Antikuri Literatura

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti
klasikuri filologiis, bizantinistikisa da neogrecistikis instituti

programa `logosi~
publikaciebi da RonisZiebebi klasikuri filologiis,
bizantinistikisa da neogrecistikis sferoSi
2007
Tbilisi
antikuri
literatura
sauniversiteto kursi
rismag gordezianisa
da
nana tonias
saerTo redaqciiT
meore gamocema
avtorTa koleqtivis mier Seqmnili es wigni warmoadgens anti-
kuri literaturis istoriis sauniversiteto kurss. igi gankuTvni-
lia humanitaruli fakultetis studentebisaTvis, aseve berZnuli
da romauli mwerlobiT daineresebul mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisaT-
vis.
wignis mimoxilviTi nawilebis avtoria rismag gordeziani. calke-
ul mwerlebze narkvevebi daweres: iamze gaguam (ciceroni, salustiu-
si, vergiliusi, horaciusi, ovidiusi), levan gigineiSvilma (aristo-
tele), qeTevan gurCianma (sofokle, kvintilianusi, boeTiusi), irine
darCiam (homerosi, hesiode, platoni), marika erqomaiSvilma (apolo-
nios rodoseli, valerius flakusi), ekaterine kobaxiZem (lukianosi,
alkifroni, longosi, aqilevs tatiosi, qaritoni, heliodorosi, qse-
nofon efeseli, apuleiusi), qeTevan nadareiSvilma (esqile, evripide),
nestan ratianma (liviusi, lukanusi, seneka, petroniusi), nana toniam
(arqiloqosi, alkeosi, sapfo, anakreoni, pindarosi, Teokritosi, plu-
tarqosi, lukreciusi, svetoniusi, iulius keisari, markus avreliu-
si), manana fxakaZem (menandrosi, plavtusi, terenciusi, pliniusi), mana-
na RaribaSvilma (katulusi, properciusi, tibulusi, iuvenalisi, mar-
cialisi), rusudan canavam (herodotosi, Tukididesi, qsenofoni, de-
mosTenesi, kalimaqosi, nonosi, tacitusi), Tamar jafariZem (aristo-
fane). bibliografia Seadgina ekaterine gamyreliZem, umniSvnelovanes
terminTa ganmartebebi _ nana toniam.
© programa `logosi~, 2007, meore gamocema
ISBN 978-99940-31-46-7
programa `logosi~
ilia WavWavaZis gamziri 13,
Tbilisi 01 79
tel. 250-258, faqsi 22-11-81
el. fosta: greekstudies@caucasus.net
sarCevi:
Sesavali 7
berZnuli literatura 20
geometriuli renesansisa da arqaikis periodebi 30
homerosi 37
hesiode 55
arqiloqosi 62
alkeosi 68
sapfo 75
anakreoni 87
pindarosi 92
klasikis periodi 101
esqile 110
sofokle 119
evripide 129
aristofane 141
herodotosi 152
Tukididesi 159
qsenofoni 166
platoni 171
aristotele 181
demosTenesi 191
elinisturi periodi 197
kalimaqosi 201
apolonios rodoseli 208
Teokritosi 212
menandrosi 217
romauli batonobis anu keisrebis epoqis berZnuli literatura 227
plutarqosi 230
lukianosi 235
alkifroni 241
longosi 245
aqilevs tatiosi 250
qaritoni 254
heliodorosi 258
qsenofon efeseli 262
gvianantikuroba 266
nonosi 269
romauli literatura 274
respublikis periodi 274
plavtusi 277
terenciusi 286
lukreciusi 292
katulusi 299
6
ciceroni 306
salustiusi 314
iulius keisari 319
klasikuri periodi 324
properciusi 326
tibulusi 330
vergiliusi 335
horaciusi 345
ovidiusi 352
liviusi 361
keisrebis epoqa 365
lukanusi 369
seneka 373
petroniusi 381
pliniusi 387
marcialisi 391
kvintilianusi 396
tacitusi 400
valerius flakusi 405
iuvenalisi 409
svetoniusi 414
markus avreliusi 418
apuleiusi 424
boeTiusi 429
rCeuli bibliografia 434
umniSvnelovanes terminTa ganmartebebi 456
saxelTa saZiebeli 472
7
Sesavali
kacobriobis kulturis istoriaSi a n t i k u r o b a s gansakuTrebuli adgi-
li uWiravs, radgan mis safuZvelze ganviTarda evropuli kultura, romelic, Ta-
vis mxriv, Tanamedrove dasavluri da, garkveulwilad, msoflio Rirebulebebis
baziss qmnis. Tavad termini antikuri laTinuri sityvidan antiquus `Zveli, adreu-
li~ aris warmomdgari, magram, damkvidrebuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, mas dRes viye-
nebT mxolod Zveli berZnuli da romauli samyarosa da, ramdenadme, maT arealSi
myof ufro adreul Tu sinqronul kulturaTa mimarT. XIX saukunis meore naxev-
ramde miaCndaT, rom berZnebi istoriul asparezze mxolod Zv.w. II-I aTaswleule-
bis mijnidan iwyeben gamosvlas. amdenad, miTebSi aRwerili ufro adreuli ambebi
xalxis an poetTa mTeli Taobebis fantaziis nayofad cxaddeboda. jer hainrix
Slimanis, Semdeg ki arqeologTa mTeli Taobebis muSaobis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom
mTel xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi Zv.w. I aTaswleulamde mravali mniSvnelovani kul-
tura arsebobda, maT Soris im regionebSic, sadac berZnuli miTebis siuJetebi
viTardeba. sakuTriv egeidaSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba hqonda kunZul kre-
taze brinjaos xanis civilizaciis gamovlenas, romelsac Tanamedrove mecniereb-
ma, kunZulis miTiuri mefis minosis saxelis mixedviT, minosuri uwodes. am kul-
turam kulminacias Zv.w. II aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi miaRwia, rodesac kreta
egeidaSi wamyvan politikur da kulturul centrad iqca. am epoqis minosuri ci-
vilizacia dResac gvaocebs ganviTarebis saocrad maRali doniT, brwyinvale xe-
lovnebiT, arqtiteqturuli kompleqsebiT, damwerlobaTa sistemebis mravalfe-
rovnebiT. mecnierebaSi is azric kia gamoTqmuli, rom minosur civilizacias, rom
ara Zv.w. XV saukunis geologiuri katastrofa (uZlieresi vulkanuri amofrqveva
k. Teraze da damangreveli cunami), SesaZloa mieRwia ufro maRali donisaTvis,
vidre es klasikuri epoqis berZnulma da Tavad evropulma renesansulma kultu-
rebma SeZles. Zv.w. XVII saukunidan kontinentur saberZneTSi aRmavlobas iwyebs mi-
kenuri (berZnul tradiciaSi Semonaxuli agamemnonis sarezidencio qalaqis, mike-
nis saxelwodebis mixedviT) kultura, romelic Tavdapirvelad minosuris aSkara
gavleniT viTardeboda. am civilizaciis matarebelT minoselTagan gadaiRes xa-
zovani damwerlobis sistema da igi TavianT enas mourges. Sesabamisad, dRemde ga-
uSifravi minosuri A-xazovanis paralelurad cirkulireba daiwyo B-xazovanma.
gasuli saukunis 50-ian wlebSi B-xazovani gaiSifra da aRmoCnda, rom misi gamom-
yenebelni berZnulad werdnen. naTeli gaxda, rom berZnuli tradiciis ZiriTadi
Tezisi Seesabameboda sinamdviles: Zv.w. XVI saukunidan mainc berZnebi istoriul
asparezze gamodian, xolo minosuri kulturis daqveiTebis Semdgom, XV saukuni-
dan isini egeidaSi wamyvan politikur Zalad iqcevian. Zv.w. XII saukunidan aRmosav-
leT xmelTaSuazRvispireTs katastrofebis (amJamad xalxTa moZraobis saxiT) axa-
li talRa moicavs, rac mraval sxva kulturasTan erTad brinjaos xanis mikenuri
kulturis ngrevas iwvevs. TiTqmis oraswlovani daqveiTebis Semdeg (Zv.w. X-IX ss.)
berZnuli tomebiT dasaxlebul mTel arealSi aRmavlobis axali procesi iwyeba.
Zveli samyaros ganviTarebaSi dadga axali epoqa, romelic ax.w. VI saukunemde
grZeldeba da romelsac dRes vuwodebT antikurs, klasikurs an berZnul-roma-
uls. mecnierTa erTi nawili varaudobs, rom antikurobaSi unda moeqces egeosu-
ri _ minosuri da mikenuri _ kulturac. antikur civilizaciasTan aris dakavSi-
rebuli evropuli kulturis ganviTarebis mTeli Semdgomi gza. evropa, gansakuT-
rebiT renesansidan moyolebuli, ganviTarebis yovel mniSvnelovan etapze mZlavr
stimuls swored antikuri kulturidan iRebda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom misdami in-
8
teresi, misi SemoqmedebiTad aTvisebis survili XXI saukuneSi aramcTu ar Senel-

da, aramed, garkveulwilad, gaZlierda kidec. amJamad mTeli msoflio, romelic
saerTo Rirebulebebze orientaciisa da globalizaciis sulma moicva, antikur,
klasikur anu berZnul-romaul tradicias swored aseT saerTo msoflio mem-
kvidreobad Tvlis. amis aRiarebaSi mas xels ar uSlis arc ideologiuri, arc re-
ligiuri, arc enobrivi faqtori. Zveli berZnuli da laTinuri enebi, miuxedavad
imisa, rom isini ukve mravali saukunea mkvdar enebs warmoadgenen, cocxali sasa-
ubro enebis leqsikaSi sakmaod mZlavrad arian warmodgenilni adreve SeTvisebu-
li Tu Tanamedrove epoqaSi sistematurad warmoebuli e.w. saerTaSoriso sityve-
bisa da terminebis, uamravi berZnuli da laTinuri nasesxebi sityvis mawarmoebe-
li enobrivi elementis wyalobiT. am mxriv isini dResac inarCuneben da, rogorc
Cans, momavalSic SeinarCuneben TavianT dominantur pozicias axal terminTa Seq-
mnis procesSi. es ki klasikur enebs gansakuTrebul adgils umkvidrebs saerTo
msoflio enobrivi memkvidreobis sferoSi.
rasakvirvelia, klasikuri enebis da antikuri mxatvruli potencialis reali-
zaciis umTavresi sfero antikuri literatura iyo da, bunebrivia, rom swored
klasikuri literaturaa dResac msoflio kulturaze gavlenis umniSvnelovanesi
wyaro.
yvela CvenganisaTvis, erTi SexedviT, TiTqos savsebiT naTelia, Tu ra igulis-
xmeba cnebaSi literatura, magram rodesac saqme mis definiciaze midgeba, sakmaod
Znelia zustad imis gansazRvra, Tu werilobiTi wyaroebis romel tips SeiZleba
vuwodoT literatura da romels ara. TavisTavad, laTinuri termini littera/lettera
sxvas arafers niSnavs, Tu ara àsos, nawers~. rogorc cnobilia, nawerad CaiTvle-
ba yvelaferi, rac informacias werilobiTi gziT gadmogvcems. amdenad, uzogade-
si gagebiT, literatura SeiZleba iyos yvelaferi, rac dawerilia. magram amave
dros bunebrivad ismis kiTxva, sadRa moTavsdeba damwerlobis ucodinar mTqmel-
Ta mTeli Taobebis mier Seqmnili poeturi Tu prozauli produqcia, romelic
Taobidan Taobas gadaecema da romelsac dRes Cven yovlismomcveli terminiT _
folkloriT anu xalxuri SemoqmedebiT aRvniSnavT. rogorc cnobilia, mravali
xalxis istoriaSi yofila araerTi SemTxveva, rodesac erTob didtaniani poetu-
ri qmnilebebi Taobidan Taobas mxolod zepiri gziT gadaecemoda. a. m., cnobilia,
rom msoflioSi yvelaze vrceli eposi, yirgizuli `manasi~, romlis bolomde Ca-
wera dRemde ar momxdara, mTqmelTa wreSi Taobebs gadaecemoda da dRemde aris
Semonaxuli zepiri tradiciiT. an, magaliTad, cnobilia, rom antikuri saberZne-
Tis iseT gamoCenil filosofoss, rogoric iyo sokrate, Tavisi moZRvrebis Sesa-
xeb arc erTi striqoni ar dauweria, magram aravis mouva TavSi, ilaparakos ber-
Znuli filosofiis istoriaze da ar axsenos sokrate. ra kvalifikacia SeiZleba
mieces sokrates naazrevs? unda iqnes igi ganxiluli, Tu ara, rogorc literatu-
ruli azrovnebis raRac tipi?
rogorc Cans, sakiTxs diferencirebulad unda mivudgeT. literaturaSi, iseve
rogorc kulturaSi, SeiZleba adamianuri Semoqmedebis ramdenime tipi gamoiyos;
Tuki klasifikacias damwerlobasTan mimarTebis TvalsazrisiT movaxdenT, lite-
raturul SemoqmedebaSi SeiZleba ori didi jgufi gamoiyos: werilobiTi da ze-
piri. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi, rasakvirvelia, igulisxmeba, rom Semoqmedebis am
tipis Sesaxeb informaciam Cvenamde raRac gziT moaRwia: metwilad viRacis mier
amgvari Txzulebebis Caweris an Tavis TxzulebebSi perifrazirebis da a. S. Sede-
gad. Tuki sakiTxs Tavad am Semoqmedebis produqtis kvalifikaciis TvalsazrisiT
mivudgebiT, aq SeiZleba gamovyoT mxatvruli Semoqmedeba, mecnieruli anu kriti-
kul-analitikuri Semoqmedeba da Semoqmedeba, romelic praqtikul-gamoyenebiT
sferos ar scildeba. ra igulisxmeba mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi? upirveles yovli-
sa is, rasac literaturis SemTxvevaSi Semoqmedi qmnis poeturi aRmafrenis wya-
9
lobiT (sulerTia, es aris poeturi Tu prozauli nawarmoebi). Semoqmedebis es

sfero dakavSirebulia ufro intuiciurTan, vidre racionalurTan da misi ze-
moqmedebis Zalas, ZiriTadad, gansazRvravs SemoqmedebiTi potencialis gamovle-
nis Zala. rac Seexeba mecnierul Semoqmedebas, am SemTxvevaSi aSkarad prevalirebs
racio da adamiani gadmogvcems ZiriTadad imas, rac misi racionaluri azrovne-
bis Sedegs warmoadgens ise, rom mas SeiZleba sruliadac ar hqondes miznad audi-
toriaze esTetikuri zemoqmedebis moxdena. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa auditorias-
Tan amgvari mimarTebis damyareba: gadamcemi gadascems informacias, romelmac es-
Tetikuri tkboba ki ar unda mianiWos mimRebs, aramed mas unda Camouyalibos wa-
moyenebuli msjelobis mimarT mxolod pozitiuri an negatiuri damokidebuleba.
rasakvirvelia, am donezec gadacemis manera SeiZleba Tavisi gamomsaxvelobiT mi-
uaxlovdes mxatvruli Semoqmedebis dones da maSin mecnieruli Semoqmedebis na-
yofi aSkarad SeiZens esTetikuri zemoqmedebis Tvisebasac. rac Seexeba mesame do-
nes, igi mTlianad gamoyenebiT-praqtikuli mniSvnelobis aris da, Tuki adamianma
sagangebod ar mimarTa am tipis informaciis gadmocemisas raRac xelovnur mxat-
vrul saSualebebs, am informaciam SeiZleba daakmayofilos mxolod Cveni yovel-
dRiuri praqtikuli cnobismoyvareoba. am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba, magaliTad,
raRac danadgaris instruqcia. rasakvirvelia, SeiZleba viRacas TavSi mouvides,
rom es instruqcia leqsis formiT Camoayalibos, magram mxolod amis gamo igi ver
gascdeba Tavisi ZiriTadi Janris daniSnulebis farglebs.
Sesabamisad, Tuki sakiTxs farTod ganvixilavT, Semoqmedebis yvela am tipis
produqcia SeiZleba literaturad miviCnioT. magram, rasakvirvelia, dRes aravis
mouva TavSi ama Tu im qveynis literaturis istoriis Seqmnisas asaxos adamianuri
sityvieri Semoqmedebis mTeli es mravalferovneba. da mainc, Tuki gvinda vupasu-
xoT kiTxvas: ra aris literatura? SeiZleba amgvari definicia gaviziaroT: `li-
teratura aris yovelive is, rac iqmneba sityvieri Semoqmedebis sferoSi, fiqsir-
deba (zepirad an werilobiT) da gankuTvnilia msmenelis an mkiTxvelis informa-
ciuli moTxovnilebis dasakmayofileblad. Tavisi xasiaTiT literatura SeiZle-
ba iyos religiuri, mecnieruli, mxatvruli da a. S., imis mixedviT, Tu ra aris mas-
Si mocemuli informaciis umTavresi funqcia. rac ufro ganviTarebulia sazoga-
doeba, miT ufro diferencirebulia adamianis literaturuli Semoqmedebis sfe-
roebi da, piriqiT, rac ufro naklebad aris igi ganviTarebuli, ufro SezRudu-
lia sityvieri TviTgamoxatvis formebi~. Tanamedrove samyaroSi, rodesac iwere-
ba literaturis istoria, Cveulebriv, es aris mxatvruli literaturis istoria
da igi ar asaxavs sxva tipis nawarmoebebs. a. m., dRes Tanamedrove qarTuli lite-
raturis istoriis Seqmnisas avtors TavSi ar mouva masSi Seitanos qarTveli is-
torikosebis, maTematikosebis, mecnierebis Tu xelovnebis dargTa warmomadgen-
lebis Teoriuli naSromebi. antikuri literaturis istoriisadmi midgoma gan-
sxvavebulia. imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad amomwurav literaturis istorias gvTa-
vazobs esa Tu is avtori, masSi met-naklebad srulad aisaxeba berZnuli da roma-
uli mwerlobis faqtebi. swored amitom, Cveni gakvirveba ar unda gamoiwvios iman,
rom aseT literaturis istoriebSi eposis, lirikis, dramis, romanis JanrebTan
erTad specialuri Tavebi mieZRvneba istoriografias, filosofias, mWevrmetyve-
lebas, samecniero literaturas da a. S.
marTalia, kacobrioba damwerlobis SemoRebisTanave cdilobda sxvadasxva xa-
siaTis informaciis werilobiT fiqsacias, magram dRes SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom
literatura, rogorc adamianuri Semoqmedebis avtonomiuri sfero, romelic sa-
kuTari kanonzomierebiT ganviTarda da romelmac Tavadve Seuqmna safuZveli li-
teraturis Teoriis anu literaturis, rogorc mecnieruli Seswavlis obieqtis
Camoyalibebas, pirvelad Zvel saberZneTSi aRmocenda. rasakvirvelia, dRes ara-
erTi wigni mogvepoveba Zvelegvipturi, Suamdinaruli literaturis Sesaxeb, mag-
10
ram SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom is procesi, romelmac WeSmariti literaturis Camoya-

libebamde migviyvana, upirveles yovlisa, Zvel saberZneTTan aris dakavSirebuli.
ras vgulisxmobT am SemTxvevaSi? marTalia, SuamdinareTSi, Zvel egviptesa da ana-
toliaSic sakmaod iyo gavrcelebuli miTebis, sxvadasxva zRaprebis Tu ambebis,
poeturi qmnilebebis Seqmnisa da Caweris tradicia, magram SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
maT ar hqondaT mopovebuli adamianuri Semoqmedebis sxva sferoebidan damouki-
deblobis is xarisxi, romelic literaturas sakuTari kanonzomierebiT ganviTa-
rebis farTo SesaZleblobebs aZlevda. literaturis funqciaSi aq ar yofila
dominanturi adamianebisaTvis esTetikuri tkbobis miniWeba. am SemTxvevaSi mTava-
ri iyo garkveuli informaciis Semonaxva. Sesabamisad, ZiriTadi iyo teqstis in-
formaciuli mniSvneloba, misi sakulto, ritualuri Tu miTologiuri daniSnu-
leba da ara auditoriaze esTetikuri zemoqmedebis efeqti. rasakvirvelia, es
imas ar niSnavs, rom am teqstSi gamoricxuli iyo mxatvrulobis momenti, magram
aSkaraa, rom es SemoqmedTaTvis ar yofila ganmsazRvreli. rac Seexeba berZnul
samyaros, aq procesebi sxvagvarad warimarTa. ukve Zveli berZnuli literaturis
Cvenamde moRweul pirvelsave poemebSi – ìliadasa~ da òdiseaSi~ – siamovnebis
miniWeba miCneulia literaturuli nawarmoebis da saerTod xelovnebis nawarmo-
ebis umTavres funqciad, Tumca, rasakvirvelia, es ar niSnavs Tavad masSi gadmoce-
muli informaciis istoriuli, eTikuri da a. S. mniSvnelobis ignorirebas. swo-
red amitom antikur samyaroSi literaturam adamianuri Semoqmedebis sxva sfe-
roebs Soris damoukideblobis gacilebiT meti xarisxi moipova, vidre mas Zvel
aRmosavleTSi hqonda. es ki, Tavis mxriv, misi intensiuri da swrafi ganviTarebis,
ZiriTadi literaturuli Janrebis Camoyalibebisa da, arsebiTad, literaturu-
li Semoqmedebis da azrovnebis mTeli sistemis Camoyalibebis safuZveli gaxda,
rac msoflio mniSvnelobis movlenad iqca kulturis istoriaSi.
antikuri literaturis moculoba da misi Cvenamde moRwevis gzebi. ra mocu-
lobis iyo antikuri literatura? dRes aravis SeuZlia zustad amis gansazRvra,
Tumca erTi savsebiT aSkaraa: Cvenamde moaRwia realurad arsebuli literatu-
ruli produqciis mxolod umniSvnelo nawilma. sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom mrava-
li aseuli berZnuli dramaturgis nawarmoebTagan Cvenamde mxolod xuTis nawar-
moebebi SemorCa sruli saxiT, xolo es nawarmoebebi Tavad am mweralTa Semoqme-
debis erTob mcire nawils warmoadgens. aRarafers vambobT epikosebze, liriko-
sebze da a.S. miuxedavad imisa, rom dRes Cven, albaT, istoriulad arsebuli anti-
kuri literaturis umcires (SesaZloa, erT procentze nakleb) nawils vflobT,
Tavis mxriv, igi sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom mravalricxovan wignad gamoices da ra-
odenobrivi parametrebiT (aRarafers vambobT kvaliteturze) konkurencia gau-
wios TiTqmis yvela Tanamedrove xalxis literaturas.
sakmarisia aRiniSnos, rom cnobil orenovan (klasikuri teqsti da misi ingli-
suri Targmani) seriaSi Loeb Classical Library, romelic axorcielebs antikuri avto-
rebis gamocemas, ukve xuTasamde wignia gamoqveynebuli, rac Cvenamde moRweuli
teqstebis mxolod erT nawils moicavs. antikuri avtorebi dRemde mibaZvis wya-
ros warmoadgenen da mkiTxvelSi ar cxreba maTTan ziarebiT gamowveuli aR-
frTovaneba.
Tanamedrove mkiTxvels, rasakvirvelia, daainteresebs, Tu r o g o r m o a R -
wia Cvenamde antikuri literaturis Tundac esoden
S e z R u d u l m a n a w i l m a. antikur epoqaSi garkveuli periodidan moyole-
buli xdeboda wignebis didi raodenobiT gamocema da tiraJireba. amisaTvis ar-
sebobda specialuri skriptoriumebi, sadac erTdroulad, ZiriTadad papirusze,
mravali aseuli da, SesaZloa, aTaseuli mwerali karnaxiT iwerda ama Tu im nawar-
moebis teqsts da amzadebda mas `wignebis bazarze~ gasatanad. savsebiT dasaSvebia,
rom am SemTvxevaSi aqtiurad gamoiyeneboda monebis Sroma. `wignis bazris~ para-
11
lelurad Zv.w. IV saukunidan moyolebuli farTo gasaqani mieca sabiblioTeko

saqmes. sayovelTaod cnobilia grandiozuli biblioTeka aleqsandriaSi, romel-
Sic 700000-mde berZnulenovani papirusis gragnili anu wigni inaxeboda. Tu ga-
viTvaliswinebT, rom biblioTekaSi sul ramdenime saukunis (VIII-III) berZnuli teq-
stebi iyo daculi, advili warmosadgenia, ra masStabebi unda hqonoda antikur
berZnul mwerlobas da aleqsandriis biblioTekas. SedarebiT naklebi, magram ma-
inc STambeWdavi moculobis biblioTekebi arsebobda antikuri samyaros (ro-
gorc elinisturi, aseve romauli) sxva kulturul centrebSic, sadac inaxeboda
berZnuli da garkveuli periodidan laTinurenovani wignebi.
wignebis formis Secvlis TvalsazrisiT, aSkarad didi mniSvneloba hqonda
pergamentis Semosvlas, papirusis gragnilebze wignis damzadebis praqtikis Tan-
daTanobiT Canacvlebas kodeqsis formis mqone, pergamentze Cawerili, furcle-
bad akinZuli wigniT.
antikurobis daqveiTebis Semdgom, qristianobis aRmavlobis kvaldakval, inte-
resi klasikuri teqstebisadmi, gansakuTrebiT dasavleT evropaSi, jer sagrZnob-
lad Sesustda, xolo Semdeg garkveuli periodis ganmavlobaSi, faqtobrivad,
gaqra. dasavleT evropis monastrebsa da lavrebSi moRvawe qristiani mwerlebi
xSirad mxolod imitom iCendnen Zveli teqstebis mimarT `yuradRebas~, rom ukeT
eswavlaT klasikuri laTinuri ena, xolo bizantiaSi _ berZnuli, an kidev imis-
Tvis, rom pergamentze waeSalaT ukve arsebuli warmarTuli teqstebi da daewe-
raT qristianuli Sinaarsisa. rasakvirvelia, am garemoebam bevrad Seuwyo xeli
imas, rom antikuri teqstebis udidesi nawili dakarguliyo. SedarebiT meti iyo
antikuri berZnuli literaturis mimarT interesi bizantiaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom aq, garkveuli periodidan mainc, xdeboda savsebiT mizanmimarTulad Zveli
teqstebis gadawera da Zveli avtorebis nawarmoebTa gamocema, faqtobrivad, aman
ganapiroba is, rom dRes Cvenamde, marTalia, Zalze arasrulad, magram mainc er-
Tob masStaburad moaRwia antikuri epoqis berZnulma literaturam. imis mixed-
viT, Tu ramdenad mniSvnelovani iyo nawarmoebi an popularuli, igi metad an nak-
lebad xSirad gadaiwereboda xolme. aqedan gamomdinare, gansxvavebulia ama Tu im
teqstis Sua saukuneebis xelnawerTa raodenobac. bizantiasTan mWidro urTier-
TobebiT aris ganpirobebuli, rom Sua saukuneebis qarTveli avtorebi, mTargmne-
lebi da komentatorebi antikuri berZnuli literaturis sakmaod karg codnas
amJRavneben. sakmaod dramatuli aRmoCnda berZnuli teqstebis bedi bizantiis da-
cemis momentisaTvis. cnobil bizantiel moRvaweebs unda vumadlodeT imas, rom
maT mravali mniSvnelovani xelnaweri gadaitanes dasavleTSi da saimedod daabi-
naves iqaur wignsacavebSi. am periodisaTvis dasavleT evropa ukve momzadebuli
iyo antikur kulturasTan Catexili xidis aRsadgenad da antikuri literaturi-
saTvis farTo gzis gasaxsnelad, rasac evropul civilizaciaSi arsebiTi garda-
texa unda mohyoloda. da marTlac, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom swored antikur teq-
stebTan ziareba iyo erT-erTi ZiriTadi faqtori, romelmac biZgi misca renesan-
suli kulturis aRmavlobas. gutenbergis aRmoCenis Semdgom, rogorc berZen, ise
laTinurenovan avtorTa ukve poligrafiulad gamocema berZnul-romauli lite-
raturis popularizaciisa da Seswavlis axal SesaZleblobebs qmnis.
bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva: r i T i a g a m o w v e u l i T a n a m e d r o v e s a -
zogadoebis Seunelebeli interesi Zvel berZenTa da
r o m a e l T a m w e r l o b i s m i m a r T. dRevandeli mkiTxveli homerosis, es-
qiles, sofokles, evripides, vergiliusis, horaciusis, ovidiusis da sxva mravali
mwerlis nawarmoebTa kiTxvisas upiratesad droSi Cvengan maT esoden daSorebu-
lobas iTvaliswinebs da im mwerlebis Semoqmedebis moulodnelad maRal dones
uwevs angariSs, Tu maTi genialobiT yovelgvari kompromisis gareSe aris moxib-
luli. aseT dros aucilebelia gaviTvaliswinoT erTi Tavisebureba, rac mxat-
12
vrul kulturas axasiaTebs. igi adamianebze zemoqmedebas axdens, upirveles yov-

lisa, SemoqmedebiTi potencialis gamovlenis ZaliT. amitom arsebiTi mniSvnelo-
ba ar aqvs imas, Tu ramdenadaa xelovani Cvengan droSi daSorebuli. mTavaria is,
Tu ramdenad Seswevs mas Cveni aRelvebis, aRfrTovanebis, STagonebis unari. rasak-
virvelia, es imas ar niSnavs, rom mxatvruli kultura saerTod ar eqvemdebareba
evoluciis kanonebs, magram arsebiTad es exeba mxolod formas, gamovlenils sa-
leqso sazomSi, teqstis organizaciis teqnikaSi, empiriuli codnis moculobaSi
da a.S. da mainc, rogorc vTqviT, mxatvruli literaturisaTvis umTavresia masSi
realizebuli SemoqmedebiTi potencialis Zala. am mxriv ki antikur mwerlobas
marTlac gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs civilizaciis istoriaSi. aq moiyares Tavi
ara mxolod literaturis ZiriTadi Janrebis fuZemdeblebma, aramed aseve am Jan-
rebis udidesma warmomadgenlebma, romelnic dRemde aoceben kacobriobas mxat-
vruli azrovnebis sferoSi dapyrobili simaRleebiT.
swored amitom antikuri literaturis Zeglebi (originalis enaze Tu Tar-
gmnili) esoden intensiurad gamoicemoda ukanaskneli saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
da dResac gamoicema. swored amitom, albaT, Znelia moinaxos sxva iseTi litera-
tura, romlis istoriis mokle Tu vrceli, popularuli Tu Rrmad mecnieruli
kursebi esoden xSirad iqmneba sxvadasxva enaze.
am mxriv arc saqarTvelo warmoadgens gamonakliss.
Cvens qveyanaSi antikuri mwerlobisa da antikurobis mimarT gansakuTrebul
interess, garda saerTo evropuli memkvidreobisaken ltolvisa, kidev erTi, Zal-
ze mniSvnelovani faqtori asazrdoebs. Cveni qveyana uxsovari droidan monawile-
obda xmelTaSua zRvis auzSi mimdinare procesebSi. rogorc irkveva, qarTvelur
tomebs, SesaZloa, genetikuri urTierTobebi hqondaT winaberZnuli civilizaci-
is matarebel xalxebTan (pelasgebTan, lelegebTan, minoselebTan da a.S.), aseve
italiis uZveles mosaxleobasTan, etruskebTan. mikenuri epoqidan moyolebuli,
rogorc Cans, saTaves iRebs berZnul-qarTuli urTierTobebis mravalsaukunova-
ni istoria. aman Tavisi arekvla hpova elinTa miTebSi promeTesa da argonavtTa
laSqrobaze. Zveli kolxida iqca saberZneTis gareT mdebare erT-erT yvelaze
mniSvnelovan qveynad, sadac argonavtikis ciklis miTTa siuJeti viTardeboda. me-
deam, aietma, kirkem, afsirtosma da sxva kolxma miTologiurma personaJebma mya-
rad daikaves adgili berZnul mwerlobaSi. ufro metic, Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa
gamoTvlebiT, medea saerTod msoflio literaturis erT-erT yvelaze ufro po-
pularul saxed iqca, romelsac dRemde uamravi nawarmoebi eZRvneba. kolxida _
dasavleT saqarTvelo, iberia _ aRmosavleT saqarTvelo, mravalricxovani qar-
Tveluri tomebi, geografiuli punqtebi sakmaod xSirad figurireben, rogorc
mxatvrul literaturaSi, aseve antikur istoriografiasa da samecniero xasia-
Tis TxzulebebSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom berZnuli da romauli wyaroebi antikuri
saqarTvelos Sesaxeb umTavres werilobiT wyarod miiCneva da arqeologiur mo-
nacemebTan erTad Cveni qveynis uZvelesi istoriis aRdgenis SesaZleblobas iZle-
va. aman ganapiroba is, rom antikuri literaturis Zeglebi CvenTan iTargmneba, er-
Ti mxriv, wminda kulturologiuri, esTetikuri mizniT, meore mxriv ki, rogorc
Cveni qveynis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovani informaciis Semcveli teqstebi. mTargmnelo-
biT saqmianobasTan erTad saqarTveloSi didi yuradReba eqceva antikuri lite-
raturis istoriis Seswavlas. 1927-1995 wlebSi gamoica or tomad grigol wereT-
lis berZnuli literaturis istoria, 1949-1950 wlebSi simon yauxCiSvilma Seqmna
berZnuli literaturis istoriis fundamenturi saxelmZRvanelo or tomad. manve
mravalgzis gamosca antikuri literaturis istoria. amJamad gamodis sam tomad
antikuri literaturis vrceli kursi, romlis pirveli tomi 2002 wels gamoica
(rismag gordeziani).
13
w i n a m d e b a r e s a x e l m Z R v a n e l o warmoadgens antikuri literatu-

ris Seqmnis kidev erT cdas, oRond amJamad avtorTa koleqtivis, ivane javaxiSvi-
lis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis klasikuri filologiis, bi-
zantinistikisa da neogrecistikis institutis TanamSromelTa mier.
saxelmZRvanelo gankuTvnilia maTTvis, vinc apirebs berZnul-romauli lite-
raturis mokle kursis Seswavlas. wignSi gamoiyofa e.w. zogadi, mimoxilviTi Ta-
vebi, romlebSic mokled aris warmodgenili antikuri literaturis istoriis
sruli suraTi. gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovan mwerlebs ki calke Tavebi eZRvneba.
maT wignis mimoxilviT nawilSi aRar eTmoba yuradReba da aq, arsebiTad, mweral-
Ta saxelebis muqi SriftiT gamoyofiT vkmayofildebiT. wignSi ori mTavari gan-
yofilebaa: berZnuli literatura da romauli literatura. saxelmZRvanelos
daerTvis rCeuli bibliografia, romelic dainteresebul mkiTxvels miawvdis in-
formacias qarTul enaze Targmnili antikuri literaturis Zeglebisa da umniS-
vnelovanesi saxelmZRvaneloebisa da cnobarebis Sesaxeb.
gvinda gvjerodes, rom saxelmZRvanelo antikuri literaturiT dainteresebu-
li farTo mkiTxvelis yuradRebas miipyrobs, xolo studentobaSi gazrdis
ltolvas antikuri samyaros Semswavleli mecnierebis _ klasikuri filologiis _
mimarT.
a n t i k u r i l i t e r a t u r i s p e r i o d e b i. antikur literaturas,
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, berZnuli da romauli mwerlobis erTianoba qmnis. marTa-
lia, meore pirvelis Zlieri zegavlenis Sedegad Camoyalibda, magram romaul
mwerlobas aqvs ganviTarebis sakuTari, berZnulisagan gansvxavebuli gza. Sesaba-
misad, berZnul-romauli mwerlobis istorias aqvs Tav-Tavisi periodebi. amasTan
erTad SeiZleba msjeloba zogadad antikuri literaturis periodizaciazec.
vidre warmovadgendeT periodebis samsave sqemas (berZnuli, romauli, antikuri),
mokled gadavavloT Tvali antikuri samyaros istoriis ZiriTad etapebs.
antikuri samyaros istoria uZvelesi droidan iwyeba da sakmaod did areals
moicavs. Zv.w.a. III-II aTaswleulTa mijnidan egeida aqtiurad gamodis istoriul as-
parezze. jer m i n o s u r i k r e t a regionSi mTeli xuTi saukunis ganmavloba-
Si (X-XV) rogorc kulturuli, aseve politikuri TvalsazrisiT liders warmo-
adgens da arsebiTad gansazRvravs egeosuri kulturis tips. samwuxarod, Znelia
raime iTqvas minosuri periodis istoriaze konkretulad, radgan Cvenamde mxo-
lod arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenilma masalam moaRwia, xolo A-xa-
zovani werilobiTi dokumentebi jer-jerobiT ar aris gaSifruli da maTgan Se-
uZlebelia realuri istoriuli informaciis mopoveba. rac Seexeba berZnul mi-
Tologiur tradicias, is sakmaod uxvad gvawvdis cnobebs legendaruli minosisa
da misi saocari samflobelos Sesaxeb, romelic Tavisi teqnikuri miRwevebiT
idumalebiT iyo moculi. dRes Cven darwmunebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom minosuri
kreta bevr saidumlos inaxavs. aq ar Cans arc gamanadgurebeli omebis, arc sasi-
magro nagebobebis, arc iaraRiT gatacebis kvali, rac gvafiqrebinebs, rom kretas
Tavdacvis efeqturi sistema hqonda, xolo Tavad kunZulze TiTqmis mTeli xuTi
saukunis ganmavlobaSi saocari mSvidoba sufevda. mis aRsaniSnavad mecnierebaSi
specialuri terminic Pax Minoica (`minosuri mSvidoba~) ki damkvidrda. yvelaferi,
sasaxleebidan dawyebuli fufunebis sagnebiT damTavrebuli, kretelTa maRal ge-
movnebasa da minosuri civilizaciis rafinirebulebaze metyvelebs. Cven ar viciT,
ra enaze laparakobdnen am kulturis matarebelni. rogorc Cans, isini winaberZnu-
li mosaxleobis im nawils warmoadgendnen, romelic aq berZnebis istoriul aspa-
rezze gamoCenamde dominantur Zalad gvevlineboda. Tavad elinebi am tomTa So-
ris moixseniebdnen pelasgebs, lelegebs, eteokretelebs da sxv. winaberZnuli ene-
bis genetikur kuTvnilebaze gamoTqmul mraval hipoTezas Soris Tavisi adgili
14
qarTvelur hipoTezasac uWiravs, romelsac momxreebi hyavs ara marto saqarTve-

loSi, aramed ucxoel mecnierTa Sorisac. Zneli saTqmelia, hqondaT Tu ara mino-
selebs mxatvruli literatura an miTologiuri teqstebis Caweris praqtika.
minosuri kultura Zv.w. XV saukuneSi daqveiTda, rasac, Cveulebriv, ukavSire-
ben k. Teraze momxdar uZlieres vulkanur amofrqvevas, e.w. santorinis katastro-
fas. gamanadgurebelma cunamim, Zlierma stresma, rogorc Cans, kretis mosaxleo-
bas SemoqmedebiTi energia gamoacala da man daTmo Tavisi wamyvani poziciebi ege-
idaSi. minosur mmarTvelobas m i k e n u r i Caenacvla da berZnebi egeidaSi wam-
yvan Zalad mogvevlinen. rogorc Cans, antikuri tradicia da, kerZod, homerosi
marTalia, rodesac gmirTa epoqis berZnebs saxeliT aqeelebi (aqavelebi) moixseni-
ebs. xeTurma da egvipturma wyaroebma daadastures, rom mikenuri epoqis berZnebs
Zv.w.a. II aTaswleulSi swored am saxeliT icnobdnen. dRes met-naklebi darwmune-
bulobiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mikenuri saberZneTi TiTqmis mTel egeidas akon-
trolebda, aseve kunZul kretas, SesaZloa, kvipross da dasavleT mcire aziis zo-
gierT regions. berZnuli tradiciis Tanaxmad, mikenuri samyaro calkeuli regio-
nebis kavSirad warmogvidgeboda da TiToeul am regions Tavisi mmarTvelebi Tu
mmarTvelTa dinastiebi hyavda, xolo mikens, sadac pelofsis STamomavalTa dinas-
tia meufebda, am kavSirSi wamyvani, garkveulwilad, mmarTveli pozicia eWira. mi-
kenuri werilobiTi dokumentebi da arqeologiuri monacemebi arsebiTad adas-
tureben berZnuli tradiciis am rwmenas. homerosTan da sxva avtorebTan moxsenie-
bul geografiul punqtTa umetesobaSi, romlebTanac Zveli mwerlebi gmirTa
epoqis ambebs akavSirebdnen, arqeologebma marTlac gamoavlines mikenuri perio-
dis dasaxlebebi. albaT, garkveuli istoriuli safuZveli hqonda argonavtebis,
Tebes da troas Tqmulebebs da maTSi realurad momxdarma ambebma hpoves arekvla.
ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom Zv.w. XIV-XII ss. B-xazovan dokumentebSi mravali is saxeli
dasturdeba, romelic kargad iyo cnobili berZnuli miTologiuri tradicii-
dan. mikenur epoqaSi werilobiT fiqsirebuli mxatvruli literaturis arsebo-
bis sakiTxi dRemde davas iwvevs. bunebrivia, rom B-xazovan warwerebSi, romlebic
ZiriTadad sakancelario xasiaTis Canawerebs warmoadgenen, ar unda velodeT po-
eturi Semoqmedebis nimuSTa aRmoCenas. amasTanave yuradRebas ipyrobs is garemo-
eba, rom antikuri wyaroebi gmirTa epoqaSi mraval momRerals asaxeleben: or-
fevss, museoss, evmolposs, linoss, pamfoss, Tamiris Trakiels... Znelia imis Tqma,
Tu ramdenad sandoa es cnobebi, magram poeturi (zepiri Tu werilobiTi) tradi-
ciis gamoricxva mikenur epoqaSi ar SeiZleba.
mikenuri, iseve rogorc egeida _ mcire aziis mravali kultura Zv.w. XII saukuni-
dan moyolebuli ngrevisa da daqveiTebebis sulma moicva. axla Znelia zustad
imis gansazRvra, Tu ram gamoiwvia e.w. `zRvis xalxTa~ gamanadgurebeli moZraoba,
daqveiTebebisa da ngrevis mZlavri nakadi, magram Sedegi sakmaod tragikuli aR-
moCnda. mcire aziaSi, faqtobrivad, miwis piridan aRigava xeTebis mZlavri impe-
ria, axlo aRmosavleTSi _ ugariti, daingra mikenuri samyaros umniSvnelovanesi
centrebi, egviptem didi danakargebiT Zlivs SeZlo gamanadgurebeli Semosevebis
mogerieba. amiT dasrulda saberZneTSi brinjaos xanis cnobili kulturebis epo-
qa da dadga xana ramdenime saukunovani dacemisa.
`b n e l i w l e b i~ _ ase uwodeben Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi im ramdensame sa-
ukunes (Zv.w. XII meore naxevari _ X), romlebic yofen ganviTarebul mikenur kul-
turas axali aRmavlobis gzaze Semdgari saberZneTisagan. marTalia, es periodi
didi daqveiTebiT xasiaTdeboda, magram, rogorc Cans, mTlad iseTi bnelic ar
iyo, rogoric aqamde gvegona. yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, politikurad daqucmace-
buli saberZneTis `nangrevebSi~ Semonaxuli iyo maxsovroba diadi mikenuri war-
sulis Sesaxeb da mzaddeboda safuZveli axali aRmavlobisaTvis.
15
Zv.w. IX saukunidan, faqtobrivad, daiwyo epoqa, romelsac dRes g e o m e t r i -

u l i r e n e s a n s i s periods vuwodebT da romelic IX-VIII saukuneebs moicavs.
am dros primitiuli, martivi geometriuli ornamentebis gamoyenebis praqtika
icvleba am ornamentis koordinaciisa da subordinaciis mkacr kanonebze dafuZ-
nebuli xelovnebiT, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia didebuli, monumenturi geomet-
riuli keramikis saxiT. am dros eyreba saZirkveli axali tipis berZnul sataZro
arqiteqturas, mcire plastikaSi ukve Cans diadi berZnuli skulpturis konture-
bi. tradiciis Tanaxmad, Zv.w. 776 wels aRadgines an daafuZnes olimpiuri TamaSe-
bi, es ki politikurad daSlili saberZneTis elinTa erTianobis axali orienti-
rebis, saerTo-elinuri religiuri da kulturuli centrebis Seqmnisaken ltol-
vis TvalsaCino gamovlineba iyo; am epoqaSi eZleva biZgi sazogadoebrivi cxovre-
bis organizaciis axal formas _ poliss, romelic sul male elinuri civiliza-
ciis erT-erT umTavres maxasiaTeblad iqceva. daiwyo is sakolonizacio moZrao-
ba, romelic momdevno epoqaSi esoden masStaburi gaxda. erT-erT yvelaze did
miRwevad unda CavTvaloT finikiuri konsonanturi (mxolod TanxmovanTa gadmom-
cemi niSnebis mqone) damwerlobis safuZvelze axali berZnuli fonetikuri dam-
werlobis sistemis Seqmna, romelSic 24-mde grafemiT SeiZleba yvela fonemis we-
rilobiT fiqsacia. aman damwerlobis gamoyenebis SesaZleblobebi sagrZnoblad
gaafarTova. am epoqaSi moxda mravalricxovani tradiciuli ambis mowesrigeba
uamravi momReral-mTqmelis SemoqmedebaSi, maTi poeturi xorcSesxma da berZnu-
li miTebis ZiriTad siuJetTa formireba. rac mTavaria, am epoqasTan aris dakav-
Sirebuli homerosis eposis Seqmna, riTac, arsebiTad, evropis kontinentze viwy-
ebT werilobiT fiqsirebuli literaturis istorias. yvela pirobaa imisaTvis,
rom IX-VIII saukuneebs axali aRmavlobis xana anu zogierTi mkvlevaris msgavsad
`geometriuli renesansis~ periodi vuwodoT.
Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneebi berZnul civilizaciaSi revoluciuri gardatexebis epo-
qad SeiZleba miviCnioT; mas Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi damkvidrebuli tradiciiT
a r q a i k i s (berZn. `Zveli~) periods uwodeben. antikuri literaturis istori-
is specialistTa erTi nawili masSi rTavs `geometriuli renesansis~ periodsac
da Tavad homerossac arqaikis farglebSi aqcevs. arqaikis epoqaSi iwyo aRmavlo-
ba berZnuli civilizaciis mravalma im mimarTulebam, romelTac umaRles srul-
yofas momdevno klasikur periodSi miaRwies. Camoyalibda sazogadoebis organi-
zaciis polisuri sistema, rac gulisxmobda saberZneTis qcevas avtonomiuri
TviTmmarTvelobis mqone mxareebad, romelTa umetesobas hqonda Tavisi urbanu-
li centri. polisi iyo, faqtobrivad, qalaqi-saxelmwifo, Tavisi konstituciiT
(kanonebiT), saxelmwifosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli yvela atributiT. TiToeuli po-
lisis mosaxleoba Sedgeboda oTxi Srisagan: 1. Tavisufali da (moqalaqis) ufle-
bebis srulad mqone. mas qmnida yvela Tavisufali moqalaqe mamrobiTi sqesisa, ro-
melmac garkveul asaks (aTenSi 30 wels) miaRwia; 2. Tavisufali, magram (moqalaqis)
uflebebis arasrulad mqone. mas qmnidnen vaJebi garkveul asakamde (aTenSi 30
wlamde) da yvela qali; 3. Tavisufali, magram (moqalaqis) uflebebis armqone. mas
ekuTvnoda ZiriTadad sxva qalaqebidan gadmosaxlebuli ucxoelebi anu imigran-
tebi, romlebic sacxovreblad, droebiT Tu samudamod, rCebodnen romelsame po-
lisSi; 4. rogorc Tavisuflebis, ise (moqalaqis) uflebebis armqone. am kategori-
as ganekuTvnebodnen monebi, romelnic TavianTi mflobelebis sakuTrebas warmo-
adgendnen. amitom antikuri sazogadoebis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel niSnad iq mo-
nebis anu monaTmflobelobis arsebobas miiCneven.
am periodSi miiRo e.w. berZnulma kolonizaciam Camoyalibebuli saxe, rasac
mTels xmelTaSuazRvispireTsa da SavizRvispireTSi uamravi berZnuli dasaxle-
bis daarseba mohyva. imis mixedviT, Tu sad da rogor pirobebSi aarsebdnen met-
ropoliebidan anu berZnuli tomebis gansaxlebis regionebSi mdebare qalaqebi-
16
dan gadaadgilebuli berZnebi apoikiebs anu koloniebs, isini SeiZleboda Camoya-

libebuliyvnen did polisebad (rogorc es, magaliTad, siciliasa da e.w. did sa-
berZneTSi anu samxreT italiaSi moxda), savaWro qalaqebad anu faqtoriebad (ma-
Ti ZiriTadi funqcia iyo adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan vaWroba da metropolieb-
sa da Soreul qveynebs Soris savaWro urTierTobebis damyareba) da a.S. arqaikis
ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda berZnuli sataZro arqiteqturis umTavresi tipebi
doriuli da ioniuri orderebis mqone svetebiT, aseve reliefuri da mrgvali
skulpturis (SiSveli Wabuki _ kurosi da grZelpeplosiani qaliSvili _ kore) Zi-
riTadi formebi. amave periodSi iqmneba berZnuli vazuri ferweris ori ZiriTa-
di stili _ Savfiguruli (figurebi sruldeba Savi laqiT, xolo fonad rCeba mo-
wiTalo Tixa) da wiTelfiguruli (figurebi gamoiyvaneba Tixis mowiTalo feris
gamoyenebiT, xolo foni ifareba Savi laqiT). rogorc Cans, arqaikis ganmavlobaSi
daiwyo egviptidan masobrivad iafi saweri masalis _ papirusis importi, ramac
mniSvnelovnad gaafarTova werilobiTi fiqsirebuli teqstebis moculoba (manam-
de sawer masalad ZiriTadad tyavi, Tixis an metalis firfitebi an erTob Zviri
spilos Zvali gamoiyeneboda). arqaikis ganmavlobaSi iwyebs Camoyalibebas adamia-
nuri azrovnebis iseTi sfero, rogoric filosofiaa. amiT safuZveli eyreba eman-
sipirebul azrovnebas, anu azrovnebas azrovnebisaTvis. aman civilizaciis isto-
riaSi miTologiuridan kritikul-analitikur azrovnebaze anu miTosidan lo-
gosze gadasvla ganapiroba. didi Zvrebi moxda mxatvruli literaturis sfero-
Sic. Camoyalibda ori axali Janri: lirika da drama (tragedia da komedia). am uka-
nasknelma Tavis srulyofas momdevno, klasikur periodSi miaRwia.
polisurma cxovrebam, koloniebis intensiurma dafuZnebam cvlilebebi moax-
dina elinTa mentalitetSi. asparezze gamovidnen Tavisufali moqalaqeebi, pirov-
nebebi, romelTaTvisac politikur cxovrebaSi monawileoba moqalaqeobriv mova-
leobad iqca. polisebs Soris, romelnic swrafad viTardebodnen da mSvendebod-
nen, politikursa da kulturul sferoebSi pirvelobisaTvis brZolam Seuqceva-
di xasiaTi miiRo. optimaluri politikuri sistemebis formirebasa Tu SerCevaze
fiqrobdnen kanonmdeblebi, saberZneTis qalaq-saxelmwifoebSi erTmaneTis para-
lelurad sxvadasxva politikuri sistemebi funqcionirebda: aristokratia,
oligarqia, demokratia, tirania. faqtobrivad, berZnuli politikuri sivrcidan
gamoidevna dinastiuri monarqia. polisebs Soris mudmivi konkurenciis pirobeb-
Si TandaTanobiT gamoikveTa ori centri _ aTeni, orientirebuli mmarTvelobis
demokratiul sistemaze da sparta, orientirebuli mmarTvelobis saocrad kon-
servatiul, specifikurad spartanul sistemaze, romelic Tavisi bunebiT aTenurs
upirispirdeboda da ufro oligarqiuls miesadageboda. aTeni elinur samyaroSi
sul ufro da ufro metad ikavebda kulturis, xolo sparta samxedro sferoSi
lideris poziciebs.
polisuri saberZneTisaTvis kulminaciuri iyo klasikis epoqa, romelic Zv.w. V
saukunis dadgomisTanave iwyeba da sruldeba Zv.w. IV saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, ro-
desac saberZneTi aleqsandre makedonelis msoflio saxelmwifoSi moeqca. am epo-
qaSi procesebma, rac arqaikaSi daiwyo, umaRles srulyofas miaRwia. udidesi
movlena iyo berZen-sparselTa omebi, Zv.w. 500-479 ww, romelmac polisebad dana-
wevrebul, magram gadamwyvet momentSi gaerTianebul saberZneTs brwyinvale ga-
marjveba moapovebina ZaliT eladaze mravaljer aRmatebuli sparseTis veeberTe-
la centralizebul imperiaze. saberZneTi gadaurCa sparselTa uRels, xolo ev-
ropisaTvis kulturis ganviTarebis elinuri gza Seuqcevadi gaxda. am gamarjve-
bam eladas ganviTarebis mZlavri suli STabera. diadi ormocdaaTwleuli (Zv.w.
478-431) gamoirCeoda Tavisi mSvidobianobiT da aRmSeneblobis paTosiT. berZnul
polisTa politikur sarbielze saxelovani saxelmwifo moRvaweebi da mmarTve-
lebi gamovidnen. aTenma yvelasTvis TvalsaCino gaxada WeSmariti demokratiis da-
17
debiTi mxareebi, magram, amasTanave warmoaCina misi sisusteebi. periklesi, aTenel-

