat aus, - Baws +a) = Bias ays ‘Often the temperature cients supped 20°C fr many inal ihe sth cae th eae tein allows RR +a (4-20°C)) ‘he sane ont 2a ths be od inte same way agi Down Reh (1 +0620) Ths wo omulecan then be manplted stows Material ik ‘Norio 9.039 Be ‘0015 Gabor =aa0er | Cope 0.038" ‘Graphite 0.02 Manganese ‘oo00T ‘Sher 9.00177 “ales ‘hse temperate ice aie re spd 20° a th obi! temperate Ths means the temperate at which people Ive and work most of the ine {sinteresting to note that carbon and graphite have negative temperature coefclent. When carbon brushes heat ip in los ‘x generat hr resstance decreases Manganese hs atemperatie ‘oafgent of vetually zero. Most other materials ave s postive Temperature coetfent Capper an aluminium Rave eatvey high temperatre coefficients, thus copper end aluminum condos ‘must be chosen 0 that there wil ot be ah exceaive emperture ‘ic under normal working condos Example 3.5 “An ahiminiom conductor has reslance of 7038 20°C: Determine ‘resistance at 35°C Hf the temperature covert of lamina od Solution RRC Fay -arO} = 711+ 0€039 (5-29) = rams Resistivity Symbok: Unit: obmmetre £m Rat| | ed team beshown by experinenation ht the resistance of 2 materi 'decly proportional ois lengh and inverely proportional its Gcoweriindl eee “Toexpres this proportions ran eqution, we regia materi onetint Know athe resi of the mae = resiivity am 1 = dength m A = croesectional aes? Since thes ales ae very small they are often expres in mlco- here (i'm) bt remember #9 do al eluate ‘in uO. at 20° 0278 ‘071 on onz e Tbe Example 3.6 A copper conductor ina workshop has length of 275m and a BA 05 x 500 10° = 15 pH Exomple 5.2 ‘conductor with a length of 50 mm moves hough a distance {mem perpendicula’ 0 2 magnetic Held. The magnetic fae {dmv Determine the force eared on the conductor cars ‘ument of 758. Htromtine = 01275 «025 225 Example 5.3 ‘A cil with 22 tune has eng and width of 25cm and 18 em ‘espectivey The cll is mounted ona shat, wih he length ania the col parle the shat The magnets axis mW. A cerent F125. ows trough theca Determine he ing tone on thea a evant mae greet = ins ee a Re, FB ys oo —o This isthe force per conductor. The total free determined as falows, where's the taal number of conductors (2 » 3) Thus, = 6254(2242) = 25N T= Fy = mx = memtna e Field strength Symbol: Unit: ln nil now, ve have only looked tthe magnetic Bux. This ais ‘Sirent flows Gough ame oF more of he windings. The ut of smb is ames mame = IN 1 = current through the windings IN = number of windings “The magneto motive force per mete lng f the magnetic et ‘ete fl tog The syne fo el rng sand tans Nm 1 tht ie it Man can alo be found as flows Example 5.4 ‘conductor caries 175 A. Determine the fel strength of the magnet eld a pot 73m fom the conductor Solron In this example the magnetic fe forms cas around the conduc thus the lento the magnet il ithe reumference a ve ssameter owen mtn veue = S61 Example 5.5 igre 5.12 shows cil with 275 windings around a tee core The ‘oe hasan average length of 360 mm. A curent of 15 ma ows Through he coil Determine he resaling magneto motive ocean ‘he fed srength Solution mms = Ey Es : te Figure 512 Permeability Magna pementiiysin sec conduance, ratty hos density at» giver pnt to he Sok strength atthe same point. Since magi nes ps through free spacer non-magnetsmateals) and magnetic ater ch iron), permeabty mast distinguish betwen diferent media, Permeatlty of ee space or ik) For esc oa otherness at a constant value of: a c10- Hiated a = ‘Te permeability ofa magnetic material (ys ven ative fo the permesbity of ee Space tus: ° has B= dato? 7m 390 ss clmensionlss ee ) o-m Exomple 5.6 3206 005 « 04 gure 813 shows a cl that x wound around 2 wooden coe. The ‘ove hasan average length cf 600 man A cuent of 1S A flows Thrmugh the cl wth 10 windings, Determine: = e862 uW0 4) the magneto motive oce Reluctance Symbol: § Unit A” 1) the field strength ©) the ox density elucancin a mage cit sino ressancein nels 4) he tl tx The uno econ s A, the cores replaced with sel core, which assim mensions, Sete ©) there fae density 1) the otal i the elas permestity fst taken 25780, se