Ta lideri mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi, iqca demokrati mmarTvelis WeSmarit sim-
bolod. mis dros Zveli akropolisis adgilas, romelic sparseleba daangries,
aigo axali, geniosi xelovanis, fidiasis xelmZRvanelobiT (es kompleqsi, miuxeda-
vad 1687 wels TurqTa batonobis dros gadatanili didi ngrevisa, dResac msof-
lio arqiteqturisa da xelovnebis Sedevrad rCeba), farTo gasaqani mieca xelov-
nebisa da kulturis TiTqmis yvela sferos. aTeni, Tavisi 150 000-mde mosaxleobiT,
adamianuri Semoqmedebis WeSmariti triumfis asparezad iqca. Znelia moinaxos
msoflioSi sxva iseTi qalaqi, romelsac saukunenaxevris ganmavlobaSi amdeni ge-
niosi mieca kacobriobisaTvis. rasakvirvelia, klasikis epoqa Zalze mniSvnelova-
ni iyo msoflio literaturis istoriisaTvis. am periodSi miaRwia antikurma
dramam (tragedia da komedia) ganviTarebis umaRles dones, mTeli brwyinvalebiT
warmodga antikuri filosofia, istoriografia, mWevrmetyveleba. klasika iyo
ara marto didi aRmavlobis epoqa, aramed xana polisuri saberZneTis daqveiTebi-
sac. es procesi ki peloponesis omis droidan (Zv.w. 431-05) daiwyo: sparta-aTenis
koaliciaTa dapirispirebam, berZenTa Soris gamarTulma sisxlismRvrelma brZo-
lebma TandaTanobiT Seamzada didi daqveiTebis safuZveli, rac kargad gamoiyena
jer filipe II-m, makedoniis mefem, xolo misi moulodneli sikvdilis Semdeg lo-
gikur dasasrulamde miiyvana aleqsandre makedonelma.
msoflio istoriaSi axali etapi daiwyo e l i n i s t u r i p e r i o d i T. Zv.w.
336 wels, mamis, filipe II-is moulodneli sikvdilis Semdeg Zalaufleba xelSi ai-
Ro aleqsandre III didma anu makedonelma. igi 19-20 wlis asakSi xdeba makedonia-
eladis mmarTveli da sul raRac cametiode wlis ganmavlobaSi radikalurad
cvlis Zveli samyaros ganviTarebis gzas. aleqsandrem miznad daisaxa msoflio sa-
xelmwifos Seqmna da sakuTari Zalauflebis gavrcelebiT aRmosavleT xmelTaSu-
azRvispireTidan indoeTamde, arsebiTad, Tavisi Canafiqris didi nawili ganaxor-
ciela. man Tavis msoflio saxelmwifos erTianobis sami principi daudo safuZ-
vlad: a) politikur-ekonomikuri, b) kulturuli da g) enobrivi. pirveli elinu-
ri polisuri mmarTvelobis decentralizebul sistemas upirispirdeboda da uf-
ro centralizebuli erTmmarTvelobis, erTiani politikur-ekonomikuri siv-
rcis Seqmnaze iyo orientirebuli. rac Seexeba kulturulsa da enobriv sfero-
ebs, aq upiratesoba elinur gzas mieca. berZnulma enam msoflio saxelmwifos Zi-
riTadi oficialuri enis statusi moipova, xolo elinuri kultura sxvadasxva
kulturuli tradiciebis sinTezis safuZvlad iqca. im faqtma, rom literaturu-
li produqciis Seqmnis sferoSi elinebs am periodisaTvis Zvel samyaroSi, faq-
tobrivad, konkurentebi ar hyavdaT, berZnuli literatura aleqsandres msof-
lio saxelmwifos dominantur fenomenad aqcia da mis Sesaswavlad Tu gasaviTa-
reblad Seiqmna umniSvnelovanesi centrebi afrikisa da aziis kontinentebze. mar-
Talia, aleqsandres gardacvalebis Semdeg misi imperia diadoqosebis (misi mim-
devrebis) mier ramdenime elinistur saxelmwifod gaiyo sakuTari dinastiebiTa
da mmarTvelobis struqturebiT, magram kulturul-enobrivi erTianobis prin-
cipma gauZlo saukuneebis gamocdas. Zveli samyaros cnobil biblioTekebsa da sa-
mecniero-kulturul centrebSi (aleqsandria _ egvipteSi, pergamoni _ Crdilo-
dasavleT anatoliaSi, antioqia _ centralur anatoliaSi da sxv.) farTo gasaqani
mieca literaturul process. am istoriul epoqas elinisturi ewoda XIX sau-
kuneSi swored imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom aleqsandres Semdeg Seiqmna sxvadasxva
eTnikuri warmomavlobisa Tu adgilobrivi enis mqone mravali xalxis erTian
kulturul sivrceSi gaerTianebis Sedegad elinurad molaparakeTa anu berZnu-
lis oficialur da kulturuli TviTgamoxatvis enad gamomyenebelTa veeberTela
areali. am epoqis (Zv.w. IV s. 30-iani wlebi _ Zv.w. I s.) ganmavlobaSi berZnulenovan
literaturaSi Zalze saintereso, xSirad winaaRmdegobrivi procesebi midioda.
18
es iyo xana, erTi mxriv, didi berZnuli literaturuli memkvidreobis Senaxvis,

seriozuli Seswavlisa, meore mxriv ki, eqsperimentebisa. Tu ar CavTvliT zogi-
erT mcire Janrs (mag. epilions), elinistur epoqaSi Caeyara safuZveli erTaderTi
didi literaturuli Janris, romanis, Seqmnas.
elinizmi Secvala r o m a u l i b a t o n o b i s epoqam. romma xangrZlivi gza
ganvlo Zv.w. 753 wlis 21 aprilidan (legendaruli tradiciis mixedviT, Zu mglis
mier gadarCenili romulusisa da remusis mier qalaq romis daarsebidan) msof-
lios istoriaSi udidesi romauli imperiis Seqmnamde, romelmac Zv.w. I saukunidan
TandaTanobiT Zveli samyaros udidesi nawili moicva. romaelebma mravali Zveli
xalxisagan gansxvavebiT SeZles berZnuli kulturis SemoqmedebiTi aTviseba da
ukve Zv.w. III saukunidan berZnulenovan literaturas gverdSi amouyenes laTinure-
novani literatura. marTalia, berZnuli literaturis Zlieri gavlenis piro-
bebSi, magram romauli literatura TandaTan ikrebda Zalas. ukve respublikis
epoqaSi (Zv.w. 510-31 ww.) man elinuri nawarmoebebis ubralo gadmolaTinurebidan
TandaTanobiT SeZlo mniSvnelovani simaRleebisaTvis mieRwia. xolo keisrebis
epoqaSi (Zv.w. 31 _ ax.w. V s.) misi roli imdenad izrdeba, rom am xanis mTel antikur
literaturas romauli batonobis epoqis literaturas vuwodebT. SeiZleba iT-
qvas, rom am epoqaSi romauli laTinurenovani da elinuri berZnulenovani lite-
raturis ganviTarebis gzebi xan scildeboda erTmaneTs, xan ki uaxlovdeboda. da,
mainc, gansakuTrebiT antikuri samyaros arsebobis bolo saukuneebSi, romelsac
gvianantikur periodsac uwodeben xolme, laTinur da berZnulenovan literatu-
ras mravali saerTo niSani aerTianebs.
amdenad, rogorc vxedavT, antikuri literaturis periodizaciisas ori prin-
cipi SeiZleba gaviTvaliswinoT:
a) movaxdinoT antikuri literaturis erTiani periodizacia.
b) movaxdinoT calke berZnuli da calke romauli literaturis periodiza-
cia.
SevecadoT am principTa gaTvaliswinebiT warmovadginoT berZnul-romauli
literaturis periodebad dayofis sami varianti.
antikuri literaturis periodebi

I elinuri periodi (Zv.w. VIII-IV s. 30-iani wlebi). am periodSi eqceva mxolod ber-
Znulenovani literatura, romelic berZnebiT dasaxlebul teritoriaze iqmne-
boda. am droisaTvis, faqtobrivad, laTinurenovani literatura jer ar arse-
bobs.
II elinisturi periodi (Zv.w. IV s. 30-iani wlebi _ I s.). am periodSi eqceva berZnu-
lenovani literatura, romelic iqmneba aleqsandre makedonelis mier Seqmnili
msoflio saxelmwifos teritoriaze da romauli laTinurenovani literatura,
romelic Tavisi SinaarsiT, metwilad sakmaod axloa am epoqis elinurenovan li-
teraturasTan.
III romauli batonobis periodi (Zv.w. I _ ax.w. V ss.). am periodSi eqceva laTinure-
novani literatura, romelmac TviTmyofadobis sakmaod maRal xarisxs miaRwia
da berZnulenovani literatura, romlisTvisac saukeTeso saukuneebi ZiriTadad
warsulSi eqceva.
berZnuli literaturis periodebi

I geometriuli renesansis periodi (Zv.w. IX-VIII s.).
II arqaikis periodi (Zv.w.VII-VI ss.).
III klasikis periodi (Zv.w. V-IV s. 30-iani wlebi).
IV elinisturi (elinizmis) periodi (Zv.w. IV s. 30-iani wlebi _ I s.).
19
V romauli batonobis periodi (Zv.w. I s. _ ax.w. V s.).

VI gvianantikuri periodi (ax.w. IV-V s.).
romauli literaturis periodebi

I respublikis periodi (Zv.w. V-I ss.).
II klasikuri periodi (Zv.w. I s. _ ax.w. V)
masSi gamoiyofa: a) àvgustusis xana~, romelic Zv.w. 30-iani wlebidan iwyeba;
b) keisrebis periodi (ax.w. I s. 10-iani wlebi _ V s.), am ukanasknelSi gamoiyofa gvia-
nantikuri periodi (IV-V ss.).
20 berZnuli literatura
berZnuli literatura
berZnuli literatura, rogorc antikuri mwerlobis safuZveli, ramdenime

iseTi TaviseburebiT xasiaTdeba, romelTagan jer romaulma, xolo Semdgom ev-
ropulma literaturam bevri ram imemkvidra. SevexoT zogierT maTgans:
b e r Z n u l i m i T o l o g i a antikuri literaturis erT-erT umniSvnelo-
vanes sayrdens warmoadgens. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom berZnuli da romauli litera-
turis saukeTeso nimuSTa didi nawili miTologiur informacias gamoiyenebs.
marTalia, Zveli samyaros mravali regionis (egvipte, SuamdinareTi, anatolia)
xalxebma Seqmnes miTebi, magram maTi mxatvrul kulturaSi transformaciis mas-
StabebiT, formebiTa da xarisxiT antikuri samyaro savsebiT gansakuTrebul mov-
lenas warmoadgens.
ra aris miTi da, kerZod, ras warmoadgens berZnuli miTologia? miTis mraval-
ricxovani definiciebidan yvelaze misaRebad mimaCnia ubralo ganmarteba: miTi
aris gansakuTrebuli mniSvnelobis mqone tradiciuli ambavi. am TiTqosda savse-
biT elementarul ganmartebaSi Zalze bevria naTqvami: a) miTs ar hyavs avtori. Se-
sabamisad, aq ar moqmedebs Cveulebrivi mimarTeba avtori (= gadamcemi) → audito-
ria (= mimRebi). miTs xalxi aRiqvams Tavisi koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis nayofad, aq
Tavad xalxia gadamcemic da mimRebic, b) miTi ar aris nawarmoebi; igi aris mxo-
lod informaciuli sqema raRac movlenis an romeliRac gmiris Sesaxeb. Sesabami-
sad, igi mxolod ambavia, romlis gadmocema SeiZleba moxdes nebismier enaze er-
Tnairi warmatebiT, yovelgvari mxatvruli Targmanis gareSe. amdenad, miTis siu-
Jeti Cvens SegnebaSi realizebulia raRac metaenis doneze, romelic mkveTrad ga-
mijnulia Tavisi universalobiT mxatvruli literaturis enisagan, g) miTi SeiZ-
leba gadmocemdes nebismier ambavs, romelic Tavisi mniSvnelovnebis gamo tradi-
ciam adamianTa Taobebis maxsovrobaSi dafiqsirebis Rirsad miiCnia. amdenad, miTi
aris ara marto koleqtiuri Semoqmedebis, aramed koleqtiuri SerCevis produq-
tic. tradiciuli ambis impulsi SeiZleba gaxdes religiuri Tu sakulto war-
modgenebi, garkveuli istoriuli movlenebi, calkeul pirTa saqmeebi. miTTa
Txzvis procesSi xdeba maTi transformacia miTologiuri xedvis Sesabamisad.
ra aris am xedvis umTavresi damaxasiaTebeli niSnebi. mravalTagan minda gamov-
yo mxolod ori: 1. miTologiuri msoflaRqmis principi, romelzedac zemoT Seva-
CereT yuradReba. igi ganapirobebs miTSi realurisa da ararealuris, droSi gan-
sazRvrulisa da ganusazRvrelis saocar urTierTSexamebas, suliersa da usu-
los Soris, faqtobrivad, yovelgvari sazRvris moSlas, sxvadasxva xasiaTis mov-
lenebis, adgilebis, sagnebis, fizikuri sxeulebisa Tu stiqiebis erTdroulad
or planSi – realurad da personificirebulad – aRqmas, erTi jgufis movlena-
Ta, arsebaTa Tu saganTa Tvisebebis sxvebze gadatanas da a.S., rac miTSi SesaZleb-
lad da dasaSvebad xdis yovelives, iseve rogorc zRaparSi. magram am ukanaskne-
lisagan gansxvavebiT, miTi saxeldebis konkretulobiT (aq yvelas da yvelafers
Tavisi saxeli hqvia) da movlenaTa droSi Tanamimdevrobis gansazRvrisaken
swrafviT gamoirCeva; es ki warmogvidgeba ukve rogorc realobis asaxvis cda da,
zRaprisagan gansxvavebiT, gaiazreba ara rogorc gamonagoni ambavi, aramed ro-
gorc samyaros ìstoriis~ miTopoeturi gadmocema; 2. informaciis siuJeturi
organizaciis principi anu miTologiuri konfliqtis struqtura. miTi gamoir-
Ceva moqmedebis ganviTarebis programis (Tu programaTa) saocari erTianobiT.

mravali miTi SeiZleboda dagveyvana ori argumentis (A da B) urTierTmimarTeba-
ze, romlebic gamoxatuli SeiZleba iyos RmerTis, mokvdavis, qalaqis, qveynis da
a.S. saxiT. aqedan pirveli (A) aRWurvilia negatiuri funqciiT (FX) (moZaladea, fi-
cisgamtexia, borotia da a.S.), xolo meore – pozitiuriT (Fy) pirvelTan mimarTe-
baSi, anu dapirispirebulia A-s negatiur funqciasTan (FX). konfliqti amgvarad
viTardeba: Tuki arguments, romelic aRWurvilia negatiuri funqciiT (gamovsa-
xoT is maTematikuri logikis simboloTi Semdegnairad FX(A)), daupirispirda ar-
gumenti, romelic aRWurvilia dadebiTi funqciiT – FX(B), maSin es ukanaskneli ax-
dens pirvelis neitralizacias (klavs, amarcxebs, akargvinebs Zalas da a.S.), ris
Semdegac odindeli pozitiuri funqciis mqone argumenti Tavad aRiWurveba nega-
tiuri funqciiT – FX(B) da mas upirispirdeba odindeli uaryofiTi funqciis
mqone saxeSecvlili argumenti (A-s interesebis damcveli, memkvidre da a.S.) –
Fy(A+1), romelic aRiWurveba dadebiTi funqciiT. Tuki gamoviyenebT maTematiku-
ri logikis kidev ramdensame simbolos (→ implikaciis niSani, Tuki..., maSin...; Z da-
pirispirebis niSani;  negaciis, neitralizaciis niSani; + gamomdinareobis niSani),
moqmedebis zemoTganxiluli programa Semdegi formulis saxiT SegviZlia warmo-
vadginoT:
FX(A) Z Fy(B) → Fy(B)  FX(A) ├ FX(B) Z Fy(A+1)
konfliqtis am struqturis universaloba, Cemi azriT, ganpirobebulia imiT,
rom masSi ganzogadebulia kacobriobis mTeli gamocdileba da, me vityodi, daWe-
rilia samyarosa da sazogadoebaSi mimdinare procesebis umaRlesi kanonzomie-
reba: yvelaferi daiyvaneba opoziciur argumentTa funqciebis mudmiv monacvle-
obaze erTmaneTTan mimarTebaSi. warmodgenili struqturiT, erTi mxriv, miTi am
procesis usasrulobaze migvaniSnebs, xolo, meore mxriv, konkretul ambavSi ar-
gumentebsa da funqciebs Soris urTierTmimarTebis wriuli xasiaTiT movlenaTa
ganviTarebas sasrul xasiaTs aZlevs.
rodesac vlaparakobT miTze, vgulisxmobT ara aucileblad ambis raRac gansa-
kuTrebul Tematikas, aramed imas, rom miTTa Txzvis procesSi nebismieri infor-
macia (maT Soris istoriuli movlenebis amsaxvelic) transformirdeba moqmede-
bis ganviTarebis konkretuli programis Sesabamisad da masSi moxvedrili yvela
personaJi, sagani Tu movlena funqcionirebas iwyebs miTologiuri msoflaRqmis
principTa Sesabamisad.
jer kidev didi berZnuli literaturis aRmocenebamde anu homerosamde da he-
siodemde berZen aedTa mTelma Taobebma monaxes erTgvari sayrdenebi, romelTa
garSemo iwyes dajgufeba calkeulma ambebma. rogorc Cans, amgvar sayrdenad Teo-
goniis sferoSi iyo centraluri RmerTi da mis garSemo dajgufebuli Taoba uk-
vdavTa – misi mravalricxovani memkvidreni. mravali am warmodgenaTa da miTTa
Soris, rasakvirvelia, ukve mikenur epoqaSive iqneboda cnobili, magram `bnel
wlebSi~ isini mniSvnelovnad viTardebodnen da saxes icvlidnen. SesaZloa, ukve
mikenelTa iniciativa iyo TavianTi indoevropuli RmerTi zevsi – romelic Tav-
dapirvelad ganasaxierebda sinaTles, xolo egeidaSi mediteranuli miTologiu-
ri gavlenebis Sedegad Weqa-quxils daukavSirda – moeqciaT RvTiuri Zalaufle-
bis saTaveSi. yovelSemTxvevisaTvis, zevsi da misi meuRle hera ukve B-xazovan war-
werebSi figurireben.
albaT, `bneli wlebisaTvis~ ukve Zalze popularuli iyo miTi sam Zmas _ zevss,
poseidonsa da hadess (aidess) Soris sami sknelis ganawilebaze – zecisa da adami-
anebiT dasaxlebuli samyarosi, zRvis da miwisqveSeTis. aseve sakmaod gavrcele-
buli unda yofiliyo miTebi uranosisa da geas, kronosisa da reas Taobebis
RmerTTa Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, sakmaod Zvelia olimposis mTaze damkvidrebul
RmerTTa Sesaxeb warmodgena da rwmena 12 olimpieli RmerTisa. TiToeul am
RmerTs daukavSirda ganmgeblobis sruliad garkveuli sfero, romelic zevsis

nebiT aris marTuli: zevss (laTinur tradiciaSi – iupiteri) – kanoniereba, heras
(iuno) – qorwinebebi da bavSvTa gaCena, poseidons (neptunusi) – zRvis stiqia da
miwis ryeva, demetres (keresi) – dedamiwis nayofiereba, apolons (apolo) – xelov-
neba da medicina, mzis sinaTle, artemiss (diana) – nadiroba, hefestoss (vulkanu-
si) – cecxli da mWedloba, aTena palass (minerva) – sibrZne, aress (marsi) – omi, af-
rodites (venusi) – silamaze da siyvaruli, hermess (merkuriusi) – RmerTTa Sik-
rikoba, mogzauroba, sulTa Tanxleba da a.S., hestias (vesta) – ojaxuri kera. maT
zogni mecameted umateben gardacvlilTa sulebis samkvidreblis ganmgebels –
plutons an hadess (orkuss an diss).
rogorc Cans, berZnuli miTologiis cnobebi zevsis mravalricxovan SvilTa
mravalricxovani dedisagan Sobis Taobaze miuTiTebs berZenTa uzenaesi RmerTis
garSemo yvela RvTiuri Zalis savsebiT Segnebulad dajgufebaze. zevsi ukavSir-
deba Zvel RvTaebebs, sxvadasxva sawyisTa mfarvelebs da maTgan Sobs axal Rmer-
Tebs, romelnic amave sawyisebs ganasaxiereben, magram ukve sakuTriv elinuri uze-
naesi RmerTis memkvidreebad da nebis Semsruleblad gvevlinebian.
ukvdav RmerTTa odenoba, berZnuli miTologiis mixedviT, erTob didia. Tu
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom yoveli mnaTobi – mze (heliosi), mTvare (selene) da a.S. mi-
TologiisaTvis RvTiuri sferosagan ganuyofelia, rom amave sferos ganekuTvne-
bian ciklopebi (kiklopebi), asxela urCxulebi, xvedris anu bedisweris qalRmer-
Tebi – moirebi da sxva mravali, naTeli gaxdeba, Tu raoden Zneli iqneboda maTi
moqceva erTian sistemaSi, gansazRvra TiToeuli maTganis mimarTebebisa sxvebTan.
miT umetes, rom klasikur berZnul miTologiaSi moxvedrili RmerTebis absolu-
turi umetesoba araberZnuli, ZiriTadad, winaberZnuli warmoSobisaa. rogorc
Cans, ukve `bneli wlebis~ miTTa mTxzvelebi da aedebi cdilobdnen garkveuli wes-
rigis damyarebas berZnul panTeonSi, magram es mxolod mogvianebiT ganaxorcie-
les SesaSuri ostatobiT homerosma, hesiodem da maTma mimdevrebma.1 rac Seexeba
mokvdavTa Sesaxeb Tqmulebebs, maTTvis sayrdeni xdeboda, an romelime cnobili
miTologiuri gmiris saxe, an raRac mniSvnelovani movlena, an qalaqi, romelTanac
iyo dakavSirebuli ganTqmul gmirTa mravali Taoba. pirvel SemTxvevaSi gansa-
kuTrebiT gamoikveTa sami gmiris: persevsis, heraklesa da Tesevsis figurebi.
persevsi, romelic danaesa da zevsis Svilia, rogorc es miTologiur gmirebs
Seefereba, mraval Wirs daiTmens. uCveuloa misi gaCena – winaswarmetyvelebiT Se-
Sinebuli argosis mefe akrisiosi Tavis qaliSvils danaes da axladgaCenil Svi-
liSvils, romelic oqros wvimis saxiT movlenili zevsisagan iRo muclad danaem,
xis kidobanSi Caketavs da zRvaSi gadaisvris. kunZul serifosze gamoriyulni,
isini adgilobrivi mefis polideqtesis xelSi Cavardebian. mas danaes SerTva
surs da amasTanave unda Tavidan moiSoros persevsi, romelsac umZimes davalebas
miscems – moutanos gorgo meduzas Tavi, romlis mzera yvelas aqvavebs. RmerTTa
daxmarebiT persevsi asrulebs am davalebas. ukan dabrunebuli eTiopelTa sanapi-
roze mSobelTa mier zRvis saSineli urCxulisaTvis msxverplad Sewirul lamaz
andromedas daixsnis da mas colad SeirTavs. serifosze polideqtess da mis mem-
kvidres gaaqvavebs gorgona meduzas TaviT, romelsac Semdeg qalRmerT aTenas
aCuqebs da amieridan igi mis egiss amSvenebs. rogorc bedisweriT iyo gansazRvru-
li, argosSi persevsi uneburad klavs Tavis papas – akrisioss. mas miaweren miTebi
tirinsis mbrZaneblobas da mikenis daarsebas. TqmulebaSi persevsze uxvadaa zRa-
pruli elementebi (mfrinavi sandlebi, urCxulebTan brZolebi da a.S.) da yoveli-
ve es, rogorc Cans, swored erTi gmiris garSemo mravali, SesaZloa, Tavidan er-
1
berZnuli miTebis detaluri gadmocema, yvela variantis fiqsaciiTa da vrceli komentarebiT
ix. seriaSi: berZnuli miTebis samyaro (aT wignad), 1998 – 2002 ww.
TmaneTTan sruliad daukavSirebeli ambebis gaerTianebis surviliT aris ganpi-

robebuli.
yvelaze popularuli gmiri berZnuli miTologiisa uciloblad heraklea
(romaul tradiciaSi – herkulesi). igic zevsis vaJia, romelic alkmenem, mikenidan
TebeSi ltolvili amfitrionis meuRlem, Sva. igi sruliad Cvili axrCobs xele-
biT zevsis eWviani colis heras mier gamogzavnil or gvels. Semdeg mas uxdeba sa-
kuTari siSmagis Sedegad Cadenili Secodebebis araerTgzis gamosyidva sxvadas-
xva mmarTvelTa karze samsaxuriT. yvelaze cnobilia mis mier Cadenili Tormeti
sagmiro saqme mikenis mefis – evrisTevsis davalebiT: 1) nemeuri lomis mokvla,
romlis tyavsac atarebda Semdeg igi samosad, 2) lernes cxraTaviani hidras –
wylis gvelis mokvla, 3) qariviT Cqari kireneuli fur-irmis daWera, romelsac
igi mTel weliwads dasdevda, 4) erimanTosis taxis Zleva, 5) stimfaliuri frinve-
lis damarcxeba, romelic Tavis frTebs isrebad xmarobda, 6) avgeasis ukiduresad
dabinZurebuli Tavlis ganwmenda, 7) kretis veluri xaris daokeba, 8) TrakielTa
mefis diomedesis cxenebis damorCileba, 9) amaZonTa dedoflis hipolites sar-
tyelis mopoveba evrisTevsis asulisaTvis, 10) gerionevsis naxiris ukidures da-
savleTSi mdebare kunZulidan gamorekva, 11) aseve dasavleTidan, hesperidebis ba-
Ridan vaSlis mopoveba, 12) hadesis darajis, saSineli ZaRlis, kerberosis (cerbe-
ris) miwisqveSeTidan amoyvana. am uaRresad rTul davalebaTa Sesrulebisas mas
uamravi faTerakis gadatana mouxda, droebiT TviT atlasis Senacvleba cis TaRis
dasaWerad. herakles sxva saqmeebic miewereboda – argonavtebis laSqrobaSi mona-
wileoba, troas dangreva, RmerTTa gigantebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi monawileo-
ba. igi erT xans lidiis dedofal omfalesTanac ki iyo monad da yvelaze damamci-
rebel qalur saqmeebsac akeTebda. igi emsxverpla kentavr nesosis mier herakles
colis deianirasaTvis micemul, misi sisxliT avsebuli WurWlis Sxams, romelic
SecdomaSi Seyvanilma qalma herakles siyvarulis dasabruneblad gamoiyena. saSi-
neli da xangrZlivi wamebis Tavidan asacileblad heraklem Tavi daiwva. magram
zevsma igi gaaRmerTa da mas olimposis mkvidrTa Soris daudo bina.
Tesevsi berZnuli Tqmulebebis kidev erTi centraluri figuraa. egevsis sru-
liad axalgazrda Ze Tavisi surviliT gaemgzavra kretaze, minosTan Semzaravi xa-
ris Tavis mqone arsebis, minotavrosis dasaZlevad, romelic yovelwliurad aTe-
nel bavSvebs iTxovda SesaWmelad. minosis asul ariadnes daxmarebiT igi Tavs ga-
arTmevs labirinTis daburdul koridorebs da moklavs minotavrs. Tesevss Cade-
nili hqonda sxva sagimro saqmeebic. saSineli yaCaRis pitiokamptesis, sastiki
prokrustes, gareuli mtacebeli cxovelebis Zleva. man SecdomiT, Tavisi axal-
gazrda colis fedras ciliswamebis gamo, romelsac sakuTari geri hipolitosi
Seuyvarda, dawyevla da sasikvdilod gawira Tavisi udanaSaulo vaJiSvili. Te-
sevss aTenis gonieri mmarTvelis saxeli hqonda damkvidrebuli.
axla SevexoT im Tqmulebebs, romelnic qmnian ciklebs garkveuli movlenis
garSemo. aqac SeiZleba gamoiyos sami umTavresi cikli.
a. Tebes cikli moicavs kadmosis mier daarsebuli beotiis mTavari qalaqis
tragizmiT aRsavse ambebs. Tebes mefe laioss im winaswarmetyvelebis SiSiT, rom
mas Tavisive Ze moklavda, axalgaCenili vaJiSvili sasikvdilod gaumetebia, magram
misma msaxurma sibralulis gamo ver Seasrula mefis brZaneba da ver mokla Cvili
bavSvi. igi, mitovebuli Sors mTaSi, korinTosis mwyemsma ipova da Tavis uSvilo
mefes – poliboss mihgvara, romelmac mas SeSupebuli fexebis gamo oidiposi anu
SeSupebulfexa Searqva da sakuTar Svilad gazarda. magram oidiposma, roca Se-
ityo winaswarmetyveleba, rom mas mamis mokvla da dedis colad SerTva ewera, da-
tova korinTosi. bedisweras oidiposi Tebesaken mihyavs. gzaSi SemTxveviT atexil
CxubSi igi klavs Tavis mamas laioss. Semdgom aTavisuflebs Tebes saSineli ur-
Cxulis – sfinqsisagan, radgan amoxsnis mis gamocanas. umefod darCenili madlieri
Tebelebi mas mefis taxts SesTavazeben, xolo misi coli xdeba daqvrivebuli
dedofali iokaste, oidiposis namdvili deda. WeSmariteba gairkveva gvian, rode-
sac oidiposs sakuTari dedisagan SeeZineba Svilebi. magram sagvareulo ubedure-
ba amiT ar Tavdeba. oidiposis vaJiSvilebi eteoklesi da polinikesi Zalaufle-
bis gamo mtrad gauxdebian erTmaneTs. Tebedan ltolvili polinikesi Tavisi
mSobliuri qalaqis winaaRmdeg daZravs jarebs Svidi cnobili gmiris meTauro-
biT, magram sastikad damarcxdeba. Zmebi erTmaneTs klaven brZolaSi. SvidTa Tebes
winaaRmdeg laSqrobis monawileTa STamomavalni – epigonebi – iZieben Surs mame-
bisaTvis da Semdeg TaobaSi miwasTan gaasworeben Tebes.
b. argonavtebis ciklis ambebi ukve berZenTa qveynis gareT Catarebul Soreul
sazRvao eqspediciaze mogviTxrobs. boroti dedinacvlisagan ganwirul da-Zmas
friqsossa da heles deda nefele mouvlens saocar oqros verZs, romelic maT aia-
saken anu kolxeTisaken gadaafrens. gzaSi simaRliT Tavbrudaxveuli hele Cavar-
deba zRvaSi da am adgils amieridan helespontosi1 ewoda. kolxeTis mefem friq-
sosi kargad miiRo. verZis sikvdilis Semdeg misi oqros sawmisi dakides aresis
WalaSi da mas saSineli gveli miuCines darajad. magram sawmiss ar ewera aq samu-
damod darCena. TesaliaSi mdebare iolkosis mefem, peliasma, romelmac ukanonod
waarTva Tavis Zmas, esons, taxti, gadawyvita Tavidan moeSorebina iasoni, Tavisi
ZmisSvili, romelic misgan malulad aRizarda da axla, davaJkacebuli, kuTvnili
taxtis ukan dabrunebas sTxovda moxucebul biZas. davaleba, romlis aRsrulebis
Semdegac peliasi iasons taxts dauTmobda, Zalze rTuli iyo – oqros sawmisis
kolxeTidan Camotana. iasoni agebs xomalds àrgos~, krebs mis ekipaJs – argonav-
tebs (àrgos mezRvaurebs~) cnobil berZen gmirTagan da gaeSureba faTerakebiT
aRsavse gziT miznis aRsasruleblad. mravali xifaTisa da dabrkolebis gadata-
nis Semdeg, igi miaRwevs kolxeTs. aq argonavtTa meTaurs Seiyvarebs kolxeTis me-
fis grZneuli asuli medea, romlis daxmarebiTac iasoni Tavs gaarTmevs aietis
damRupvel pirobebs, moitacebs oqros sawmiss da masTan erTad Tan waiyvans mede-
asac. xangrZlivi xetialis Semdeg isini miaRweven saberZneTs, sadac medea Tavisi
magiuri xelovnebis wyalobiT sastikad imsxverplebs peliass. iasoni da medea iZ-
ulebulni arian Tavi korinToss Seafaron. aq iasoni adgilobrivi mefis kreonis
asulis kreusas colad SerTvas da medeas mitovebas gadawyvets. kolxi asulis
sastik SurisZiebas emsxverplebian kreusa, kreoni da medeasa da iasonis Svilebi.
g. yvelaze popularuli TqmulebaTa Soris mainc troas cikli iyo. Tetisis da
pelevsis qorwilze erisi – ganxeTqilebis RmerTi – vaSls Seagorebs, romelic
ulamazesisaTvis aris gankuTvnili. heras, aTenas da afrodites – am `prizis~ mTa-
var `pretendentebs~ – zevsi davis gadasawyvetad troas mefis, priamosis, vaJTan,
parisTan, romelsac aleqsandrossac eZaxdnen, gaagzavnis. qalRmerTTa dapirebebs
Soris Wabuk aleqsandross yvelaze metad afrodites SemoTavazeba moewoneba,
romelic mas colad ulamazes qals aRuTqvams. vaSli afrodites ergo. `parisis
samsjavros~ Semdeg heram da aTenam samudamod Seijavres troa da troelebi. ram-
denime xnis Semdeg afrodite Seusrulebs pariss danapirebs da spartis mefesTan,
menelaosTan, romelic imxanad saxlSi ar imyofeboda, stumrad misuls mis cols,
mSvenier elenes moatacebinebs. afroditesagan parisisadmi Zlieri siyvaruliT
anTebuli elene tovebs yvelafers da troas mefis vaJs wahyveba. es gaxdeba omis
mizezi. ramdenadac aqavelebs fici hqondaT dadebuli, rom amgvar SemTxvevaSi er-
Tiani ZalebiT daicavdnen simarTles, agamemnonis, menelaosis ufrosi Zmis, xel-
mZRvanelobiT aqavelTa jari troas dasalaSqrad gaeSureba uamravi xomaldiT.
im drois yvela cnobili gmiri monawileobda am omSi: mokvdavi mamis pelevsisa da
ukvdavi dedis Tetisis Ze aqilevsi, pelevsis Zis Semdeg uZlieresi aias telamonis
1
helespontos – berZnulad heles zRvas niSnavs.
Ze, moxuci nestori, gamWriaxi odisevsi, ficxi da mamaci diomedesi da mravali

sxva. bevri ram daiTmines aqavelebma, vidre troas miaRwevdnen. agamemnonma xelsay-
reli qarisaTvis Tavisi asuli ifigeniac ki Seswira msxverplad RmerTs. aT weli-
wads gagrZelda omi. priamosis Ze, gmiri heqtori, misi biZaSvili, anqisesisa da
qalRmerT afrodites vaJi, eneasi da kidev mravali gmiri, troeli Tu mokavSire
qveynebidan mosuli, ibrZoda troas anu ilionis dasacavad. aqilevsTan Serkinebi-
sas daiRupa troelTa burji heqtori, gangmires TviT aqilevsic. kidev bevri sis-
xli daiRvara da bolos, qalaqi aqavelebma RmerTisagan Cagonebuli eSmakobis
wyalobiT aiRes. maT, TiTqosda omis dasrulebis niSnad, aages didi xis cxeni, ro-
melSic cnobili aqaveli gmirebi Caimalnen, Tavad ki xomaldebiT zRvaSi gavidnen.
troelebma, maTi qurumis laokoonis gafrTxilebis miuxedavad, Seitanes xis cxe-
ni qalaqSi da amisaTvis sastikad daisajnen. RamiT aqaveli gmirebi gamovidnen
`troas cxenidan~, gauRes karebebi ukan mobrunebul TanamebrZolebs da miwasTan
gaaswores Tavzardacemuli qalaqi. ar iyo erTnairad warmatebuli aqavelTa ukan
dabruneba troadan. Tuki menelaosma, nestorma da sxvebma bednierad miaRwies Ta-
vianT samSoblos, odisevsma, poseidonisagan devnilma, kidev aT weliwads ixetia-
la, vidre iTakaSi dabrundeboda. tragikuli sikvdili eloda agamemnons mikenSi.
aq igi mzakvrulad mokles misma colma klitemnestram da biZaSvilma egisTosma,
romelic atrevsis Zis meuRlis sayvareli iyo. magram agamemnonis sikvdili ar
SerCa codvilT: malulad gazrdili agamemnonis Ze orestesi brundeba samSob-
loSi da klavs egisToss da sakuTar dedas – klitemnestras.
bunebrivia, Cven mier sqematurad gadmocemuli TiToeuli Tqmuleba, Tavis
mxriv, mdidari iyo mravalricxovani epizodebiT, miTebiT, romelTa gadmocema
Zalze Sors wagviyvanda. amas emateba berZnul miTologiaSi cnobili mravali
izolirebuli siuJeti, ambavi, romelnic aseve ipyroben yuradRebas TavianTi Si-
naarsiT. swored es ambebi asazrdoebdnen bneli wlebis poetTa simRerebs, aRag-
znebdnen maT niWsa da fantazias. meore mxriv, advili SesamCnevia, rom es miTebi
aerTianebdnen eTnikurad da kulturulad aqavelebs; isini moicavdnen gmirTa
epoqis mTel berZnulenovan samyaros. TiTqmis yvela olqis, yvela cnobili dasax-
lebis mkvidrs SeeZlo eTqva, rom Turme misma winaprebma troas omSi an argos eq-
spediciaSi miiRes monawileoba, anda isini Sexvedrian herakles an persevss da a.S.
yovelive es qmnida im eTnikur, kulturulsa da fsiqologiur erTianobas, rom-
lis saxelwodeba èliniT~ iyo gansazRvruli. swored amitom miTebi berZnebi-
saTvis iyo, albaT, imaze ufro meti, rac Zveli samyaros mravali sxva xalxisaTvis,
isini maTi erovnuli TviTSegnebis formirebis umniSvnelovanes wyaros warmoad-
gendnen.
berZnuli miTologia romaelebmac SeiTvises da elinTa RmerTebis da gmirebis
sakmaod did nawils adgilobrivi _ italikuri Tu etruskuli _ an laTinizebu-
li saxelebi mourges. evropam es saxelwodebebi orive anu berZnuli da laTinuri
wyaroebidan imemkvidra. amitom miTologiuri saxelebis gadmocemis orgvari
tradicia Cveulebrivi movlenaa Tanamedrove msoflioSi. dRes upiratesad ber-
Znul literaturul wyaroebze msjelobisas elinur, xolo romaulze laTinize-
bul miTologiur saxelebs viyenebT. Sesabamisad, imis mixedviT, berZeni avtoris
nawarmoebs vixilavT, Tu romaelisas, gveqneba zevsi an iupiteri, hera an iuno (iu-
nona), poseidoni an neptunusi, demetre an keresi, artemisi an diana, hefestosi an
vulkanusi, aTena an minerva, aresi an marsi, afrodite an venusi, hermesi an merku-
riusi, hestia an vesta da a.S.
J a n r e b i d a l i t e r a t u r u l i d i a l e q t e b i. rogorc ukve aRi-