ey 0 . occas tect ete soPaytpeebta enero = os Sureritande meaea eae ae iy = A. ai mee tee = ok nnn iscaditeat TE the core is comprised of various pete eters as aise Saree Seen 7965 a ‘ minated ildstel sng, witha rlatve permeability of 1 2edt | Example 5.8 Loe “The cll onthe lyminated mild EP Saree x0000 ‘eel core has 500 tures. The - ae = 2419164 tagnete flix density i 076 7. ‘ake the relative pemesiy f oay the core 2 20. The ae gap has {length of 2 mm, Calealte they 9a fureent required in the coll i Dcumethat ro magia i ‘engin takes pce. } Soliton i “The prabiem an be soled sing to diferent methods: Method 1 —Retctance 1 Paes ee alas = gs. wT > awsome 05 AIH = 1292 MAW 545 soae0s + 129924 = Ta kaw 076 x0mns? = 931 pv mat 9 = 91 1091817 108 = 12pRi74 Magnetic fringing We sey know tht magnetic ies which ow parallel to each other repel each other Whe these ins ave se a mage ‘mati they wil remain bet tach other As soon a they ae oe Lat aor = Sina aH Figure 16 + Reluctance seutionsuse thecosessctonalarea Since his ara resin fe space, thes cakulatone mus be dane caret! Example 5.9 ‘col with 480 windings is tne ont a tel core, The ste ore han length of 280 rm. The core has serosal sen 123 Ones ofthe core haa apt length 013 smi. Owing to inging, the effective ae the mage Hell theair gap 1375 The relive permebity of core! 7398 ‘athe magnet ret hav lesa ctor of 28. Determine fe ‘iment reaured o produce af of 704 nthe sel coe en int» Eble etnaa os = 920 KAHD 2s = rsa 10x 9020425, 20 10+ 3681179 e708 = 207A mmf, mnt, + mm, 7703+ 50087 = S864 3094 ‘This example can ako be solved floes: Maths 2— Fil strength a= k En = vert He oF 5 hay sess yan L369 Magnetic materials Matra ot oly fed as mognetc orn sthere tte abo various mates which have properies We 8o ek ‘cs to neo ee Wwe pou imap ~ These mater have a rebte pees of ss than on andi ery dea to mapretse hee mals Whee they do become magnet, they me magnet ne pane icc othe mugen ose er pl ant cope Prumspctie~ These mater ae miinly magne ne they Ive aratve pemeay of sppraninacy of cakes 2 manganese nonagntic~ These mate ae the more commonly brawn ‘magi mate bcos var high prea ed ‘Retae wah whch ty ae maple on oa el Torts These mate ako hve x clatvely high periment, ‘they ab ave a ey igh eine bela peta Exercise 5 1. Determine the current in 9 condor, 3 field strength of {95 Nm detected Sem from the conic (aSS9A) 2 Aconductor experiences auf 126 mW. Determine heen ‘hats induced when the Ba ales a2 ms Gey 3 Determine the fx density 10a from a conduc ha caries mA a? mt 4. Acomentcarying conductor experiences afore of 20N whe moves perpendicatar toa magnet eld. he magnet Bon 50 mb. The conductor has a Tenth of (175 mand moves hough a distance of 20 cm. Determine the current in the conductor ‘ony 5. 138, fows through the col of diet cure motoe The il ‘ssalengthof manda wdthof:1m Thecolhas3 winding, ‘The metor has a fax of 021 WE and 9 rotational equeney of ‘6 rinin Determine the opt pero the motor 0 LA} iPantani | 6 A coll with 70 conductors, conducts 1.3 A. The length of the ‘esting magnate (4 m Determine the magneto mive fone athe Bld strength (oA 2273 Nm) 1% Abele ring Figure 516, hasa mean diameter af 02 mand a romeseton set of 3 ma Calclte the mam ele for 2x densty of 128 mE Determine the caren in the co fit ic mings oun 384) yy J) ewesi8 ig 39 The sing in Fgure 519 has two halves. The one half is made rom cot on, whe the others mace fom caststel. The tw aes are Held I men apr with the ald ofa paper diss The “dena of 46 Caetse he mont and thecaret ow Ignore the eet of eng and leakage Hint The paper pot of the crcurference renin) 9. A magic cat x consid with se cor. The ae fn the cult have dimensions av show in Fare 520. The ‘Sitae 80 windings whl hear gap has an eft ares of 200 ma Calelte the carrer strength required to produce fx of 09025 Win the apap fe leahage actor 1.2 restive permanbiliy ofthe ta cores 280 ‘Gara nim gy — Batra 10, The dimensions ofan electrical motor are shown in Figure 5:2 ice ers gw ns tie sages mest ieecactaa moreso Sconce rameter ‘A coll with 380) a ee ‘Scere canpenoueccwieen Seana ism eo ter GIALTITRI A, 2907467 735.08 4,764 mb)