niSna, antkiur samyaroSi Seiqmna literaturis yvela ZiriTadi Janri: eposi, li-
rika, drama (tragedia da komedia), romani. maTi saTaveSi yofnis pativi berZen av-
torebs xvdaT wilad. amitomac sami Janris saxelmdebelni Tavad elinebi iyvnen.
e p o s i berZnulad `sityvas~ niSnavs (e[po"), Tumca, albaT, ukve uZvelesi periodi-
dan moyolebuli termini gamoiyeneboda leqsad Camoyalibebuli informaciis
gadmomcemi vrceli nawarmoebis mimarT. am Janrs berZnebi epopeasac uwodebdnen,
rac aseve berZnulad èpikur qmnilebas~ gulisxmobs. am Janris warmomadgenelTa
nawarmoebebis aRsaniSnad epossa da epopeasTan erTad gamoviyenebT agreTve ber-
Znul termins poema (qmnileba). l i r i k a warmoadgens berZnuli `lirikos~ an
`lirikuli (mwerali)~ zedsarTavidan nawarmoeb formativs da aRniSnavda im sim-
Rerebs, romlebic liris TanxlebiT sruldeboda. TandaTanobiT igi Caenacvla
mcire leqsebis sxvadasxva jgufebis aRsaniSnavad gamoyenebuli terminebs da Ta-
namedrove literaturaTmcodneobaSi mTeli Janris aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneba.
d r a m a warmomdgaria berZnuli zmnidan `vmoqmedeb~ da aRniSnavs imas, rac moq-
medebiT gadmoicema. aseve berZnulis niadagzea aRmocenebuli am Janris ori um-
Tavresi saxeobis tragedia da komedia saxelwodebebic, razec qvemoT SevaCerebT
yuradRebas. erTaderTi Janri, romelic, marTalia, aseve berZnuli literaturis
wiaRSi aRmocenda, magram romelsac ar hqvia antikuri saxeli, r o m a n i , aris
Sua saukuneebis termini da igi Tavdapirvelad aRniSnavda romanul xalxur enaze
Seqmnil nawarmoebs. Zveli berZnebi am Janris nawarmoebebs aRniSnavdnen terminiT
drama, xolo romaelebi _ fabula an argumentebi.
ucilobeli WeSmaritebaa, rom elinuri mwerloba iqmneboda berZnul enaze,
magram garkveul periodamde berZnebs ar hqoniaT erTiani saliteraturo ena. ama
Tu im JanrisaTvis prioritetuli iyo romeliRac erTi l i t e r a t u r u l i
d i a l e q t i. mxolod elinisturi epoqidan iwyo Camoyalibeba erTianma oficia-
lurma saerTo enam anu koinem. Tumca klasikuri tradiciis wyalobiT, berZnul
samyaroSi dRemde grZeldeba e.w. enobrivi gaorebis anu diglosiis problema.
saqme isaa, rom elinisturi epoqidan berZnul enaSi iwyeba mniSvnelovani cvlile-
bebi, rogorc fonetikis, aseve morfologiisa da sintaqsis doneebze. es tran-
sformacia sul ufro da ufro sagrZnobi xdeboda xalxur, Cveulebriv sasaubro
enaSi, magram mwerlebi kidev didxans cdilobdnen Zveli normebis SenarCunebas.
sasaubro da oficialur enaTa WidilSi gamoiara berZnulma enam jer gviananti-
kuri, Semdeg bizantiuri, postbizantiuri da bolos, Tavisi ganviTarebis axali
periodi. amJamad e.w. domitiki (demotike) anu xalxuri e.i. Cveulebrivi sasaubro
ena saberZneTSi aRiarebulia oficialur enad, magram, marTalia, bevrad SezRu-
dulad, vidre XVIII-XIX saukuneebSi da TviT XX saukunis samocian wlebamde, mainc
gamoiyeneba paralelurad kaTarevusa anu sufTa ena, romelic sakmaod miaxloebu-
lia morfologiisa da sintaqsis sferoSi Zvel berZnuls. magram davubrundeT an-
tikurobas. elinistur epoqamde aq oTxi berZnuli literaturuli dialeqti
cirkulirebda da TiToeuls, arsebiTad, monopolia hqonda im Janrze, romlis
warmoSobac am dialeqtis gavrcelebis arealTan iyo dakavSirebuli: i o n i u -
r i a n u e p i k u r i d i a l e q t i (vrceldeboda Tanamedrove TurqeTis anu
mcire aziis samxreT dasavleT sanapirosa da mimdebare kunZulebze) TiTqmis nor-
matiuli iyo eposisaTvis da deklamaciuri lirikisaTvis, e o l i u r i d i a -
l e q t i (vrceldeboda mcire aziis Crdilo dasavleT sanapiros da mimdebare
kunZulebze), gansakuTrebiT misi lesbosuri kilo TiTqmis normatuli iyo pi-
rovnuli sasimRero lirikisaTvis; doriuli (vrceldeboda lakonikesa da saber-
ZneTis zogierT sxva regionebSi) _ sagundo lirikisaTvis, atikuri (ioniuris sa-
xeoba, vrceldeboda aTensa da atikis teritoriaze) _ dramis sadialogo partie-
bisaTvis. jer ioniuri da Semdeg upiratesad atikuri gamoiyeneboda berZnuli
istoriografiuli, filosofiuri da mWevrmetyveluri xasiaTis prozaSi. amde-
nad, klasikuri epoqis elinur mwerlobaSi oTxi literaturuli dialeqti
vrceldeboda. mwerals rom moendomebina sxvadasxva Janris nawarmoebebis Seqmna,
mas unda gamoeyenebina sxvadasxva dialeqti. am TvalsazrisiT saintereso suraTs

gvTavazobs klasikuri berZnuli drama. aq sadialogo partiebi atikur dialeqts,
xolo sagundo doriuls gamoiyenebda.
l e q s T w y o b a. antikuri leqsTwyoba Tavisi sruli saxiT, faqtobrivad,
berZnul literaturaSi Camoyalibda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom romaulma literatu-
ram igi mTlianad gadaitana da aiTvisa. swored amitom am or literaturaSi ar-
sebuli leqsTwyobis sakiTxebze, romlebic erTmaneTisagan Zalian umniSvnelo
gansxvavebebs gviCveneben, erTianad SeiZleba msjeloba. antikuri leqsTwyoba ga-
moirCeva imiT, rom igi eyrdnoba grZeli da mokle marcvlebis monacvleobiT
Sedgenil saleqso struqturebs. xmovnis sigrZe pirobiTad SeiZleba gamovxatoT
(<) niSniT, simokle (˘) niSniT, xolo sigrZe-simokle (≈) niSniT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu
garkveul poziciaSi ufro xSirad mosalodnelia grZeli marcvali, vidre mokle,
es aRiniSneba (<±) niSniT, xolo, Tu ufro xSirad moklea, SedarebiT iSviaTad ki
grZeli, gamoixateba Semdegnairad (Ÿ). Sesabamisad, berZnulma leqsTwyobam gamoi-
muSava sxvadasxva struqturuli elementebi, martivi da SedarebiT kompleqsuri
terfebi, romelTac SeiZleba vuwodoT segmentebi. maTi gamoyenebiT igeba saleq-
so sistemebi. es sistema SeiZleba Seicavdes erT saleqso striqons anu im metrs,
romelic erTi saleqso striqonisaTvis aris damaxasiaTebeli, romelic mTels
poetur qmnilebaSi meordeba. aseve SeiZleba Seicavdes or saleqso striqons da
maTgan TiToeuls Tavisi metruli struqtura eqneba. SeiZleba Seicavdes sam da
ufro met saleqso striqons da maSin SegviZlia vilaparakoT strofebze. am Sem-
TxvevaSi saleqso struqtura strofis Semadgeneli yvela striqonis erToblio-
biT aris gansazRvruli.
berZnuli leqsTwyobis ZiriTad mcire struqturebs anu e. w. `saSen masalebs~
(terfebs) Semdegi metruli erTeulebi warmoadgenen:
daqtili < ˘ ˘, sponde < <, iambi ˘ <, troqe < ˘, anapesti ˘ ˘ < da sxv.
am metruli erTeulebiT iqmneba ori tipis sistemebi: erTi, romelic igeba kata
metron-is anu gamyoli terfis anu saleqso struqturis principze da ara kata me-
tron-is principze anu sadac ar gamoiyofa aseTi gamyoli struqtura.
kata metron-is principi metwilad gamoiyeneba deklamaciur poeziaSi. a. m., daq-
tiluri heqsametri gulisxmobs eqvsi daqtilis Semcvel kataleqtur (bolomok-
vecil) saleqso striqons:
152535455564
elegiuri distiqi moicavs or striqons, romelTagan erTi gamarTulia daqti-

luri heqsametriT, xolo meore _ daqtiluri pentametriT:
– 5 – 5 – 5 – 5 – 5 – 4_
– 5 – 5 – Ú – 44 – 44 –
imis gamo, rom erTi struqturis monometrad aRsaqmelad saWiroa mas sul co-
ta 4 xangrZlivoba hqondes, iseT struqturebSi, rogoric aris iambi da troqe,
monometrad iTvleba wyvili iambis an wyvili troqes erToblioba. Sesabamisad,
rodesac Cven vambobT iamburi trimetri, am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba ara sami iam-
bi, aramed sami wyvili iambi da mas amgvari struqtura eqneba:
x–4–Úx–4–Úx–4–
rogorc cnobilia, iamburi trimetri gamoiyeneba ara marto lirikaSi, aramed
dramis sadialogo partiebSic.
am sazomebis garda deklamaciur lirikaSi popularuli iyo troqeuli tet-
rametri, anu oTxi troqeuli monometris Semcveli leqsi:
–4–x–4–x–4–x–4–
epikuri da e. w. deklamaciuri lirikis yvela forma arsebiTad gamoiyenebs:
daqtilur heqsametrs, elegiur distiqs, iambur an troqeul sazomebs.
ara kata metron-is principze agebul sazomebSi metris saxeldebisaTvis ar

mivmarTavT Tavad struqturis saxelwodebas, radgan aseT SemTxvevaSi, iqneba es
saleqso striqoni Tu striqonebis erTobliobiT Sedgenili strofi, Znelia vi-
laparakoT raRac wamyvan metrul struqturaze. swored amitom aseT SemTxveveb-
Si ufro xSirad gamoiyeneba saxelwodebebi, romlebic an marcvalTa raodenobiT
ganisazRvreba, an romelime poetis saxeliT, romelmac pirvelma SemoiRo amgvari
struqturis mqone striqoni an strofi, a. m., alkeosuri strofi, sapfouri da a. S.
Tuki monodiur lirikaSi strofuli sistemis gamoyenebisas, ZiriTadad, ram-
denime, Cveulebriv, ara umetes 3-4 striqonisagan Sedgenil struqturebze SegviZ-
lia vimsjeloT, rodesac sagundo lirikas an dramis sagundo partiebs exeba saq-
me, aq strofis striqonTa raodenobac gacilebiT meti SeiZleba iyos. Sesabami-
sad, sagundo lirikaSi strofuli sistema bevrad ufro kompleqsuria. a. m., rom
aviRoT pindarosis pirveli olimpiuri oda, misi strofi, antistrofi da epodi
amgvar struqturas gviCvenebs:
xolo Tuki aviRebT pindarosis IV piTiur odas, misi strofi da antistrofi

amgvar struqturas gviCvenebs:
igive SeiZleba iTqvas tragediis sagundo partiebzec. rogorc vxedavT, met-

rul principze agebuli leqsTwyoba, romelic arsebiTad gansxvavdeba mraval ev-
ropul enaSi arsebuli silabur-tonuri (marcvlovan-maxviliani) saleqso sazo-

mebisa da qarTuli silaburi sazomebisagan, axal-axal sazomTa Seqmnis ganusazR-
vrel SesaZleblobebs Seicavs, radgan grZeli da mokle marcvlis kombinaciiT
praqtikulad SesaZlebelia Seiqmnas uricxvi sazomi. es garemoeba antikuri epo-
qis poetTa winaSe svamda sakiTxs, sazomTa gamoyenebisas iseTnairad SeerCiaT
sityvebi, rom grZeli da mokle marcvlebis monacvleoba sazomis Sesabamisi yofi-
liyo. es amocana, rasakvirvelia, sakmaod rTuli Sesasrulebeli iyo, Tumca, ro-
gorc antikuri literatura gviCvenebs, berZenma da romaelma poetebma am sirTu-
les sakmaod kargad gaarTves Tavi.
bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva, Tuki antikuri sazomebi arsebiTad gansxvavdeba Tana-
medrove evropuli leqsTwyobis principebisagan, ratom gamoiyeneben dRes termi-
nebs: iambi, heqsametri, troqe da a. S. aq gasaTvaliswinebelia Semdegi garemoeba:
antikuri poeziis Targmnis procesSi evropelTa winaSe savsebiT konkretulad
daisva kiTxva, rogori ekvivalentebi unda moenaxaT antikuri sazomebisaTvis Ta-
vianT enebSi, sadac ar arsebobda opozicia grZel da mokle marcvlebs Soris. am
SemTxvevaSi maT mimarTes maxviliani da umaxvilo marcvlebis monacvleobis prin-
cips. a. m., Tu sammarcvlian sityvas romelsame Tanamedrove enaSi maxvili moudio-
da bolodan mesame marcvalze, igi SeiZleboda CagveTvala daqtilad, Sesabamisad,
xvxx struqtura daqtilis Sesabamisi iqneba, magram ramdenadac daqtilur heqsa-
metrSi daqtilis da spondes monacvleobas regularuli xasiaTi aqvs, ormar-
cvliani sityva an ori iseTi marcvali, romelTagan pirvels moudis maxvili, SeiZ-
leba miviCnioT sponded xxv. iseTi mimdevroba, sadac Cven ori marcvlidan maxvili-
ani gveqneba bolodan pirveli marcvali, CaiTvala antikuri iambis ekvivalentad.
aqedan gamomdinare, rodesac dRes vkiTxulobT rusul, germanul an sxva evropul
enaze Targmnil Zvel berZnul da romaul eposs, vacnobierebT, rom vkiTxulobT
rusuli an germanuli heqsametriT anu Zveli berZnuli an romauli heqsametris
rusuli an germanuli ekvivalentiT gamarTul teqstebs. igive iTqmis sxva sazo-
mebzec.
unda aRiniSnos erTic: ramdenadac Cveni saartikulacio aparati ar aris mzad
imisaTvis, rom antikuri teqstebis kiTxvisas aRadginos berZnulis da laTinuris
JReradoba (grZeli da mokle marcvlebis ama Tu im sazomisaTvis kanonzomieri
mimdevroba), faqtobrivad, rogorc wesi, dRes Zveli berZnuli da romauli poe-
ziis nimuSebs vkiTxulobT imave principiT, romliTac maT Targmans evropul
enebze anu CvenTvis amosavali aris maxviliani Tu umaxvilo marcvlebis mimdevro-
ba.
rac Seexeba qarTul enas, aq TiTqmis SeuZlebelia antikuri sazomebis ekviva-
lentebis monaxva, radgan qarTuls ar axasiaTebs arc marcvalTa sigrZe-simokle
da arc maxviliT SegviZlia davareguliroT ritmi, radgan qarTul enaSi eqspira-
toruli maxvili, am sityvis im gagebiT, rac mas aqvs rusul da germanul enebSi,
ar arsebobs. swored amitom dRes, rodesac qarTul enaze Targmnian antikuri po-
eziis ama Tu im nimuSs, Cveulebriv, sxvadasxva marcvalTa raodenobis Semcveli
striqonebis gamoyenebiT cdiloben berZnuli da romauli poeziis metruli mra-
valferovnebis gadmocemas. rasakvirvelia, aseT SemTxvevaSi ver avicilebT Tavi-
dan garkveul erTferovnebas, magaliTad, 14 marcvliani leqsiT gadmogvaqvs xol-
me rogorc homerosis poemebi, aseve tragediis sadialogo partiebic.
rogorc Cans, am mimarTulebiT qarTvel mTargmnelebs sakmaod mniSvnelovani
fiqri mouwevT, raTa antikuri poeziis qarTulad gadmotanisas, erTi mxriv, qar-
Tuli enis specifika gaiTvaliswinon, meore mxriv ki, maqsimalurad asaxon klasi-
kuri leqsTwyobis mravalferovneba.
geometriuli renesansisa da
arqaikis periodebi
antikur saberZneTSi im procesis dasawyisad, romelsac SegviZlia werilobi-

Ti literaturuli Semoqmedeba vuwodoT, Zv. w. VIII saukune unda davasaxeloT, sai-
danac SemogvrCa epigrafikul ZeglebSi dadasturebuli pirveli poeturi for-
miT Camoyalibebuli epigramebi da, rac mTavaria, homerosis poemebi: ìliada~ da
òdisea~. rasakvirvelia, Znelia imis mtkiceba, TiTqos homerosis poemebi ucbad,
cariel niadagze aRmocenda. bunebrivia, maT win uZRoda poeturi, ZiriTadad, ze-
piri poeturi Semoqmedebis mravalsaukunovani tradicia. magram erTi faqtia, Ta-
vad Zveli berZnebi pirvel poetad, romlis Txzulebebsac isini icnobdnen da aRi-
arebdnen literaturad, miiCnevdnen homeross. swored amitom, rodesac litera-
turis periodebze vmsjelobT, iZulebuli varT, mTlianad gamovtovoT mxedve-
lobidan mravali saukune, romelic win uZRoda homeross da periodizacia da-
viwyoT geometriuli, an rogorc dRes xSirad amboben, geometriuli renesansis
periodidan. im sakiTxze, Tu riTi iyo igi mniSvnelovani saberZneTis istoriisa
da kulturisaTvis, zemoT SevCerdebi. aq ki mxolod imas vityviT, rom Zv. w. IX-VIII
saukuneebi swored homerosis wyalobiT saerTod msoflio literaturis isto-
riaSi erT-erT umniSvnelovanes periodad SeiZleba CavTvaloT.
darwmunebiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom homerosma gansazRvra, erTi mxriv, eposis,
rogorc Janris, umniSvnelovanesi niSnebi, meore mxriv, ki saerTod antikuri li-
teraturis ganviTarebis umTavresi mimarTulebebi. eposi, rogorc Janri, yvelaze
ufro produqtiuli da sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda antikur literaturaSi,
radgan igi yvela epoqaSi agrZelebda arsebobas. sainteresoa, rom antikurma li-
teraturam, faqtobrivad, funqcionireba daiwyo (homerosis poemebi) da daasru-
la vrceli epikuri nawarmoebebiT (nonos panopoliselis `dionisiaka~).
antikurobis ganmavlobaSi Camoyalibda eposi Tavisi mravalricxovani forme-
biT da, amasTanave, mxolod misTvis damaxasiaTebeli niSnebiT. homerosma Tavis
poemebSi gamokveTa eposis, rogorc literaturuli Janris, ZiriTadi funqcia:
samyaros poeturi modelireba Tavisi mravalmxrivi urTierTmimarTebebiT. Sesa-
bamisad, epikosis amocanad iqca ukvdavebiTa da mokvdavebiT dasaxlebuli samya-
ros SeZlebisdagvarad srulyofilad da sistematizebulad asaxva. misTvis aseve
damaxasiaTebeli gaxda: 1) saleqso sazomis (daqtiluri heqsametri) erTianoba,
2) gavrcelebuloba, rac didi da mniSvnelovani informaciis gadmocemisas auci-
lebelia. am niSnebis Semcvelia antikuri epoqis yvela epikuri nawarmoebi (mcire
gamonaklisebis garda), romelTa dajgufeba am Janris Semdeg ZiriTad saxeebad
SeiZleba: a) naratiuli anu siuJeturi sagmiro eposi, romelsac safuZvlad udevs
tradiciuli ambavi gmiris an movlenis Sesaxeb; b) saxotbo, religiuri Tu sakul-
to eposi; g) ganmartebiTi e.w. sagnobrivi eposi, romelic moicavs didaqtikur,
kosmogoniur-genealogiur, filosofiur, istoriul eposs; d) miTologiur-idi-
liuri eposi da epilioni; e) burleskuri (komikuri da parodiuli) eposi; v) is-
toriulad aqtualizebuli naratiuli eposi, romelic raRac gamokveTil ideo-

logias an istoriul process uqmnis poetur sayrdens.
geometriul periods mosdevs arqauli periodi, romelic rogorc berZnul,
aseve saerTod kacobriobis kulturis ganviTarebaSi WeSmaritad revoluciur
epoqad unda miviCnioT. arqaul periodSi moxda polisis moqalaqis, rogorc pi-
rovnebis wina planze wamoweva. am process mecnierebaSi xSirad moixsenieben for-
muliT `pirovnebis gamoRviZeba~. am movlenas Sedegad mohyva mwerlobaSi iseTi
Janris Camoyalibeba, rogoricaa lirika. rasakvirvelia, lirikuli xasiaTis na-
warmoebebi iqmneboda homerosis epoqaSic, manamdec, magram eposis meufebis epoqa-
Si maT ar hqondaT mopovebuli literaturuli statusi. sazogadoebisaTvis bev-
rad ufro saintereso iyo diad warsulze Tu awmyoze epikuri poeturi informa-
ciis monumenturi gadmocema, vidre calkeuli pirovnebis Tu pirovnebaTa jgufis
leqsad gamoxatuli reaqcia raRac erTjerad movlenaze.
arqaikis epoqaSi, rodesac pirovnulisa da pirovnebis mimarT interesi gaizar-
da, lirikuli `me~-s poeziaSi gamovlineba sazogadoebisaTvis erTob saintereso
gaxda da mcire formis subieqturi poziciis gamomxatveli poezia dominanturad
gadaiqca. magram manamde, vidre uSualod lirikaze vilaparakebdeT, sainteresoa
aRiniSnos, rom pirovnulobis elementebma sakmaod aSkara gamovlena hpoves Tavad
eposSic, upirveles yovlisa, hesiodesTan.
arqaul epoqaSi, rogorc Cans, seriozul eposTan erTad erTgvari àntiepo-
sis~ Seqmnis tendenciebi Cndeba, rac k o m i k u r s a da p a r o d i u l epikur na-
warmoebebSi gamoixata. sakmaod adrea Seqmnili komikuri poema `margitesi~, rom-
lis centraluri gmiri iyo suleli margitesi, aSkarad, homerosis poemebis cno-
bili saxelovani gmirebis antipodi. parodiul poemaSi `batraqomiomaqia~ perso-
naJebi ukve gmirebis nacvlad Tagvebisa da bayayebis saxiT warmogvidgebian. home-
rosis eposis paTosis parodireba bayayebsa da Tagvebs Soris warmoqmnili ambe-
bis aRwerisas, rasakvirvelia, erTi mxriv, auditoriaSi mxolod sicils iwvevda,
xolo, meore mxriv, Tavad eposis ganviTarebaSi, epikur produqciaSi seriozulis
araseriozuliT ganeitralebis mudmiv eqsperimentebs uqmnida safuZvels.
amis gverdiT seriozuli eposi ZiriTadad or, homerosisa da hesiodes gzas
agrZelebda. pirvelis magaliTi iyo Cvenamde mxolod gviandeli qrestomaTiebis
mokle SinaarsebiTa da umniSvnelo fragmentebiT moRweuli homerosis Semavsebe-
li k i k l i k u r i (cikluri) anu wriuli poemebi, romlebic gadmocemdnen ìli-
adaSi~ aRweril movlenebamde (`kipriebi~) Tu maT Semdeg (èTiopisi~, `mcire ili-
ada~, ìlionis damxoba~), òdiseaSi~ gadmocemul movlenebamde (`dabrunebani~)
Tu maT Semdeg (`telegogia~) momxdar ambebs. amave xazis gagrZelebad unda miviC-
nioT e.w. `h o m e r o s i s h i m n e b i ~. gansxvavebuli moculobis 33 himni (yvela-
ze vrcelebi: `demetresadmi~ _ 435 str.; àpolonisadmi~ _ 546 str.; `hermesisadmi~
_ 580 str.; afroditesadmi~ _ 293 str., xolo yvelaze mokle sul ramdenime stri-
qons Seicavda). himnebi eZRvneboda RvTaebis gandidebas, mogviTxrobda RmerTTan
dakavSirebul raime epizods _ naRvliansa Tu mxiaruls. am himnTagan, romlebic
sul sxvadasxva dros (ZiriTadad Zv.w. VIII-VI ss.) unda yofiliyo Seqmnili, mxolod
erT Tu or himns miaweren homeross. danarCenebi homeridebis (homerosis mimde-
varTa) sxvadasxva Taobis warmomadgenelTa mier unda yofiliyo Seqmnili. es na-
warmoebebi daviwyebisagan homerosis saxelma ixsna.
hesiodes mimdevrebi ZiriTadad Teogoniur, etiologiur Tu didaqtikur poe-
mebs qmnidnen; maT Cvenamde aseve mxolod fragmentebisa da gviandel qrestomaTia-
Si gadmocemuli mokle Sinaarsebis saxiT moaRwies.
homerosisa da hesiodes mimdevarTa mier Seqmnilma mravalricxovanma epikurma
nawarmoebma amouwuravi sazrdo misca mTel antikur mxatvrul kulturas didZa-
li miTologiuri informaciiT.
raoden mniSvnelovanic ar unda iyos arqauli epoqis poetTa epikuri Semoqme-

deba, am periodis literaturaSi dominanturi aSkarad l i r i k a xdeba. Zvel
berZnebs ar CamouyalibebiaT koncefcia saerTod lirikuli Janris Sesaxeb, Tavad
termini lirikac antikur samyaroSi mogvianebiT Cndeba da igi, ZiriTadad, gamoi-
yeneba liris anu musikaluri instrumentis TanxlebiT Sesrulebuli poeturi,
SedarebiT mcire zomis nawarmoebis mimarT. amdenad, rodesac arqauli epoqis li-
rikaze vmsjelobT, amovdivarT, erTi mxriv, am Janris Tanamedrove gagebidan, xo-
lo, meore mxriv, klasikur filologiaSi gamomuSavebuli principidan, rom mTe-
li is poetur-mxatvruli produqcia, rac ar miekuTvneba epossa da dramatul
Janrs, unda ganvixiloT rogorc lirika.
rasakvirvelia, arqauli berZnuli lirikis Cvenamde moRweuli fragmentebis
nimuSebis gacnobis Semdgom Tanamedrove mkiTxvels SeiZleba mravali kiTxva ga-
uCndes. erTi mxriv, misTvis savsebiT naTeli iqneba, Tu ratom eqceva lirikis Jan-
rSi ramdenime striqoniani Tu ramdenime strofis Semcveli poeturi nawarmoebi,
romelic gadmogvcems poetis damokidebulebas ama Tu im movlenis mimarT. meore
mxriv, mkiTxvelisaTvis sakmaod Zneli iqneba imis axsna, SeiZleba Tu ara miviCnioT
stesiqorosis (Zv. w. VII saukunis meore naxevari) daaxloebiT 1500 striqonis Sem-
cveli nawarmoebi lirikuli Janris kuTvnilebad, maSin, roca hesiodes amaze bev-
rad naklebi moculobis poemebi eposis Janrs ganekuTvnebian. SevecadoT, gavar-
kvioT ZiriTadi sakiTxi: r a S e m T x v e v a S i S e i Z l e b a C a v T v a l o T
l e q s i l i r i k i s k u T v n i l e b a d, ra aris misi lirikulobis ganmsazR-
vreli ZiriTadi kriteriumi. zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom eposi warmoadgens samya-
ros poeturi modelirebis cdas, lirikuli poezia ki samyaros asaxvisas sxva
princips mimarTavs. mas ainteresebs samyaro ara rogorc urTierTmimarTebaTa
raRac universaluri sistema, aramed samyaros àkiafeba~ raRac erT wertilSi,
raRac erT momentTan dakavSirebuli grZnobebisa da reaqciebis gadmocema, ro-
melTa ukanac lirikuli subieqti moiazreba. a. m., CvenTvis rom naTeli gaxdes naT-
qvamis azri, SevadaroT erTmaneTs parodiuli eposi `batraqomiomaqia~ da pinda-
rosis IV piTiuri oda. pirveli Seicavs 303 striqons, xolo meore _ 300 striqons.
pirveli ganekuTvneba, marTalia, parodiul, magram epikur Janrs, xolo meore _
lirikuls. ratom? imitom, rom pirvelSi xdeba poeturad modelirebuli samya-
ros parodireba, rac ar aris dakavSirebuli realuri cxovrebidan provocire-
bul raRac erT momentTan, raRac erT lirikul subieqtTan kavSiris mqone faq-
tTan. rac Seexeba pindarosis IV piTiur odas, igi inspirirebulia piTiur Sejib-
rebebSi konkretuli piris konkretuli `sponsoris~ TanadgomiT mopovebul kon-
kretul gamarjvebasTan. es gamarjveba ki aris mxolod erTi momenti, samyaros er-
Ti wertilis àkiafeba~. sxva sakiTxia, rom am momentiT STagonebulma poetma SeiZ-
leba sakmaod vrceli informacia gadmogvces, bevri iseTi ram gaixsenos, rac TiT-
qos am gamarjvebas ar ukavSirdeba. da mainc, misi nawarmoebis paTosis ganmsazR-
vreli swored es sagangebo, konkretul agonSi konkretul gamarjvebasTan dakav-
Sirebuli momenti iqneba.
Cven vTqviT, rom berZnebs lirika Tanamedroveebis msgavsad ar gamouyviaT ra-
Rac erTian Camoyalibebul Janrad. es imas ar niSnavs, rom maT ar SemogvTavazes im
poeturi produqciis klasifikaciis garkveuli principebi, romelic eqceoda
epossa da dramas Soris. piriqiT, maT SemogvTavazes klasifikaciis saintereso me-
Todi. maT erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaves poezia, romelic deklamaciiT iTqmeboda da
poezia, romelic upiratesad simReriT sruldeboda. rodesac Cven viyenebT sity-
vas ùpiratesad~, am SemTxvevaSi vgulisxmobT imas, rom deklamaciuri Sesrule-
bisaTvis gankuTvnili nawarmoebi SeiZleboda simReriTac Sesrulebuliyo, sim-
RerisaTvis gankuTvnili nawarmoebi ki – deklamaciiT. magram es SedarebiT iSvia-
Tad xdeboda da, albaT, ufro metad maSin, rodesac lirikuli nawarmoebis Ses-
ruleba droSi ramdenime saukuniT iyo daSorebuli misi Seqmnis periods, Tavisi
epoqis socialur konteqsts. da mainc, dayofis es principi, ZiriTadad, yvelas mi-
er iyo gaziarebuli. d e k l a m a c i u r i da s a s i m R e r o poezia erTmaneTi-
sagan gansxvavdeboda ara marto Sesrulebis teqnikiT, aramed, saleqso sazomTa
gamoyenebis principiTac. Tuki deklamaciur lirikaSi gamoyenebuli iyo e. w. gam-
yoli metris (kata; mevtron) principi anu nawarmoebis tipis saxeldebisas amosavali
iyo misTvis ganmsazRvreli metruli struqtura, sasimRero lirikaSi mTavari
iyo is, erTi pirovnebis mier (solo) sruldeboda nawarmoebi Tu gundis mier. Se-
sabamisad, rodesac deklamaciur lirikaze vmsjelobT, unda gaviTvaliswinoT,
rom Zveli berZnebisaTvis es mxolod e l e g i e b i da i a m b e b i iyo. pirveli
yovelTvis gamoiyenebs elegiur distiqs,1 ori saleqso striqonis Semcvel fiqsi-
rebul leqss, romlis pirveli nawili aris daqtiluri heqsametri, xolo meore _
pentametri. xolo iambi gamoiyenebda iamburi an troqeuli metriT gamarTul sa-
leqso striqonebs. Sesabamisad, antikuri literaturis TeoriaSi gamoyofdnen
i a m b o g r a f o s e b s, e l e g i k o s e b s. rasakvirvelia, es imas ar niSnavs, rom
iambografoss ar SeeZlo daewera elegia an sulac sasimRero xasiaTis nawarmoe-
bi. rac Seexeba melikas, e. i. Cveni gagebiT s a s i m R e r o l i r i k a s, aq gamoyo-
fen m o n o d i a s _ pirovnul da q o r i k a s _ sagundo simRerebs. sasimRero po-
eziaSi metruli struqturebi ar iyo gansazRvruli da poets SeeZlo Seeqmna da
gamoeyenebina is struqturebi, rac mas ufro mizanSewonilad miaCnda. pirovnuli
da sagundo lirika erTmaneTisagan ara marto SemsrulebelTa odenobiT gansxvav-
deboda, aramed TavianTi funqciiTa da moculobiTac. Tuki monodia ZiriTadad,
kameruli SesrulebisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili da simebiani instrumentis Tanxle-
biT sruldeboda, sagundo lirika farTo auditoriaze iyo orientirebuli da
mas sasule instrumentTa Tanxleba hqonda. pirovnuli sasimRero lirika, Sesaba-
misad, metwilad ufro mcire moculobis leqsebiT iyo warmodgenili, xolo sa-
gundo _ ufro vrceliT. rasakvirvelia, gansxvaveba iyo leqsTwyobis Tvalsazri-
siTac. Tuki pirovnuli lirika gamoiyenebda, ZiriTadad, saleqso striqonis an
iseTi strofebis princips, romelTa saleqso striqonebis raodenoba Cveulebriv
ar aRemateboda oTxs, sagundo lirikaSi strofuli sistema bevrad ufro kom-
pleqsur xasiaTs atarebda da TiToeuli strofis moculoba SedarebiT meti iyo.
zemoT aRniSnuli momentebis garda, deklamaciursa da sasimRero lirikas erTma-
neTisagan erTi arsebiTi niSanic ganasxvavebda. pirveli ufro metad iyo orienti-
rebuli poeturi informaciis gadmocemis e. w. ritorikul principze, am SemTxve-
vaSi igulisxmeba, rom poeti leqsis saSualebiT axdenda garkveuli azris poetu-
ri formiT gadmocemas, SeiZleba vTqvaT, raRacis mtkicebas. melosSi ki ufro
sWarbobda wminda lirikuli principi. aq, SesaZloa, yofiliyo naratiuli parti-
ebi, gansakuTrebiT sagundo lirikaSi, magram maTSi lirizmis xarisxi aSkarad
dominanturi iyo. aman, bunebrivia, Tavisi asaxva hpova TviT poetur enaSic. dekla-
maciuri lirikis ena ar gamoirCeva xazgasmuli xatovanebiT, rac erTob damaxasia-
Tebelia sasimRero lirikis enisaTvis. bunebrivia, sasimRero lirikis erT-erTi
aucilebeli komponenti iyo musika, romelic teqstis akompanements warmoadgenda.
musikis tipisa da funqciis mixedviT, Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi varaudoben ber-
Znul melikaSi sami jgufis simRerebis arsebobas: a) simRerebi da musika RmerTe-
bisaTvis: himni, peani, nomosi, diTirambi, prosodioni, parTeniebi, hiporqema; b)
musika da simRerebi mokvdavTaTvis: himenaiosebi, epiTalamiebi, Trenodia, epiniki-
ebi da enkomiebi, skolioni da solosi; Sereuli tipebi: sabrZolo simRerebi,
xalxuri simRerebi; g) amas dramis warmoSobis Semdeg, bunebrivia, daemata musika
da simRerebi dramis sagundo partiebisaTvis.
1
antikuri leqsTwyobisaTvis ix. gv. 27.
lirikuli poeziis Cven mier CamoTvlil saxeebSi arqaikis epoqaSi mravali

cnobili poeti moRvaweobda, romelTagan Cvenamde yvelaze kargad sagundo liri-
kis udidesi warmomadgenlis, pindarosis Semoqmedebam moaRwia. papirologiuri
aRmoCenebis Sedegad dRes SedarebiT srul warmodgenas viqmniT qorikos bakqi-
lidesis Semoqmedebazec. rogorc Cans, mravalricxovani Camatebebisa da tran-
sformaciis miuxedavad, met-naklebad srulad moaRwia Teognisis elegiurma gno-
murma poeziam, aseve calkeul poetTa TiTo-orola leqsma Tu simReram, metwi-
lad ki Cvenamde SemorCa mxolod lirikosTa fragmentebi. swored amitom, rode-
sac dRes lirikosebze gvaqvs msjeloba, maTi nawarmoebebis damowmebas vaxdenT
cnobili da aRiarebuli gamocemis fragmentis nomris mixedviT. miuxedavad masa-
lis simwirisa, Cven mainc SeiZleba garkveuli warmodgena SeviqmnaT imis Sesaxeb,
Tu ra kanonzomierebiT viTardeboda lirikuli poezia arqaikis epoqaSi. am Sem-
TxvevaSi pirvel rigSi vgulisxmobT im ZiriTad niSnebs, romelTa safuZvelzec
ikveTeboda ara marto ama Tu im poetis pirovnuloba, aramed misi azrovnebisa da
poeziis individualurobac. Tavdapirvelad SevexoT im poetebs, romelnic upi-
ratesad elegiasa da iambis JanrSi moRvaweobdnen.
arqauli xanis pirveli poeti, romlis cxovrebis drois gansasazRvrad konkre-
tuli TariRi mogvepoveba, aris arqiloqos paroseli.
elegikos kalinosisaTvis, romelic arqiloqosis Tanamedrovea, mTavaria po-
lisuri patriotizmi da moqalaqeTa mowodeba simamacisaken, radgan, misi azriT,
ukvdaveba adamianma SeiZleba moipovos ara Tavisi warmomavlobis wyalobiT, ara-
med, mxolod samSoblosaTvis, Tavisi mSobliuri polisisaTvis TavdadebiT.
semonides amorgoseli (VII saukunis pirveli naxevari) iambografiis erT-erTi
upirvelesi warmomadgeneli, ori ZiriTadi aspeqtiT warmogvidgeba: rogorc po-
eti-pesimisti, romelic naTlad xedavs cxovrebis amaoebas da imis momxrea, rom
kaci mocemuli wamiT datkbes, aseve yuradRebas ipyrobs poetis misoginuri anu
qalTmoZule tendenciebi. igi fiqrobs, rom colebis yvela tips Soris, romel-
Tac aTi winapari _ cxoveli hyavT (maimuni, Rori, ZaRli da a. S.), mxolod futkri-
sagan warmoqmnili qalebi SeiZleba CavTvaloT saukeTeso colebad. xolo danar-
Cenebi mxolod gakicxvas imsaxureben.
tirteosi (Zv. w. VII saukunis meore naxevari) berZnuli tradiciis mixedviT, di-
di xnis ganmavlobaSi iTvleboda xeibrad, romelic aTenidan spartaSi gadavida
da Tavisi sabrZolo elegiebiT daexmara spartelebs, rom mesenielebze saboloo
gamarjveba moepovebinaT. dRes naTeli xdeba, rom tirteosi sparteli warCinebu-
li unda yofiliyo, romlis Zalze saintereso elegiebi erTob didi popularo-
biT sargeblobdnen rogorc spartaSi, aseve mTel antikur samyaroSi. mis poezias
axasiaTebs sabrZolo mowodebasTan erTad sakmaod Taviseburi e. w. reportaJuli
gadmocema imisa, rac brZolis velze xdeba.
mimnermoss (Zv. w. VII saukunis meore naxevari) lirikaSi Semoaqvs ori mniSvnelo-
vani Tema: 1. siyvarulis (mis krebuls ewodeboda `nano~, albaT, poetis sayvareli
heteras saxelis mixedviT); 2. kacis sikvdilis optimaluri asakis gansazRvra. mim-
nermosi Tvlida, rom kacis cxovrebas mxolod 60 wlamde aqvs azri anu vidre kacs
ZaluZs uyvardes (igulisxmeba xorcieli siyvaruli).
sayuradReboa is wvlili, rac lirikaSi Seitana solonma (daaxl. Zv. w. 640-560),
brZenma, cnobilma politikosma da poetma. man Tavisi leqsebis Temad aqcia sakuTa-
ri kanonebis apologia da tiraniasTan mkveTri dapirispireba. amis garda, igi
gvTavazobs im socialuri da politikuri problematikis uaRresad saintereso
poetur analizs, romelic sazogadoebas yovelTvis aRelvebs: ratom ar unda es-
wrafodes adamiani ukanonod gamdidrebas, ratom aris tirania damRupveli qvey-
nisaTvis, ratom aris gardauvali korumpirebuli polisisaTvis daRupva da a. S.
solonma mniSvnelovani Sesworeba Seitana mimnermosis `koncefciaSi~ da leqsiT
urCia Tavis kolegas, rom 60 wlis magivrad 80 weli mieCnia sikvdilisaTvis Sesa-
feris asakad, radgan adamianis cxovrebas manamde aqvs azri, vidre igi azrovnebs
da SeuZlia raRac axlis swavla da Secnoba. adamianis cxovrebaze Rrma dakvirve-
bis Semdeg, solonma Seqmna elegia, romlis mizania dayos mokvdavis cxovreba
Svidwleulebad da aCvenos, Tu ra xdeba yovel etapze, romelic Svid wels moi-
cavs, rogor yalibdeba da viTardeba adamiani da rodis da ratom SeiZleba wavi-
des igi am cxovrebidan.
Teognis megareli (zogierTi mkvlevris azriT, Zv. w. VII, zogis ki _ VI saukunis
poeti) vrcel elegiur nawarmoebSi, romelic `Teognideas~ saxeliT aris cnobi-
li, ara mxolod sakuTar, aramed sxvadasxva epoqis poetTa mier elegiuri formiT
gamoTqmuli brZnuli azrebis saocrad mravalferovan nakrebs gvTavazobs.
sakmaod saintereso iyo poeti hiponaqsi (Zv. w. VI saukunis meore naxevari) `lum-
penproletaruli~, mawanwaluri poeziis brwyinvale warmomadgeneli, romelic
didxans miaCndaT Tavadac siRaribiT gatanjul Semoqmedad, ramdenadac man Tavad
siRaribe aqcia poeturi gandidebis obieqtad. bolo xanebSi mecniereba im das-
kvnamde mivida, rom hiponaqsic Tavis poeziaSi mxolod `lumpenproletaris~ niR-
biT warmogvidgeba. sinamdvileSi ki igi warCinebuli, sakmaod mdidari da gavle-
niani kaci unda yofiliyo.
ramdenadme gansxvavebul samyaroSi gadavyavarT berZnuli m o n o d i i s brwy-
invale warmomadgenlebs, romelTagan, upirveles yovlisa, gamoiyofa erTsa da
imave kunZulze, lesbosze moRvawe alkeosi (Zv. w. VII saukunis meore naxevari) da
sapfo (Zv. w. VII saukunis meore naxevari) – poeti da poetesa, romelTa pirovnuli
bedi Zalze hgavda erTmaneTs, magram romelTa poezia sakmaod gansxvavdeboda er-
TmaneTisagan.
uaRresad Taviseburia anakreonis (Zv.w. VI s.) poezia.
berZnuli samyarosaTvis Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo qorikis warmomadgenelTa
Semoqmedeba. q o r i k a aris poeturi formiT gamoxatuli da gundis simReriT
warmodgenili damokidebuleba adamianTa garkveuli jgufis, ojaxis, polisis,
RmerTis da a. S. mimarT. marTalia, aq sakmaod kargad Cans poeturi `me~, magram
metwilad qorika asrulebs im sazogadoebis dakveTas, romlisTvisac iwereba sa-
gundo simRera. swored amitom gamoirCeva alkmanis (Zv. w. VII s.) qalwulTa qoroe-
bi saocari intimurobiT da mxolod qalTa garkveuli wrisaTvis gasagebi miniS-
nebebiT.
stesiqorosis Zv.w. VII-VI ss. poezia Tavisi masStaburobiTa da miTologiuri ma-
salis sakmaod saintereso interpretaciiT gamoirCeva. cnobilia misi palinodia.
anekdoturi gadmocemis mixedviT, erT-erT sagundo simReraSi elenes mimarT ne-
gatiuri damokidebulebis dafiqsirebis gamo RmerTs poetisTvis sibrmave mouv-
lenia. maSin stesiqoross Seuqmnia am odis sapirispiro oda, romelSic igi safuZ-
vels udebs elenes Sesaxeb arsebuli miTis erT-erT versias, romlis mixedviTac,
pariss troaSi elene ki ara, mxolod am mSvenieri qalis RmerTebis mier Seqmnili
landi gahyolia, xolo Tavad elene egvipteSi aRmoCenila, sadac Tavisi qmris er-
Tguli darCa.
qorikosi ibikosi (daibada, albaT, Zv. w. 576 wels) didi xnis ganmavlobaSi im
poetTa ricxvs ganekuTvneboda, romlis Semoqmedebas Tanamedrove evropis sazo-
gadoeba Zalze cudad an TiTqmis ar icnobda, Tumca igi uaRresad popularuli
iyo. am garemoebas gansazRvravda anekdoturi gadmocema, romlis mixedviTac igi
yaCaRebma mokles gaZarcvis mizniT. sikvdilis win mis Tavze weroebma gadaifri-
nes, romelTa danaxvisas ibikosma wamoiZaxa: `weroebi iZieben Surs~. raki Tavi sam-
Svidoboze egonaT, qalaqSi weroebis danaxvaze yaCaRebma wamoiZaxes: ìbikosis we-
roebi~. es fraza maTTvis sabediswero aRmoCnda. yvelaferi gairkva da maT sasti-
kad gauswordnen. es legenda mSvenier baladad daamuSava Silerma, romlis wya-
lobiTac `RvTaebrivi ibikosis~ saxe samudamod CarCa azrovnebaSi asiaTasobiT

evropel moswavles. axalma papirologiurma aRmoCenebma naTelyves, rom ibikosi
warmoadgens WeSmaritad gardamaval safexurs Zvel qorikosebs _ alkmansa da
stesiqoross da axal qorikosebs _ simonides keosels, pindarossa da bakqilidess
Soris.
am ukanasknelTagan udidesi saxeli da pativi pindaross (unda dabadebuliyo
Zv. w. 522 an 518 wels) xvda.
sagundo lirikis ukanaskneli sami warmomadgeneli arqaikisa da klasikis mij-
naze moRvaweobda. amdenad, isini or epoqasTan arian dakavSirebulni. igive iTqmis
iseTi kompleqsuri da popularuli Janris Sesaxeb, rogoric aris drama. igi Se-
iqmna ara ugvianes Zv. w. VI saukunisa, magram umaRles ganviTarebas klasikis epoqa-
Si miaRwia.
homerosi 37
homerosi
(Zv. w. VIII s.)
aTaswleulebi gvaSorebs homeross, magram misi Semoqmedeba dRemde epikuri

Janrisa da, zogadad, mxatvruli sityvis, poeturi geniis aRumatebel mwvervalad
iTvleba:
àbnelebs varskvlavTa ciags da mTvaris naTelsac aqrobs

mzis oqrovani etli cis kabadonze msrboli,
homeros, aseve Crdilav Sens irgvliv aedTa gundebs,
ukvdav muzaTa brwyinviT caze eulad brwyinav!~
leonidas tarenteli, Zv. w. III s.1
homerosi, erTi mxriv, agvirgvinebs im gzas, romelic eposma manamde ganvlo,

xolo, meore mxriv, xdeba safuZveli, romelzec berZnuli, romauli da zogadad
evropuli eposi aRmocendeba.
Tavisi sidiadisa da popularobis gamo homerosis saxeli Tavidanve legende-
bis saburvelSi iyo gaxveuli. misi mravali biografiis, sxvadasxva literatu-
ruli wyarosa Tu gadmocemis safuZvelze met-naklebi sizustiT SeiZleba war-
movidginoT homerosis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis zogadi suraTi.
igi mcire aziaSi, qalaq smirnas maxloblad dabadebula. dedamiss kreTeisi
rqmevia. mas vaJi ukanonod gauCenia da misTvis melesigenesi daurqmevia, rac Zvel-
berZnulad `mdinare melesTan Sobils~, an `Tavis modgmaze mzrunvels~ niSnavda.
erT-erTi mogzaurobis dros momavali poeti dabrmavebula, mSobliur qalaqSi
dabrunebula da mxolod amis Semdeg dauwyia wera, xolo misTvis `ho me horon~,
anu ìs, vinc ver xedavs~ daurqmeviaT. imavdroulad `homerosi~ `mZevals~, `winds~
niSnavda da gamorCeul adamianebs xSirad swored am saxeliT moixseniebdnen-
xolme.
homerosi kunZul qiosze gamgzavrebula, coli SeurTavs da ori asulic
SesZenia. swored am adgils ukavSirdeba misi SemoqmedebiTi aRmavloba. swored aq
Seuqmnia mas Tavisi umniSvnelovanesi nawarmoebebis ZiriTadi nawilebi. albaT,
arc is aris SemTxveviTi, rom e. w. homeridebis skola, romelic homerosis Semo-
qmedebis Seswavlasa da popularizacias isaxavda miznad, swored kunZul qiosze
mdebareobda.2
1
Targmani manana RaribaSvilisa.
2
sxvaTaSoris, kunZuli qiosi am misiis Sesrulebas dRemde cdilobs. aq Tanamedrove epoqaSic,
saerTaSoriso organizacia EUROCLASSICA-s iniciativiT, imarTeba homerosisadmi miZRvni-
li saerTaSoriso seminarebi da konferenciebi, romelTa mizanic msoflio masStabiT home-
rosis Semoqmedebis propaganda da popularizaciaa.
38 homerosi
homeross mTel saberZneTSi gauTqvams saxeli, mas sxvadasxva qalaqebi iwvevdnen,

ris gamoc xSiri SemoqmedebiTi mogzauroba uwevda. wlebis manZilze igi kunZul
evbeas, aTens, korinTos, argossa da deloss swvevia. iqidan kunZul iosze
gadasula, sadac gardacvlila da iqve daukrZalavT kidec.
rogorc antikuri epoqis avtorebs, ise Tanamedrove mkvlevarebs Soris azrTa
sxvadasxvaobaa homerosis moRvaweobis TariRTan dakavSirebiT. Zv. w. XIII sauku-
nidan moyolebuli Zv. w. VI saukunemde TiTqmis yvela saukune saxeldeba, magram
yvelaze misaRebi mainc Zv. w. VIII saukunea mravali TvalsazrisiT. jer erTi,
homerosis eposSi geometriuli renesansisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli principebi
gvxvdeba, rac swored Zv. w. IX-VIII saukuneebis berZnuli kulturisaTvis iyo niSan-
doblivi. garda amisa, ukve Zv. w. VII saukunis berZnul poeziasa da xelovnebaSi
aSkaraa homerosis gavlena. da bolos, misi cnobebi frigielebsa da kimerielebze,
dangreul troaze, troadaSi eneasis STamomavalTa batonobaze, aseve Zv. w. VIII
saukunes unda davukavSiroT.
antikuri tradicia homeross ìliadisa~ da òdiseas~, e. w. kiklikuri poemebis,
komikur epos `margitesis~, himnebisa da parodiuli poema `batraqomiomaqiis~ av-
torad miiCnevda, Tumca dRes, rodesac homerosis Semoqmedebas ganvixilavT, mis
or nawarmoebze, ìliadasa~ da òdiseaze~ vmsjelobT.
ìliada~. ìliada~ 24 simReris, kerZod, 15 693 heqsametruli striqonisgan
Sedgeba da troas omis meaTe wlis ramdenime dRis ambavs gviambobs. Txroba ki
imgvarad warimarTeba, rom poemis ZiriTad Temad Tu motivad aqilevsis risxva
warmogvidgeba.
troelebi troaSi, anu ilionSi arian gamagrebulebi, xolo aqavelebs
qalaqisTvis alya SemourtyamT. omis meaTe wels maT banakSi apolonis qurumi,
qrisesi midis da didi gamosasyidis sanacvlod Tavisi asulis, qriseisis ga-
Tavisuflebas iTxovs. igi berZenTa winamZRols, agamemnons xvdomia wilad
rogorc tyve da mxevali. atridi qrisess qaliSvils ar ubrunebs da mas muqariT
Tavidan iSorebs. qurumis Seuracxyofis gamo ganrisxebuli apoloni Wirs
mouvlens aqavelebs da saSineli seni cxra dRis manZilze musrs avlebs maT banaks.
meaTe dRes aqilevsi berZnebs saTaTbirod ixmobs. meomrebs surT, rom misanTagan
am sasjelis mizezi Seityon. kalqasi apolonis ganrisxebis WeSmarit mizezs daas-
axelebs, rac saSinlad aRaSfoTebs agamemnons. atridi da aqilevsi erTmaneTs
waekidebian, magram qalRmerT aTenas wyalobiT konfliqti mSvidobianad mog-
vardeba. agamemnoni qriseiss abrunebs, magram samagierod mas aqilevsis mxeval
qals, briseiss migvrian, pelevsis Ze ki brZolis gagrZelebaze uars acxadebs.
apolonis risxva cxreba da saSinel sensac bolo eReba. aqilevsi dedas, qalRmerT
Tetiss uxmobs da sTxovs, rom daarwmunos zevsi Suri iZios pelevsis Zis
SeuracxyofisaTvis. zevsi Tormeti dRis manZilze eTiopelTa qveyanaSia, xolo
iqidan dabrunebis Semdeg iwyebs fiqrs Tetisis Txovnis Sesrulebaze.
zevsi macdur sizmars mouvlens agamemnons da mas brZolis ganaxlebisken
ubiZgebs. troelebic saomrad emzadebian. maT priamosis Ze, heqtori wi-
namZRvrobs. igi troas omis mizezis, elenes amJamindeli qmris, aleqsandros-
parisis Zmaa. brZola parisisa da menelaosis SerkinebiT iwyeba. am orTabrZolaSi
gamarjvebuls unda ergos elene da amiT omic unda dasruldes, magram movlenebi
sxvagvarad viTardeba. menelaosi pariss sZlevs, magram mas mfarveli qalRmerTi,
afrodite ar miatovebs da sikvdilisagan ixsnis: brZolis vels ganaridebs da
farulad troaSi gadaiyvans. imavdroulad, herasa da aTenas maTTvis saZulveli
troas dangreva swadiaT. aTena erT-erT troel meomars, pandaross waaqezebs, me-
nelaosisTvis isars atyorcninebs da fics daarRvevinebs. omi ganaxldeba.
zevsis nebiT, aqavelebi savalalo mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndebian. agamemnoni ac-
nobierebs Tavis danaSauls da aqilevsTan elCobas gzavnis, rom igi kvlav Caer-
homerosi 39
Tos brZolaSi, magram uSedegod. berZenTa TiTqmis yvela gmiri da saxelovani

meomari daWrilia. maSin pelevsis Ze Tavis uaxloes megobars, patrokloss nebas
rTavs, rom brZolaSi CaerTos mirmidonelTa laSqarTan erTad, Tavis aRWur-
vilobasac aZlevs da Tan afrTxilebs, rom heqtors moeridos. saubedurod, pa-
troklosi aqilevsis rCevas iviwyebs, priamosis Zes Seerkineba, marcxdeba da iRu-
peba. heqtori mas iaraRs ahyris, magram gvamis xelSi Cagdebas ki, aqavel meomarTa
SemarTebis wyalobiT, veRar axerxebs. megobris sikvdiliT gulSeZruli aqilevsi
aqavelebs Tavis Seuracxyofas patiobs, risxvas iviwyebs da brZolaSi Cabmas
gadawyvets. imarTeba agamemnonTan Serigebis rituali. Tetisi Svils hefestosis
mier gamoWedil, moxatul farsa da saWurvels mihgvris, ris Semdegac pelevsis Ze
brZolaSi ebmeba.
heqtors urCeven, laSqari qalaqSi Seabrunos, magram warmatebiT gaTamamebuli
keTil rCevas yurs ar aTxovebs da brZolas ganagrZobs. aqilevsi troelebsa da
maT mokavSireebs daereva da musrs avlebs. saswaulebrivad gadarCenilni Tavs
troas galavans afareben. heqtori acnobierebs Tavis sabediswero Secdomas da
imis nacvlad, rom Tavs uSvelos, aqilevss qalaqis karibWesTan Seerkineba. troas
kedlebze gadmomdgari mSoblebis, naTesavebisa da Tanamoqalaqeebis Tvalwin
priamosis Zes aqilevsi gangmiravs, gaxvretil quslebSi Rveds gauyris, etls ga-
moabams da mis mtverSi amoganglul gvams aqavelTa banakisken waaTrevs.
patrokloss sazeimod dakrZalaven da mis pativsacemad aqilevsi TamaSebs ga-
marTavs. Semdegi Tormeti dRis manZilze priamosis Zis gvami upatronod gdia.
zevsi Tetiss agzavnis aqilevsTan da mas RmerTebis nebas auwyebs: heqtori
troelebs unda daubrunon, rom igi Rirseulad daikrZalos. priamosi RamiT,
sxvaTagan farulad, gamosasyidiT midis aqilevsis banakSi da misi TanxmobiT
Svilis gvams troaSi gadaasvenebs. pelevsis Ze pirobas debs, rom aTi dRe mSvi-
doba daisadgurebs. cxra dRe ageben tagrucs, xolo meaTe dRes heqtors
daitireben da Rirseulad dakrZalaven. igi troas didebisa da uZlevelobis sim-
bolod warmogvidgeba da, amdenad, mkiTxvelisaTvis heqtoris sikvdili da
dakrZalva ilionis damarcxebasa da daRupvasac moaswavebs.
òdisea~. òdisea~ aseve 24 simReras, magram mxolod 12 109 heqsametrul stri-
qons Seicavs da masSi troas omis erT-erTi gmiris, odisevsis aTwliani xetiali
da nimfa kalifsos kunZulidan samSobloSi, iTakaze dabrunebaa gadmocemuli,
xolo menelaosis, nestorisa da Tavad mTavari gmiris Txrobis saSualebiT moce-
mulia yvela wamyvani aqaveli gmiris dabrunebis ambavic.
aTenas zevsTan Suamdgomlobis Semdeg, RmerTebi iReben gadawyvetilebas, rom
poseidonis mier devnili odisevsi samSobloSi daabrunon. mis saxlSi ki misi
erTguli meuRlis xelis mTxovnelni, sasiZoebi damkvidrebulan, iTakeli gmiris
qonebas aCanageben da amaod elian penelopes pasuxs. aTena vinme mentesis saxiT mo-
evlineba odisevsis vaJs, telemaqoss da urCevs, rom mamis ambavi gamoikiTxos,
xolo viTarebaSi garkvevis Semdeg dedas gaTxovebis neba darTos. telemaqosi
qalRmerTis rCevas dahyveba, Tavis gadawyvetilebas sajarod ganacxadebs da
sasiZoebsac moimdurebs. telemaqosi iTakel megobrebTan erTad nestorTan da
menelaosTan miemarTeba da maTgan Seityobs, Tu ra moxda troas omis dasrulebis
Semdeg, ra bedi ewiaT aqavel gmirebs.
RmerTTa kidev erTi Tavyrilobis Semdeg, hermesi nimfa kalifsosTan midis da
zevsis nebas amcnobs: man odisevss samSobloSi dabrunebis saSualeba unda misces.
kalifso uxalisod aRasrulebs uzenaesi RmerTis brZanebas. odisevsi iTakisken
gaemarTeba, magram amjerad poseidoni mas did Relvas mouvlens da feakTa
kunZul sqeriaze gariyavs, sadac adamianebi udardelad da uzrunvelad, bed-
nierad cxovroben. aTenas nebiT odisevsi aboboqrebuli zRvis talRebs
gadaurCeba. mas feakTa mefis, alkinoosis asuli, navsikaa naxavs da sasaxleSi waiy-
40 homerosi
vans, sadac dedofali aretec mefis Tanabari pativiT sargeblobs. odisevsi maT
Tavis Tavgadasavals uambobs: rogor moxvda saSinel kiklopebTan da Tavisi
moxexebulobis wyalobiT rogor daabrmava Tavzardamcemi kiklopi polifemosi;
rogor aRmoCnda aietis dis, kirkes kunZul aiaiaze da rogor gaimijnura
grZneuli qali; rogor miaRwia qveynis kides, rogor Caatara sagangebo rituali
da rogor Sexvda gardacvlilTa sulebs – dedamiss, aqilevss, agamemnons da bevr
sxvas; rogor SeZlo sirinozTa simReris mosmena da rogor daisajnen da daiRup-
nen misi Tanamgzavrebi imis gamo, rom RmerTTa gafrTxileba yurad ar iRes,
heliosis xarebi dakles da SeWames.
feakTa saocari xomaldi odisevss iTakaze daabrunebs. meRore evmeosis qoxSi
igi telemaqoss xvdeba, romelic aTenas wyalobiT gadaurCeba sasiZoebis risxvas.
mama-Svili erTmaneTs gamoecnaureba da isini erTad SeimuSaveben sasiZoTa da-
Rupvis gegmas. aTena odisevss iers Seucvlis da maTxovrad gadacmuli iTakeli
gmiri Svils saxlSi gahyveba. sasiZoebi glaxaks abuCad aigdeben da yovelmxriv
Seuracxyofen. misi rCeviT ki penelope gadawyvets, rom sasiZoebi Tavisi meuRlis,
odisevsis mSvild-isriT gamocados. gaimarTeba didi Sejibri penelopes xelis
mosapoveblad, sadac maTxovari – odisevsi gaimarjvebs da sasiZoebs daereva. mis
risxvas veravin gadaurCeba. penelope qmars amoicnobs da sixaruliT cas eweva. im
Rames col-qmari erTad atarebs, xolo meore dRes, odisevsi da telemaqosi
laertesis mamuls Seafareben Tavs, rom sasiZoTa naTesavebis Surisgebas daaR-
wion Tavi. SurismaZiebelTa laSqari marTlac miemarTeba iTakisaken, magram aTena
maT SeaCerebs da mSvidobas daamyarebs.
h o m e r o s i s s a k i T x i. homerosis poemebis kvlevas, anu homerologias
mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs. kulturologiis am mniSvnelovani sferosaTvis
dRes yvelaze aqtualuri e. w. homerosis sakiTxia, romelic sami ZiriTadi
aspeqtis erTianobas warmoadgens. esenia: homerosis poemebis erTianobisa da maTi
avtoris sakiTxi, homerosis eposi da istoria, homerosis poemebis formirebis
problema.
h o m e r o s i s p o e m e b i s e r T i a n o b a. Tanamedrove homerologTa wi-
naSe ismis kiTxvebi: ramdenad erTiani mxatvruli koncefciiTaa Seqmnili ìliada~
da òdisea~? isini sxvadasxva poetTa nawarmoebebis gaerTianebas xom ar war-
moadgenen? es kiTxvebi Tanamedrove adamians awvalebs, Torem Zvel berZnebs isini
ar gasCeniaT. maTTvis homerosi realurad arsebuli Semoqmedi gaxldaT, romlis
kalamsac, sayovelTao aRiarebiT, ìliada~ da òdisea~ ekuTvnoda.
ìliadisa~ da òdiseas~ erTianobis Sesaxeb pirvelad da amomwuravad msje-
lobs aristotele Tavis `poetikaSi~. berZeni filosofosis TqmiT, homeross
gaazrebuli hqonda fabulis erTianobis saidumloeba.
pirvelad elinistur xanaSi, aleqsandrielma gramatikosebma, qsenonma da he-
lanikosma, e. w. `gamTiSvelebma~ (`qoriZontebma~) gamoTqves varaudi, rom ìliada~
da òdisea~ or sxvadasxva poets unda Seeqmna, Tumca am Tvalsazriss arc romSi
da Semdgom arc bizantiaSi mimdevrebi ar hyolia. es sakiTxi aqtualuri ukve
axal droSi, kerZod, XVII saukuneSi gaxda, rodesac pirvelma WeSmaritma homer-
ologma, frangma mweralma fransua hedelinma, anu abatma d’obiniakma seriozuli
argumentebi wamoayena homerosis eposis erTianobis winaaRmdeg da amgvarad sa-
fuZveli Cauyara mravalavtorobis, anu analitikur Teorias (1664-1715 ww.). mas
volfianursac uwodeben xolme, radgan igi gansakuTrebiT popularuli german-
eli mkvlevris, f. a. volfis meSveobiT gaxda, romelmac XVIII saukuneSi homerosis
poemaTa WeSmaritad filologiuri kvleva wamoiwyo (1795 w.) da Semdgomi perio-
dis mecnieruli azris ganviTarebazec udidesi gavlena moaxdina.
homerosi 41
e. w. analitikuri Teoriis mimdevarTagan zogi Tvlida, rom ìliada~ da

òdisea~ sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva avtoris mier damuSavda (j. viko, 1730 w.; f. a.
volfi), rom homerosi arc arsebobda da misi saxeliT cnobili poemebi xalxs,
berZen tomebs ekuTvnodaT. sxvaTa azriT, homerosma zepirad Seqmna Tavisi nawar-
moebebi, romlebic pisistratosis iniciativiT iqca ìliadad~ da òdisead~
(periZoniusi, i. foorbroki, 1685 w.), rom homerosis eposi pisistratosis epoqamde
ver Camoyalibdeboda, radgan misi Seqmna damwerlobis gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo,
xolo im droisaTvis aRmoCenili uZvelesi berZnuli warwerebi Zv. w. VII saukuniT
TariRdeboda (f. a. volfi, 1795 w.).
`simReraTa Teoriis~ Tanaxmad, ìliada~ erTmaneTisgan damoukidebel sim-
ReraTa gaerTianebas warmoadgenda (k. laxmani). `ganvrcobis Teoriis~ mixedviT,
homerosis poemebi adre arsebuli `winare-iliadisa~ da `winare-odiseas~ gavr-
cobis Sedegad iyo miRebuli (v. hermani, v. Taileri). iseTi Tvalsazrisic ga-
moiTqva, rom Tavdapirvelad aqilevsis Sesaxeb Seiqmna poema àqileada~, romel-
Sic calkeuli simRerebis Camatebis Sedegad ìliada~ miviReT (j. groti) (zemoT
ganxiluli Teoriebis garda, cnobili iyo a. kirxhofis, v. lifis, j. marisa da
sxvaTa Teoriebic).
analitikuri Teoriebis momxreTa mTeli moRvaweoba XX saukuneSi germanelma
mecnierma, u. fon vilamovic-molendorfma daagvirgvina, romelmac Tavis naS-
romebSi analitikuri Teoria mTeli sisavsiT warmoaCina da, imavdroulad, skru-
pulozuri filologiuri analizis Sedegad, homerosis poemebis kompoziciuri
mTlianoba gamoaaSkarava, riTic ìliadisa~ da òdiseas~ erTianobis mxardam-
Werebs kvlevis axali mimarTuleba dausaxa – poemaTa erTianobis damtkiceba maT
kompoziciur mTlianobaze dayrdnobiT.
Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa nawili kvlav analitikur Teorias uWers mxars. zogs
miaCnia, rom ìliadisa~ da òdiseas~ formirebis procesSi or, sxvadasxva drois
poets unda mieRo monawileoba (a. fon der miuli). zogierTi Tvlis, rom ìli-
adaSi~ sami done gamoiyofa: Zveli, kvlav CarTuli, Zveli, gadasinjuli da
vrceli axali masala, xolo es `masalebi~ erTian poemad Zv. w. VI saukuneSi gaer-
Tianda, rodesac `homerosi~ moRvaweobda da misi poemebis panaTeneebze Ses-
ruleba dakanonda (k. stenli). iseTi mosazrebac arsebobs, rom ìliada~ eqvsi
sxvadasxva avtoris Seqmnili unda iyos, radgan sinonimebis gamoyenebis sixSire
eqvsi mwerlis gamoyofis saSualebas iZleva (k. kleini).
homerosis poemebis erTianobaSi XX saukunemdec eWvi ar epareboda mraval
did moazrovnes (magaliTad, i. f. Silers, v. goeTes, f. holderlins, g. v. f. he-
gels). mravali angariSgasawevi dakvirvebac arsebobda (magaliTad, g. v. nicSis, f.
f. sokolovis, j. a. skotis, T. v. alenis, e. drerupis da sxv.), magram unitariebis
argumentebi xSirad araTanmimdevruli iyo. situacia da `ZalTa Tanafardoba~
arsebiTad Seicvala XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi, rac germaneli mecnieris, v. Sade-
valdtis saxels ukavSirdeba. man ìliadis~ calkeuli simRerebisa da calkeuli
adgilebis skrupulozuri, ànalitikuri~ kvlevis Sedegad daadgina, rom am po-
emis erTmaneTisgan daSorebuli adgilebic ki organuladaa dakavSirebuli erT-
maneTTan, erTis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe meore bundovani da gaugebaria. ìli-
adis~ simRerebi ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs, radgan TiToeul simReraSi
mTavrdeba is, rac mis winamorbedSi daiwyo da imavdroulad mzaddeba niadagi
momdevno simReraSi ganviTarebuli movlenebisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, gakeTda
daskvna: ìliadis~ SeqmnaSi interpolatorebsa da sxvadasxva epoqis poetebs rom
mieRoT monawileoba da mis ukan erTi Semoqmedi rom ar idges, maSin poemis
calkeul nawilebs Soris aseTi organuli kavSiri aRar iarsebebda.
v. Sadevaldtma biZgi misca unitaristuli Teoriis ganviTarebas. omis Semdgom
periodSi mravali naSromi gamoqveynda, romlebic Tanmimdevrulad, argumen-
42 homerosi
tirebulad da damajereblad warmoaCendnen ìliadis~ erTianobas; am nawarmoe-

bis yvelaze winaaRmdegobrivi adgilebic ki Tanamedrove interpretaciis Sede-
gad organulad daukavSirda am poemis saerTo struqturas (magaliTad, II, V, VI da
XXIV simRerebis calkeuli pasaJebi).
rac Seexeba òdiseas~ erTianobas, mis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadad, sami Tvalsazrisi
arsebobs: 1. e. w. mravalSrianobis Teoriis mimdevrebi Tvlian, rom òdiseaSi~
unda gamoiyos ramdenime Sre (d. peiji). Tavdapirvelad arsebobda birTvi. e. w.
`winare-odisea~, romelic sxvadasxva drois poetebis Camatebebis Sedegad iqca
dReisaTvis Cvens xelT arsebul poemad.
òdiseas~ kvlevis e. w. kompilaciur-analitikuri meTodis momxreni miiCneven,
rom am nawarmoebSi ori poetis kvali SeiniSneba. erTma, Zvelma Semoqmedma poema
Seqmna, xolo meorem, SedarebiT mogvianebiT igi gadaamuSava (a. kirxhofi, u.
vilamovici, p. fon der miuli, v. Sadevaldti).
mkvlevarTa sakmaod didi nawili òdiseasac~ unitaristulad udgeba da mis
erTianobaSi eWvi ar epareba. maTi azriT, am poemis sxvadasxva nawilebi (magali-
Tad, `telemaqia~, `sulTa samefo~, òdiseas~ finali) imdenad logikurad aris da-
kavSirebuli erTmaneTTan, rom Tu maT poemas CamovaSorebT, maSin misi erTiani
poeturi koncefcia aSkarad dairRveva.
amdenad, Tanamedrove mkvlevarTa umravlesoba homerosis poemaTa erTianobas
aRiarebs, Tumca isini kvlevis sul sxvadasxva meTodebsa da principebs iyeneben
(magaliTad, a. leski, k. rainhardti, i. grifini, i. lataCi, d. lomani, r. gordeziani
da sxv.).
ìliadisa~ da òdiseas~ erTianobis dasamtkiceblad mniSvnelovan argu-
mentacias gvawvdis am poemaTa struqturis analizi. mis Sedegad gamoirkva, rom
ìliadaSi~ sxvadasxva struqturuli erTeulebi, kerZod, calkeul gmirTa sity-
vebi, calkeuli scenebi da mTlianobaSi moqmedebis ganviTarebac, anu e. w. mo-
qmedebis blokebi garkveuli simetriulobiT gamoirCeva. rogorc gmirTa sity-
vebSi, ise calke scenebSi sami kompoziciuri principi gamoiyeneba. esenia: wriuli
kompozicia (a b g b´ a´), paraleluri dayofa (a b g... a´ b´ g´), gacilebiT ufro iS-
viaTad – Tavisufali mimdevroba (a b g...).
aRsaniSnavia agreTve isic, rom homerosi Txrobas ise warmarTavs, anu movle-
naTa ganviTareba imgvaradaa warmodgenili, rom poemaSi e. w. samoqmedo da
arasamoqmedo dReebi erTmaneTs simetriulad enacvleba, rasac qvemoT mocemuli
sqemac cxadyofs:
I simRera XXIV simRera
1 – 9 – 1 – 12 – 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 elCoba – 1 – 1 – 1 – 1 – 12 – 1 – 9
– 1
cvalebadi brZolebi
Rame
dakrZalva
[dolonia?]
didi brZolebi
brZola
kedeli
TamaSobebi
dakrZalva
brZola
kvlevis Sedegad aRmoCnda, rom ìliadaSi~ wriuli kompozicia figurirebs,

xolo poemis mTlian struqturaSi wriuli kompozicia da paraleluri dayofa
vlindeba. ìliadis~ Semadgeneli nawilebi, e. w. moqmedebis blokebi centraluri
blokis mimarT wriuli kompoziciis principiTaa ganlagebuli, xolo calkeul
homerosi 43
samoqmedo blokTa scenebSi, ZiriTadad, paraleluri dayofa iCens Tavs (gamonak-

lisia X simRera, `dolonia~, romelsac ìliadis~ mTlian struqturasTan
kavSiri ara aqvs).
ìliadaSi~ gamovlenili paraleluri dayofis TvalsaCino nimuSi I da XXIV
simRerebis urTierTmimarTebaa:
I simRera
a. qrisesi gamosasyidiT midis agamemnonTan, rom qaliSvili daibrunos.
b. agamemnoni gamosasyids ar iRebs da qrisess qaliSvils ar ubrunebs.
g. aqilevsisa da agamemnonis dava (aqilevsi droebiT wyvets brZolas).
d. aqilevsi da briseisi (briseisis motaceba).
e. qriseisi Tavis qalaqSi mihyavT (qrisesis sixaruli).
v. aqavelTa daRupva brZolis velze da maTi dakrZalva. rituali. nadimi.
XXIV simRera
a.´ priamosi gamosasyidiT midis aqilevsTan, rom Svilis gvami daibrunos.
b.´ aqilevsi gamosasyids iRebs da priamoss gvams ubrunebs.
g.´ aqilevsisa da priamosis saubari (aqilevsi droebiT wyvets brZolas).
d.´ aqilevsi da briseisi (aqilevsi Rames dabrunebul briseisTan atarebs).
e.´ priamoss Svilis gvami Tavis qalaqSi miaqvs (troelTa glova).
v.´ heqtoris dakrZalva da datireba. rituali. nadimi.
sxvadasxva samoqmedo blokTa Tu simReraTa scenebi erTmaneTTan sayuradRebo
mimarTebebs amJRavnebs ara mxolod struqturuli, aramed enobrivi Tvalsaz-
risiTac. imavdroulad ìliadis~ kompozicia ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba poemaSi
epikuri konfliqtis ganviTarebis koncefcias da, rogorc mkvlevarni varaudo-
ben, sakuTriv homerosiseul princips: uzenaesi RmerTis nebiT dawyebuli kon-
fliqti misive nebiT sruldeba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom rogorc poemis mcire struqturul erTeulebSi, ise mis
mTlian struqturebSi gamovlenili mkacri simetriuloba kidev erTxel adas-
turebs poemis erTianobas da kidev erTxel warmoaCens, rom ìliadas~ hyavda
erTi Semoqmedi, romelsac erTiani epikuri koncefcia da poeturi gegma hqonda
da maT maqsimalurad icavda.
ìliada~ troas omis meaTe wlis ramdenime dRis ambavs gviambobs, magram mkiTx-
vels iseTi SegrZneba eufleba, rom mis Tvalwin troas mTelma omma Caiara. gadmo-
cemulia mxolod erTi epizodi, magram informacia imgvaradaa ganawilebuli,
rom mTeli troas omis msvlelobis Sesaxeb gviqmnis warmodgenas. personaJTa sa-
Tanado gaazrebiTa da Sesabamis motivTa intensifikaciiT, troas omis Sesaxeb
vrceli informaciis koncentraciiTa da misi gegmazomieri ganawilebiT home-
rosma poemaSi troas mTeli omi `Caatia~. man ìliada~ troas omis erTgvar mati-
aned aqcia. mTel poemas laitmotivad gasdevs erTi tendencia – Seiqmnas mTeli
omis msvlelobis iluzia, rac kidev erTxel mowmobs, rom ìliada~ erTian poe-
tur koncefcias, sruliad mkafio da gansazRvrul kompoziciur principebs
efuZneba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mTeli ìliada~ simetriulobis suliTaa gaJRenTili,
igi arc sqematuria, arc mSrali, monotonuri da xelovnuri. piriqiT, epikuri
didebulebiTa da poeturi aRmafreniTaa gaJRenTili, rac upirveles yovlisa,
misi avtoris SemoqmedebiTi niWis gamoxatulebaa, xolo poemis kompoziciuri
simetriuloba da erTgvari geometrizmi epoqis saerTo suliskveTebiT sazrdo-
obs. ìliada~ iqmneba Zv. w. VIII saukuneSi, geometriuli renesansis epoqaSi, ro-
desac sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis yvela sfero garkveuli sistematizaciisaken
miiswrafvis, xolo xelovneba, gansakuTrebiT ki, keramikuli ferwera, ge-
44 homerosi
ometriuli figurebis simetriul monacvleobasa da kompoziciuri erTianobis,

ase vTqvaT, geometriul principebs gvTavazobs.
kvlevam cxadyo, rom kompoziciurad ìliada~ da òdisea~ erTmaneTisgan gark-
veulwilad gansxvavdeba. Zv. w. XIII saukunis Sua xanebidan moyolebuli, Tavad ge-
ometriul xelovnebaSi xdeba garkveuli cvlilebebi, Cndeba geometrizmisa da
simetriulobis rRvevis tendencia, rac poemaTa stilistikazec aisaxeba.
rac Seexeba òdiseas~, misi kompozicia ufro martivia, xolo Sinaarsi – ad-
vilad aRsaqmeli. Sesabamisad, poemis calkeul nawilebs Soris kavSiri ìli-
adasTan~ SedarebiT nakleb myaria, Tumca, amisda miuxedavad, poema mainc erTiania,
rac qvemoT reliefurad warmoCndeba.
òdisea~ erTi SexedviT odisevsTan da telemaqosTan dakavSirebul saTav-
gadasavlo ambebs, garkveulwilad damoukidebel, Caketil siuJetebs gadmog-
vcems, magram ufro Rrma analizis Sedegad irkveva, rom poemis mizani mxolod
odisevsis xetialisa da dabrunebis aRwera rodia. ìliada~ amomwurav cnobebs
gvawvdis ante-iliakaze, anu troas omis win momxdar ambebsa da Tavad troas omis
msvlelobaze, xolo informacia troas omis bolo etapze, post-iliakas, anu omis
Semdgom movlenebsa da aqavel gmirTa Sin dabrunebaze Zalian mwiria. kvleva
cxadyofs, rom is, razec ìliada~ dums, moTxrobilia òdiseaSi~. informaciu-
lad erTi poema meores avsebs. odisevsis dabruneba aris poemis gamamTlianebeli
ambavi Tu Tema, romlis saSualebiTac homerosi Tavis mizans aRwevs, Tavis mxat-
vrul Canafiqrs axorcielebs: troas omis dasrulebis Semdgom gmirTa bed-
iRbals gvacnobs. mTel poemaSi `dabrunebaTa suli trialebs~. dabruneba òdis-
eas~ wamyvani motivi xdeba da homerosis leqsikaSic `dabrunebasTan~ dakavSire-
buli sityvebi Warbobs. ìliadaSi~ gegmazomieradaa ganawilebuli informacia
troas omis Taobaze, xolo òdiseaSi~ – aqavel gmirTa dabrunebis Sesaxeb. say-
uradReboa is faqti, rom cnobebi post-iliakas Sesaxeb Tavmoyrilia, ZiriTadad,
`telemaqiaSi~, `sulTa samefosa~ da XXIV simReraSi, ris gamoc poemidan maTi
CamoSoreba SeuZlebelia. isini erTiani poeturi principiT, mxatvruli koncef-
ciiTa Seqmnili da poemis organuli nawilebia. `telemaqias~ òdiseasTan~ ganuy-
oflad akavSirebs kidev erTi faqtori: gmirTa eqsponirebis is kanonzomiereba,
romelic poemaSi iCens Tavs. `telemaqiaSi~ warmodgenili zogierTi gmiri òdis-
eas~ sxva simRerebSi ise saxeldeba, rom misi eqsponireba aRar xdeba.
kvlevam warmoaCina, rom òdiseas~ struqtura, ìliadis~ msgavsad, ge-
ometriuli epoqisaTvis niSandoblivi simetriulobiT xasiaTdeba. e. w. samoqmedo
blokebi erTmaneTis mimarT wriuli kompoziciis principiTaa ganlagebuli (a b g
b´ a´), xolo centris mimarT simetriul blokTa calkeuli scenebi paraleluri
dayofis safuZvelzea agebuli.
poemis centri odisevsisa da telemaqosis iTakaze dabrunebaa. amiT mTavrdeba
siuJetis ganviTarebis erTi xazi (odisevsis dabruneba) da iwyeba meore
(sasiZoebze Surisgeba). poemis centraluri nawili (XIII-XVI simRerebi), Tavis
mxriv, tipologiurad erTmaneTis msgavsi da erTmaneTis mimarT simetriulad
ganlagebuli Semdegi scenebisgan Sedgeba:
a. odisevsi mSvidobiT midis iTakaze.
b. sasiZoebi telamaqosis mokvlis gegmas ver axorcieleben.
a. ´ telemaqosi mSvidobiT midis iTakaze.
b. ´ odisevsi da telemaqosi sasiZoTa mokvlis gegmas adgenen.
centraluri blokis garSemo aseve simetriuladaa ganlagebuli danarCeni
samoqmedo blokebi, romlebic igiveobiT Tu polarobiT erTmaneTis msgavs sce-
naTa erTobliobad warmogvidgebian. rogorc ukve aRiniSna, isini, Cveulebriv,
homerosi 45
paraleluri dayofis principiTaa agebuli, ris TvalsaCino nimuSsac I da XXIV

simRerebi warmoadgenen:
I simRera
a. aTena da zevsi. aTena zevss odisevsis Taobaze elaparakeba.
b. zevsi keTilganwyobas gamoxatavs.
g. aTenas gegma.
d. aTena iTakaze eSveba.
e. aTena telemaqoss moqmedebisa da Surisgebisaken mouwodebs.
v. telemaqosi iwonebs mowodebas.
XXIV simRera
a. ´ aTena da zevsi. aTena zevss odisevsis Taobaze elaparakeba.
b. ´ zevsi keTilganwyobas gamoxatavs.
g. ´ zevsis gegma.
d. ´ aTena iTakaze eSveba.
e. ´ aTena iTakelebs SurisZiebisa da sisxlisRvris SeCerebisaken mouwodebs.
v. ´ iTakelebi iwoneben mowodebas.
Tu kargad davakvirdebiT, davinaxavT, rom simetria aq, erTi mxriv, poemis kom-
poziciur mTlianobas ganapirobebs, xolo, meore mxriv, mas garkveuli ideuri
datvirTvac gaaCnia. rogorc I, ise XXIV simReraSi warmmarTvelia RmerTis Ca-
nafiqri, misi survili, romlis wyalobiTac Tavdapirvelad konfliqti Rvivdeba,
xolo Semdeg ganimuxteba. anu ìliadis~ msgavsad, RvTaebrivi nebiT dawyebuli
konfliqti RvTaebrivi nebiTve dasruldeba, rac aSkarad epikuri konfliqtis
ganviTarebis homerosiseuli principia.
` i l i a d i s a ~ d a ` o d i s e a s ~ a v t o r i. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi
azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa ìliadisa~ da òdiseas~ urTierTmimarTebasTan da maT av-
torTan dakavSirebiTac. ZiriTadad, oTxi mosazreba gamoiyofa: 1) ìliada~ da
òdisea~ sxvadasxva avtors ekuTvnis (d. peiji, a. hoibeki); 2) ìliada~ da òdis-
eas~ erTi nawili homerosma Seqmna, xolo òdiseas~ danarCeni nawilebi – misma
mimdevarma (v. Sadevaldti); 3) ìliadasa~ da òdiseaSi~ ori sxvadasxva poetis
xeli unda ganvasxvaoT (p. fon der miuli); 4) ìliada~ da òdisea~ erTi poetis
kuTvnilebaa (r. gordeziani, a. leski, k, rainhardti, t. b. uebsteri).
bunebrivia, am ukanaskneli versiisken gadavixrebiT da ìliadisa~ da òdiseas~
avtorad erT Semoqmeds, homeross miviCnevT, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT am poemis
struqturebisa da kompoziciuri principebis msgavsebas, epikuri konfliqtis
ganviTarebis msgavs koncefciasa da orive nawarmoebSi informaciis, ante- da
postiliakas gegmazomier, Tanamimdevrul ganawilebas.
troas omis wina periodsa da omis msvlelobas ìliada~ warmogvidgens cen-
tralur gmirTan, aqilevsTan dakavSirebuli risxvis motivis saSualebiT, xolo
troas omis dasasrulsa da mis gmirTa Semdgom Tavgadasavals ukve òdisea~
gvixatavs aseve centralur gmirTan, amjerad odisevsTan dakavSirebuli dabru-
nebis motivis gamoyenebiT.
orive poemaSi moqmedi, ase zedmiwevniT gaazrebuli da msgavsi kompoziciuri
principebi da mxatvruli koncefcia, bunebrivia, mxolod erTi avtoris saxels
SeiZleba daukavSirdes.
mkvlevarni, romelnic ìliadisa~ da òdiseas~ avtorad sxvadasxva poets miiC-
neven, TavianT argumentad am poemebs Soris arsebul enobriv, eTikur-religiur
da msoflmxedvelobriv sxvaobas asaxeleben. maT sapirispirod unda iTqvas, rom
rogorc Tanamedrove gamokvlevebma cxadyo, ìliadasa~ da òdiseas~ Soris eno-
briv-stilisturi gansxvaveba mxolod 3-5 procentia, anu imdenad umniSvneloa,
46 homerosi
rom masze yuradRebis gamaxvileba arc Rirs. ase romc ar iyos, Tu davuSvebT, rom
homerosis eposi werilobiT aris Seqmnili, maSin poemebs Soris ufro arsebiTi
enobriv-stilisturi sxvaobac advilad aixsneba.
rac Seexeba poemebSi gamoTqmul gansxvavebul religiur-eTikur Sexedule-
bebsa da msoflmxedvelobriv principebs, es, erTi mxriv, ìliadisa~ da òdiseas~
gansxvavebuli xasiaTiTaa ganpirobebuli, xolo, meore mxriv, drois faqtoriT.
ìliadaSi~ koleqtiuri, saerTo-saxalxo miznebi da amocanebi dominirebs, xolo
òdiseaSi~ – pirovnuli `me~. ìliadaSi~ naklebia distancia RmerTebsa da ada-
mianur samyaros Soris. manZili RmerTebsa da adamianebs Soris òdiseaSi~
gacilebiT ufro sagrZnobia. Sesabamisad, am poemebSi religiuri da filosofi-
uri problematika sxvadasxva aspeqtiT iCens Tavs, rasac droTa ganmavlobaSi Ta-
vad avtoris msoflmxedvelobaSi momxdari Zvrebic emateba.
h o m e r o s i d a i s t o r i a. antikurobaSi homeross ara mxolod did po-
etad da moazrovned miiCnevdnen, aramed pirvel istorikosad da geografosadac.
herodotosi, Tukididesi da straboni homerosis poemebs sando istoriul wyarod
Tvlidnen, magram axalma evropam maTi sandooba eWvqveS daayena. am oriode saukunis
win arc troas omis sjerodaT, arc Zv. w. I aTaswleulamde arsebuli berZenTa ma-
RalganviTarebuli kulturis da arc maTi mZlavri politikuri gaerTianebisa.
bunebrivia, ìliadisa~ da òdiseas~ informaciasac seriozulad aravin uyurebda.
situacia arsebiTad Seicvala mas Semdeg, rac h. Slimanma, Tavisi àxirebuli
gegmebi~ ganaxorciela, 1871 wels, jer mcire aziaSi, hisarlikis maRlobze, xolo
Semdeg kontinentur saberZneTSi arqeologiuri gaTxrebi wamoiwyo da kaco-
briobas saukuneTa manZilze ferfliTa da miwiT dafaruli troa da mikeni dau-
bruna.
STambeWdavi arqeologiuri monapovris miuxedavad, mecnierTa nawils dRemde
saeWvod miaCnia troas arseboba. skeptikosebi Tvlian, rom homerosis eposSi
SeiZleba arsebobdes kidec istoriuli sinamdvilis marcvali, magram xalxuri
fantaziisgan misi gamijvna, faqtobrivad, SeuZlebelia. homerosis dros jer
kidev ar arseboda istoriuli literatura da, Sesabamisad, am didi epikosisgan
arc istoriul azrovnebas unda velodoT.
skeptikosTa azriT, manamde ver virwmunebT troas omis realurobas, sanam amis
damadasturebeli xeTuri da ugarituli dokumentebi ar aRmoCndeba. dReisaTvis
Cvens xelT arsebuli istoriuli wyaroebi mowmobs, rom Zv. w. XIII saukunisaTvis,
anu troas omis epoqisaTvis egeidaSi Seqmnili viTareba bevri TvalsazrisiT
hgavda homerosis monaTxrobs: Zveli aRmosavluri (ZiriTadad, xeTuri da egvip-
turi) wyaroebis Tanaxmad, im droisaTvis kontinentur saberZneTsa da egeosis
zRvis auzis zogierT kunZulze berZnuli tomebi dominirebdnen da maTi
politikuri gaerTianebac (konfederacia Tu imperia) unda arsebuliyo (aqqiava),
romelsac mikeni winamZRvrobda.
aseve xeTuri dokumentebis mixedviT, Zv. w. XIV saukuneSi, mcire aziis dasavleT
nawilSi arsebobda 22 qveynisa Tu tomis sabrZolo kavSiri, aSSuva, romelic xe-
Tebsa da aqqiavas, anu aqavelebs upirispirdeboda (aRsaniSnavia, rom am tomTa sax-
elwodebebi troelTa da maT mokavSireTa saxelebs exmianeba).
da bolos, arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad dadasturda, rom homerosis
mier moxseniebuli is geografiuli punqtebi, romelTa identifikaciac moxerxda,
marTlac mikenuri epoqis dasaxlebebia.
kvlav arqeologiur gaTxrebs davubrundeT. Tavad Slimani darwmunebuli iyo,
rom mis mier aRmoCenili dasaxlebis II Sre swored sanukvari homerosis troa iyo,
magram eqspediciis wevri arqeologebi mis optimizms ar iziarebdnen. XIX sauku-
nis 90-ian wlebSi Slimanis dawyebuli saqme v. dorpfeldma ganagrZo da homero-
sis qalaqad man dasaxlebis VI Sre miiCnia, xolo XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi
homerosi 47
amerikelma k. blegenma VIIa Sres mianiWa upiratesoba. amdenad, karga xnis manZilze
ver gadawyda arqeologTa dava, ris gamoc didad garTulda iseTi mniSvnelovani
problemis gadawyveta, rogoric homerosisa da istoriis mimarTebaa.
mkvlevarTa aseTi SeuTanxmebloba skeptikosebis niadagze asxamda wyals, ma-
gram XX saukunis 80-iani wlebidan warmoebulma gaTxrebma, romlebsac germaneli
arqeologi, m. korfmani xelmZRvanelobda, radikalurad Secvala viTareba da
gaabaTila skeptikosTa yvela arqeologiuri argumenti. aRmoCnda, rom rogorc
troa VI, ise troa VIIa sakmaod didi da mniSvnelovani dasaxleba iyo, romelsac
uaRresad xelsayreli strategiuli pozicia eWira da amgvarad akontrolebda
Savi zRvis Sesasvlelsa da, Sesabamisad, nebismier met-naklebad mniSvnelovan
sazRvao eqspedicias. amgvari mdebareoba Tan mis keTildReobas ganapirobebda,
Tan mtrebsac umravlebda.
arqeologebma troaSi omis kvalsac miagnes da im Txrilebsa da karibWeebsac,
romelTa Sesaxeb homerosi mogviTxrobda. arc micvalebulTa kremaciis wes-
Cveuleba aRmoCnda maTi fantaziis nayofi.
uaxlesi gaTxrebis Sedegad Seicvala troas sxvadasxva Sris daTariRebac da
CvenTvis saintereso VI da VIIa Sreebi troas omis savaraudo farglebSi moeqca.
qronologiurad erTmaneTs ufro dauaxlovda winaberZnuli troas bolo Sre
da ukve sakuTriv berZnuli dasaxleba.
skeptikosebi imasac fiqrobdnen, rom homerosamde istoriulad sando infor-
macia ver moaRwevda, radgan `bnel wlebSi~, anu im periodSi, romelic troas oms
homerosis epoqidan aSorebda, egeidaSi damwerlobis kvali ar dasturdeboda.
skeptikosTa am argumentsac arqeologTa monapovarma gamoacala safuZveli.
troas Zv. w. XII-XI saukuneebiT daTariRebul fenaSi brinjaos beWedi aRmoCnda
warweriT: `kargi mwerali~, ramac `bnel wlebSi~ egeidaSi mweralTa da gadam-
werTa institutis arseboba daadastura.
amdenad, dRes rogorc istoriuli dokumentebi, ise arqeologiuri
monapovari sakmao masalas gvawvdis imis dasturad, rom homeross xelT sakmaod
sando istoriuli wyaroebi hqonda, ris gamoc ìliadaSi~ metia istoriuli si-
namdvile, vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans.
Tu ìliada~ istoriul realiebsa da realurad arsebul xalxTa da qveyanaTa
Sesaxeb gviambobs, òdisea~, ZiriTadad, zRaprul-legendarul samyaroSi gvamog-
zaurebs. kikonebis qveyanasa da iTakas Tu ar CavTvliT, odisevsi im drois zRa-
prebiTa da legendebiT nasazrdoeb irealur mxareebs Semoivlis: lotofagebisa
da kiklopebis, eolosisa da lestrigonebis qveyanas, kirkes samflobelosa da
sulTa samefos, romlis Sesasvlelic kimerielTa miwazea, skilasa da qaribdisis,
Trinakiisa da kalifsos irealur samyarosa da feakTa utopiur kunZul sqerias.
raoden ucnauradac ar unda mogveCvenos, mkvlevarTa nawili odisevsis marS-
rutis realurobis damtkicebas cdilobs. zogierTi Tvlis, rom iTakeli gmiri
xmelTaSua zRvis dasavleTiT mogzaurobs, sxvaTa azriT ki – mis aRmosavleTiT.
zogi imasac ki ambobs, rom homerosi òdiseaSi~ atlantikis kunZulebs moix-
seniebs. yvelaze misaRebi, albaT, mainc is Tvalsazrisia, rom òdiseas~ mTeli
geografia, arsebiTad, poeturi pirobiTobaa da mecnieruli kriteriumiT misi
kvleva didad gamarTlebuli arc aris, Tumca CvenTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvne-
loba eniWeba kirkes kunZuls, aiaies da masTan dakavSirebul mecnierul
diskusias. rogorc cnobilia, kirke aias mefis, aietis da, anu medeas mamidaa.
antikuri xanis avtorebi, Cveulebriv, aiasa da kolxeTs erTmaneTTan aigivebd-
nen, magram Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi yvela am Tvalsazriss ar iziarebs. skepti-
kosebs mxedvelobidan rCebaT ori mniSvnelovani argumenti: rogorc istoriuli
wyaroebi, ise uaxlesi arqeologiuri aRmoCenebi cxdyofs, rom mikenur epoqaSi
egeididan SavizRvispireTSi sazRvao eqspediciebi tardeboda da, amdenad, savse-
48 homerosi
biT realuria aiasa da kolxeTis erTmaneTTan gaigiveba. garda amisa, ìliadaSi~

troel mokavSireTa Soris moixseniebian haliZonebi alibes qveynidan, romlebic,
uZvelesi berZnuli wyaroebis Tanaxmad, erT-erT qarTvelur tomTan, xalibebTan
unda gavaigivoT.
amdenad, ìliadisa~ da òdiseas~, ase vTqvaT, ìstoriuli aspeqtebi~ CvenTvis
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani da Rirebulia, radgan homerosi aris pirveli ev-
ropeli mwerali, romelic qarTveluri samyaros Sesaxeb gvawvdis cnobebs.
h o m e r o s i s e p o s i s f o r m i r e b i s p r o b l e m a. Tanamedrove
homerologias kidev erT sakvanZo sakiTxze uwevs pasuxis gacema: ra gziT aris
Seqmnili homerosis eposi – werilobiT Tu zepirad? dReisaTvis ramdenime Tval-
sazrisi arsebobs: 1) homerosis poemebi zepiri gziT Seiqmna da igi Caweres poetis
sikvdilis Semdeg, an mogvianebiT, pisistratosis moRvaweobis xanaSi, Zv. w. VI sau-
kuneSi; 2) homerosma Tavisi poemebi zepirad Seqmna, magram Tavadve Caawerina kar-
naxiT; 3) homerosis poemebi werilobiT Seiqmna; 4) homerosis poemebis nawili
Seiqmna zepirad, nawili – werilobiT.
m. perisa da sxva folkloristTa mier Catarebulma kvlevebma cxadyo, rom
zepiri gziT SeiZleba Seiqmnas da Taobidan Taobas met-naklebi saxecvlilebiT
gadaeces sakmaod didi moculobis epikuri nawarmoebi (magaliTad, serbo-
xorvatuli eposi – 12 000 saleqso striqoni, yirgizuli `manasi~ – 250 000, induri
`maxabharata~ – 200 000). amdenad, teqnikuri TvalsazrisiT savsebiT realuria,
rom homerosis poemebi zepirad iyos Seqmnili, Tumca amas Semdgomi kvleva da mec-
nieruli dasabuTeba sWirdeba. upirveles yovlisa, unda moinaxos is myari kri-
teriumebi, romelTa saSualebiTac dadgindeba nawarmoebi zepirad aris Seqmnili
Tu werilobiT.
XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi m. perim amosavlad aqcia Tvalsazrisi, rom zepir
poeziaSi xSirad gxvdeba epikuri formulebi, rac werilobiTi poeziisaTvis
damaxasiaTebeli ar aris, Tumca uaxlesma filologiurma kvlevebma da saTanado
statistikurma monacemebma es debuleba ar daadastura. amdenad, homerosis
eposSi marTlac mravlad arsebuli epikuri formulebi (epiTeti + saxeli; leqsi-
kur formativTa jgufi; striqoni an striqonTa jgufi) ar aris sakmarisi argu-
menti imis dasamtkiceblad, rom ìliada~ da òdisea~ zepiri gziT Seiqmna.
XX saukunis 80-ian wlebSi m. ongma kvlevis masStabi gaafarTova da Camoaya-
liba is cxra niSani, romelic zepiri gziT Seqmnil nawarmoebs unda axasiaTebdes.
rodesac m. ongis mier SemoTavazebuli kriteriumebis safuZvelze ìliada~ da
òdisea~ Seiswavles, aRmoCnda, rom homerosTan m. ongis `niSnebi~ regularulad
ar gvxvdeba da, Sesabamisad, problemis gadasaWreladac ar gamodgeba.
mkvlevarTa didi nawili Tvlis, rom homerosis eposi werilobiT Seiqmna. maTi
argumentebi savsebiT logikuri da damajerebelia: ìliadisa~ da òdiseas~
maRalmxatvruloba, informaciis gegmazomieri, Tanamimdevruli ganawileba, mow-
esrigebuloba da geometriuli simetria kompoziciuri organizaciis yvela
doneze, motivTa intensifikacia, romelic saocar dramatul erTianobas aniWebs
poemebs, zepiri poeziis SemTxvevaSi ki mas funqcia arc eqneboda. garda amisa, ho-
merosis leqsikis manqanurma analizma cxadyo, rom TviT yvelaze ufro tradi-
ciuli, epikuri enis gamoyenebis drosac ki Zalian maRalia `teqstis organizaciis
xarisxi~.
ìliada~ da òdisea~ mravaljeradi, anu nawilebad SesrulebisaTvis iyo gami-
znuli, xolo `mkacrad organizebuli teqsti mravaljeradi SesrulebisaTvis
gankuTvnil eposSi sakmaod myari argumentia am nawarmoebis werilobiT gziT
Seqmnis sasargeblod, radgan zepir vrcel eposSi teqstis mkacr organizacias ar
gaaCnia funqcia~ (r. gordeziani).
homerosi 49
h o m e r o s i s e n a, s t i l i, t e q n i k a. Zvel saberZneTSi elinistur

xanamde erTiani saliteraturo enis funqcias literaturuli dialeqtebi as-
rulebdnen. yoveli JanrisaTvis esa Tu is dialeqti saerToelinur enobriv nor-
mad iyo qceuli. eposi e. w. epikur zedialeqtze iqmneboda, romelic, Tumca ioni-
uris safuZvelze iyo Camoyalibebuli, sasaubro ioniurisgan mkveTrad gansxvav-
deboda da Seicavda mikenurisa da eoliurisaTvis damaxasiaTebel bevr elements,
xolo zogjer sxva dialeqtebis Taviseburebebsac amJRavnebda. epikuri ena iyo
sxvadasxva epoqisa da dialeqtisaTvis damaxasiaTebel enobriv movlenaTa erTo-
blioba, romelic saukuneTa manZilze yalibdeboda, magram Tavisi ganviTarebis
mwvervals homerosTan miaRwia.
rodesac homerosis literaturul memkvidreobaze vsaubrobT, bunebrivia,
gverds ver avuvliT misi mxatvruli enis Taviseburebebs. masSi bevria rogorc
tradiciuli, winaparTagan namemkvidrevi, ise sruliad axali, originaluri da
mxolod homerosisTvis niSandoblivi.
rogorc WeSmariti epikosi, homerosi gverds ver auvlida e. w. epikur for-
mulebs, myar, gaqvavebul formebsa da sityvaTSeTanxmebebs, romlebic heqsametru-
li striqonis calkeul metrul segments iyo morgebuli da poets saTqmelis
leqsad gamarTvas uadvilebda. imavdroulad, homerosi savsebiT mizanmimarTu-
lad da Tanmimdevrulad mimarTavda e. w. kvantitatur, anu raodenobriv princips.
igi xSirad imeorebda calkeul personaJTan da movlenasTan dakavSirebul ni-
Sansa Tu niSanTa erTobliobas. amgvarad, homerosi cdilobda, rom personaJTa
da movlenaTa arsi ufro mkafiod gamoekveTa da mkiTxvelis cnobierebaSi igi
ufro Rrmad aRebeWda.
kvantitaturi principis yvelaze mkafio gamovlineba epiTetis saSualebiT da-
xasiaTebaa. niSanTa (maxasiaTebelTa) Segnebuli ganmeoreba ama Tu im obieqtis ar-
sis gadmocemis saSualebaa da imavdroulad mwyobr sistemas qmnis, romelic home-
rosis mxatvruli samyaros ganuyofeli nawilia da gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
iZens rogorc gmirTa individualizaciis erT-erTi principi.
STabeWdilebis gasaZliereblad da emociuri zemoqmedebis mosaxdenad home-
rosi akustikur da optikur efeqtebsac virtuozulad iyenebs. ama Tu im epi-
zodSi situaciisa da, Sesabamisad, ganwyobis cvlilebas xSirad bgerweris mizan-
mimarTuli cvlac, gansxvavebuli, urTierTkontrastuli JReradobis sityvebiT
Canacvleba mohyveba. magaliTad, monakveTi iwyeba daqtiluri terfebiT, or da
metmarcvliani sityvebiT, narnara da mJReri TanxmovnebiT. sakmarisia, ganwyoba
Seicvalos, rom maT adgilas spondaikuri terfebi, erT da ormarcvliani leqsi-
kuri erTeulebi, mkveTri xSuli `t~ bgera Cndeba da sxv.
bunebrivia, rom Tanamedrove adamians, Zveli berZnulisa da epikuri dialeqtis
kargad codnis SemTxvevaSic ki uZneldeba homerosis mier gamoyenebuli akusti-
kuri efeqtebis srulyofili aRqma. homerosis saidumloebani bolomde gasagebi,
albaT, mxolod misi Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisa da msmenelisTvis Tu iqneboda.
homerosi imdenad xatovnad da suraTovnad, imdenad ferwerulad da plasti-
kurad, zogjer imdenad naturalisturad gvixatavs orTabrZolebs, batalur Tu
datirebis scenebs, rom iseTi STabeWdileba gvrCeba, TiTqos maT vizualuradac
vxedavT, TiTqos Cvens Tvalwin Caivlis troas omica da odisevsis mogzaurobac.
mxolod ambebs ki ar vismenT, aramed maT mkafio da STambeWdav suraTebs vxedavT
kidec:
`bolos kiseri moswyda galeSil kiklops, Zili moeria, kiseri moeRrica da
Rvinos da xorcs erTad azidebda. mori maSinve nakverCxlebSi Sevacure, svel
mors ali ar mosdebia, oRond saSinlad gaxurda, sacaa abrialdeboda, magram
male gamoviReT, megobrebic mxarSi amomidgnen da erToblivad TvalSi vatakeT
kiklops, gavuburReT erTaderTi Tvali, sisxlma ifeTqa, warb-wamwamni Seetrusa,
50 homerosi
SiSiniT gaskda guga, wamaxuli mori ise SiSinebda, wyalSi CaSvebuli nawrTobi
orlesuli gegoneboda~ (òdisea~, IX simRera).1
`zevsi moexvia meuRles da myisve miwaze xasxasa molma amoxeTqa, foTolnamianma
lotosma, xSirma sumbulma da moqnili kvirtebiT RmerTebi nazad aswies maRla.
iwvnen ukvdavni, gars moeburaT oqros Rrubeli da im Rrublidan mowveTavda
wvima kamkama~ (ìliada~, XIV simRera).2
Tu homerosis epiTetebis umravlesoba epikuri formulebis sferoSi eqceva,
misi Sedarebebi bevrad ufro mravalwaxnagovania. maTi nawili tradiciuli,
zepiri poeziidan momdinare da sakmaod martivia. magaliTad, Tavisi mSveniere-
bisa da araordinaluri Tvisebebis gamo esa Tu is gmiri Sedarebulia RmerTTan,
xolo simamacis gamo – lomTan. homerosis Sedarebebis umravlesoba ki sruliad
originaluri, araordinaluri da uaRresad STambeWdavia. homerosiseuli e. w.
kompleqsuri Sedarebebi, Cveulebriv, poetis asociaciuri azrovnebis Sedegia da
mkiTxvelsac xSirad fantazias uRvivebs, optikur xatebs uqmnis. homerosi
sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris araordinalur mimarTebebs moiZiebs da, amdenad,
moulodnelobis efeqtiT gansakuTrebul zemoqmedebas axdens:
`viT Sevardeni, frTosanT Soris yvelaze swrafi, eniT uTqmeli ZaliT qedans
gamoenTeba, gverdiT frTxialiT gasxletil Cits yiviliT isev qvemodan uvlis an
zemodan da xarbad daacxreba, ise misdevda aTrTolebul heqtors fexmardi
aqilevsi~ (ìliada~, XXII simRera).
damsgavsebulisa da dasamsgavseblis saerTo maxasiaTeblad poeti xSirad
savsebiT moulodnel, vizualurad aRqmad niSnebs warmogvidgens da amgvarad
mkiTxvelze emociur zemoqmedebas axdens.
homerosi ara mxolod poeturi metyvelebis didostatad, aramed daxvewil
oratoradac gvevlineba. mis gmirTa sityvebi aRsavsea poeturi ZaliT. isini an
logikuri msjelobis an azris emociuri dinebis, mWevrmetyvelebis didebuli
nimuSebia. homerosi TavianT maswavleblad ara mxolod mxatvruli sityvis
ostatebs miaCndaT, aramed antikuri epoqis oratorebsac.
homerosis eposs gnomebis siuxve da e. w. `filosofiur-sentenciuri~ stilic
axasiaTebs, magram frTosani frazebi da brZnuli gamonaTqvamebi imdenad laRad
da bunebrivad aris mimofantuli mTel teqstSi, imdenad organulad ukavSirdeba
konteqsts, ama Tu im personaJis metyvelebas, rom gnomebi didaqtikur an dog-
matur iers arasodes iZenen. maTi nawili xalxuri sibrZniT sazrdoobs, nawili ki
Tavad homerosis cxovrebiseuli gamocdilebisa da msoflaRqmis anareklia. isini
zogadadamianur faseulobebsa da cxovrebiseul sibrZnes gviqadageben:
erTia saukeTeso niSani – samSoblosaTvis brZola.
(ìliada~, XII, 243)
meomars samSoblosaTvis sikvdili ar unda ercxvinebodes.
(ìliada~, XV, 495)
moiras veravin gaeqceva...
(ìliada~, VI, 488)
omi yvelas Tanabrad miagebs, mkvlelsac moklaven...
(ìliada~, XVIII, 309)
RvTaebani mokvdavT yvelafers erTad ar uboZeben.
(ìliada~, VI, 320)
foTols miagavs kacis modgma...
erTi ibadeba, meore ki qreba.
(ìliada~, VI, 146, 149)
1
mogvyavs òdiseas~ prozauli Targmani, romelic z. kiknaZesa da T. Cxenkels ekuTvniT.
2
mogvyavs ìliadis~ prozauli Targmani, romelic r. miminoSvils ekuTvnis.
homerosi 51
homerosi scenebis agebis ostatadac iTvleba. rogorc ìliadis~, ise òdis-

eas~ sabrZolo, sasiyvarulo, saTagadasavlo, zRapruli Tu yofiTi scenebi sao-
cari dramatuli gamomsaxvelobiT, zogjer tragizmiTac ki xasiaTdeba. Ti-
Toeuli scena Tavisi dasawyisiT, kulminaciiTa da dasasruliT imdenad kargad
aris agebuli, rom zogierTi mkvlevari mas `kargad organizebuli dramis aqtsac~
adarebs. orive poemaSi dramatuli (monologi, dialogi) da epikuri (TxrobiTi)
partiebi harmoniulad enacvleba da erwymis erTmaneTs, Tumca òdisea~ erTi
TaviseburebiT gamoirCeva: masSi metia e. w. izolirebuli, anu damoukidebeli
mniSvnelobis scenebi da, garda amisa, TviT yvelaze ufro zRaprul scenebsac ki
mxatvruli damajerebloba ar akliaT (yvelaze STambeWdav da virtuozulad age-
bul scenebad iTvleba: heqtorisa da andromaqes Sexvedra, aqilevsisa da
heqtoris Serkineba, priamosis misvla aqilevsTan Svilis gamosaxsnelad, odis-
evsisa da meRore evmeosis Sexvedra da sxv.).
homerologia kidev erT sakvanZo sakiTxs ikvlevs: homerosis personaJebi arian
Tu ara xasiaTebi? am kiTxvaze calsaxa pasuxi ar arsebobs. b. snelisa da misi mim-
devrebis azriT, homerosi adamianis sxeuls warmoidgens rogorc calkeuli
nawilebis jams da ara rogorc erT mTlianobas; masTan arc adamianis Sinagani
samyaro da arc misi pirovnuli Tvisebebi iCens Tavs. arsebobs radikalurad
gansxvavebuli mosazrebac, rom homerosTan adamiani warmogvidgeba ara rogorc
sulisa da sxeulis meqanikuri jami, aramed – rogorc erTi mTlianoba, romelsac
calkeuli nawilebi, organoebi gamoeyofa da pirovnebas eqvemdebareba.
isini, visac homerosis eposi zepiri gziT Seqmnilad miaCnia, ìliadisa~ da
òdiseas~ gmirebs mxolod tradiciulis, epikuri formulebis farglebSi aqcevs
da maT individualobas gamoricxavs. isini homerosis mier daxatul pirovnebebad
ki ara, tradiciul sqematur saxeebad miaCnia. sxvaTa azriT ki, ìliada~ da
òdisea~ epikur xasiaTebs, anu idealuri gmiris modelebs gvixatavs.
am sakamaTo sakiTxis gasaRebs isev da isev aristotele gvawvdis. jer erTi, igi
homerosis eposSi gmirTa xasiaTs ganarCevs, xolo meorec, mas gansazRvravs
rogorc arCevanis gakeTebis unars (`poetika~, 1460a9). Semdgomma kvlevam marTlac
cxadyo, rom homerosis gmirTa xasiaTebis individualobas swored maTi arCevanis
individualoba ganapirobebs. TiToeul personaJs aqvs xasiaTis umTavresi, ma-
koordinebeli Strixi, romelic mis yvela im sityvasa da qmedebaSi mJRavndeba,
romelic pirovnul arCevanTan aris dakavSirebuli.
amdenad, ìliadisa~ da òdiseas~ rogorc mTavari, ise meorexarisxovani per-
sonaJebi maTTan dakavSirebuli epiTetebiT gadmocemuli calkeuli Tvisebebis
garda, xasiaTis makoordinebel Strixebsac amJRavneben. magaliTad, agamemnoni
yovelTvis mcdar arCevans akeTebs, xolo Semdgom iZulebuli xdeba igi Tavadve
ukuagdos; heqtorisaTvis yvelaze arsebiTi samSoblosa da TanamemamuleTa wi-
naSe sircxvilisa da pasuxismgeblobis grZnobaa; aqilevsi Tavisi sificxis gamo
Tavdapirvelad ugunur gadawyvetilebas iRebs, Semdeg ki gonierebas uxmobs;
odisevsis xasiaTis makoordinebeli Strixi gadawyvetilebis miRebis dros ra-
cionaluri argumentis moxmobaa; nestori Tavis brZnul rCeva-darigebebs yov-
elTvis warsulidan moxmobili magaliTebiT amyarebs; aiasi, aqilevsis Semdeg
aqavelTa saukeTeso vaJkaci, saqmisaTvis Tavdadebuli, lakonuri da pirdapiria.
parisi (aleqsandrosi), troas omis erT-erTi mizezi, mudmiv Sinagan winaaRmde-
gobas moucavs, radgan didad surs brZolis velze vaJkacobis gamoCena, magram es
mis SesaZleblobebs aRemateba. eneasi, heqtoris Semdeg troelTa yvelaze gamor-
Ceuli meomari, simamacesa da sifrTxiles harmoniulad uxamebs erTmaneTs.
rac Seexeba homerosis gmir qalebs, maTi xasiaTis gamokveTa da individuali-
zacia qmrebTan mimarTebiT xdeba. andromaqe heqtoris usazRvrod erTgulia da
mis gareSe cxovreba ver warmoudgenia; elene Tavisi qmriT dReniadag ukmayo-
52 homerosi
filoa, xolo penelope, Tumca erTgulad elis odisevss, ukidures SemTxvevaSi

sxva mamakacsac misTxovdeba.
rogorc vxedavT, homerosisTvis amosavalia ara mxolod is, Tu ra emarTeba
gmirs, aramed isic, Tu vin aris igi. amdenad, Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
homerosTan Canasaxis saxiT gvxvdeba is, rasac WeSmaritad literaturuli
xasiaTebi ewodeba.
h o m e r o s i s m s o f l a R q m a. ìliada~ da òdisea~ dauSreteli wyaroa
ara mxolod homerosis poeturi ostatobisa da mxatvruli principebis gamosav-
lenad, aramed misi msoflaRqmis ZiriTadi aspeqtebis warmosaCenad.
ìliadis~ mixedviT, òkeanosi RmerTTa mSobelia~ (XIV, 20) da imavdroulad
igi `mSobelia yovelTa~ (XIV, 245-246). rogorc vxedavT, homerosi Teogoniisa da
kosmogoniis tradiciul sqemas arRvevs da `mudmivmdinare RmerTs~, mdinare
okeanoss aniWebs absoluturi sawyisis mniSvnelobas. amgvarad, igi pirvel
filosofoss, Taless exmianeba, romlis mixedviTac `wyali yovelives sawyisia~.
RmerTebis paralelurad homerosi mTeli sisavsiT warmogvidgens adamianTa
mravalferovan samyaros, rogorc saxelganTqmul, ise naklebad saxelmoxveWil
gmirebs. homerosTan gmirad SeiZleba warmogvidges nebismieri mamakaci, romelic
moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi iRebs monawileobas. personaJTa nawili homerosma
tradiciidan imemkvidra, nawili ki Tavisi dauSreteli fantaziiT Seqmna.
homerosis gmirebi im epoqaSi moRvaweoben, rodesac sikvdili amqveyniur sia-
meTa aRsasrulia da adamians arc imqveyniuri netarebis sjera. miuxedavad amisa,
maT pesimizmi da sasowarkveTileba rodi sZlevT. isini cxovroben principiT:
sjobs saxelisa moxveWa yovelsa mosaxveWelsa. amgvarad sZleven sikvdilis SiSsa
da uimedobas. TavianT cxovrebas azrs aniWeben da TavianT miznad saxelis, dide-
bis mopovebas isaxaven, radgan ician, rom sikvdilis Semdeg swored maTi keTili
saxeli ganagrZobs arsebobas. amitomac eswrafvian gamarjvebas cxovrebis yvela
sferoSi: brZolaSi, sportul agonSi, sityvier paeqrobasa Tu misnobaSi, sim-
Rerasa Tu cekvaSi...
homerosis eposSi yovelive ukve gansazRvrulia. marTalia, yvelafers Rmer-
Tebi ganageben da moiras winaSe isinic ki uZlurni arian, homerosis personaJebi
beds advilad ar epuebian. xSirad pouloben iseT mizezs, romelic maT yovelives
gansazRvrulobis winaSe SiSs daaZlevinebs. isini iSviaTad cvlian TavianT geg-
mebsa da Canafiqrs. TavianTi meamboxe sulis wyalobiT xSirad sakmaod Tavisu-
fladac moqmedeben.
homerosTan adamianuri urTierTobebi, maTi vnebebica da gancdebic srulyo-
filad warmogvidgeba. aseve mravalmxrivi da yovlismomcvelia masTan siyvarulis
fenomenic – homerosi gvixatavs mis yovel gamovlinebas: xorciel, zedapirul da
warmaval grZnobas, calmxriv vnebasa Tu col-qmrul urTierTobas.
homerosma icis, rom dedamiwa mravali xalxiTaa dasaxlebuli, qveyanac bevria
da isini erTmaneTs ar gvanan. swored amitom, ìliadasa~ da gansakuTrebiT òdis-
eaSi~ poeti mokvdavTa oTx tips, gansakuTrebiT ki oTx sxvadasxva safexurze
mdgom sazogadoebriv gaerTianebas aRgviwers. homerosTan gvxvdeba rogorc ve-
luri da agresiuli, ise ganviTarebis saSualo doneze myofi sazogadoeba.
pirvelis magaliTi lestrigonebisa da kiklopebis samflobeloa, xolo meoresi –
aqavelTa sxvadasxva regioni da TviT iTakac. maT gverdiT maRalganviTarebuli
mxareebi (kreta, pilosi, mikeni, troa da troada) warmogvidgeba. da rac mTavaria,
homerosi idealur sazogadoebas, msoflio literaturaSi pirvel utopias,
feakTa kunZuls gvixatavs.
jer kidev antikurobaSi SeniSnes, rom araerTgvarovani iyo homerosis da-
mokidebuleba RmerTebisadmi. ìliadasa~ da òdiseaSi~, erTi mxriv, RvTaebaTa
rwmena, ndoba da morCileba iCens Tavs, xolo, meore mxriv, maT mimarT undobloba,
homerosi 53
maTi gakicxva da dacinvac aSkaraa. iqmneba winaaRmdegobrivi suraTi, romelic

kidev erTxel adasturebs homerosis azrovnebis masStabebs.
zogierTi mecnieris kvalobaze homeross `RmerTebis mkvlelsa~ da aTeists
namdvilad ver vuwodebT, Tumca religiis sferoSi mas aSkarad Seaqvs racion-
aluri suliskveTeba. homeross swams, magram imavdroulad mudmivad awvalebs
kiTxva: ratom? homerosi im droisaTvis qaotur RvTaebriv samyaroSi garkveuli
wesrigis damyarebasa da erTgvari ierarqiis Seqmnas cdilobs. homerosTan, iseve
rogorc mogvianebiT hesiodesTan, xdeba RmerTTa panTeonis erTgvari sistemati-
zacia da masSi erTiandeba sxvadasxva religiur-miTologiuri sistemidan Semo-
suli RvTaebani da RvTaebrivi Zalebi.
ìliadisa~ da òdiseas~ avtori Taviseburad gaiazrebs RmerTTa arsebobis
formasa da funqciasac. yovlisSemZle RmerTTa anTropomorfizmi homerosTan,
ZiriTadad, poetur-mxatvruli datvirTvis mqonea, xolo Tavad RvTaebani eTikur
funqcias iZenen da uzenaesi, msoflio samarTlianobis cnebas ukavSirdebian.
zevsi mis ganuxrel damcvelad gvevlineba, xolo adamianebi TavianTi hibrisis –
anu zviadobis, atasTalias – anu RmerTTa gafrTxilebis ugulebelyofisaTvis,
stumarTmoyvareobis adaTis darRvevisaTvis isjebian.
rac Seexeba im scenebs, sadac RmerTebi rigiT personaJebad gvevlinebian da Ta-
vianT, ase vTqvaT, yoveldRiur, yofiT garemoSi warmogvidgebian, maT religi-
asTan araferi aqvT saerTo. isini mTlianad poetis fantaziis nayofi da miTebis
Txzvis Sedegia. `gaadamianurebuli~ RvTaebani moqmedebis ganviTarebas, poetis
epikuri koncefciisa da mxatvruli Canafiqris xorcSesxmas emsaxurebian. re-
ligiidan miTologiisa da literaturis sferoSi gadmoinacvleben.
zemoTqmulidan aSkaraa, rom epoqaSi, romelic filosofiuri azrovnebis
Camoyalibebas uswrebda win, homerosma SemogvTavaza religiur-miTologiuri,
racionaluri da mxatvrul-miTologiuri elementebis originaluri nazavi.
t r a d i c i a d a n o v a t o r o b a. ama Tu im mwerlis literaturuli
memkvidreobis Sefasebis erT-erTi kriteriumi mis SemoqmedebaSi tradiciulo-
bisa da novatorobis harmoniuli Sexamebaa. homerosi am mxrivac yvelasagan ga-
morCeulia. epikuri formulebis gamoyenebiT igi xarks uxdis tradiciuls, ma-
gram gvevlineba novatorad tradiciuli mxatvruli xerxebis saSualebiT origi-
naluri poeturi koncefciis xorcSesxmisas.
homerosis poemaTa mcire struqturul erTeulebSi (magaliTad, calkeul
scenebSi) tradiciulia moqmedebis ganviTareba. igi xSirad zepiri poeziis ka-
nonzomierebebs emorCileba, magram samagierod novatorulia sxvadasxva motivTa
gaazreba da maTi intensifikacia, informaciis ganawilebisa da epikuri kon-
fliqtis ganviTarebis principebi, tradiciuli informaciis kompoziciuri or-
ganizacia da sxv.
zogadad geometriuli epoqis xelovnebisaTvis niSandoblivi da, amdenad, tra-
diciulia homerosis mier, SesaZloa, gaucnobiereblad gamoyenebuli wriuli
kompoziciisa da paraleluri dayofis meTodebi, magram sruliad originaluria
maTi saSualebiT poemaTa kompoziciis ageba.
aseve tradiciidan momdinarea ìliadisa~ da òdiseas~ personaJebi, maTi Semam-
kobeli epiTetebi da maTTan dakavSirebuli ambebi, magram siaxlea gmirTa indi-
vidualizaciis mizniT maTTvis xasiaTis makoordinebeli Strixebis miniWeba.
Znelad Tu moiZebneba poeti, romlis Sesaxebac amdeni ufiqriaT da ukamaTiaT,
amdeni umsjeliaT da uweriaT. rogorc popularobiT, ise msoflio litera-
turaze gavlenis xarisxiTa da masStabiTac homeross badali ar hyavs. igi xom ara
mxolod evropuli literaturis mesaZirkvlea, aramed adamianis Semoqmedebis
mravali sferos warmomadgenelTaTvisac gzis gamkvalavia. homerosi ara mxolod
pirvel epikosad, aramed pirvel filosofosad, istorikosad da geografosad
54 homerosi
gvevlineba. homerosis winaSe qeds ixridnen jer kidev antikurobis didi moaz-
rovneebi, esqile, platoni da aristotele. homerosis pirdapiri Tu iribi gav-
leniT iqmneboda literatura ara mxolod antikur saberZneTSi, aramed Zvel
romSic. homerosi rom ara, msoflio literaturas SesaZloa arc vergiliusi hy-
oloda (isic niSandoblivia, rom maTi xangrZlivi paeqroba bolos berZeni
epikosis gamarjvebiT dagvirgvinda).
Tu Sua saukuneebSi homerosis gavlena troas romanebis laTinuri versiebiT
vrceldeboda, bizantiam mas warsuli dideba daubruna da igi yvela drois sau-
keTeso poetad Seracxa.
renesansisa da postrenesansis epoqam kvlav eWvqveS daayena homerosis `pirve-
loba~ da misi sidiade, Tumca samarTlianoba TandaTanobiT mainc aRdga.
homerosidan momdinare SemoqmedebiTma impulsebma da gavlenebma XVI-XVII sau-
kuneebis literaturasa da xelovnebaSi Zalumad iCina Tavi. amis TvalsaCino ma-
galiTic torkvato tasos, bualosa da spenseris, monteverdisa da jakomo bado-
aros, franCesko primatiCiosa da pelegrino tibaldis literaturuli, musi-
kaluri da ferweruli qmnilebebia.
XVIII saukuneSi ki, i. i. vinkelmanisa da g. e. lesingis wyalobiT, homerosma sabo-
lood daimkvidra kuTvnili adgili msoflio literaturaSi da amave periodSi
safuZveli Caeyara misi poemebis mecnierul Seswavlasac.
homeross dRemde kiTxuloben, Targmnian, ikvleven da eTayvanebian. misgan sesx-
uloben, swavloben da misi gavleniTa Tu STagonebiT Sedevrebsac qmnian. jeims
eliotis, jeims joisisa da giorgos seferisis, luiji malerbas, mixael kol-
maierisa da mravali sxva cnobili mwerlis araerTi nawarmoebi swored homero-
sis STagonebiT daiwera.
antikur samyarosTan saukunovani da mravalmxrivi urTierTobis wyalobiT,
savaraudoa, rom homeross CvenSic uZvelesi xanidan icnobdnen, Tumca amis das-
turad mxolod uaxlesi gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoCenili, ax. w. II-III saukuneebiT da-
TariRebuli moswavlis saweri xelsawyo SeiZleba miviCnioT, romelsac homero-
sis gamosaxuleba da Sesabamisi berZnuli warwera amkobs.
Suasaukuneebis qarTul literaturul ZeglebSi, rogorc berZnulidan
Targmnil, ise originalur TxzulebebSi aqa-iq gvxvdeba ìliadis~ calkeul
striqonTa da homerosis epigramaTa sakmaod zusti qarTuli Targmanebi (kerZod,
ìliada~, II, 204; VI, 506; XVII, 5; XVI, 28, 34, 235), Tumca maT safuZvelze namdvilad
ver ganvacxadebT, rom im droisaTvis homerosis poemaTa Tundac mokle versiebi
qarTulad arsebobda. imis Tqma ki danamdvilebiT SegviZlia, rom Sua saukuneebis
qarTveli mwerlebi homerossa da mis personaJebs sakmaod xSirad da didi mowi-
webiTac moixseniebdnen (magaliTad, CaxruxaZis `Tamariani~, qarTveli istori-
kosebi da sxv.). zogierTi mkvlevari rusTavelis `vefxistyaosanSic~ homerosis
motivTa anarekls xedavs.
kacobrioba mudmivad viTardeba, win miiwevs, axlis, jer ar naxulisa da jer ar
gagonilis gamogonebas cdilobs. xelovanni, musikosni da literatornic sul
axals eZeben da dReniadag Cvens gancvifrebas eswrafvian. da am materialur-
teqnikuri Tu inteleqtualuri progresis ferxulSi Cabmul kacobriobas sau-
kuneTa wiaRidan momzirali calkeuli saxeebi lampariviT gzas unaTeben. erT-
erTi aseTi figura swored homerosia. misi mxatvruli samyaro iseve maradiuli
da waruvalia, rogorc yvelaferi WeSmariti da RvTaebrivi.
poemebi: ìliada~, òdisea~.

hesiode 55
hesiode
(Zv. w. VIII-VII ss.)
antikurobis erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli epikosi, hesiode, pirveli berZeni

mweralia, romelic Tavisi cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis, Tavisi epoqis Sesaxeb Ta-
vadve gvawvdis cnobebs. misi saxeliT ori poema – `Teogonia~ da `samuSaoni da
dReni~ – srulad SemogvrCa, xolo erTi, `qalTa katalogi~ – fragmentulad. masve
miawerdnen Cvenamde aseve srulad moRweul `herakles farsac~. rogorc antikuri
wyaroebi gadmogvcemen, hesiodes `melampodia~, `didi ehoiebi~, sxvadasxva geogra-
fiuli da astronomiuli nawarmoebebic unda Seeqmna, magram mxolod zogierTi
maTganidan Tu SemogvrCa umniSvnelo, arafris mTqmeli fragmentebi.
hesiodes ojaxi warmoSobiT mcire aziis eoliidan, kerZod, kimedan yofila.
mamamiss, diemoss vaWrobaSi xeli moscarvia, kontinentur saberZneTSi, beotiis
Tespiis maxloblad, askraSi dasaxlebula da vaJiSvilic iqve wamouzrdia. am-
gvari biografiis gamo, misTvis `metyveli saxeli~ daurqmeviaT: hesiode, anu ìs,
visac gza (mogzauroba) siamovnebs~.
sanam weras Seudgeboda, hesiode glexis mZime Sromas ziarebia da cxvaric um-
wyemsia, magram, rogorc Tavad gviambobs, erT mSvenier dRes, helikonis mTaze
muzebi swvevian da misTvis simReris unari uboZebiaT: `muzebma erTxel lamazi
simRera aswavles hesiodes~ (`samuSaoni da dReni~, 22). Semdeg ki ise gawafula,
rom, antikuri tradiciis Tanaxmad, homeross Serkinebia kidec, xolo berZnebs
erT-erT moZRvradac uqceviaT.
hesiode poemaSi `samuSaoni da dReni~ axsenebs qalkisSi gamarTul, mamaci am-
fidamasis xsovnisadmi miZRvnil Sejibrebas, romelzec mis himns gaumarjvia da
jildod samfexic miuRia. antikuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad, qalkiseli amfidamasi e.
w. lelantinur omSi daiRupa, ara uadres Zv. w. 700 wlisa. aqedan gamomdinare, he-
siodes mier moxseniebuli Sejibreba Zv. w. VIII-VII saukuneTa mijnaze, an VII saukunis
dasawyisSi gamarTula da misi moRvaweobac swored am periods unda davukavSi-
roT. hesiodes gardacvalebis Sesaxeb utyuari cnobebi ar mogvepoveba, magram
simarTles unda Seeferebodes gadmocema, rom igi orqomenosSi dausaflavebiaT.
hesiode gardamaval periodSi, geometriul da arqaul epoqaTa mijnaze moR-
vaweobda da am periodis sazogadoebriv-politikuri, socialuri da kultu-
ruli tendenciebi mis poemebSic iCens Tavs. Tundac is faqti, rom hesiode saku-
Tar Tavs ase aqtiurad rTavs Tavis eposSi, swored arqaikis gamoZaxilia. es aris
periodi, rodesac Zlierdeba pirovnebis, ase vTqvaT, analitikuroba, misi indi-
vidualizmi da adamianis pirovnuli `me~ sakuTari Tavis damkvidrebas cdilobs.
es aris lirikuli poeziis aRmocenebis xana, rasac win uZRvis eposSi lirikuli
tendenciebis SeWra.
56 hesiode
`Teogonia~ anu `RmerTTa warmoSoba~ berZnul literaturaSi safuZvels uy-

ris e. w. genealogiur da kosmogoniur eposs. poema 1022 striqonisgan Sedgeba. igi
iwyeba SesavliT, e. w. prooimioniT, romelSic poeti muzebs aRuvlens xotbas da
maT SesTxovs, rom sanatreli simRera uboZon. amis Semdeg iwyeba Txroba.
hesiodes mixedviT, pirvelad iyo qaosi, Semdeg dedamiwa – gaia / gea, miwisqve-
SeTi – tartarosi da erosi. qaosma dasabami misca wyvdiadsa da Rames, xolo tar-
tarosma – tifoni tifoevsi da misi STamomavalni Sva. erosi RmerTTa SeerTebis
mTavar mamoZravebel Zalad iqca. geam sxvaTagan damoukideblad warmoSva zeca –
uranosi, mTebi da zRva – pontosi, xolo geasa da uranosis SeuRlebiT iSva eqvsi
vaJi: okeanosi, koiosi, kriosi, hiperioni, iapetosi, kronosi da eqvsi qali: Teia,
rea, Temisi, mnemosine, foibe, teTisi. maT titanebi da titanidebi uwodes.
mTeli Zalaufleba uranosma igdo xelT da mis SesanarCuneblad Tavisi
Svilebi, titanebi da titanidebi Tavidan moiSora: isini geas wiaRSi danTqa.
gulSeZrulma dedam Svilebi mamis winaaRmdeg aamxedra. kronosma namgliT
uranosi daasaWurisa da xelisuflebis saTaveSi moeqca. dasaWurisebuli krono-
sis sisxlisgan sxvadasxva RvTaebrivi Zalebi iSvnen, xolo misma falosma zRvis
qafidan afrodite moavlina.
kronossa da reas eqvsi Svili gauCndaT: hestia, demetre, hera, hadesi, posei-
doni da zevsi. STamomavlobis winaSe SiSis gamo kronosic mamis kvals daadga da
Svilebi gzidan CamoiSora: isini Tavad gadaylapa. mamis xeliT daRupvas mxolod
zevsi gadaurCa. ream kronoss ZonZebSi gaxveuli qva gadaaylapa, xolo vaJiSvili
kretaze gadamala. davaJkacebulma zevsma kronoss qvaca da Tavisi da-Zmebic ukan
amoiRebina, ris Semdegac masTan da sxva titanebTan brZolaSi Caeba. sami asxela
urCxulis daxmarebiT, romlebic adre geam uranoss uSva, zevsma kronosi da misi
Taobis sxva RmerTebi, titanebi daamarcxa da maT miwisqveSeTSi, tartarosSi
miuCina adgili. amis Semdeg zevsma geasa da tartarosis STamomavals, uZlevel
asTava urCxuls, tifoevss sZlia da isic tartarosSi CauSva, misgan ki dedamiwaze
ubedurebis momtani qarebi darCnen.
zevsi uzenaesi mbrZanebeli xdeba da Tavis ZmebTan erTad sam sknels inawilebs.
poseidoni zRvasa da mdinareebs ganagebs, hadesi – miwisqveSeTsa da saiqios, Tavad
zevsi ki – zecasa da mTel samyaros. misi kanonieri meuRle heraa, Tumca sxvadasxva
Taobis qalRmerTTgan da mokvdavTagan mas mravali Svili uCndeba. zevsis ukvdavi
STamomavalni TandaTanobiT wina Taobis RmerTebs enacvlebian, maTi nawili ki
zevsis da-ZmebTan erTad olimpiel RmerTTa dass qmnis. xatovnad isic ki aris
naTqvami, rom `Teogonia~ daiwera imitom, rom xotba Seesxa zevsis `gamefebisaT-
vis~.
`TeogoniaSi~ ori mimarTuleba SeiZleba gamoiyos. pirveli, genealogiuri
xazi RmerTTa Taobebis cvlilebisa da RvTaebriv ZalTa warmoSobis Sesaxeb
gviambobs, xolo meore am ZiriTadi xazidan erTgvari gadaxvevaa da mas miTebiTa
da sxvadasxva ambebiT avsebs. swored am mxatvruli xerxisa da hesiodes mwerluri
ostatobis wyalobiT, `Teogonia~, Tavisi specifikis miuxedavad, RmerTebis
mSrali, mosawyeni da erTferovani CamonaTvali ki ar aris, aramed mravalfero-
vani, laRad da ostaturad dawerili saxaliso da SemecnebiTi poemaa.
miuxedavad imisa, rom `Teogonia~ informaciulad didad datvirTulia da
masSi moTxrobili ambebic xSirad arc Tu ise organulad ukavSirdeba erTmaneTs,
poema kompoziciurad sakmaod gamarTulia. rogorc kvlevam cxadyo, masSi
SeiZleba moviZioT kompoziciuri organizaciis homerosiseuli principebi,
Tumca, bunebrivia, sakmaod modificirebuli saxiT. arsebobs Tvalsazrisi, rom
`Teogonia~ wriuli kompoziciis safuZvelzea agebuli (gamonakliss warmoadgens
Sesavali, romelic, erTi SexedviT, gancalkevebuli himnia, magram azrobrivad da
hesiode 57
struqturulad mTel poemas ukavSirdeba). `TeogoniaSi~ mcire Tematuri stru-

qturebis ganlageba amgvaria:
A 116-158: RmerTTa uZvelesi Taoba (uranosi, gea, a. S.).
B 159-210: kronosi, geas vaJi, amarcxebs uranoss.
C 211-264: Rame, zRva da STamomavloba.
D 265-410: titanTa qorwinebani.
E 411-452: hekates epizodi.
F 453-506: zevsi amarcxebs kronoss.
E´ 507-616: promeTes epizodi.
D´ 617-735: titanTa brZola.
C´ 736-819: miwisqveSeTi.
B´ 820-880: zevsi amarcxebs tifoevss, geas vaJs.
A´ 881-964: RmerTTa axali Taoba (zevsis Svilebi).
rogorc warmodgenili sqema cxadyofs, `Teogoniis~ kompoziciaSi struqtu-
ruli erTeulebis gamoyofisas amosavali xdeba ara poemaSi moqmedebis ganviTa-
reba, aramed calkeuli siuJeturi detalebis, cnebebisa da movlenebis msgavseba-
dapirispireba (mag.: RmerTTa uZvelesi – axali Taoba, titanTa qorwineba – brZo-
la da sxv.). garda amisa, mkvlevarTa dakvirvebiT, hesiode gansakuTrebul yura-
dRebas uTmobda mcire struqturul erTeulTa urTierTmimarTebas striqonTa
raodenobis TvalsazrisiT.
`TeogoniaSi~ aRwerili RmerTTa Taobebi da maTi monacvleoba did msgavsebas
gviCvenebs ZvelaRmosavlur miTologiur warmodgenebTan da, kerZod, Teogoniis
Sumerul-aqadur versiasTan. savaraudod, hesiode ara ZvelaRmosavlur origi-
nals, aramed sxva saSualedo winaberZnul wyaros icnobda, rasac isic adas-
turebs, rom berZen RmerTTa saxelebi semantikurad aRmosavlur tradiciasTan
gviCvenebs mimarTebas, Tumca etimologiurad misgan gansxvavebulia.
aRsaniSnavia, rom aRmosavluri warmodgenebisgan gansxvavebiT, berZen epikos-
Tan TandaTanobiT izrdeba moralur-zneobrivi, eTikuri faqtoris mniSvneloba
da xdeba RvTaebrivi samyaros eTikuri gaazreba: bunebis ZalTa batonobas Tanda-
TanobiT uzenaesi samarTlianoba da kanoniereba enacvleba. RmerTebi TandaTano-
biT zneobrivi normebis mfarvelebad warmogvidgebian. Tavdapirvelad samyaros
ganageben uranosi da gea, anu bunebis Zalebi: zeca da miwa. maT mmarTvelobas kro-
nosi da rea daasruleben, rac axali etapis dawyebas, adamianis gaCenas moaswavebs.
zevsi ki, samarTlianobis RmerTi, ukve eTikuri kanonebiT moqmedi adamianebisa da
samyaros gamgeblad gvevlineba.
`Teogoniis~ dasawyisSi warmogvidgeba qaosi – SesaZlebloba qmnadobis pro-
cesis dawyebisa da aqve vxdebiT mowmeni miTologiis wiaRSi filosofiur cne-
baTa aRmocenebisa: qaosis, geasa da erosis miTologiuri saxeebi dasabams udebs
sivrcis, materiisa da moZraobis filosofiur kategoriebs.
hesiode `TeogoniaSi~ Tavs uyris sxvadasxva tradiciasTan dakavSirebul
RmerTebs, RvTaebriv Zalebs da warmogvidgens Teogoniis, RmerTTa ierarqiisa da
klasifikaciis STambeWdav suraTs, riTic axdens misi droisaTvis arsebuli sak-
maod qaoturi winaberZnuli da berZnuli miTologiuri informaciis sistemati-
zacias da homerosTan erTad safuZvels uyris olimpiel RmerTTa panTeonsa da
olimpiur religias.
`Teogonia~ RvTaebrivi samyaros vnebaTaRelvas gvaziarebs, `samuSaoni da
dReni~ ki – Cvens yoveldRiurobas, `patara kacis~ yofiT da zneobriv safiqralsa
Tu satkivars. poemis Seqmnis sababica da saxelwodebac didad `prozaulia~. mamis
gardacvalebis Semdeg, hesiodes Zmas, persess, cru mowmeTa saSualebiT hesiodes
kuTvnili qonebac dausakuTrebia, magram misTvis veRar mouvlia, sul erTianad
58 hesiode
gauflangavs da SewevnisTvis kvlav Zmas misdgomia. misgan ki materialuri dax-

marebis nacvlad, sulieri sazrdo – brZnuli rCeva-darigebebiT aRsavse da Wkuis
saswavli poema, `samuSaoni da dReni~ miuRia. es ambavi hesiodes fantaziis nayofi,
poeturi pirobiTobac SeiZleba iyos, Tumca amas arsebiTi mniSvneloba arca aqvs.
faqtia, rom misi saSualebiT hesiode SesaniSnavad axorcielebs Tavis mxatvrul
Canafiqrs da ostaturad amTlianebs erTmaneTisgan sruliad gansxvavebul ambebs,
azrebs, rCeva-darigebebs da amgvarad antikur literaturaSi safuZvels uyris
kidev erT mimarTulebas – didaqtikur eposs. poemis saxelwodebac mis Sinaarssa
da SemecnebiT xasiaTs ukavSirdeba: `samuSaoni da dReni~ miwaTmoqmedebs sTa-
vazobs rCevebs, Tu romeli samuSao romel dRes unda Sesruldes.
`samuSaoni da dReni~ 828 heqsametruli striqonisgan Sedgeba da, epikuri
tradiciis kvalobaze, muzebisa da zevsisadmi aRvlenili sagalobliT iwyeba,
romelSic olimpieli RvTaeba mokvdavTa da ukvdavTa uzenaes mbrZaneblad, wes-
rigis Semqmnelad da damcvelad, zecis umaRles darbazebSi mkvidr yovlisSemZle
meufed gvevlineba. hesiode, erTi mxriv, zrdis manZils RmerTsa da kacs Soris da
amiT, garkveulwilad, homerosis tradicias emijneba, xolo, meore mxriv,
aZlierebs jer kidev homerosTan Canasaxis saxiT arsebul monoTeistur tenden-
ciebs. amgvarad, hesiode, `Teogoniis~ darad, am poemaSic filosofiuri azrovne-
bis winamorbedad gvevlineba.
hesiode msjelobs orgvari èrisis~, anu Suris, SuRlis, qiSpobis Sesaxeb.
pirveli maTgani adamians Sejibrisken, meti garjisa da srulyofisaken ubiZgebs.
amdenad, sasikeTo da misasalmebelia. meores ki dapirispireba, mtroba da omi
moaqvs, ris gamoc mas yvelanairad unda veridoT.
hesiode promeTesa da zevss, anu adamianebsa da RmerTebs Soris arsebuli kon-
fliqtis Tavisebur versias gvTavazobs. promeTem jer kidev axalgazrda RmerTi
`gaacura~: xorcis ori ulufa SesTavaza, romelTagan erTi madis aRmZvrelad ga-
moiyureboda, Tumca SigniT Zvlebi da uvargisi naWrebi hqonda moqceuli, xolo
meore – garegnulad ar migizidavda, magram mWle naWrebiT iyo savse. zevsi gareg-
nulma mxarem moxibla da pirveli ulufa airCia, magram roca Seityo, rom mwared
motyuvda, saSinlad ganrisxda da kacTa modgmas cecxli waarTva. promeTem
cecxli moitaca, lerwmis ReroSi gadamala da adamianebs uboZa, zevsma ki isini
kvlavac dasaja. promeTes Zmas, epimeTevss colad mihgvara RvTaebaTa mier Tval-
warmtaci garegnobiTa da cbieri bunebiT Semkuli qali, pandora, romelic yvela
RmerTma uxvad daasaCuqra, xolo TiToeulma saCuqarma kacTa modgmas didi
ubedureba moutana. pandoram RmerTTagan miRebul qoTans xufi axada da
qveynierebas RvTaebaTa saboZvari: kacTa mtanjveli ubedurebani mouvlina. zevsis
nebiT, mxolod imedi darCa WurWelSi gamoketili. mas Semdeg aTasgvari siave,
boroteba da sneuleba mTel samyaroSi daexeteba da kacTaTavis tanjvis meti
araferi moaqvs. aseTi qalTmoZule SexedulebebiT hesiode berZnul literatu-
raSi misoginur tradicias daudebs saTaves, rac Semdgom, gansakuTrebiT sati-
rul nawarmoebebSi mravalgzis iCens Tavs.
hesiode kacobriobis ganviTarebas xuT etapad, xuT saukuned hyofs. hesiodes
Tanaxmad, yvelaferi kronosis mmarTvelobis xaniT daiwyo. maSin adamianebi bed-
nierad da udardelad cxovrobdnen. hqondaT yvelaferi, rac WirdebodaT, xolo
gardacvalebis Semdeg, ukve zevsis nebiT, miwier demonebad iqceodnen.
vercxlis saukuneSi cxovreba gauaresda. usamarTlobam, qedmaRlobam da sxva
codvebma iCina Tavi. adamianebi metxans andomebdnen gonebrivad ganviTarebas,
xolo davaJkacebis Semdeg didxans veRar cxovrobdnen. spilenZis saukune
Zaladobis epoqad iqca da adamianebi sakuTar Zalmomreobas emsxverplnen.
naxevarRmerTebisa da gmirebis modgma winamorbedTan SedarebiT ukeTesi, ufro
hesiode 59
samarTliani aRmoCnda, Tebesa da troaSi gamoiCina Tavi, xolo gardacvalebis

Semdeg netarTa kunZulze daido bina.
rkinis saukune yvelaze sastiki da daundobelia. hesiode swored am epoqaSi
cxovrobs, rasac didad nanobs kidec: `netav, ar vyofiliyav kaci mexuTe modgmis~
(174). adamianebs mtanjveli SromiT Tu gaaqvT Tavi. mamaSviloba, daZmoba da stu-
marmaspinZloba aRaravis axsovs. sikeTis, patiosnebisa da samarTlianobis,
RvTismosaobis nacvlad lanZRva-gineba da Zarcva-gleja, boroteba, Zaladoba,
ciliswameba, Suri da mtroba gabatonebula.
sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis esoden daundobeli kritikiT, Tavisi aqtiuri mo-
qalaqeobrivi poziciiT hesiode Tavisi epoqis socialur-politikur tenden-
ciebs asaxavs. Seqmnili situaciidan gamosavals poeti samarTlianobisa da ka-
nonierebis damkvidrebaSi xedavs da amgvarad kvlav arqaikis – berZnul polisTa
da berZen kanonmdebelTa epoqis – suliskveTebas exmianeba.
hesiode kaciobriobis ganviTarebis, ufro sworad, misi zneobrivi dacema-
daqveiTebis Semzarav suraTs gvixatavs da am regresis axsnas Taviseburad
cdilobs. epikosi adamianTa Tavs damtydar ubedurebaTa, cxovrebis gauaresebis
mizezad promeTes saxavs: mis mier kacTaTvis boZebulma cecxlma sikeTis nacvlad
ubedureba moitana. promeTes esoden negatiuri SefasebiT hesiode berZnul tra-
dicias emijneba da am sayovelTaod aRiarebuli kulturuli gmiris originalur
interpretacias gvTavazobs.
adamiani RmerTs aumxedrda, risTvisac daisaja kidec. cecxli simbolurad
gaiazreba rogorc materialur-teqnikuri progresi, civilizaciis ganviTareba,
rasac uaryofiTi Sedegebi mohyveba maSin, rodesac xdeba zneobriv faseulobaTa
devalvacia da sazogadoebis eTikuri dacema.
hesiodesTvis sikeTe da boroteba adamianTa cxovrebis Tanamdevi da ganmsaz-
Rvreli, erTmaneTisgan ganuyofeli antinomiuri wyvilia, rac aseve poetis
filosofiur xedvaze migvaniSnebs, radgan keTilisa da borotis amgvari gaaz-
reba ufro srulyofilad mogvianebiT, swored filosofiuri azrovnebis
wiaRSi moxda.
`samuSaoni da dReni~ imiTac aris mniSvnelovani, rom masSi pirvelad vxvdebiT
igavs, romelic Semdgom, rogorc Janri mTel evropul literaturaSi farTod
gavrcelda. hesiode gviambobs araks miminosa da mgalobel bulbulze, romelic
mbrZaneblebs miemarTebaT da gvaxsenebs, rom Cvenze ZlierTan verafers gavawyobT.
hesiodes am poemis erT-erTi wamyvani motivi samarTlianobaa. yovelmxriv
cdilobs epikosi, rom misi mniSvneloba gvagrZnobinos, im zeciuri sasjeliT
dagvaSinos, rac usamarTlobisaTvis gvelodeba da Segvaxsenos, rom adamians
cxovelisagan swored samarTlianoba, kanoniereba da rwmena ganasxvavebs.
imavdroulad hesiode Sromasa da RvTismosaobas gviqadagebs, xolo tyuilsa da
Zmis sareclis Sebilwvas gvikrZalavs.
hesiode uamrav sasargeblo rCevasa da yuradsaReb darigebas gvaZlevs, Tanac
gvafrTxilebs, rom is, visac arc sakuTari goneba uWris da arc sxvis keTil
rCevas usmens, ugunuri da gasakicxia. ras aRar gvirCevs da gvaswavlis berZeni
epikosi: stumris daxvedra rogor gvmarTebs da mezoblis pativiscema, Zunws rom
araferi unda mivceT, xelgaSlils ki uxvad unda SevewioT. hesiode iRblian da
uiRblo dReebzec gvesaubreba da adamianur urTierTobaTa detalebzec.
iTvleba, rom hesiodes darigebaTa nawili, misi rCevebi Tu akrZalvebi xalxur
cru-rwmenebsa da ritualur magias ukavSirdeba.
rogorc WeSmarit glexs, hesiodes arc xvna-TesvasTan da mamulis movla-
patronobasTan dakavSirebuli praqtikuli rCevebi aviwydeba, mogzaurebsac sa-
Tanado miTiTebebs aZlevs da daqorwinebis msurvelTac. qalis da qurdis ndoba
60 hesiode
erTiao, – mamakacebs afrTxilebs qalTmoZule poeti, Tumca imasac ambobs, rom

karg colze ukeTess kaci verafers moixveWs.
Tumca didaqtikuri Janri aRmosavlur, kerZod, Sumerul-aqadur, babilonur-
mesopotamiur da egviptur-indur literaturaSi hesiodemdec arsebobda da ber-
Zeni epikosis bevr rCeva-darigebas aRmosavluri paralelebic moepoveba,
`samuSaoni da dReni~ mainc sruliad originaluri nawarmoebia. igi emyareba
upirveles yovlisa berZnul tradiciasa da nawilobriv – aRmosavlur wyaroebs,
iTvaliswinebs saberZneTis geografiul-klimatur pirobebs da, rac mTavaria,
mTel poemas hesiodes poeturi `me~, misi cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba da pirov-
nuli kredo asazrdoebs.
hesiodes poemaTa àRmosavlurobas~ zogierTi mkvlevari uZveles folklo-
rul tradicias, xmelTaSuaRzRvispira-egeosur substrats ukavSirebs, romelic,
erTi mxriv, egviptur-iudeur-babilonur, xolo, meore mxriv, ZvelberZnul are-
alSi Camoyalibda. sxvaTa azriT, hesiodes eposis aRmosavluri paralelebi ti-
pologiuri msgavsebiT unda aixsnas, rac sxvadasxva xalxTa sazogadoebrivi da
inteleqtualuri ganviTarebis garkveul etaps ukavSirdeba.
miuxedavad imisa, rom hesiode homerosis umcrosi Tanamedrovea, beotieli
epikosi misi didi sulieri winapris CrdilSi rodi eqceva da, Tavisi TviTmyo-
fadobis wyalobiT, sakuTar, STambeWdav kvals tovebs. igi safuZvels uyris axal
mimarTulebas berZnuli da, zogadad, evropuli literaturis istoriaSi. siu-
Jeturi, sagmiro poemebidan mas katalogisebur-didaqtikuri eposis samyaroSi
SevyevarT; igi mcire poemis formas amkvidrebs da genealogiur-kosmogoniur,
religiur, socialur-eTikur safiqrals aRgviZravs. Tavad hesiodes Tu dave-
sesxebiT, igi Tavis winamorbedTagan gansxvavebiT, `simarTlis msgavsi sicruis~
nacvlad `WeSmarit simarTles~ gvTavazobs, misi STagonebis wyaro ara gamogo-
nili ambebi, aramed misi Tanamedrove berZeni kacis yoveldRiuri cxovrebaa.
`samuSaoni da dReni~ da `Teogonia~ homerosis kvalobaze, epikur dialeqtze,
daqtiluri heqsametriT aris Seqmnili da xSirad homerosiseuli mxatvruli
saxeebiTac sazrdoobs, magram, amis paralelurad, hesiode enobriv inovaciebsac
gvTavazobs. Cvenamde moRweul poemebsa da fragmentebSi hesiode 427 iseT leqsi-
kur formativs iyenebs, romelic homerosTan ar gvxvdeba. hesiodesTan metia ab-
strahirebuli cnebebic da saerTod abstrahirebis tendencia masTan Zalumad
iCens Tavs. adamianuri cxovrebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli esa Tu is movlena he-
siodesTan personificirdeba da RvTaebriv ZalTa rangSi gvevlineba, rac aseve
ucxoa homerosis mxatvruli samyarosaTvis. hesiode calkeul saxelTa etimolo-
giebiTac interesdeba da misi pirvelyofili, miamiti, magram originaluri gaaz-
rebani safuZvels uyris etiologiur da etimologiur Ziebebs. anu, garkveuli
TvalsazrisiT, hesiodesTan mecnieruli azrovnebis Canasaxebic gvxvdeba.
hesiodes saxeliT cnobili poema `herakles fari~ Zv. w. VI saukunemde Seqmnili
ar unda iyos da misi skolis romelime warmomadgenels unda ekuTvnodes, xolo
`qalTa katalogis~, anu e. w. èhoieebis~ garkveuli nawili, savaraudod, hesiodes
unda daewera. saTaurad gamoyenebuli èhoie~, erTgvari formula iyo (è hoie~ –
an rogorc), romliTac poeti yoveli axali personaJis Sesaxeb Txrobas iwyebda.
èhoieebi~ katalogiseburi eposis nimuSi iyo da cnobil gmirTa dedebze
sxvadasxva ambebsa da miTebs gadmogvcemda.
hesiodem sakmaod didi gavlena moaxdina rogorc sazogadoebis, ise poeziis
ganviTarebaze. mis poemebs skolaSi aswavlidnen da mwerlebi imowmebdnen,
ubralo adamianebi ki cdilobdnen, rom mis mier naqadagebi zneobrivi normebiT
ecxovraT. stesiqorosi, elinisturi xanis poetebi da TviT vergiliusic ki beo-
tieli epikosis mxatvruli samyaroTi sazrdoobdnen. gansakuTrebiT cxovel-
myofeli aRmoCnda poetisa da poeziis daniSnulebis hesiodeseuli xedva: poetad
hesiode 61
qceva xdeba RvTaebis nebiTa da muzebis ZalisxmeviT aRsrulebuli religiuri

ritualis saSualebiT. amdenad, poetis daniSnulebaca da funqciac yvelasagan
gamorCeuli da RvTaebrivia. igi ara mxolod gvatkbobs, aramed gvaswavlis, er-
TaderT WeSmarit codnas gvaziarebs. da am misiis aRsrulebas hesiode sakmaod
didi warmatebiT dRemde axerxebs.
poemebi: `Teogonia~, `samuSaoni da dReni~.

62 arqiloqosi
arqiloqosi
(Zv.w. VII s-is Sua wlebi)
berZnuli lirikis umniSvnelovanes Janrad iamburi poezia iTvleba. igi Tavisi

arsiT deklamaciuri iyo da Tavdapirvelad leqsad Tqmul dacinvas, an saerTod
kafias ewodeboda. Zvel saberZneTSi is didi popularobiT sargeblobda.
erT-erTi pirveli iambografosi, romlis Semoqmedebis fragmentebmac Cvenamde
moaRwies, aris arqiloqosi. xSirad mas miaweren iamburi sazomis gamogonebas. Cve-
namde moRweuli misi fragmentebi gamarTulia deklamaciuri lirikisaTvis dama-
xasiaTebeli yvela sazomiT (iambebiT, troqeebiT, elegiuri distiqiT), aseve sa-
simRero lirikisaTvis niSandoblivi epodebiT.
arqiloqosi pirveli elini poetia, romlis moRvaweobis xanis zusti daTari-
Reba xerxdeba, radganac igi Tavis erT-erT leqsSi moixseniebs mzis dabnelebas:
`gvmarTebs yovlis molodini, gvmarTebs yovlis brma rwmena,
aw arafers gaviocebT, radgan RmerTTa meufem
SuadRisiT movlenili Rameuli ukuniT
mzis naTeli daubnela SiSiT SeZrul miwierT.
im wamidan moulodnels vaRiarebT mowevnad,
saocari ar iqneba, Tuki ise moxdeba,
zRvebi mTebSi gaucvalon delfinebma mTis cxovelT,
sanukvari gaxdes maTTvis borobani tyeebi,
mxecTaTvis ki _ mRelvare zRvis zvirTTa aboboqreba~.1
(122)
astronomTa azriT, am fragmentSi poeturad asaxuli mzis dabneleba Zv.w. 648
wlis 6 aprils unda momxdariyo. zogi mkvlevari saeWvod Tvlis am daTariRebas,
samagierod sakmaod sandod miiCnevs im faqts, rom arqiloqosis mamas, telesik-
less Zv.w. 675 wels parosuli kolonia dauarsebia kunZul Tasosze. unda aRiniS-
nos, rom arqiloqosis poezia biografiuli xasiaTisaa da misi gaTvalsiwinebiT
poetis portretis mravali detali xdeba cnobili. kerZod: arqiloqosis mama
warCinebuli ojaxiSvili yofila, deda ki _ mona qali, enipo. varaudoben, rom
warmomavlobis am laqam (berZenTa TvalSi) Taviseburad gansazRvra kidec poetis
bedi: rogorc ukanonod Sobils, mas ar hqonda ufleba mieRo mamiseuli memkvid-
reoba. amitom iZulebuli iyo Tavad moexveWa qoneba Soreul kunZul Tasosze,
romlis kolonizaciaSic misi winaprebi monawileobdnen. aq, mezobel Trakiul
tomebTan brZolebSi gaiara arqiloqosis cxovrebis mniSvnelovanma xanam. man, vi-
Tarca daqiravebulma mebrZolma, imogzaura kunZul evboaze, kontinentur saber-
1
Targmanebs warmovadgenT wignidan: helikoni. fragmentTa numeracias vuTiTebT m.l. vestis
gamocemis mixedviT.
arqiloqosi 63
ZneTSi da daeca brZolis velze kunZul naqsosze. misi cxovrebis mniSvnelovani

epizodia agreTve neobule Tavisi boroti mama likambesiT. legendis Tanaxmad,
likambesma ukanonod Sobil poets ar gaatana colad Tavisi qaliSvili. am gawbi-
lebisTvis arqiloqosma leqsebiT ise Seuracxyo isini, rom ara mxolod neobu-
lem, aramed misma debmac CamoixrCves Tavi.
poetis mdabiuri warmomavlobis am legendis gverdiT arsebobs sxva versiac,
romelic mis aristokratiul warmomavlobas gvamcnobs.
arqiloqosis mravalricxovan qmnilebaTagan Cvenamde metad mcire fragmentebi
SemorCa. maT Soris: elegiebi, romlebic imRereboda fleitaze Rvinis smis dros;
pirovnuli xasiaTis iamburi trimetrebi, mimarTuli, ZiriTadad, likambesisa da
neobulesadmi; troqeuli tetrametrebi Tasosis kolonizaciis, omis, sakuTari
ubedurebis, mzis dabnelebis da sxva movlenebis Sesaxeb; epodebi Sereuli met-
riT; tetrametrebi Sereuli ritmebiT. unda aRiniSnos, rom pindarosi moixseni-
ebda mis epinikiebsac, romelTagan Cvenamde arafers mouRwevia (ix. ol. 9).
arqiloqosis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa saerTo aRiarebiT, didia am poetis
damsaxureba pirovnuli lirikis ganviTarebis sferoSi. kerZod, swored mis poe-
ziaSi warmoCinda sruli ZaliT poeturi `me~. igi, upirveles yovlisa, Tavis Tavs
axasiaTebs da winadadebas iwyebs ègo~-Ti (`me~):
`me var diadi RvTaebis enialiosis msaxuri,
CemTvis rodia ucxo muzaTa Zvirfasi ZRveni~
(1)
enialiosi igive omis RmerTi aresia. Sesabamisad poeti Tavis Tavs miiCnevs meb-
rZolad da poetad. Cvenamde moaRwia erTma fragmentma, sadac didi poeturi os-
tatobiT aris warmodgenili mebrZolis saxe:
òroliT vatareb pursac da oroliT vatareb Rvinosac,
orolsve veyrdnobi odes vsvam ismaroselTa Rvinos~.
(3)
arqiloqosi, rogorc mebrZoli, Tavisi fsiqikiT gansxvavdeba eposis gmirTa
Rirseuli saxeebisgan. misi azriT, `daqiravebuli kaci manamdea megobari, vidre
ibrZvis~ (15). rogorc Cans, mas cxovrebam aswavla zomierebis dacva. igi ar is-
wrafvis brZolis velze mopovebuli didebisaken, arc qonebis moxveWisaken. Tavi-
si azri, albaT, poetma micvalebulTa sulebis hadesSi gadamyvani qaronis sityve-
biT gamoTqva:
àr mxiblavs gigesi, oqroTi mdidari,
arc Suri mTrgunavs da arc RmerTTa saqmeni,
arc Zalmosileba mizidavs mefeTa,
Cems TvalTa sawiers ganSordnen isini~.
(19).
misi erTaderTi mizani sicocxlis SenarCunebaa, radgan:
`TvistomTagan didebas da pativs ver eRirseba
mkvdari, cocxals miegeba mxolod madli cocxalTa,
aseTia daRupulTa xvedri usazarlesi~.
(133)
am azrebiT Sepyrobili arqiloqosisaTvis ucxoa omis romantika, is tradicie-
bi, rac Zvel saberZneTSi jer kidev arsebobda: iaraRi, sabrZolo aRsaWurveli
mebrZolis Rirsebis simbolod iTvleboda.
gavixsenoT, Tu rogor erkinebodnen erTmaneTs homerosis gmirebi iaraRis-
Tvis. gmirTa gmirma aiasma Tavi moikla mxolod imis gamo, rom aqilevsis aRsaWur-
veli mas ar argunes meomrebma. sayovelTaod iyo cnobili sityvebi, romliTac
64 arqiloqosi
acilebda sparteli deda Tavis Svils: `fariT an farze~... arqiloqosi Segnebu-

lad upirispirdeboda am tradicias, rodesac werda:
ìs uzado fari, romelic Cemda uneblied mivagde
CirgvebSi, amSvenebs albaT mavan saiels axla,
amiT avicdine sikvdili, dae, daikargos es fari,
arad daveZeb, uaress rodi SeviZen kvlavac~.
(5)
misTvis farisTvis Tavganwirvas azri ar hqonda, radgan ukeTesis SeZena SeeZ-

lo cocxals.
tradicias upirispirdeba arqiloqosi maSinac, rodesac misTvis misaRebi
strategosis Tvisebebs aRwers. misi azriT, sulac ar aris aucilebeli mxedar-
TmTavari garegnulad iyos uzado, mTavaria sulis simedgre (gavixsenoT antiku-
ri xanis gamoTqma: `lamaz sxeulSi lamazi sulia~):
`me ar mxiblavs strategosi axovnebiT rCeuli,
bzinvare TmebCamoSlili, mzvaobari nabijiT,
dae, iyos usaxuri, dabali da fexmrudi,
oRond myarad idges masze suliT Seudrekeli~.
(114)
arqiloqosma, romelsac mravali weli brZolis velze hqonda gatarebuli,
kargad icoda sicocxlis fasi; icoda isic, rom RmerTebi sawuxars sixaruliT
cvlidnen da amitom mxneobisaken mouwodebda msmenels:
`dardiT daTrgunuli qalaqis arcerTi mosaxle, perikles,
aRar moisurvebs lxinSi Svebis da siamis Zebnas,
o, ra didebuli kacebi STanTqes boboqarma zvirTebma,
gminviT da cremlebis frqveviT mkerdSi gagvisivda guli.
magram gardauval lmobaTa salbuni gviboZes RmerTebma:
simxniT simZlavrea, Zmao, zegardmo moZRvnili ZRveni.
Jamidan-Jamamde umzadebs miwiers RvTaeba sawuxars,
dRes Cven gagvirisxda igi, dRes Cven viZirebiT sisxlSi,
xval sxvas daatydeba risxeba, qaluri godebis Tvinier
umZimes gansacdels swrafad unda davaRwioT Tavi~.
sazrunavTagan da mterTagan gabezrebuli poeti mxolod sakuTar Tavs endoba
da aseTi sityvebiT qadagebs:
`gulo, gulo, gaTangulo gloviTa da godebiT,
dards da urvas miegebe, aRorZindi lmobili,
mters sangarTan Causafrdi, nu Sedrkebi, ganmtkicdi,
gaimarjveb _ saxilvelad nu gaixdi sixaruls,
damarcxdebi _ nu igloveb Sin dardiT modrekili,
zomierad ixare da zomierad iwuxe,
Seimecne kacTa xvedris idumali wesrigi~.
(128)
mainc ra kanonzomiereba Seicno poetis dadardianebulma gulma? is xom ara,
rom `zevsia RmerTTa Soris utyuari winaswarmetyveli, rom mis xelSia yvela sas-
ruli~ (298) da amis gamo mokvdavs mxolod RmerTis imedi unda hqondes am cxovre-
baSi:
`RvTaebaTa uflobs neba, xSirad RmerTi Jamiers,
bedkruls, miwad muxlmodrekils, fexze wamoayenebs,
bedsvians ki gancxromis Jams umal pirqve daamxobs,
arqiloqosi 65
dasasruli ar eqneba kacTa bedis kirTebas:

upovarni, gonmixdilni ivlen miusafarad~
(130)
am filosofiuri Cafiqrebis gverdiT arqiloqosis lirikaSi erosis Temac
dominirebs. am SemTxvevaSi TvalSi sacemia poetis ormxrivi xasiaTi: mas uyvars ki-
dec da amave dros daundobelic aris. ai, misi romantikuli sulis ramdenime ga-
movlineba:
`neta Semaxo neobules xels...~

(118)
`ZiZam mirtiT dauzila Tma da mkerdi,

beber kacsac moxiblavda igi"
(48)
`xelT epyra mirtis toti

da mSvenieri vardi,
xarobda,
xolo Tmebi
Crdilad efina mxrebze~
(30-31)
arqiloqosi imave neobules asec moixseniebda:
`gaTaxsirebuli qali, dasiebuli fexebiT~ (206).
mkvelvarTa da mkiTxvelTa yuradReba miipyro erTma sakmaod vrcelma fragmen-
tma, romelic pirvelad 1974 wels gamoaqveynes r. merkelbaxma da m.l. vestma. erTi
wlis Semdeg igi savaraudo aRdgenebiTa da axleburi interpretaciiT warmoad-
gina miroslav markoviCma. es aris 35 striqoniani epodi _ dialogi axalgazrda
arqiloqossa da neobules umcros das Soris. fragmentSi moxseniebuli amfimedo
ki neobules (da misi debis) deda iyo.
sazomi am epodisa aris hemiepesi. am SemTxvevaSi igi emyareba erTmaneTisgan
ritmulad gansxvavebuli iamburi trimetrisa da dimetris monacvleobas, rac Se-
vecadeT agvesaxa kidec TargmanSi, romelic Sesrulebulia markoviCiseuli wa-
kiTxvis mixedviT:
`trfialebis wadils mTlad nu daiokeb,
Tu suli gevseba vnebiT,
Cvens saxlSi ipovni momxiblav gogonas,
romelsac surxar da mende,
ubiwo iTxove colad~. _ ase miTxra.
mivuge: `miwa rom faravs
im keTilSobili amfimedos qalo,
mismine: kiprisi Wabuks
siamovnebis gzas mravalgvars aniWebs,
erTs axlac ixilav, qorwils
merec moveswrebiT, ros RvTaebis nebiT
mziT gagverujeba Rawvni.
Txovna Segisrulo? Sen msurxar, pirvelma
unda gadavlaxo zRurbli,
Zvirfaso, Sens mwvane baRSi maxalise,
xolo neobule iyos
sxva kacTan. yvavili misi qalwulobis
daWkna, gaucvda xibli.
66 arqiloqosi
gadamwifebulic vnebas ver iokebs,

siSmagiT gviCvena Tavi.
gaqres! didi RmerTic veRar maiZulebs,
SevirTo aseTi qali.
masxarad amigdebs moyvasic, Zvirfaso,
Sengan ar moveli Ralats,
is unamusoa, mravalTan megobrobs
da vSiSob ugono ltolviT,
viT xvadma, umweo bavSvi ar Cavsaxo~.
vTqvi da avitace qali,
mindvris yvavilebSi Cavmale, davfare
rbili mosasxamiT. mfrTxali
ise gairinda, rogorc kravi mgelTan,
nazad veambore mkerdze;
man qalwulebrivi miZRvna siamaye.
TeTri sasicocxlo Zala
nebas mivuSvi da mis Tmas mivefere...~
(196)
arqiloqosis fragmentebSi SeiniSneba seqsis Tematikac (191; 193; 196; 119), romel-
Tagan zogierTSi ucenzuro sityvebic ki dasturdeba (42; 43 da sxva). poetma, ro-
gorc aRvniSneT, Tavisi daundobeli da basri eniT saqveynod gaiTqva saxeli. sak-
maod ostaturad iyenebda igi igav-arakis formasac. Seubralebeli iyo poeti ne-
obules mama likambesis mimarT. Cvenamde moRweul fragmentTagan aTamde mis wina-
aRmdeg aris mimarTuli. ai, erT-erTi maTgani:
`mama likambes, ra mzakvroba Cagidevs gulSi,
vin waritaca Seni goneba,
uwin ase rom gamxnevebda. masxrad gigdeben
axla ukve qalaqis mkvidrni~.
(172)
arqiloqosis dacinvas verc misi megobrebi gadaurCnen. ai, rogori sityvebiT
mimarTavs igi perikless: `bevri dalie ganuzavebeli Rvino, usasyidlod, mikono-
selTa msgavsad, Tanac modixar daupatiJeblad, TiTqosda didi megobari iyo. es
Seni stomaqi miuZRveba win Sens azrsa da gonebas urcxvobisaken~ (124).
Cans, arqiloqoss lirikis mraval sferoSi usinjavs kalami da yvela SemTxveva-
Si gamouxatavs Tavisi damokidebuleba garemomcveli samyarosa Tu adamianebi-
sadmi. am Tvisebis gamo igi mkvlevarebma berZnul literaturaSi axali etapis
damwyebad aRiares, rac poeturi `me~-s tradiciul samyarosTan, tradiciul Ri-
rebulebebTan dapirispirebiT gamoixata. arqiloqosi cxovrebam gaauxeSa, rac ai-
saxa kidec mis poeziaSi. misi leqsebis ena mZimea, xSirad uxamsi. poeti cdilobda
misTvis Sesaferisi formiT gamoeTqva is, rasac yoveldRiurad xedavda. damcina-
vi iambi mis ganwyobilebebs saTanadod moergo. moRweuli fragmentebis mixedviT
Tu vimsjelebT, Cven verasodes warmovidgenT liras mis xelSi, mxolod frigiul
sayvirs, romelic mkveTr xmebs gamoscemda.
miuxedavad amisa, arqiloqosis qmnilebebi didi popularobiT sargeblobdnen
ara mxolod poetis Tanamedrove, aramed Semdgom xanebSic. gadmogvcemen, rom he-
raklesadmi miZRvnili himni didxans imRereboda olimpiur asparezobebze. raf-
sodebi asrulebdnen mis qmnilebebs homerosisa da hesiodes poemebTan erTad.
mSobliuri kunZulis mkvidrebma mis pativsadebad daaweses gmiris kulti. arqi-
loqosis damcinavma, magram amasTanave poeturma satiram garkveuli gavlena iqo-
nia berZnuli komediis ganviTarebazec. Zveli avtorebi arqiloqoss homerosis
arqiloqosi 67
gverdiT ayenebdnen da Tvlidnen antikuri xanis udides da upirveles lirikosad

(plutrqosi, musikis Sesaxeb, 28).
lirika: iambebi, elegiebi, epodebi da sxva xasiaTis fragmentebi.

68 alkeosi
alkeosi
(Zv.w. VI s.)
Zveli berZnuli lirikuli poeziis ganviTarebaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili

miuZRviT eoliel poetebs, romelTa literaturuli da musikaluri centri iyo
kunZuli lesbosi. adgilobrivi folkloris safuZvelze maT sityvakazmul
mwerlobaSi Semoitanes axali formebi, romlebic monodiuri (anu solo) Ses-
rulebisTvis iyo gankuTvnili liris TanxlebiT. lesboselma poetebma sakulto,
sawesCveulebo, saqorwino, sanadimo, satrfialo Tu sxva xasiaTis simRerebSi sa-
kuTari gancdebiTa da emociebiT didad Seuwyves xeli pirovnuli lirikis aR-
mavlobas.
eoliuri lirikis umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenlebi iyvnen alkeosi da sapfo.
isini Tanamedrovenic iyvnen da Tanamoqalaqenic, Tumca Tematika maTi poeziisa
sapirispirod gansxvavdeboda erTmaneTisgan. sapfos leqsebSi wmindad qaluri
idealebi aisaxa, alkeosma ki WeSmariti moqalaqisa da mebrZoli poetis saxeli
daimkvidra istoriaSi. aleqsandrielma swavlulebma, rudunebiT Seiswavles ra
gardasuli wlebis literaturuli memkvidreoba, lirikos poetTa `kanonSi~
Zveli eladis cxra udidesi poeti daasaxeles. axasiaTebs ra TiToeul maTgans e.w.
`palatinis anTologiis~ uavtoro epigrama, alkeoss aseTi sityvebiT moixseniebs:
ùnda gavixsenoT maxvili, romelic xelT epyra alkeoss,

mosvrili tiranTa sisxliT, samSoblos icavda odes...~
(IX, 184)
da marTlac, alkeosi cxovrobda maSin, rodesac kunZuli lesbosi, Tavisufali

ucxoelTa xelyofisagan, SeZruli iyo Sinagani mtrobiT. nawilobriv es iyo
Sedegi Zveli monarqiis rRvevisa. warCinebulTa gvaris Camomavalni ibrZodnen,
raTa Zalaufleba maT Soris danawilebuliyo, magram ver SeZles amis ganxor-
cieleba, radganac saxelmwifos marTvis sadaveebis xelSi Cagdebas sxvebic eswra-
fodnen _ es ki niSnavda brZolis dawyebas. erTmaneTs daupirispirda aristokra-
tia da tirania.
kunZuli lesbosi ukve meSvide saukunis meore naxevridan moicva am brZolam.
penTilidiebis gvaris dacemis Semdeg Zalaufleba mitileneSi tiraniam Caigdo
xelSi. garda amisa, mitilenelebma brZola daiwyes aTenelTa winaaRmdeg si-
geionis gamo. cxadia, alkeosi Tavisi meamboxe suliT ver darCeboda gulgrili am
movlenebisadmi. igi mouwodebda xalxs, ebrZola tiraniis winaaRmdeg, Tavad ki
ZmebTan erTad monawileobda SeTqmulebaSi tiran mirsilosis winaaRmdeg. es
SeTqmuleba gasca pitakosma, romelic dasawyisSi alkeosis Tanamzraxveli iyo.
rodesac SeTqmuleba gamomJRavnda, alkeosma mis ZmebTan erTad meyseulad datova
alkeosi 69
samSoblo. igi gaeSura mezoblad mdebare qalaq pirasken, sadac mitilenes ti-
ranTa Zalaufleba aRar vrceldeboda. Tu ra moxda Semdgom, CvenTvis ucnobia,
vidre mirsilosis gardacvalebamde. am movlenas sixaruliT Sexvda poeti, igi
dabrunda Tavis mSobliur qalaqSi, magram kvlav gaaZeves, radganac amjerad ga-
momJRavnda misi opozicia pitakosisadmi, romelic xalxma esimentad airCia. am
faqtis gamo aRSfoTebuli alkeosi egvipteSi gadaixvewa. gadmocemaTa Tanaxmad,
pitakosi aTi wlis ganmavlobaSi marTavda mitilenes. man Seiwynara alkeosi da
samSobloSi dabrunebis neba darTo.
aristokratTa interesebis damcveli alkeosi pitakosisa da, saerTod, ti-
raniis winaaRmdeg ibrZoda da sxvebsac amasve mouwodebda. mas mudam swamda, rom
dadgeboda dro, rodesac adamianebi Surisa da borot zraxvaTagan ganTavisu-
fldebodnen, rom brZola dasruldeboda da RvTaeba dabrmavebul xalxs ga-
moafxizlebda.
TariRebi alkeosis cxovrebisa jer kidev daudgenelia. mecnierebas didi xania
awuxebs kiTxva, Tu visi Tanamedrove iyo poeti _ solonisa Tu pisistratosis, Ta-
lesisa Tu qsenofanesi, sapfosi Tu anakreonisa. qronologias yovelTvis SeuZlia
SecdomaSi Segviyvanos ama Tu im poetis Sefasebis dros. boura1 antikur tradi-
ciaTa gaTvaliswinebiT ase warmogvidgens alkeosis cxovrebis qronologias:
630 weli _ alkeosis dabadeba;
612-618 ww. _ tiran melanqrosis damarcxeba pitakosis mier;
604-591 ww. _ pitakosis mmarTvelobis xana, alkeosis dabruneba samSobloSi;
580 weli _ pitakosis Camogdeba;
570 weli – pitakosis gardacvaleba.
trois2 mtkicebiT, alkeosi iyo ramdenadme axalgazrda sapfoze, solonisa da
Talesis Tanamedrove. ase rom, garkveulia mxolod erTi TariRi zustad: alkeo-
sis moRvaweobis xana emTxveva meeqvse saukunis pirvel naxevars.
alkeosis Semoqmedeba ise mdidari yofila, rom aleqsandriel poetebs Zv.w. III
saukuneSi igi aT wignad gamouciaT. Cvenamde am lesboseli poetis Semoqmedebis
mxolod umniSvnelo nawilma moaRwia. maTgan umetesoba amokrefilia im avtorTa
TxzulebebSi, romlebic enobrivi TvalsazrisiT ganixilavdnen mis simRerebs da
ainteresebdaT isini gramatikuli kategoriebis dasadgenad. amas emateba 1914, 1941 da
1951 wlebis papirolgiuri aRmoCenebi. ase rom, dResdReisobiT alkeosis 400-mde
fragmentia cnobili, romelTagan mxolod 25-mdea iseTi, leqsad aRqmis SesaZleb-
lobas rom qmnis. didi romaeli poeti horaciusi, romelic kargad icnobda alkeo-
sis poezias, mis Semoqmedebas oTx Tematur jgufad hyofda: 1) sabrZolo simRerebi
anu stasiotika; 2) sanadimo simRerebi; 3) miTosuri simRerebi da 4) satrfialo
simRerebi. antikuri wyaroebis cnobiT, Zvelad gansakuTrebuli popularobiT
sargeblobda alkeosis sabrZolo simRerebi, sadac poetis Tanamedrove lesbosis
samoqalaqo omis suraTebi aisaxa. am qmnilebaTa kiTxva naTels xdis, rom alkeosi
kunZulze arsebuli im jgufis anu hetairias3 wevri iyo, romelSic aristok-
ratuli warmomavlobis mamakacebi iyvnen gaerTianebulni da romelnic tiraniis
winaaRmdeg ibrZodnen. erT-erT fragmentSi warmodgenilia iaraRiT avsebuli
saxli. mzaddeba amboxeba, poeti TanamzraxvelT brZolisken uxmobs:
òmis RvTaebis naTeli mosavs maRal sasaxles,
saWurveli anaTebs darbazs.
brinjaos sxiviT elvarebs Weri
1
C. M. Bowra, Greek lyric Poetry, Oxford, 1961II.
2
M. Treu, Alkaios, Griechisch und deutsch, München, 1963II.
3
kunZul lesbosis sazogadoebriv-politikuri mdgomareobis Taobaze SedarebiT vrclad ix.
sapfos Semoqmedebis amsaxveli narkvevi, gv 70.
70 alkeosi
zuCebiTa da muzaradebiT mimofenili.

cxenTa Zuebis TeTrad friali
omSi myivari mebrZolebis TavsarqmelT amkobs.
magar SubTagan Tavdasacavi
moelvare sabarkulebi faraven sarWeT,
irgvliv bzinaven axlad nakeTi selis javSnebi.
iataks mosavs farTa simravle
da qalkisuri Subebis bzinva.
Tvla aRara aqvs saTeZurebs da welsabmelebs.
ar gvmarTebs maTi daviwyeba,
odes dadgeba sabrZolvelad warmarTvis Jami.1"
(357)
lesbosis tiranis, mirsilosis gardacvalebam iseTi sixaruliT aRavso poeti,
rom am movlenas leqsic ki uZRvna:
àxla ki gvmarTebs movilxinoT TavdaviwyebiT,
radgan mirsiloss, rogorc iqna, aRmoxda suli~.
(332)
magram Zalaufleba axalma tiranma, pitakosma Caigdo xelSi. Sewuxebuli al-
keosi arc am faqts tovebs uyuradRebod da TanamemamuleT guliswyromiT mimar-
Tavs:
`samSoblos ubedureba, SeuWirveli pitakosi, bediT wyeuli,
qalaqs tiranad mouvlineT, ros ganadideT Sekrebilebma~.
(348)
pitakosis winaaRmdeg alkeoss mravali simRera unda hqonoda dawerili. Cve-
namde moRweul fragmentebSi misi aseTi portreti ixateba: igi iyo hiras Ze, man
daarbia mitilene, gaanadgura wminda adgilebi, ubedureba moutana xalxs. pita-
kosma gatexa megobarTa Soris dadebuli fici. alkeosi Tavisi politikuri
mrwamsiT radikalurad ewinaaRmdegeboda am tirans, romelic jer misi mekavSire
iyo, Semdeg ki mirsilosisa. poeti pitakoss damamdablebeli epiTetebiT amkobs,
uwodebs `bRenZs, qoTnismucelas"(fr. 70, 141, 69). diogenes laertiosi gvawvdis
saintereso sias im epiTetebisas, romliTac alkeosi moixseniebs tirans (1, 81).
mebrZol poets TandaTan ekargeba momavlis rwmena. igi Tavis qalaqs adarebs
aboboqrebul zRvaSi moxvedril xomalds, romelic albaT veRar gaignebs gzas:
`qarTa WidilSi aRar ZalmiZs gzebis gagneba,
aRimarTeba erTi mxridan talRa, migoravs
da exeTqeba Semxvedr talRas,
zvirTebSi curavs Savi xomaldi.
pirquS avdarTan gviwevs brZola didi wvalebiT,
talRebi Tavze evlebian aRmarTul anZas,
daglejilia ialqani
da CamoZenZil nafleTebad frialebs qarSi.
...
xomalds talRebi awydebian, exeTqebian,
gamZvinvarebul zvirTebTan da zRvasTan Widili
mas aRar ZaluZs, CaiZireba
Tu ki waawyda uCinar beqobs.~
(326)
1
alkeosis umniSvnelovanes fragmentTa Targmanebi Sesrulebulia Cvens mier da gamoqveynebu-
lia wignSi: helikoni. fragmentTa numeracias warmovadgenT lobel-peijis cnobili gamo-
cemis mixedviT.
alkeosi 71
jer kidev antikur xanaSi am fragmentSi warmodgenil xomalds alegoriul

mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. Zvelebis azriT, igi gansacdelSi Cavardnili qalaqis
alegorias iwvevda mudam. mkvlevarTa umetesobac am azrs iziarebda ukanasknel
xanebamde. Tumca am mosazrebas oponentebi gamouCndnen. maTi varaudiT, am sim-
ReraSi boboqar zRvaSi moxvedrili gaZevebuli poetis realuri gancdebic
SeiZleboda asaxuliyo.
samSoblodan gandevnili alkeosi `myudro savanis~ ZiebaSia. igi poulobs ki-
dec TavSesafars, Tumca pitakoss mainc ver iviwyebs da ukvdavTa sameuls (zevss,
herasa da dionises) SesTxovs, am saZulvel tirans Surisgebis qalRmerTi, erinisi
miuCinon. pitakosma fici gatexa da qalaqi dasaRupad gawira:
`... hiras vaJiSvils erinisi sdevnides miwyiv!
Cven xom aseTi wminda fici davdeT odesRac:
rom arasodes mivatovebdiT
Tanamozraxes miusafarad.
Tu mteri gvZlevda, damarcxebulebs
an miwad unda gangvesvena, an gadarCenilT
unda mogvekla Zalisufalni,
maSin kaci igrZnobda Svebas.
es safiqrali gaberil bRenZs ar awuxebda,
fexiT gaTela wminda fici, muxanaTurad
mosra qalaqi moRalatem,
utifrad gvlanZRavs da gvemuqreba~.
(129)
mSobliur samanebs miRma gaZevebuli alkeosis winaSe albaT daisva gamosavlis

Ziebis sakiTxi. aristokratiam politikuri brZola waago. istoriisTvis ucno-
bia, Tu rogor warimarTa poetisa da pitakosis urTierTobis bolo wlebi. tra-
diciis Tanaxmad, tirans igi Seuwynarebia am sityvebiT: `sjobs apatio, vidre
Suri iZio~.
moRweuli fragmentebidan Cans, rom alkeosma momavlis rwmena dakarga da xsnis
gzad nadimi da mxiaruleba daisaxa:
`Sesvi, gaamos, melanipos, iqneb ggonia,
odes gacurav boboqari aqeronis mSfoTvare talRebs,
dadgeba Jami mzis naTelis kvalad xilvisa?
ismine Cemi, nu moisurveb diad saqmeTa aRsrulebas!
o, moigone eolosis Ze sisifosi, mokvdavTa Soris
aRzevebuli iyo igi gonierebiT, Tumca egona,
sikvdilis pirquS sameufos gaeqceoda, orgzis gacura
RvTiT dawyevlilma boboqari aqeronis bneli talRebi,
gardmoavlina olimpielTa ganmgebelma, meufe zevsma
Savi miwis qveS ulmobeli sasjeli misTvis...
nu moisurveb diad saqmeTa aRsrulebas!
vidre dadga siberis Jami...~
(38)
miuxedavad gancdili damarcxebisa, poetis sulSi boroteba ar isadgurebs.
misi damwuxrebuli sulis mkurnali axla ukve mxolod Rvinoa:
àr gvekadreba borotebiT aRvivsoT suli,
veras mivaRwevT da amaod gavitanjebiT,
sjobs, Cemo bikqis, Cveni sulis
didebul mkurnals mivendoT, Rvinos!~
(335)
72 alkeosi
Cvenamde moaRwia alkeosis aseTma frazebma: `Rvino, Zvirfaso biWo da WeS-

mariteba~ (336), an `Rvinoa kacTa sarke~ (333). varaudoben, rom es gamonaTqvamebi
daedo safuZvlad cnobil sentencias: ìn vino veritas~ (`RvinoSia WeSmariteba~).
alkeosis sanadimod wodebul fragmentebs Soris gvxvdeba WeSmariti poetis mier
Sesrulebuli STambeWdavi striqonebi:
`yels gagisvelebs Rvino, Sesvi!
qreba varskvlavi,
weliwadis mZime dro dadga,
gadaibuga sicxiT yoveli,
foTolTa CrdilSi SeyuJuli WiWinobela
WriWinebs tkbilad
da oqromxala yvavis mxolod...
vnebaaSlilni arian axla diacni, kacebs
dauflebiaT uZlureba,
maT Tavsa da muxls mcxunvarebiT
wvavs siriosi.~
(347)
antikuri wyaroebis Tanaxmad, alkeosi cnobili yofila ara mxolod
sabrZolo Tu sanadimo simRerebiT, aramed satrfialo lirikiTac. CvenTvis les-
boseli poetis Semoqmedebis es nawili dafarulia moRweuli fragmentebis aras-
rulyofilebis gamo. Tumca maT Soris SeiZleba amovikiTxoT ramdenime liriuli
fraza. ase magaliTad, varaudoben, rom sapfosadmi siyvaruliT ganmsWvaluli
poetis mier iqneboda dawerili aseTi sityvebi:
ìebiT morTulo, wminda, tkbilad momRimaro sapfo...~
(384)
riT ipyrobs es fragmenti yuradRebas? upirveles yovlisa, unda aRiniSnos,
rom alkeosis azrs metad didi mniSvneloba eniWeba imdenad, ramdenadac igi iyo
sapfos Tanamedrove, uSualo mxilveli imisa, Tu rogor afasebdnen mis poeziasa
da pirovnebas ukve im Soreul epoqaSi. amasTanave yuradRebas ipyrobs mimarTvis
manera: alkeosi iseTi mokrZalebiTa da TayvaniscemiT moixseniebs sapfos saxels,
rogoriTac antikur epoqaSi mxolod RvTaebas Tu mimarTavdnen. Cvenamde moaRwia
kidev erTma fragmentma, romelic sapfosa da alkeosis gasaubrebiT aris cno-
bili:
alkeosi: `msurda, rom meTqva SenTvis raRac,
magram sircxvili...
sapfo: RirsebiTa da saTnoebiT savse survili

rom gqondes, gana warmoTqvamdi saZraxis sityvebs?
maSin Tvalebsac ar daxridi damorcxvebuli
da gamandobdi wrfeli guliT naTqvam simarTles.~
(sapfo, fr.137)
aravin icis ori didi poetis ra urTierToba imaleba am striqonTa miRma.
antikuri xanis monadime poetis gverdiT mudam Cans momxiblavi biWuna. aseTad
eguleboda alkeoss vinme menoni, romlisadmi mimarTulma oriod frazam moaRwia
Cvenamde:
ùbrZaneT vinmes, momxiblavi menoni mixmon,
raTa mewvios nadimze da vilxinoT erTad.~
(368)
mkvlevarTa azriT, satrfialo poeziis nimuSad unda CaiTvalos es fragmentic:
alkeosi 73
ò, gevedrebi, Seismine Cemi simRera,

o, Seismine, gevedrebi!~
(374)
alkeosis Semoqmedebis es mxare, rogorc aRvniSneT, naklebad aris warmodgeni-
li fragmentebSi, Tumca maT mainc etyobaT adgilobrivi xalxuri poeziis gav-
lenis kvali. ufro metis Tqma SegviZlia alkeosis miTosisadmi damokidebulebis
Taobaze: Cans, igi werda himnebsac da xSirad iSveliebda kidec miTebs Tavisi az-
ris gamosaxatad. alkeosi sxva miTografosebisagan Tavisi ornamentuli xedviT
gansxvavdeboda. igi ki ar yveboda ukve kargad cnobil ambavs, aramed poeturi
saxeebiT warmoadgenda:
`zevsis da ledas naSierno, RmerTno Zlierno,
dido kastor da polidevkes, keTilmodrekiT
moiReT Cvenze mowyaleba da miatoveT
pelofsis miwa.
ukidegano xmeleTsa da zRvaTa zvirTebze
mogaqroleben malemsrboli huneni miwyiv,
raTa daixsnaT ulmobeli sikvdilisagan
mokvdavTa modgma.
gardaevlebiT xomaldebis maRal qandarebs,
ialqnebs, cisfrad mobriale cecxlovan anZebs,
moevlinebiT Sav xomaldebs Ramis ukunSi
mxsneli naTeliT.~
(34)
es himni, romelic zRvad gasul mexomaldeTa mfarvel dioskurebs, kastorsa da
polidevkess eZRvneba, mfrinav raSebze amxedrebul mxsnel RvTaebaTa STambeWdav
suraTs gvixatavs: isini Ramis ukunSi Sav xomaldebs mxsneli naTeliT evlinebian.
alkeosis poeziaSi SeiniSneba friad saintereso tendencia, rac ufro adreul
lirikaSi ar dasturdeba. kerZod, romelime poeturi xatis an Tundac bunebis
peizaJis aRwerisas poeti ki ar amtkicebs raimes, ki ar ganmartavs imas, Tu risT-
vis sWirdeba mas es foni, aramed gvTavazobs suraTs ganyenebulad, damatebiTi
komentaris gareSe. es aris obieqturad aRqmuli mSveniereba, romelmac mkiTx-
velze (Tu msmenelze) Tavad unda moaxdinis STabeWdileba:
`hebroso, Seni mdinareba ulamazesi,
ainosidan mewamuli zRvisken medini,
azvirTebuli, TrakielTa velebis gavliT
ufro mSvendeba.
da eswrafvian qalwulebi Sens wminda nakads,
nazi xelebiT isveleben saTuT TeZoebs,
salbunis msgavsi RvTaebrivi wyliT eniWebaT
momxiblaoba...~
(45)
es fragmenti alkeosis poeturi azrovnebis brwyinvale nimuSad iyo aRiare-
buli jer kidev antikur xanaSi. poeti gvixatavs adamianisa da bunebis mSveniere-
bis Serwymis momxiblav suraTs.
alkeosis saxelTan dakavSirebul am inovaciaTa (himnebSi miTTa ornamentuli
xasiaTis gamokveTa, `saxelmwifo _ xomaldis~ alegoriuli simbolos Seqmna,
samyaros silamazis aRqma analitikuri komentaris gareSe da sxva) garda anti-
kuri xanis avtorebi migvaniSneben misi enis didebulebaze, azris gamoxatvis la-
koniurobasa da damajereblobaze, poeturi formis keTilxmovanebasa da si-
natifeze (ix. dionisios halikarnaseli, II, 8).
74 alkeosi
dRes CvenTvis Znelia msjeloba imaze, Tu ra mxatvruli da poeturi Rirsebebi

gaaCnda alkeoss, ris gamo iyo aRiarebuli Zveli eladis udides poetad. Semo-
qmedebis is nawili, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia, TvalnaTliv gvisabuTebs im azrs,
rom alkeosis poeziaSi gamoxatulia ganwyobileba sulisa, romelic aris WeS-
maritad àjrethv~ (qveli, Rirseuli), radganac Tavad poeti iyo uTuod àjnh;r
ajgaqov"~ (keTilSobili, Rirseuli kaci). igi zigierT berZen lirikosTa msgavsad
mefeTa da tiranTa karis poeti arasodes yofila; alkeosi mReroda imitom, rom
dauokebeli survili hqonda sakuTari msoflmxedvelobisa da ganwyobilebaTa
cxadyofisa. zogjer igi imdenad iyo gatacebuli polemikiT, rom Semoqmedebis
procesSi kargavda poeturobasa da sinatifes. mas ar hqonia alkmanis warmosaxvis
unari, arc sapfosmagvari Zlieri vneba da poeturoba. Tavad didi politikis sa-
kiTxebSic igi cudad erkveoda, magram Tavisi klasis dacemas ganicdida
gulwrfelad, mZafrad. alkeosis siZliere simRerebSi gamovlinda pirdapiro-
biTa da uSualobiT, RvTiT boZebuli unariT, eTqva simarTle naTlad, ubralod,
poeturi STambeWdaobiT.
lirika: sabrZolo, sanadimo, miTosuri, satrfialo

da sxva Tematikis Semcveli fragmentebi.
sapfo 75
sapfo
(Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneTa mijna)
antikuri literaturiT dainteresebuli mkvlevarnica da mkiTxvelnic sapfos1

Zveli berZnuli lirikis upirveles poetesad aRiareben. Tumca Zalze didxans
Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneTa mijnaze moRvawe am didebuli poeti qalis Semoqmedebis mesve-
urni rTuli problemis winaSe idgnen. maT xelT hqondaT, erTi mxriv, antikuri
cnobebi, romlebSic Zveli samyaros saxelovani moazrovneni (alkeosi, soloni,
platoni, herodotosi, straboni, horaciusi, fsevdo-longinosi da sxvani) saqe-
bar sityvebs ar iSurebdnen sapfos lirikis Sesafaseblad, meore mxriv ki, Zalze
mcirericxovani fragmentebi, romelTa gaTvaliswineba mxolod miaxloebiT war-
modgenas iZleoda mis Semoqmedebaze. papirologiis ganviTarebasTan erTad
mkvlevarT berZnuli lirikis axleburi analizis SesaZlebloba miecaT. ufro
mravalferovani gaxda ara mxolod teqstebis gamocemebi, aramed is gamokvleve-
bic, romelTa mizani iyo ganesazRvra sapfos adgili msoflio lirikis ganviTa-
rebaSi. dRes aRaravis epareba eWvi imaSi, rom Zveli samyaros saxelovani adamiane-
bi ar cdebodnen, rodesac sapfos `meaTe muzad~ aRiarebdnen (platoni, AG IX 506),
an `gasaocar arsebad~ moixseniebdnen da dasZendnen: `... Cven ar gveguleba sxva poe-
tesa, romelic mcireoden mainc Tu gautoldeboda sapfos poeturi mSvenierebiT~
(straboni, XIII 617). samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom antikurma esTetikam
sapfos poezia saTanadod Seafasa ra, naTlad warmoaCina misi avtoris Semoqmede-
biTi portreti, romelic dResac ar kargavs Tavis mniSvnelobasa da STambeWdao-
bas. Tumca unda gaviTvaliswinoT isic, rom droTa ganmavlobaSi igi legendebi-
Tac Seimosa.2 Tanamedrove mkvlevarisaTvis ar aris rTuli, erTmaneTisgan gana-
calkevos realuri da legendaruli sapfos Sesaxeb arsebul gadmocemebSi.
upirveles yovlisa vnaxoT, romel realur faqtebs SeiZleba vendoT: sapfos
cxovrebis amsaxveli cnobebi moipoveba iseT avtorebTan, rogorebic arian hero-
dotosi, straboni, ovidiusi, aTeneosi, maqsimos tiroseli, elianusi, himeriosi
da sxva. 1922 wels gamoqveynda fragmentebi, romelSic aRniSnulia, rom biografia
Sedgenilia qameleonis Txzulebis mixedviT. sapfos cxovrebis aq warmodgenili
cnobebi msgavsia svidas leqsikonSi dadasturebuli biografiisa. am cnobaTa gaT-
valiswinebiT dadgenilia, rom sapfo daibada kunZul lesbosis qalaq eresosSi,
Tumca mTeli cxovreba qalaq mitileneSi gaatara. igi tiran pitakosisa da poet
1
antikur samyaroSi sapfos saxelis ramdenime varianti dasturdeba. Tavad poetesa Tavis Tavs
fsapfos (Yavpfw) uwodebs. es saxeli ar aris berZnuli warmomavlobis, mas mcireaziul enob-
riv samyaros ukavSireben mecnierebi.
2
vrclad sapfos SemoqmedebiT portrets SegiZliaT gaecnoT wignSi: n. tonia, sapfos poeturi
samyaro, Tbilisi, 1991. warmodgenil fragmentebs vuTiTebT lobel-peijis gamocemis mixedviT.
76 sapfo
alkeosis Tanamedrove yofila, Sesabamisad, moRvaweobda Zv.w. VII-VI saukuneTa mij-

naze. `parosis qronika~ gvamcnobs, rom aristokratTa devnis dros, VI saukunis
pirvel wlebSi, sapfo mitilenedan siciliaze gaqceula. varaudoben, rom igi
warCinebuli ojaxidan unda yofiliyo da, amdenad, pitakosis risxva masac unda
Sexeboda. sapfos leqsebSi ar Cans samoqalaqo brZolaTa Sefasebis kvali, amitom,
mkvlevarTa azriT, igi gadasaxlebaSi unda gahyoloda Tavis qmars, lesbosel
aristokrats, romelsac politikuri brZolebis dros devnidnen. is iyo mdidari
kaci kunZul androsidan, saxelad kerkilasi. cnobilia, rom Zv.w. 580 wlis maxlo-
bel xanebSi pitakosma amnistia gamoacxada. sapfoc am droisaTvis unda dabrune-
buliyo mitileneSi.
gadmocemaTa Tanaxmad, mas hyavda qaliSvili, saxelad kleisi, msgavsi saxeli un-
da rqmeoda poetis dedasac; mamas erqva skamandrosi. sapfos sami Zma hyolia _ eri-
giosi, lariqosi da qaraqsosi. umcross, lariqoss warCinebulTa gvarisTvis Sesa-
ferisi Tanamdeboba ekava _ igi pritaneionSi sapatio stumrebs Rvinos awodebda.
rac Seexeba ufros Zmas _ qaraqsos, is erTxel mitilenedan samogzaurod wasula
egvipteSi, sadac hetera doriqa Sehyvarebia da didi Tanxa gauRia mis gamosasyi-
dad. aman sapfos guliswyroma gamoiwvia, rac aRniSna kidec Tavis simRerebSi.
erigiosis Taobaze mxolod is aris cnobili, rom monawileobda romeliRac
brZolaSi.
rogorc varaudoben, sapfo yofila tanmorCili da Savgremani. Cvenamde moaR-
wia misma ramdenime gamosaxulebam. maT Soris yvelaze sainteresod miiCneven cno-
bil miunxenur larnaks sapfosa da alkeosis gamosaxulebiT (Zv.w. VI s.).
rogorc Cans, gadasaxlebidan dabrunebuli TiTqmis ormoc wels mitanebuli
sapfo saTaveSi udgeba warCinebul qaliSvilTa wres (an salons). swored misi
cxovrebis am nawils ukavSirdeba is legendebi, romelTa mimarT interesi sauku-
neTa ganmavlobaSi ar Camcxrala. erT-erTi legendis Tanaxmad, sapfos mSvenieri
Wabuki faoni Sehyvarebia. uimedo vnebaTaRelvas ayolils Tavi mouklavs, gadaS-
vebula ra levkadis kldidan amRvreul zRvaSi (straboni, X 452). sxva legenda ki
gvamcnobs, TiTqos sapfo iyo hetera, arTobda kacebs, magram WeSmariti vnebiT
mxolod axalgazrda qaliSvilebisaken iswrafoda. maT uZRvnida Tavis simRerebs
(maqsimos tiroseli, 18, 9). am arabunebrivi siyvarulis saxelwodebad dRemde Se-
morCa `sapfouri~ an `lesbosuri~, rameTu sapfo kunZul lesbosis mkvidri iyo.
sapfos pirovnebiT dainteresebas mravalma garemoebam Seuwyo xeli. yvelaze
metad ki iman, rom misi Semoqmedebis didi nawili qalwulebs eZRvneboda. maTi
STagonebiT qmnida poeti Tavis simRerebs, romlebSic Caqsovili iyo misi emociu-
ri bunebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli mZafri gancdebi da ltolvebi. ratom? amaSi
rom gaverkveT, upirveles yovlisa unda warmovidginoT im periodis kunZuli
lesbosi, sapfos samSoblo.
antikuri tradicia lesboss xmelTaSua zRvis Svid udides da umniSvnelovanes
kunZulTa Soris moixseniebs (straboni, 612). eolielebiT dasaxlebul am mSvenier
da mdidar kunZulze saintereso Tavisebureba dasturdeba: aq qalebi damoukide-
belni da Tavisufalni iyvnen, maSin rodesac imave periodis atikaSi isini mkacrad
gansazRvrul ojaxur wesebs emorCilebodnen. im Soreul epoqaSi lesbosze mat-
rilinealuri tradiciebi jer kidev ar iyo gamqrali. albaT amitom aristokra-
tuli gvaris Camomavali kacebisaTvis arsebula e.w. mamrTa saidumlo kavSirebi.
savaraudoa, rom kacebi Tavisi drois umetes nawils iq atarebdnen. Tavis istori-
ul rols, romelic matrilinealuri gadmonaSTebis winaaRmdeg brZolasa da
ekonomiurad Zlieri patrilinealuri Zalauflebis damkvidrebas gulisxmobda,
eolidis mamrTa saidumlo gaerTianebebi aRasrulebdnen religiuri morCilebis
taqtikiT. es iyo ritualTa da rwmenaTa mTeli sistema, romelic mosaxleobaze
magiurad moqmedebda. rogorc socialuri organizacia, es saidumlo kavSirebi
sapfo 77
mdidar aristokratTa Rarib mosaxleobaze batonobis erTgvari iaraRic iyo.

kunZul lesbosze am saidumlo gaerTianebebSi mamrTa miReba xdeboda bavSvobis
asakidan, uceremoniod, magram garkveuli gadasaxadiT. axalziarebulni icavdnen
garkveul wesebs, monawileobdnen mniSvnelovan wesisgebebsa da religiur zeimeb-
Si, romlebic mamrTa saidumlo kavSirebis mfarvel RvTaebaTa wminda WalebSi
imarTeboda.
iseve, rogorc kacebs, kunZul lesbosze qalebsac hqondaT TavSesayari adgi-
lebi, hyavdaT rCeuli RvTaebebi, romlebsac Tayvans scemdnen da romelTa keTil-
ganwyobis mosapovebladac sagangebo ritualebs aRasrulebdnen. amis Tqmis saSu-
alebas gvaZlevs, upirveles yovlisa, sapfos lirika. samwuxarod, arqauli epoqis
berZenTa religiuri cxovrebis Sesaxeb arqeologiuri masala ganzogadebaTa
aramyar safuZvels iZleva. mecnierebi iZulebulni arian ZiriTadad daeyrdnon am
periodis mxatvrul nawarmoebebs. miuxedavad maTi fragmentuli xasiaTisa, swo-
red aq mopovebuli informaciaa umTavresi epoqis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis su-
raTis warmosadgenad. is, rom sapfosa da mis garSemo Semokrebil qaliSvilTa sa-
Tayvanebeli qalRmerTi iyo afrodite, es jer kidev aleqsandrielma swavluleb-
ma (Zv.w. III s.) daadgines da, Sesabamisad, berZeni poeti qalis simReraTa gamocemaSi
pirvel adgilze am RvTaebisadmi miZRvnili himni moaTavses. sapfos Cvenamde moR-
weuli simRerebis didi nawili swored afrodites eZRvneba, ufro didi nawili
ki siyvarulis im mSvenierebis gancdas, romelsac es RvTaeba uZRvnida adamianebs.
sapfos uTqvams, rom mas muzebi aniWebdnen WeSmarit bednierebas (elianusi,
aristid. sity. 28, 51), amitomac eTayvaneboda muzebs, xolo im adgils, sadac Tavs
iyridnen saidumlos ziarebuli qaliSvilebi, uwodebda `muzis msaxurTa saxls~
(`moisopolw'n dovmwi fr. 150). aravis miuCnevia sakamaTod is, rom sapfo am saxlis wi-
namZRvari iyo. mis mier aRiarebuli kulti (afrodite) ganapirobebda saidumlos
ziarebulTa cxovrebis wessa Tu Semoqmedebis Tematikas. es iyo siyvaruli, mSve-
niereba, gazafxulis dResaswauli, qorwineba da yovelive is, rac dakavSirebuli
iyo afrodites kultTan da rac xalisiT aRavsebda adamianur yofierebas. alkeo-
sisgan gansxvavebiT, lesbosis politikuri cxovreba maTi Tvalsawierisgan Sors
idga.
savaraudoa, rom sapfo, rogorc winamZRvari qalwulTa religiuri da Semoqme-
debiTi saxlisa, anu Tanamedrove termini rom moviSvelioT, salonisa, eweoda aR-
mzrdelobiT da akademiur moRvaweobasac. xolo qalwulni, mas Semdeg, rac miiReb-
dnen daxvewil religiur Tu musikalur-poetur ganaTlebas, Sin brundebodnen, an
Txovdebodnen. is dro, romelsac qaliSvilebi erTad atarebdnen, Cans, ubednieresi
iyo maT cxovrebaSi. isini Txzavdnen leqsebs, simRerebs, swavlobdnen cekvebs; euf-
lebodnen daxvewil manerebs, silamazis xelovnebas, rameTu monawileobdnen cno-
bil zeimebSi, romelTac `kalisteebi~ (`silamazis agonebi~, Tanamedrove samyaroSi
gansakuTrebuli popularoba rom moipova) ewodebodaT; emzadebodnen religiuri
ritualebis aRsasruleblad da ganicdidnen RvTaebebTan ziarebis sixaruls; Ta-
visufal dros ki mindvrad krefdnen yvavilebs, Tmebs imSvenebdnen diademebiT, sxe-
uls izeldnen nelsacxeblebiT da moRlilebi isvenebdnen rbil baliSebze. buneb-
rivia, maT moswondaT `muzis msaxurTa saxlSi~ yofna, amitomac ganSorebisas af-
rqvevdnen cremlebs da wuxdnen. xolo poeti, winamZRvari, sikvdils natrobda gan-
SorebiT gamowveul simwuxareSi (fr. 94). mas xom wrfeli guliT uyvarda Tavisi
mowafeebi, romelTac uZRvnida ara mxolod siyvaruliT gamTbar striqonebs, ara-
med sakuTari sulis nawilsac. es ase xdeba dResac. yovel WeSmarit moZRvars uy-
vars Tavisi mowafe. sapfos SeeZlo erTdroulad mosiyvarulec yofiliyo da mkac-
ric, zomaze metad gamoexata vnebaTaRelva garSemo SemokrebilTa sulieri amaR-
lebisTvis. sapfos moRvaweoba wminda elinuri movlenaa, rameTu Zveli berZnebi-
saTvis aRzrdaSi moiazreboda religiac, zneobac, Semoqmedebac, siyvarulic. war-
78 sapfo
moudgeneli iyo misTvis Semoqmedeba RmerTebisa da marTalgangebis gareSe, iseve

rogorc Semoqmedi Tavisi qmnilebis siyvarulis gareSe.
`muzis msaxurTa saxli~, romelsac meTaurobda sapfo, ar yofila erTaderTi
kunZul lesbosze. mitileneSi mis garda arsebula sxva msgavsi `saxlebic~, rom-
lebsac qalebi meTaurobdnen. maT saxelebs Tavad sapfoc moixseniebs (fr. 57; 131;
90; 68 da sxva). Cans, maT Soris garkveuli urTierTdapirispirebac iyo. amaze mig-
vaniSneben is fragmentebi, sadac sapfo gamoTqvams Tavis gulistkivilsac imis ga-
mo, rom misi wris wevri qalwuli sxvisken (andromedasken, gorgosken) iswrafvis
da sixarulsac imis gamo, rom viRaca mas ubrundeba:
`Sen damibrundi, ra kargia, o, rogor msurdi,
naTelmosili siyvaruliT amivse suli,
ibedniere, vidre droa bednierebis...~
(48)
cnobil berZen mweral filostratosTan vxvdebiT aseT cnobas: `gainteresebs
Tu ra erqva pamfiliel qals, romelic icnobda sapfos da Txzavda himnebs arte-
mis pergaelis gansadideblad, usadagebda ra erTmaneTs eoliur da pamfiliur
maneras?... es brZeni qali TavisTavs uwodebda damofiles da Txzavda sapfos mane-
riT. Semoikriba garSemo qalwulTa wre da qmnida erotikul simRerebs, agreTve
himnebs, romelTac artemiss uZRvnida. saerTod ki, baZavda sapfos~ (filos-
tratosi, apolonis Sesaxeb I, 30). am gadmocemis mixedviT, pamfilieli damofiles
salonis wevrebs, qalwulebs, artemisis kulti aerTianebda. isinic qmnidnen ero-
tikul simRerebsa (Tumc erotika erTob Sors unda yofiliyo artemisisgan) da
himnebs. filostratosi damofiles brZen qals uwodebs, iseve rogorc platoni _
sapfos (elianusi, „Wreli ambebi~, 12, 19). Cans, damofilec artemisis kults ziare-
bul qalTa studiis ganswavluli da SemoqmedebiTi niWiT dajildoebuli winam-
ZRvari unda yofiliyo.
ase rom, uZvelesma wyaroebma Semogvinaxes cnobebi sapfosdroindel lesbosze
sul cota qalTa oTxi salonis arsebobis Taobaze. es umniSvnelo cifri rodia.
unda vivaraudoT, rom maT Soris arsebuli konkurencia, berZenTa agonisturi
sulis erT-erTi gamovlineba, xels uwyobda lesbosze musikalur-poeturi tra-
diciebis ganviTarebas. am azrs amyarebs ucnobi avtoris erTi friad sagulisxmo
gamonaTqvami: `... vfiqrob, aRamaRles `megobarma qalebma~ (hetairai) musikaluri
xelovneba, romelic sasargeblo da aucilebeli iyo axalgazrda qalwulebis-
Tvis~ (oqs. pap. XXIX, 2506 fr. 48). am erTi frazidan ori umniSvnelovanesi azris
gamotana SeiZleba: erTi mxriv imis, rom axalgazrda qaliSvilebisaTvis aucile-
beli da sasargeblo iyo musikaluri (da Sesabamisad poeturi) ganaTleba, meore
mxriv ki _ es movlena xels uwyobda, saerTod, musikaluri xelovnebis ganviTare-
bas. lesbosel qalTa saidumlo studiebis wevrebi, iseve rogorc maTi meTaurebi,
ra Tqma unda, werdnen simRerebs, magram maTgan Cvenamde arafers mouRwevia. ro-
gorc Cans, yvela daCrdila sapfom. misi simaRle miuwvdomeli aRmoCnda Sem-
dgomdroindeli poetesebisTvisac.
sapfos Semoqmedebis fragmentebma Cvenamde ZiriTadad ori gziT moaRwies: a)
antikuri xanis avtorebi xSirad imowmebdnen maT rogorc amaRlebuli poeziis
nimuSebs; b) mikvleulia papirusebi, sadac met-naklebi sizustiT amokiTxulia sap-
fos poeziis nawyvetebi.
dReisaTvis Cven mogvepoveba sapfos Semoqmedebis daaxloebiT 1900-mde striqo-
ni. maT Soris 600-mde striqonis Targmna SesaZlebelia. 1300-mde karedi ar iTar-
gmneba metismeti fragmentulobis gamo.
sapfos qmnilebaTa pirveli kritikuli gamocema ganaxorcieles aleqsandriel-
ma filologosebma (Zv.w. III-II ss.). maT cxra wignad gaanawiles sapfos simRerebi; ga-
iTvaliswines ra maTi metrika, pirveli wignis pirvel simRerad afroditesadmi
sapfo 79
miZRvnili himni (fr.1) warmoadgines, riTac gansazRvres kidec poeti qalis Semoq-
medebis Tematika.
ukanasknel wlebSi sapfos simReraTa mravali kritikuli gamocema ganxorci-
elda. ar wydeba muSaoba calkeul fragmentTa detalur interpretaciebze, Tan-
daTanobiT ixveweba da zustdeba sapfos simReraTa teqsti da Targmani. Cvenamde
moRweul fragmentTa Soris SesaZlebelia gamoiyos: epiTalamiebi, himnebi, pro-
pemptikonebi, Trenebi da megobari qalwulebisadmi miZRvnili simRerebi.
rac Seexeba epigramebs, elegiebs, iambebsa da monodiebs, romelTa Sesaxebac
gadmogvcems svida (s. v. Sapfwv), maTgan Cvenamde arafers mouRwevia.
sapfom didi gavlena iqonia lirikuli poeziis ganviTarebaze, xolo Tu Tvals
gadavavlebT antikuri xanis qalTa Semoqmedebas, gamoikveTeba friad saintereso
suraTi _ Zveli saberZneTisa da romauli xanis qalTa poezia sapfos Semdeg
daqveiTebis gzas daadga da bolos gaqra kidec.
es ramdenime mizeziT iyo ganpirobebuli. sapfos lirikis gaTvaliswinebiT
Seiqmna e.w. qalTa poeziis modeli. gviani xanis poetesebi cdilobdnen miebaZaT
sapfosaTvis. istoriuli gamocdileba ki cxadyofs _ yoveli mibaZva mTavrdeba
kraxiT.
ras vgulisxmobT, rodesac vsaubrobT sapfos poetur modelze?
poeturi modeli SeiZleba ganvixiloT a) garegani da b) Sinagani niSnebis er-
TobliobiT. garegnul donezea is, rac poeturi Semoqmedebis zedapirze Zevs da
risi aRqmac siRrmiseul ZiebaTa gareSe SeiZleba. am SemTxvevaSi Cven vgulis-
xmobT Tematikas, metrs, Janrobliv midrekilebebs, dialeqts.
rac Seexeba Sinagan dones, igi poeturi warmosaxvis Taviseburebebis yvelaze
mgrZnobiare momentebTan aris dakavSirebuli. am SemTxvevaSi vgulisxmobT `li-
rikuli mes~ gamovlenis formas, saxeobriobas, enobriv organizacias, epoqis
grZnobas da sxva. swored es sfero gansazRvravs poeturi xelovnebis arss.
a ) s a p f o s p o e t u r i m o d e l i s g a r e g a n i n i S n e b i:
Tematika. jer kidev antikur samyaroSi miuTiTebdnen sapfos poeziis Tematika-
ze. demetriosis gadmocemis Tanaxmad: `sapfo, romelic umReris silamazes, ero-
tebs, gazafxulsa da zRvis Citebs, aris tkbilmoubari da saamo. yoveli lamazi
sityva warmodgenilia mis qmnilebebSi. zogierTs igi Tavadac Txzavda (demetri-
osi, `metyvelebis Sesaxeb~, 166). daaxloebiT amave azrs imeorebs himeriosi, rode-
sac aRniSnavs: `sapfo, erTaderTi qalTa Soris, mZafrad ganicdida siyvaruls
liris xmaze. amitomac uZRvnida afroditesa da erotebs mTel Tavis simRerebs.
Temad irCevda axalgazrda qalwulTa silamazesa da simSvenieres~ (himeriosi,
sity. 28, 7).
amgvarad, antikuri xanis avtorTa cnobebidan cxadi xdeba, rom sapfos simRere-
bis mTavari Tema siyvaruli iyo. amasve adasturebs is faqtic, rom, rodesac aleq-
sandrielma swavlulebma sapfos poeziis gamocema ganaxorcieles, pirveli wignis
pirvel adgilze moaTavses afroditesadmi miZRvnili himni (fr.1), riTac cxadi ga-
xades misi Semoqmedebis mTavari Tematika.
metri: sapfos Cvenamde moRweuli fragmentebi saSualebas gvaZleven aRvniSnoT,
rom misi poezia metrikis TvalsazrisiT erTob mravalferovani unda yofiliyo.
amas, rogorc Cans, ganapirobebda TviT eoliuri lirikis buneba, misi sasimRero
xasiaTi.
sazomTa simravle saSualebas gvaZlevs vivaraudoT, rom maT Soris garkveuli
nawili Tavad sapfos mier unda iyos mignebuli. yoveli SemTxvevisaTvis, tradi-
cia mas antikur lirikaSi popularuli `sapfouri strofis~ Semoqmedad Tvlis.
am sazomiT yofila gamarTuli sapfos aleqsandriuli gamocemis 1 wigni da sxva
simRerebic.
80 sapfo
Janri: 1922 wels gamoqveynda sapfos biografiis Semcveli fragmentebi (oqs. pap.
15, 1800, fr. 1), romlis xelnaweric II-III saukuneebiT TariRdeba. masSi aRniSnulia,
rom biografia warmodgenilia qameleonis Txzulebis mixedviT. fragmentis meo-
re svetSi pirdapir aris miTiTebuli, rom sapfos `SeuTxzavs lirikul nawarmo-
ebTa 9 wigni, elegiebi da sxva~. ase rom, ukve antikuri xanis avtorebi mas mxolod
lirikuli nawarmoebebis Semoqmedad Tvlidnen.
dialeqti: mecnierebaSi dRes ukve dadgenilad iTvleba, rom sapfo werda eo-
liur dialeqtze. Cveni azriT, sapfos SemoqmedebaSi aris cda eoliuri dialeq-
tis lesbosur variantze gadasvlisa.
b ) s a p f o s p o e t u r i m o d e l i s S i n a g a n i n i S n e b i:
berZnul literaturaSi lirikis ganviTarebasTan erTad rom mZlavrad Semo-
vida individualizmis nakadi, romelic mkveTrad daupirispirda eposis obieqtu-
robas, ukve antikur epoqaSic kargad iyo gaazrebuli. ukanasknel xanebSi am sa-
kiTxis kvlevas mravali naSromi mieZRvna, maT Soris mniSvnelovani iyo bruno sne-
lis wigni saTauriT `sulis aRmoCena~. br. snelma eposidan arqaikaze gardamaval
epoqas, anu im epoqas, rodesac xdeba lirikis, rogorc Janris, formireba, specia-
luri terminic ki uwoda _ `pirovnebis gamoRviZeba~ (`das Erwachen der Personlichkeit“),
romelic Semdgom araerTma mkvlevarma gamoiyena. Cveni azriT, cnebaSi `pirovne-
bis gamoRviZeba~ pirvel rigSi unda vigulisxmoT poetis, Semoqmedis CarTva mis
sakuTar nawarmoebSi, rogorc adamianTa, saganTa Tu movlenaTa ZiriTadi Semfa-
seblisa. am SemTxvevaSi ori momenti unda gamovyoT: 1. emociuri, romelic poetis
`lirikuli mes~ gamovlenasTan aris dakavSirebuli; 2) msoflmxedvelobrivi, ro-
melic lirikaSi mxatvruli azris uSualo gancdis formiT aris warmodgenili
da romelic saxeebiT azrovnebis sferos moicavs. es momentebi arsebiTad migvaC-
nia sapfos poeturi modelis Sinagani donis gansazRvrisas.
`lirikuli me“-s gamovlena: sapfos poeziaSi am TvalsazrisiT SeiniSneba metad
mniSvnelovani garemoeba. masTan harmoniulad aris Serwymuli empiriul-biogra-
fiuli da warmosaxviT-biografiuli. poetis `lirikuli me~ garkveuli Tvalsaz-
risiT scildeba yofiT sazrunavebs da axal, sakuTar poetur samyaros iqmnis. em-
piriul-biografiulidan rCeba mxolod is, rac aZlevs mas impulsebs warmosaxvi-
Ti samyaros Sesaqmnelad. gveqmneba STabeWdileba, rom empiriul-biografiulis
doneze sapfos cxovreba faqtiurad dakavSirebuli iyo mis megobar qalwuleb-
Tan. maTTan urTierTobaSi hpovebda poeti qalis `lirikuli me~ impulsebs iseTi
warmosaxviTi samyaros Sesaqmnelad, sadac absoluturad ixsneboda distancia po-
etsa da RvTaebas Soris. es kargad Cans afroditesadmi miZRvnil himnSi (fr. 1), sa-
dac poeti evedreba RmerTqals, romlis yovlisSemZleobaSic Rrmad aris dar-
wmunebuli, Semwed moevlinos. poets mravalgzis miumarTavs RvTaebisaTvis da
sjeroda misi Zalmosilebisa:
`taxtmoxatulo, maradmyofo, zevsis asulo,
grZnebiT macduro afrodite, Sen gevedrebi,
dards da sawuxars ganmaride, nu damiTrgune
suli, meufev.
gardmomivline Semweoba, gamomecxade.
uwinac xSirad, ros gsmenia cad aRvlenili
Cemi vedreba, dagiTmia mamiseuli
oqros sasaxle
da gadmosulxar cidan etlze aRzevebuli.
swrafadmfrinavi beRurebis lamazi gundi
haerSi frTebis xSiri rxeviT mogaqrolebda
Savi miwisken.
sapfo 81
myis moaRwevdnen Cems samyofels da Sen, netaro,

mSvidi RimiliT mociage, ukvdavi saxiT
mekiTxebodi: ra mewada, ra mawuxebda,
kvlav rad gixmobdi.
esoden Zlier ra makrTobda, ras veswrafodi
mRelvare suliT: _ Cemo sapfo, vin davarwmuno
Sendami trfobiT rom aRenTos, vinme mogepyro
umarTebulod?
saTnoyofilma migatova iqneb qalwulma,
TviT geaxleba; Sens naboZeb ZRvens Tu ar iRebs,
Tavad mogiZRvnis; Tu ar uyvarxar, uneblieT
Seuyvardebi.
RmerTqalo, axlac momevline keTilganwyobiT,
mZime gancdaTgan damixseni damwuxrebuli
da damibrune Tanadgomis didebulebiT
sulis simSvide.
sapfo uSualo mxilvelis poziciidan aRwers `swrafadmfrinavi beRurebis la-

maz gunds, romelic haerSi frTebis xSiri rxeviT moaqrolebda~ qalRmerTs `Savi
miwisken~. leqsSi afrodites gamocxadeba poeturi sisadaviTa da ostatobiT
aris daxatuli. igi `mSvidi RimiliT mociage ukvdavi saxiT~ warsdgeba poetis wi-
naSe da ikiTxavs, Tu kvlav rad ixmobs. es sityva migvaniSnebs imaze, rom RmerTqa-
li araerTxel movlinebia sapfos mRelvarebis Jams. axla igi poets yvela survi-
lis aRsrulebas hpirdeba. mTeli simRera dawerilia RvTaebisadmi poetis da, pi-
riqiT, RvTaebis poetisadmi saocari siaxlovis grZnobiT. igi efuZneba mosiyva-
rule da keTilganwyobil mokvdav-ukvdavis urTierTobas.
aseTive siaxlovis grZnobiT aris warmodgenili afrodite sxva simReraSic
(fr. 2), romelsac pirobiTad `kiprosSobilisadmi~ ewodeba. simReram fragmentu-
lad moaRwia Cvenamde. dakargulia misi dasawyisi da bolo striqonebi, magram, mi-
uxedavad amisa, mkiTxvels naTlad warmoudgeba afroditesadmi miZRvnili reli-
giuri ritualis suraTi. sapfo am simReraSi maRali poeturi ostatobiT iduma-
lebiT moculi religiuri ritualis monawiled gvxdis. igi mis rCeul RvTaebas
evedreba, daeSvas kretis wminda taZarTan, sadac unda aRsruldes misdami miZR-
vnili rituali. gazafxuli iyo afrodites dro, kretaze marTlac yofila am
RvTaebis pativsacemad agebuli originaluri taZari. amdenad, sapfom zustad
amoirCia dro da adgili. igi gulisxmobda, rom swored es dro da es adgili yve-
laze metad iqneboda sasurveli misi RvTaebisaTvis, romlis molodinSic yvela
da yvelaferi garindebula. berZenTa warmodgeniT, RmerTebis yofna religiur
dResaswaulze udidesi bednierebis mimniWebeli iyo. sapfo ufro Sors midis, igi
ara marto zeimze daswrebas sTxovs afrodites, aramed monawileobasac. mas surs
`damaTrobeli sixalisiT ganzavebuli tkbili neqtari~ (RvTaebaTa sasmeli) swo-
red kiprosSobilma Camoasxas oqros TasebSi. sapfo darwmunebulia, rom asec iq-
neba, rameTu sjera RvTaebasTan siaxlovisa.
aseve ixsneba distancia sapfosa da `SoriT wasul~ megobar qalwuls Soris,
rodesac poeti Tavisi grZnobebis warmosaxvas cdilobs. megobrebTan damokide-
bulebaSi gansakuTrebuli simZafriTa da simaxviliT vlindeba poeti qalis pira-
di grZnobebi da emociebi. misi poeturi samyaro mokvdavTa da ukvdavTa siyvaru-
liT miRweul harmoniaSia da yoveli darRveva am harmoniulobisa gardacvalebis
tolfasia. swored am samyaroSi aRiqvams sapfo, rom Soreuli anaqtorias xilviT
gamowveuli mSvenierebis grZnoba misTvis aRemateba `lidiis oqros etlebisa da
abjarasxmuli meomrebis mSvenierebas~ (fr.16), rom mas aRelvebs megobari qalwu-
lis kabis Srialic (fr.22), rom sayvareli arsebis xilva masSi sikvdilis gancdas
82 sapfo
iwvevs (fr.31). es simRera emociuri poeziis Seudarebeli nimuSia. masSi poeti ada-
mianur vnebaTa gadmocemis umaRles xelovnebas aRwevs.
sapfosTvis RvTaebaTa Tanasworad moCans is kaci, romelic saTayvano arsebas-
Tan zis axlos da sulganabuli ismens mis saubars, sicils. simRera iwyeba sityviT
`Cans~ (`faivnetai~), rac gulisxmobs marto poetis damokidebulebas imisadmi, vinc
netarebiT emsgavseba RmerTebs, rameTu flobs udides bednierebas. es RvTaebrivi
wamebi (sayvareli adamianis xilva, masTan siaxlove) sapfoSi iwvevs umZafres emo-
ciebs:
`RmerTebis xvedris meCveneba Tanaziari
kaci, romelic Sens winare zis mdumarebiT
da gismens tkbilad mosaubres, saamod mcinars
sulganabuli.
me ki sxva grZnoba meufleba: odes gixilav,
Tund wamieri iyos Seni gamocxadeba,
mRelvarebisgan amovardnas iswrafvis guli
da gaognebuls
Zali ar Semwevs xma gaviRo Senda saTqmelad.
Tavbru mexveva, mwveli ali sxeuls damivlis,
TvalTagan Cini mekargeba, sasmenelTagan
merTmeva smena,
oflad viRvrebi, TrTola mitans, gonebas vkargav,
balaxze ufro mwvane feri saxed medeba,
mciredi xanic da usulod Cavikecebi,
mgonia, mkvdari.
magram yvelafris damTmenia sabralo suli...~
(str. 31)
`mgonia~ (`faivnom j~ str.16) aris pasuxi simReris dasawyisSi warmodgenili sity-
visa `Cans~ (`faivnetai~ str.1). aq xazgasmulia gansxvaveba viRac kacisa da poetis
grZnobebs Soris. orive gancda warmosaxviTia, sapfosmieria. aseTi warmosaxva ki-
dev ufro afaqizebs, ufro daxvewils xdis sapfos `lirikul mes~, romelic sru-
lyofilebisaken iswrafvis. aseT viTarebaSi xdeba swored tradiciuli proble-
mis axleburad warmosaxva; es ki miT ufro sainteresoa, rac ufro metia saxeebiT
azrovnebisaken ltolva.
saxeobrioba: miuxedavad imisa, rom sapfos poeziaSi aisaxa wmindad qaluri
idealebi, da rom es poezia saukeTeso nimuSad iqca platonis mier `saxelmwifo-
Si~ poeti qalisadmi gankuTvnili rolisa, mainc SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sapfom sxva
poetebTan SedarebiT (vgulisxmobT rogorc qal, aseve mamakac poetebs) gacile-
biT ukeT igrZno da gamoxata is zogadi da amaRlebuli, ramac igi, rogorc poe-
ti, gaiyvana Tavisi polisis, garkveuli epoqisa da garkveuli politikuri movle-
nebiT Semofargluli sazRvrebidan da aziara yvelaze ufro universalursa da
globalurs, rac ar iyo arc droiTa da arc ama Tu im epoqis politikuri Tu sa-
xelmwifoebrivi interesebiT gansazRvruli. am SemTxvevaSi vgulisxmobT sapfos
msoflaRqmis im momentebs, romelTa axlebur interpretaciasa da poetur saxee-
bad warmodgenasac gvTavazobda poeti.
upirveles yovlisa, yuradRebas iqcevs bednierebis gancdis sapfoseuli xati.
am SemTxvevaSi metad saintereso garemoebas unda SevexoT: erTi mxriv, ramdenad
prozaulia sapfo, rodesac Cveulebrivad gamoTqvams Tavis azrs bednierebis
tradiciul gagebaze:
`mxolod simdidre, Tu Rirseba mas Tan ar axlavs,
ukeTuria, Tumca erTurTs Serwymuli oriv
bednierebis mwvervaliviT mogevlineba~
(148)
sapfo 83
e.i. sapfos azriT, cxovrebiseuli bedniereba simdidrisa da Rirsebis (siqve-

lis) SerwymiT miiRweva.
meore mxriv, gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs is faqti, rom calkeul fragmen-
tebSi sapfo mravalgzis migvaniSnebs im fenomenTa Sesaxeb, romelTa erTad Tav-
moyra da gaazreba warmodgenas gviqmnis maradiuli bednierebis miseul gagebaze.
am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas ipyrobs erTi fragmenti, romlis bolo striqonebi
ase ikiTxeba:
`me veswrafvi uaRresobas,
es brwyinvaleba da mSveniereba
mzis siyvarulma marguna wilad~
(58, str. 25-26)
simReram fragmentulad moaRwia Cvenamde. Cans, sapfo miTologiuri saxeebis
moSveliebiT cdilobda Camoeyalibebina maradiuli bednierebis arsi. am simRera-
Si moTxrobili iyo ganTiadis RmerTqal eosis sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavali. mas
Seuyvarda mokvdavi tiTonosi da radganac surda misi bedniereba usasrulod
gagrZelebuliyo, zevss Seevedra, tiTonosisTvis ukvdaveba mieniWebina, magram
daaviwyda eTxova mudmivi axalgazrdobis SenarCunebac misTvis. gaiara drom, ti-
Tonosi daberda, dauZlurda, eosma gadaiyvara igi da miatova. am SemTxvevaSi mi-
Tologiuri saxeebi mxolod saSualebaa sapfosTvis, gadmosces sakuTari azrebi.
maTi moSveliebiT poeti cdilobs gamoxatos Tavisi damokidebuleba warmavali
da maradiuli mSvenierebisadmi. warmavali mSvenierebisadmi ltolva droebiTi
bednierebis momgvrelia, maradiuli mSvenierebisadmi ki _ samaradJamo.
sapfos azriT, adamiani maradiul bednierebas eziareba, Tuki igi Tavisi cxov-
rebiseuli gziT miiswrafvis uaRresobisadmi, ukvdavebisadmi, RvTaebriobisadmi,
lamazi da naTeli cxovrebisadmi. yovelive es ki moiazreba raRac uzenaesi `mzis
siyvarulis~ farglebSi.
poetur xatad Sevida mTels antikurobaSi sapfosTan pirvelad dadasturebu-
li gamoTqma `mSvenierisa~ (`kavlo"~) da `kargis~ (àjgaqov"~) SeerTebiT miRebul
srulyofilebaze, romelic Semdgom gamoixata terminiT „kalokagaTia~. sapfos-
Tvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo fiqri adamianur srulyofilebaze, sulis mSveniereba-
ze, ramdenadac es ukavSirdeboda amaRlebasa da RvTaebasTan ziarebas:
`vinc lamazia, garegani Tvisi ieriT gvxiblavs mxolod,
vinc keTilia suliT, umal mSvenieric mogveCveneba~
(50)
am fragmentSi sapfo berZnul literaturaSi pirvelad gamoTqvams azrs sulis
mSvenierebis Sesaxeb. a. leskis samarTliani SeniSvniT, berZnul literaturasa da
filosofiaSi metad gavrcelebuli `kalokajgaqiva~-s problema swored sapfos poe-
ziidan iRebs dasabams.1
axal sityvas ambobs sapfo berZnul poeziaSi, rodesac gamoTqvams Tavis azrs
mSvenierebis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, mSveniereba aris ara obieqturi realoba, aramed
subieqturi cneba. simReraSi, romlis pirobiTi saxelwodebaa ànaqtoriasadmi~
(fr.16), sapfo garkveviT aRniSnavs, rom umSvenieresi aris is, vinc (an rac) adamians
uyvars. poeti am azris naTelsayofad iSveliebs miTologiur saxes, gvagonebs
ulamazes elenes, romelmac siyvarulis gamo daTmo ojaxi, meuRlis mefuri sare-
celi, Svilebi. poetis azriT, mSvenieria siyvaruli, rameTu misi grZnobadi sawyi-
si aris RvTaebrivi. am miTologiuri saxis moSveliebiT sapfo gvarwmunebs, rom
misTvis Soreuli anaqtorias xilva ufro mniSvnelovania, `vidre lidiis oqros
etlebis an abjarasxmul meomarTa mSveniereba~.
1
A. Lesky, Geschichfe der griechischen Literatur, München, 1971, 176.
84 sapfo
sapfos poeturi saxeebiT azrovnebis erT-erTi brwyinvale nimuSia fr.96-Si

warmodgenili suraTi. aq poeti cdilobs warmoaCinos misi megobari qalwulis
mSveniereba da uaRresoba. igi martivi Sedarebidan gadadis rTulSi, bunebis er-
Ti movlenis mSvenierebis aRweridan meoreSi, Semdeg kidev sxvaSi da mkiTxvelis
Tvalwin iSleba araCveulebrivi panorama mimwuxrisa:
`sardeSi xSirad Cvenze fiqri aiyoliebs
da axsendeba is dro, odes erTad viyaviT,
Sen gaRmerTebda, Seni xmieri
simRerebiT ixibleboda,
axla anaTebs lidieli qalebis dasSi,
rogorc mTovare, vardisferTiTa,
mzis Casvlis Semdeg rom gakrTeba cis kabadonze.
yvela varskvlavis damCrdilavi ucxo mSvenebiT,
romlis naTeli sxivi aRavsebs
marilian zRvas, yvavilebiT mofenil mdelos,
sadac lamazad ebneva nami
vardebs, nairfer ZiZoebs da saTuT samyurebs.
daexeteba mimwuxrisas igi mowyeniT,
ros siyvaruliT igonebs atTiss
misi saTuTi, mwuxarebiT aRsavse suli.
modio CemTan! _ mas mouxmobs xmamaRla igi,
Tumc mSfoTvare zRvis sxva napiridan
aravis esmis Soreuli Zaxili misi.
(96)
sxvagvari suraTia daxatuli fr.2-Si, sadac sapfo warmogvidgens afrodite-
sadmi miZRvnil religiur rituals. poeti aRwers molodins, mdumarebas, amitom
mimarTavs iseT poetur saxeebs, romlebic am mdumarebis idumalebas SegvagrZno-
bineben. ase magaliTad, sapfo mouxmobs RvTaebas wminda taZarTan, sadac vaSlis
xeTa didebuli xeivania `da surnelovan sakmevelTa boliT mosili sakurTxevle-
bi~. am poetur saxes irealur samyaroSi gadavyavarT. poetis warmosaxva kidev uf-
ro mZafrdeba, irealuri misTvis realuri xdeba: àTrTolebuli foTlebidan
moiTenTeba mdumare Tvlema~, _ ambobs igi da aravis epareba eWvi imaSi, rom mar-
Tlac am wminda taZarTan daeSveba kiprosSobili:
`cidan iswrafe, kretis wminda taZarTan modi,
aq vaSlis xeTa didebuli xeivania
da surnelovan sakmevelTa boliT mosili
sakurTxevlebi.
wvimis wveTebi xmauroben xeTa rtoebSi,
velad balaxebs efineba vardebis Crdili,
aTrTolebuli foTlebidan moiTenTeba
mdumare Tvlema.
mimobneulan saZovrebiT mdidar mindorze
axlad mosuli yvavilebi da saamuri
niavi arxevs iakinTebs wminda baRebis
wyaroTa CrdilSi.
kiprosSobilo, gvirgvinebiT damSvenebuli
modi am velze da aRavse oqros Tasebi
damaTrobeli sixalisiT ganzavebuli
tkbili neqtariT.~
(2)
sapfo 85
sapfo misTvis mniSvnelovan movlenebs aRwerda ara rogorc maT miRma myofi
damkvirvebeli, aramed rogorc maTi uSualo ganmcdeli. dResaswaulis idumale-
ba da silamaze poetis religiur xilvaSi gacnobierda ara marto Tavisi ideiT,
aramed xatovan-grZnobadi formiTac. miTi am SemTxvevaSi poetisaTvis iqca ara
marto religiuri, aramed religiur-esTetiuri fenomenis gamoxatvis saSuale-
bad. es Tavisebureba sapfos SemoqmedebiTi manerisa, rac TavisTavad misi poetu-
ri azrovnebiT aris ganpirobebuli, Tavs iCens mTels mis SemoqmedebaSi, gansakuT-
rebiT mis Trenebsa da epiTalamiebSi, romlebic, rogorc cnobilia, sakulto
RvTismsaxurebaTa dros imRerebodnen.
enobrivi organizacia. sapfos poeturi modelis Sinagani donis gansazRvri-
saTvis saintereso Sedegebs iZleva misi Semoqmedebis analizi enobrivi organiza-
ciis TvalsazrisiT. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs sapfos Cvenamde moRweul
fragmentTa kvleva im sityvebisa da sityvaTSeTanxmebebis xmarebis sixSiris mixed-
viT, romelnic gviCveneben, Tu ra sagnebi da ra cnebebi iyo poetisaTvis yvelaze
mniSvnelovani, rogori maxasiaTeblebiT aRiqvamda igi maT da ra mimarTebebs amya-
rebda maTTan. es sakiTxi vrclad gvaqvs ganxiluli Cvens monografiaSi `sapfos
poeturi samyaro~ (gv. 144-155), romlis daskvnebic aseTia:
I. sapfos poeturi samyaro cnebaTa xasiaTis mixedviT grZnobadia. masSi aisaxa
adamianuri gancdebi da emociebi. bunebis mSveniereba, yovelive is, rac maradiu-
li da gardauvalia;
II. imis mixedviT, Tu rogori maxasiaTeblebiT aRiqvams sapfo samyaros da, Tu am
maxasiaTeblebs pirobiTad sam jgufad davyofT (dadebiTi, neitraluri, uaryo-
fiTi), davinaxavT, rom masTan dadebiT maxasiaTebelTa mniSvnelovani upiratesoba
SeiniSneba;
III. sapfosTan yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli zmnebia, romelTa mniSvneloba `siyva-
rulis~, `sixarulis~, `ltolvis~, `survilis~ da a.S. gagebas Seicaven;
IV. yvelaze xSirad xmarebuli sityvebi, romlebic sapfos Semoqmedebis gasage-
bad umniSvnelovanes konteqstebs qmnian, grZnobad niuansebs atareben;
V. yvelaze xSirad sapfo mimarTavs im miTologiur siuJetebsa da saxeebs, rom-
lebic mSvenierebisa da siyvarulis samyaros ukavSirdebian.
epoqis grZnoba. is, rom sapfos poezias mimarTebis mravali xazi akavSirebs Ta-
visi epoqis, anu arqaikis xelovnebasTan, mkvlevarTa Soris eWvs aRar iwvevs. es mi-
marTebebi or jgufad SeiZleba daiyos: 1. mimarTebebi, romlebic damaxasiaTebe-
lia saerTod arqauli epoqis berZnuli xelovnebisa da literaturisaTvis. am
SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs pirovnuli interesis wina planze wamoweva, rac
socialur struqturaSi momxdarma cvlilebebma da polisis cxovrebaSi pirovne-
bis aqtiurma CarTvam ganapiroba. am procesma geometriuli epoqis sqematizmis
arqauli stiliT Secvla gamoiwvia. 2. mimarTebebi, romlebic met-naklebad indi-
vidualuri iyo da ama Tu im poetis calsaxa kavSirze migvaniSnebda xelovnebis
saerTo stilTan. am SemTxvevaSi Cven vgulisxmobT ara srul individualobas,
aramed garkveul, erTi epoqis mxatvruli xedvisTvis damaxasiaTebel principTa
realizaciis procesSi ama Tu im poetis mier gamovlenil Taviseburebebs.
sapfos simReraTa kompoziciaSi gamovlenilia e.w. `triaduli principi~, rome-
lic Tavs iCens rogorc garegan, aseve Sinagan kompoziciebSi. am SemTxvevaSi sul
erTia ras vexebiT _ iqneba es wminda kompoziciuri principi, motivTa ganawilebis
principi, moqmedebis droSi ganawileba, mxatvruli saxis gadmocema Tu sxva, yvel-
gan vlindeba poetis gaucnobierebeli swrafva, miaRwios mTlianobas, rogorc
wesi, sami elementis erTobliobiT. Tumca mTlianoba TavisTavad pirobiTi cnebaa.
imis mixedviT, Tu ra TvalsariziT ganvixilavT sapfos simRerebs, mTliani SeiZ-
leba iyos mTeli leqsi, an am leqsis calkeuli poeturi saxe, Sesabamisad, erTi
mTlianoba SeiZleba Seadgendes sxva triadis nawils, magram, Tavis mxriv, erTi
86 sapfo
srulyofili triada SeiZleba warmoadgendes sami triaduli mTlianobis er-

Tobliobas da a.S. Cven vfiqrobT, rom am SemTxvevaSi sapfos poeturi xedva gar-
kveuli TvalsazrisiT ukavSirdeba misive epoqis xelovnebas. arqauli berZnuli
xelovneba geometriulisgan gansxvavebiT, xasiaTdeba monumentur formaTa rRve-
viT, rac iwvevs tradiciul kompoziciur formaTa rRvevas. arqaulma xelovnebam
geometriuli epoqidan memkvidreobiT miiRo midrekileba simetriulobisa da
sistematizaciisaken. amasTanave gaTavisuflda ra monumenturobisagan, daiwyo
swrafva samelementovani kompoziciebisaken. es yvelaze naTlad gamoixata im epo-
qis arqiteqturasa da qandakebaSi, agreTve keramikaSi.
sapfos simReraTa kompoziciaSi gamovlenili e.w. triaduli principi warmo-
adgens erTgvar eqvivalents arqaul xelovnebaSi dadasturebuli swrafvisa same-
lementovani kompoziciebisaken. Cven vfiqrobT, rom epoqis kompoziciuri xedva
miT ufro mZafrad iCens Tavs ama Tu im poetis SemoqmedebaSi, rac ufro didia xe-
lovani da rac ufro organulad aris dakavSirebuli misi Semoqmedeba epoqis es-
Tetikur principebTan.
sapfom sxva poetebTan SedarebiT (vgulisxmobT rogorc qal, aseve mamakac poe-
tebs) yvelaze ukeT igrZno Tavisi epoqis suli, garegnulad yvelaze ufro ordi-
nalurSi, CveulebrivSi, yoveldRiurSi dainaxa is mSvenieri da amaRlebuli, ra-
mac misi, rogorc poetis, Tavisi polisis, garkveuli epoqis, garkveuli politi-
kuri movlenebiT Semofargluli sazRvrebidan gayvana da yvelaze ufro globa-
lurTan ziareba SeZlo.
garda amisa, sapfos poeziaSi mTeli srulyofilebiT gamovlinda is, rasac
SegviZlia vuwodoT qaluroba am sityvis yvelaze ufro specifiuri, magram maRa-
li gagebiT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ar aris sapfos arcerTi leqsi, fragmentic ki,
romlis miRma ar Candes qali, misi samyaro. es samyaro danaxulia Tavisi yvelaze
ufro niSandoblivi sakralurobiT. Tumca poeti axerxebs am qaluri xedvis gan-
zogadebas yvelaze ufro maRali poeziis donemde. es samyaro Tavisi zogadsaka-
cobrio mniSvnelobiT xSirad aramc Tu utoldeba mamakacTa TvaliT aRqmul kos-
moss, aramed ufro Rrma da mniSvnelovanic ki aris. yovelive es SeiZleba Sevafa-
soT ara marto rogorc individualuri poetis damsaxureba, aramed rogorc sa-
ocrad warmatebuli cda qalis TviTgamoxatvisa poeziaSi. amas Sedegad mohyva
zogadad Semoqmedi qalis poeturi modelis Seqmna, romelic esoden did kvals
daamCnevs Semdgomi poeziis, upirveles yovlisa ki qalTa poeziis ganviTarebas.
lirika: himnebi, epiTalamiebi, propemptikonebi,

megobari qalwulebisadmi miZRvnili simRerebi.
anakreoni 87
anakreoni
(Zv.w. VI s-is bolo)
Zveli berZnuli monodiuri lirikis mesame didi warmomadgeneli, anakreoni

(Zv.w. VI saukunis miwuruli), sapfosa da alkeosze umcrosi iyo. am teoseli poetis
SemoqmedebaSi aRar Cans is siaxlove xalxur poeziasTan, romelic Tavisebur
xibls sZenda lesbosur lirikas. samagierod misi simRerebi msmenels Tavisi unaR-
vlo da xalisiani ganwyobilebebiT izidavda. amgvarma poeturma niWma mas tiran-
Ta sasaxleebisaken gauxsna gza, ris gamoc igi istoriaSi samudamod karis poetad
darCa.
anakreonis dabadebis TariRad Zv.w. 570 wels varaudoben, Tumca zogierT
mkvlevars miaCnia, rom poeti ufro adre, Zv.w. 593 wels unda dabadebuliyo. man
axalgazrdul asakSi datova sparselTagan Seviwroebuli mSobliuri qalaqi, io-
niis teosi da mraval TanamemamulesTan erTad gadasxlda Trakiul abderaSi. es
qalaqi imxanad teosis kolonia iyo. aravin icis, ramden xans dahyo poetma iq, an
rogor moxvda samosis tiranis, polikratesis karze, romelic saqveynod iyo cno-
bili Tavisi simdidriTa da mecenaturi midrekilebebiT. polikratesis sasaxleSi
anakreoni didi pativiT sargeblobda. aq igi mowme gaxda Tavisi mfarvelis, ubed-
nieresi adamianis usaSinlesi aRsasrulis.1 male igi aTenSi miiwvia polikratesis
Ze hiparqosma. am did qalaqSic gansakuTrebuli siyvaruli daimsaxura mxiarulma
poetma, Tumca Zv.w. 514 wels mokles hiparqosic. amjerad anakreoni TesaliaSi ga-
dasaxlebula da alevadebis karisTvis Seufarebia Tavi. poets Rrma siberemde
ucocxlia, gardacvlila 85 wlis asakSi abderaSi, an Tavisive mSobliur qalaq
teosSi.
Zv.w. III saukuneSi aleqsandrielma swavlulebma anakreonis simRerebi 5 wignad
gamosces. aqedan sami sasimRero lirikas eTmoboda, erTSi iamburi sazomiT gamar-
Tuli leqsebi iyo warmodgenili, erTSic _ elegiebi. Zveli wyaroebi mas himnebisa
da parTeniebis avtoradac moixsenieben. maTgan Cvenamde asamde fragmentia Semor-
Cenili, romelTa gaTvaliswinebiTac SeiZleba iTqvas, rom anakreonisaTvis ucxo
iyo moqalaqeobrivi paTosi, rac esoden mniSvnelovani Canda alkeosisa Tu arqi-
loqosisaTvis. anakreonma sxva gza irCia _ udardeli cxovreba tiranTa karze, ra-
mac Tavisi kvali dasdo mis poezias. man antikuri xanidanve daimkvidra unaRvlo
darbazobaTa mexotbis saxeli.
anakreonis Semoqmedebas or periodad hyofen mkvlevarni. poetis adreuli pe-
riodis leqsebSi aisaxa teoselTa gasaWiri:
1
polikratesze saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis istoriografosi herodotosi. Sdr. III, 39 Smd.
88 anakreoni
àha, vixile me tanjuli samSoblo Cemi...~1

(187/56)
vkiTxulobT erT-erT fragmentSi da vfiqrobT, es misi teosidan gaZevebis am-
saxveli sityvebi unda iyos. sxva fragmentSi igi brZolaSi daRupul megobars um-
Reris:
`mamacTa Soris upirveless dagtiri Sena,
aristoklides...
sul axalgazrda Seewire mamulis daxsnas...~
(75/90)
msgavsi ganwyobilebiT aris dawerili abderisaTvis brZolaSi daRupuli aga-
Tonisadmi miZRvnili simRerac:
`ros agaToni daiRupa abderisaTvis,
koconTan myofi qviTinebda mTeli qalaqi,
axalgazrdebSi arvin iyo badali misi,
brZolis qarcecxlSi daRupuli aresis mier.~
(191/100)
da mainc, anakreonis sulieri ganwyobilebani ufro im simRerebSia asaxuli,
romlebic sixaruls, Rvinos, siyvaruls da sxva bednier gancdebs warmosaxaven.
aki Tavadac aRniSnavda:
àr miyvars kaci nadimisas, roca krateriT
Rvinos svams, cxarobs da brZolebze
cremlisRvriT yveba,
aramed vinac muzebsa da lamaz saCuqars
afroditesas gamaxsenebs amod momlxeni...~
(56/96)
albaT ase fiqrobda anakreoni: mebrZolma unda iomos, xolo monadimem unda
moilxinos da muzebisa da afrodites mSvenieri ZRveniT iamos. umTavresi Tema te-
oseli poetis Cvenamde moRweuli fragmentebisa Rvino da siyvarulia. anakreoni
erTnairad etrfoda qalebsac da kacebsac da amaSi araferi iyo miuRebeli misi
drois adamianebisaTvis:
`yrmao, Sena gaqvs gamoxedva nazi qalwulis,
dageZeb,
Sen ki dagixSvia Cemdamo smena,
Tumca arc ici,
viT marTav Cems suls"
(15)
karis poetma anakreonma kargad icoda, ras iTxovda misgan msmeneli, amitom sav-
sebiT piruTvneli iyo sakuTari Semoqmedebis Sefasebisas:
`Cemi sityvebis gamo unda vuyvarde ymawvilT,
radgan saamo saqmeebze saamod vmReri~
(32; 57 (C))
es sityvebi TiTqmis emTxveva aTeneli poetis, kritiasis sityvebs, romlebiTac
man anakreoni Seafasa: ìs tkbili iyo da udardeli~ (aTeneosi, 600 d, fr. 7 bgk).
anakreons, rogorc misi poeziidan Cans, mTeli cxovrebis manZilze viRac uy-
varda, magram es siyvaruli mas ar Trgunavda:
1
anakreonis simReraTa Targmanebs warmovadgenT Semdegi gamocemis mixedviT: anakreoni, anak-
reontea. lirika. Targmani, Sesavali werili da komentarebi Tamar kalatozisa, Tbilisi, 1988.
anakreoni 89
`miyvars da TiTqos arc miyvars kidec,

xeli var... TiTqos arca var xeli~.
(46/79)
poeti TiTqos eTamaSeboda eross, masTan erTad xarobda da eZleoda netare-
bas. mas mudam moswonda sakuTari Tavis Seyvarebul kacad warmosaxva. miaRwia ra
Rrma siberemde, cxovrebis xalisi arasodes daukargavs, radganac mudam satrfia-
lo TavgadasavalTa ZiebaSi iyo. es grZnoba mas ki ar awamebda sxva SeyvarebulTa
msgavsad, aramed sicocxlis xaliss hmatebda da arc imas Takilobda, ironiiT
aRewera Tavisi warumateblobani:
`me erTxel burTi mewamuli feris mesrola
oqrosTmianma
erosma da kvlav saTamaSod,
Wrelsandlebian gogonasTan cekvad gamixmo.
magram qalwulma,
am mdidari lesbosis Svilma,
Cems WaRara Tmebs gadaxeda dacinvis TvaliT
da merme sxvisken mitrialda da gauRima~.
(5; 13)
anakreonis simRerebi momcro zomisani arian. maTSi ar aris vrceli saubari
siyvaruliT gamowveul gancdebze. poeti ubralod afiqsirebs calkeul moments
gulwrfeli, Tumca reliefuri poeturi saxiT, xSirad originaluri dasasru-
liT, rac mis leqss gansakuTrebulad STambeWdavs xdis:
`da damcxo uro,
viT mWedelma erosma kvlavac
da gadamagdo
mTis gamyinav nakadSi uceb~.
(25)
siyvarulis Tema sxvadasxva variaciiT ikiTxeba teoseli poetis Cvenamde moR-
weul fragmentTa umetesobaSi. ai, anakreoni `msubuqi frTebiT~ mifrinavs erosi-
saken, raTa Tavisi sadardeli gauziaros:
`msubuqi frTebiT olimposken mivfrinav maRla erosisaTvis,
radgan aRar surs ymawvils CemTan drois tareba,
Cems WaRara wvers gadmoxeda damcinav mzeriT
da oqrocurvil frTaTa qrolviT gafrinda igi."
(52)
gamoucdel qalwuls poeti warmoidgens Trakiul kvicad, romelic Tavisuf-
lad danavardobs. anakreons surs, swored mas uCvenos Tavisi satrfialo xelov-
nebis Zala:
ò, Trakiulo kvico, mapyrob almacer mzeras,
Seubraleblad gamirbixar, arad Tvli codnas,
Tumc danavardob Tavisuflad, me ki Sen mainc
amogdeb aRvirs da samanebs SemogaWeneb...
jer ki mindvrad sZov, msubuqad da Smagad TamaSob
ar giwvnevia jer mxedvnelis marjvenis Zala.~
(78)
siyvarulis Temas anakreonis poeziaSi xSirad Tan axlavs RviniT SemTvrali
poetis gznebac. sanadimo simRerebi iseve mravlad gvxvdeba Cvenamde moRweul
fragmentebSi, rogorc satrfialo simRerebi. Rvinis wyalobiT anakreons surs
SeebrZolos eross:
90 anakreoni
`momitane vaJo wyali, Rvino,

yvavilebic momitane Cqara,
gvirgvinebiT msurs movirTo Tavi
da xeldaxel SevebrZolo eross."
(38)
poets sulac ar xiblavs Rreoba da Cxubi, mas moridebiT surs xotba uZRvnas
baxuss. unda aRiniSnos, rom anakreonis sufruli simRerebi sxva antikuri skoli-
onebisagan erTi arsebiTi TvisebiT gansxvavdeba: misi siyvaruli, Troba da Tavda-
viwyeba zomierad esadageba erTmaneTs. zomierebis grZnoba Trobis drosac ar
tovebs poets:
`mwyurvali var, surnelovan RviniT
azarfeSa momawode, yrmao,
Seurie aTi wili wyali
martooden xuT fiala Rvinos,
minda Sevsva ase mSvidad, wynarad,
moridebiT xotba vuZRvna baxuss.
***
vinadimoT, maS, amivse Tasi,
me ar miyvars Rreoba da Cxubi,
rac Cvevad aqvT loTobisas skviTebs,
/me ki qveynad ras ar daviviwyeb/
oRond amo simReris dros masvi...~
(43; 11)
ubraloeba, sinaTle, STambeWdaoba _ anakreonis poeziis umTavresi Tvisebebia
mis Semoqmedebaze msjelobisas uTuod gasaTvaliswinebelia is, rom poets sakma-
od mravali konkurenti unda hyoloda: sasaxlis kari xom mraval momRerals aZ-
levda TavSesafars. amitom iq Sekedlebul poetTa moRvaweoba yoveldRiuri Se-
jibri iyo. es ki maT SemoqmedebiT xelovnebaze Taviseburad moqmedebda. zogi uZ-
lebda am konkurencias, zogic _ naadrevad tovebda asparezs. anakreonma Tavisi
maRalpoeturi ostatobiT, daxvewili teqnikiT, zustad mignebuli TematikiT ara
mxolod TanamedroveTa aRtaceba da siyvaruli daimsaxura, aramed mas mravali
mimbaZvelic gamouCnda.
ra Tqma unda, am teoseli poetis Semoqmedeba mxolod satrfialo da sufruli
TematikiT ar amoiwureboda. Cvenamde moRweul fragmentTa Soris aris nawyvete-
bi himnebidan, vxvdebiT elegiebs, epigramebsa da sxva piraduli xasiaTis gamonaT-
qvamebsac. ai, rogor ganicdida igi siberes:
`gavWaRaravdi...
gamiTeTrda Tmac ukve Tavze...
da momxiblavi siWabukec wavida, gaqra,
TiTqmis damcvivda kbilebi da
sicocxle tkbili
ar damrCa bevri.
amitomac vqviTineb mwared...
maSfoTebs Zlier tartarosi... radganac mRvime
sazarelia hadesisa... dausabamo,
sabediswero aris misken mimavali gzac...
da iq vinc erTxel CaeSveba, cxadia igi
kvlav verasodes ver ixilavs
sinaTles dRisas...~
(36)
anakreoni 91
ase rom, anakreonis simReraTa Tematika mravalferovani unda yofiliyo, mag-

ram Zvelma samyarom igi hedonist Semoqmedad _ siyvarulis, mxiarulebis, nadimTa
momReral poetad aRiara. didebulad Seafases misi poezia jer kidev uZveles sa-
ukuneebSi moRvawe moazrovneebma, maTgan saukeTesoa poet simonides keoselis
(Zv.w. 556-468 ww.) epitafia:
`muzaTa nebier poets teosma TavisTan uxmo _
did anakreons misca Tavis wiaRSi bina,
mis leqsSi erosic iyo... ismoda qaritTa xmebic,
tkbilad umRerda qnarze ymawvilkacebis trfobas;
aqerons STenili martod ganaRa imaze tiris,
rom veRar xedavs naTels leTes napirTan mjdari,
is Tavis mSvenier Wabuks, is Tavis megistes dardobs,
dardobs Trakiel smerdiss da im gardasul trfobas.
saamur simRerebs galobs, hadesSic ar kvdeba mkvdari,
miwisqveSeTSic ismis misi barbiTis xmebi.~1
rogorc aRvniSneT, anakreons Zvel samyaroSive mravali mimbaZveli gamouCnda.
misi gamonaTqvamebi da reminiscenciebi gvxvdeba evripidesTan (`hipolitosi~ 1274
da Smd; `bakqi qalebi~ 266 da Smd;), aristofanesTan (àqarnelebi~ 848); amonari-
debs misi leqsebidan vxvdebiT strabonTan, plutarqosTan, elianusTan, lukianos-
Tan da sxva avtorebTan. anakreoni arc bizantielebs daviwyniaT, razec metyvele-
ben homerosis, hesiodes, esqiles Tu evripides sqolionebi; svidasa da hesiqiosis
leqsikonebi da sxva. anakreons gamosaxavdnen larnakebzec. britaneTis muzeumSi
inaxeba Zv.w. V saukunis kiliqsi, romelzec gamosaxulia poeti or ymawvilTan er-
Tad. Cvenamde Semoinaxa anakreonis marmarilos biusti warweriT.
imdenad didi iyo anakreonis popularoba, rom ucnobi poetebi simRerebs
Txzavdnen misi saxeliT, romelTagan elinisturi, gvianantikuri da bizantiuri
epoqis daaxloebiT 60 leqsisgan Sedgenilma krebulma moaRwia Cvenamde. igi war-
modgenilia e.w. `palatinis anTologiis~ damatebaSi ànakreonteas~ saxelwode-
biT. sxvadasxva mxatvruli Rirsebis mqone es leqsebi ZiriTadad anakreonis qmni-
lebaTa mixedviT arian Seqmnilni. mibaZvis survili mogvianebiT evropel poeteb-
sac gauCndaT. XVII_XIX saukuneebSi mravali leqsi Seiqmna ànakreonis~ mibaZviT,
literaturaTmcodneobaSi axali termini gaCnda ànakreontika~. zogi poeti ise
moeqca misi berZeni winamorbedis gavlenis qveS, rom e.w. ànakreonuli leqsebis~
mTeli krebulebic ki Seqmna.
anakreons saqarTveloSic icnobdnen. misi gavlena igrZnoba besikis poeziaSi,
ufro metad ki aleqsandre WavWavaZis SemoqmedebaSi. qarTveli romantikosi poe-
ti, Cans, Targmnida kidec leqsebs ànakreonteadan~ da Tavadac werda maTi mibaZ-
viT.
lirika: satrfialo simRerebi; sufruli simRerebi.
1
simonidesis am epigramis Targmani ekuTvnis m. RaribaSvils. ix: helikoni.
92 pindarosi
pindarosi
(daaxl. Zv.w. 518-438 ww.)
qorika Zveli berZnuli lirikis sxva saxeebTan SedarebiT yvelaze metad iyo
dakavSirebuli kultTan da religiur wesCveulebebTan. sagundo simRerebi
Tavisi folkloruli formiT, ra Tqma unda, uZvelesi saukuneebidan arsebobdnen,
Tumca maT droTa ganmavlobaSi sagrZnoblad icvales saxe. polisis epoqaSi himnma
sazogadoebrivi datvirTva miiRo: mas unda ganedidebina saxelmwifoebrivi
kultebi, rac Seqmnida polisis erTianobis safuZvels. amave epoqaSi gabatondnen
axali Janrebic, romlebic ZiriTadad adamianTa gandidebasa da xotbas emsaxure-
bodnen. gamoCndnen profesionali poetebi, romlebic werdnen simRerebs SekveTiT
da Sesabamis anazRaurebasac iRebdnen, Tumca amas xeli ar SeuSlia maTTvis Seeqm-
naT WeSmaritad poeturi qmnilebebi. aseT poetTa pleadas ganekuTvneba pin-
darosi, Zveli berZnuli qorikis ubrwyinvalesi warmomadgeneli. igi daibada Te-
bes maxloblad mdebare daba kinoskefaleSi Zv.w. 518 wels (sxva versiiT _522 w.).
misi Semoqmedebis dasawyisi periodi aRiniSneba metad mniSvnelovani istoriuli
movleniT _ es aris berZen-sparselTa omebis periodi. qserqsesis laSqrobis
dros pindarosi ukve saxelmoxveWili poeti iyo. igi Rebulobda SekveTebs Tesa-
lieli alevadebisagan (piT. X), aTeneli megaklesisgan (piT. VII), Tavad diadi sa-
berZneTis moasparezeebisganac (piT. VI da XII). magram, rogorc pindarosis qmnile-
baTa qronologiidan Cans, am periodisaTvis igi werda ufro metad RvTaebaTadmi
miZRvnil himnebs, vidre epinikiebs. rodesac delfo da Tebe sparseTs miemxrnen
(480 w.), pindarosma es movlena miiRo rogorc gonivruli aqti. magram saqme sxvag-
varadac datrialda: qserqsesi damarcxda (479 w.), xolo Tebem Zlivs daaRwia Tavi
`moRalatis~ samarcxvino saxels. yovelive es pindarosma mZafrad ganicada, rac
aisaxa kidec mis mier daaxloebiT am periodSi Seqmnil VIII isTmosur odaSi. sa-
zogadoebam, rogorc Cans, did poets apatia es gaugebroba. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
476 wels mas iwveven siciliaze hieron sirakuselisa da Teron akragaselis olim-
piur da piTiur gamarjvebaTa zeimze. sicilia am periodisTvis iTvleboda sa-
berZneTis politikur da kulturul centrad. aq Tavs iyridnen da Tavis ideebs
qadagebdnen im drois gamoCenili sazogado moRvaweebi, filosofosebi, Semo-
qmedni. pindarosis SemoqmedebaSi siciliuri periodi iTvleba misi poeturi aR-
mavlobis xanad. siciliuri ciklis odebi, rogorc pindarosis Semoqmedebis sau-
keTeso nimuSebi, epinikiaTa krebulis pirvel furclebze moaTavses aleqsan-
drielma swavlulebma.
Zv.w. 475 wlisaTvis pindarosi brundeba TebeSi. aq igi kvlavac agrZelebs ode-
bis weras sicilieli gamarjvebulebisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia kidev erTi faqti, rasac
pindarosis sulier samyaroSi mZime kvali unda daetovebina: hieron sirakuseli,
romelsac pindarosma ramdenime brwyinvale oda uZRvna, da romelmac 468 wels
pindarosi 93
moipova etliT srbolaSi didi xnis nanatri olimpiuri gamarjveba, odas ukve-
Tavs ara pindaross aramed bakqilidess (es oda Cvenamdec SemorCa). am faqtiT aR-
SoTebuli pindarosi wers sapasuxo simReras (piT.II), sadac iqsionis miTiT hiero-
nis umadurobaze mianiSnebs, xolo Tavis metoqe bakqilidess uwodebs maimuns. da
mainc miuxedavad amgvari marcxisa, siciliidan dabrunebis Semdeg pinda-
rosisaTvis dgeba warmatebebis xana (475-460 ww.). mis Semoqmedebas mTel sa-
berZneTSi aRiareben, igi iTvleba pirvel poetad (misi ufrosi TanamoRvawe si-
monides keoseli 468 wels gardaicvala, xolo umcrosi _ bakqilidesi erTob
TvalnaTliv CamorCeboda mas Tavisi xelovnebiT). pindarosis Cvenamde moRweuli
Semoqmedebis TiTqmis naxevari am periodiT TariRdeba. mas ukveTen odebs korin-
Tos, rodosis, argosis, kirenesa Tu eginas mkvidrni. miuxedavad am aRiarebisa,
pindarosisa da mis TayvanismcemelTa Soris mainc iCenda xolme Tavs garkveuli
gaugebroba. sagulisxmoa erTi faqti: 474 wels aTenma pindaross SeukveTa diTi-
rambosi, romelic ise brwyinvaled SeTxza poetma, rom Tanamemamule Tebelebma
mas cilad daswames samSoblos Ralati da daajarimes didZali TanxiT. es Tanxa
gadaixedes diTirambosiT moxiblulma aTenelebma. CvenTvis cnobilia sxva
SemTxvevac: delfos SekveTiT pindarosma SeTxza peani 6, sadac ganadidebda ra
apolons, augad moixseniebda mis miTologiur mters, eginel gmirs, eakid neop-
tolemoss. amis gamo Tavi Seuracxyofilad igrZnes eginelebma. pindarosi iZule-
buli gaxda SeeTxza axali oda specialurad eginelebisaTvis (nem. VII), sadac axle-
burad gadaamuSava miTi neoptolemosis Sesaxeb.
pindarosis bolo periodis odebSi SeigrZnoba erTgvari mowodeba Tanxmobisa
da simSvidisaken. aTensa da eginas Soris warmoSobil did ganxeTqilebebs (Zv.w.
458-457 ww.) mohyva eginas, xolo Semdeg Tebes Zalauflebis daqveiTeba. yovelive
es poets mZimed unda ganecada. am periodis odebSi pindarosTan sul ufro
xSirad iCens Tavs pesimisturi ganwyobileba. ase magaliTad, cnobil VIII piTiur
odas poeti ase asrulebs:
`Jamierebi: arsebobs vinme? Tu ar arsebobs?
aCrdilT zmaneba _ adamiani.
odes RmerTisgan naTlieri sxivi gadmova,
mxolod maSin eZleva mokvdavs
dRe naTeli da Jami tkbili...~
pindarosi gardaicvala daaxloebiT 438 wels. erT-erTi biografia (`svidas
leqsikoni~) ase aRwers misi gardacvalebis suraTs: ` gamoikiTxa ra RmerTebisagan, Tu
ra unda yofiliyo misTvis saukeTeso, gardaicvala TeatrSi... Tavisi sayvareli Teo-
qsenosis muxlebze damxobili~.
pindarosis saxeli gardacvalebis Semdeg legendebiT Seimosa. ra Tqma unda,
mas hyavda Rirseuli damfaseblebi. maT Soris didi aleqsandre. poetis cxovre-
bis aRwerilobidan cnobilia aseTi faqti: rodesac aleqsandre makedonelma Zv.w.
335 wels Tebe daarbia, brZaneba gasca, xeli ar exloT pindarosis saxlisTvis.
pavsaniasi (IX, 23) gviambobs, Tu rogor uxilavT berZnebs tyeSi pani, romelic pin-
darosis simRerebs mReroda. iqve mogviTxrobs pavsaniasi imis Sesaxebac, Tu
rogor SeukveTa pindaross Sesandobari simRera Tavad persefonem. am legendebis
gverdiT mogvepoveba aTeneosis gadmocemac (1, 3 a da XIV, 638 a ) imis Taobaze, Tu
rogor Tvlida aTenis sazogadoeba pindarosis simRerebs ukve Jamgardasulad.
da es savsebiT bunebrivia: ramdenadac didi iyo pindarosis saxeli poetis
Tanamedrove samyaroSi, miT ufro rTuldeboda misi poeziis didebulebis
SegrZneba Semdgomi drois mkiTxvelebisaTvis. im mizezTagan, romelnic am movle-
nas naTels mohfenen, gamovyofdiT sam umTavress, romelTa codnac gzas gag-
vixsnida am WeSmaritad amaRlebuli poeziis gasagebad: 1. pindarosis cxovrebis
aRwerilobidan cnobilia, rom misi poeturi Semoqmedeba metad mravalferovani
94 pindarosi
yofila. pindarosis qmnilebaTa ricxvi oTxi aTass aRwevda. es iyo himnebi, peanebi,
diTirambebi, prosodionebi, epinikiebi da sxva, romlebic 17 wignad gamouciaT
aleqsandriel swavlulebs.1 Cvenamde SedarebiT srulyofilad epinikiaTa oTxma
wignma moaRwia. epinikiebi anu `gamarjvebulTa sadideblebi~ eZRvneboda olim-
piur, piTiur, nemeur da isTmosur sportul sarbielebze gamarjvebulebs. da ai,
Tanamedrove mkiTxvelis bunebriv gaocebas iwvevs pirvelive Sexvedra Zveli ber-
Zeni poetis poeziis JanrTan: gulwrfelia ki Semoqmedi, romlisTvisac viRac
meetlis an mokrivis SemTxveviTi gamarjveba sportul sarbielze iqceva dide-
buli poeziis STagonebad?
am SemTxvevaSi unda gaviTvaliswinoT Zvel berZnul sportul asparezobaTa
arsi: asparezobas unda gamoevlina gamarjvebuli, is, viszec gadmodioda RvTae-
brivi madli, is, vinc RmerTebis rCeuli iyo. sportuli ostatoba gamarjvebulis
pirad Rirsebad miiCneoda, xolo RvTaebrivi madli mTel mis gvarsa da TanamoqalaqeT
efineboda. fantastiuri Tayvaniscema, romliTac ganmsWvalulni iyvnen saberZneTSi
sportul sarbielze gamarjvebulTa mimarT, aixsneba swored imiT, rom gamarjvebulSi
scnobdnen ara mxolod didebul ostats, aramed RmerTebis rCeuls. asparezobas unda
gamoevlina is, Tu romeli gvarisa Tu qalaqis mimarT gamoiCendnen mowyalebas RmerTebi,
romelTa keTilmodrekilebac iqneboda samaradiso. swored amitom pindarosis dros
berZnebi asparezobebze eSurebodnen imave grZnobiT, ra grZnobiTac miemarTebodnen
isini apolonis wminda qurumTan. gamarjvebuli aRiqmeboda mTeli gvarisa da qalaqis
didebad. igi sazeimo svliT brundeboda samSobloSi TanamoqalaqeTa TayvaniscemiTa da
sadidebeli simRerebiT naTelmosili.
2. gamarjvebulis sadidebeli es iyo misi gvarisa da samSoblos xotba. ganadidebda
ra gmirs, pindarosi Tavis odebSi uxvad sargeblobda mis modgmasa Tu qalaqTan da-
kavSirebuli istoriuli Tu legendaruli TematikiT, miTosiT, rac kargad iyo cno-
bili poetis TanamedroveTaTvis da ris codnac dRes specialuri ganaTlebis gareSe
SeuZlebelia. swored es aris meore mizezi imisa, rom Tanamedrove mkiTxveli ver
aRiqvams srulyofilad pindarosis poezias.
miTis gadmocema pindarosTan, eposisagan gansxvavebiT, ganpirobebulia miTis axali
funqciiT: Tu eposisaTvis miTis Txroba iyo mTavari da miTi masSi gadmoicemoda Tan-
mimdevrulad, ise, rom msmenels srulyofili STabeWdileba Sehqmnoda ambavTa mTel
jaWvze, lirikisaTvis miTi mniSvnelovani iyo mxolod konkretul movlenasTan da-
kavSirebiT. lirikos poets ainteresebda miTis ara yvela detali, aramed mxolod is,
romelic ama Tu im movlenis asociacias iwvevda. amitom aris pindarosis poezia dat-
virTuli mravalricxovani miTologiuri pasaJebiT, romlebic erTmaneTs enacvlebian
1
pindarosi moRvaweobda im periodSi, rodesac TxzulebaTa wignad gamocemis xelovneba jer
kidev ar iyo gavrcelebuli. misi odebi xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi inaxeboda msmenelTa
mexsierebaSi. werilobiTi teqstebi TiTo-TiTo egzemplaris saxiT moipoveboda taZrebSi,
saqalaqo arqivebsa Tu SemkveTTa ojaxebSi. savaraudoa, rom poetis qmnilebaTa Sekreba
daiwyo mxolod Zv.w. IV saukunidan, maSin rodesac ganviTarebas iwyebs mwignobruli xe-
lovneba. aristoteles mowafe qameleons (daaxl. Zv.w. 300w.) pindarosisaTvis miuZRvnia mTeli
Tavi Cvenamde mouRwevel TxzulebaSi Zveli poetebis Sesaxeb. am masalis safuZvelze Zv.w. III
saukuneSi aleqsandriel swavlulebs SeudgeniaT pindarosis TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli 17
wignad, dayofili Janrebis mixedviT. am gamocemidan unda momdinareobdes pindarosis odaTa
xelnawerebis orive cali _ `parizuli~ da `vatikanuri~, romelTa safuZvelzec XIX-XX saukuneebSi
SesaZlebeli gaxda pindarosis teqstis aRdgena. aleqsandriel swavlulebsave, aristofane bizantio-
nelisa da aristarqosis meTaurobiT, miewerebaT pindarosis teqstis komentarebic (Cvenamde maT ar
mouRweviaT). Zv.w. I saukuneSi am komentarebis safuZvelze cnobil gramatikoss, didimoss Seudgenia
vrceli kompilacia, romelic gamouyenebiaT gviani drois komentatorebs _ sqoliastebs. swored am
ukanasknelTa mier Sedgenili sqolionebi pindarosis teqstisa SemorCa Cvenamde. ramdenadac
sqolionebi SedarebiT gviani periodisaa, Secdomebisgan dazRveuli ar unda iyos. bevri cnoba eWvsac
iwvevs. magram maT mainc ar daukargavT Tavisi mniSvneloba. am sqolionebs xSirad mimarTaven
pindarosis teqstis Tanamedrove komentatorebic.
pindarosi 95
garkveuli asociaciuri TanamimdevrobiT. lirikuli struqtura msmenelis Tanamonawi-

leobas gulisxmobda. Tu epikosi poeti varaudobda, rom msmenelisaTvis ucnobi iyo esa
Tu is miTologiuri ambavi da amis gamo saWirod cnobda ambavTa mTeli Tanamimdev-
robiT gadmocemas, lirikosi poeti iTvaliswinebda, rom misi msmenelisaTvis es
ganvlili etapi iyo, rom sakmarisi iyo mxolod miniSneba da msmenelis cnobierebaSi
aRsdgeboda miTologiuri asociaciebis mTeli wyeba. ase rom, pindarosis poezia
naTelia mxolod im mkiTxvelisTvis, romelic ziarebulia Zvel berZnul
samyaros. TviT profesionali filologisTvisac ki Znelia pindarosis poeziis
srulyofili aRqma, rameTu ocdaxuTi saukuniT scildeba im samyaros, rodesac
moRvaweobda Tavisi drois es udidesi Semoqmedi.
3. ar unda daviviwyoT isic, rom pindarosi iyo ara marto poeti, aramed kompozi-
torica da Semsrulebelic. misi odebi, dawerili rTuli metruli kompoziciiT,
esadagebodnen garkveul musikalur xmovanebas, romelic TavisTavad Rrma emociur
datvirTvas atarebda. poezia, musika da saSemsruleblo xelovneba erTurTs Serwy-
muli, Zveli samyaros msmenelTa amaRlebasa da ganwmendas iwvevda. Cvenamde Semor-
Cenili mxolod poezia da isic rTulad gasagebi, Tanamedrove mkiTxvelSi, buneb-
rivia, am grZnobebs ver aRZravs, Tumca mis mxatvrul azrovnebaSi Rrma kvals tovebs.
pindarosi ukve dakanonebul qorikul samyaroSi gamoCnda mogvianebiT, rogorc
ucxo, rogorc aratradiciuli. igi movida beotiidan. es iyo mdidari mxare, magram Zv.w.
VII-VI saukuneebis kulturul cxovrebas ganridebuli. aq iyo lirikuli skola, magram
Zalian Caketili da arqauli. misi poetebi sargeblobdnen adgilobrivi dialeqtiT da
mimarTavdnen adgilobriv miTebs. sainteresoa, rom maT Soris iyvnen qalebic _ cnobi-
lia tanagreli korina, romelic kinaRam moxvda didi poetebis aleqsandriul kanonSi.
magram pindarosi ar yofila mSobliuri poeturi skolis tradiciebis gamgrZelebeli.
gadmocemis Tanaxmad, erT-erT poetur Sejibrze beotielebs korinasTvis miuniWebiaT
upiratesoba da ara pindarosisaTvis. mas tradiciuli kanonebis ugulebelyofas say-
vedurobdnen.
musikaluri ganaTleba pindarosma miiRo aTenSi, yvelaze mowinave mxatvrul tenden-
ciaTa axal centrSi, sadac jer kidev axsovdaT lasosisa da simonidesis saxelebi. ma-
gram pindarosi arc maT kvals gahyolia. legenda mas simonidesisa da bakqilidesis me-
toqedac warmoadgens. sagundo lirikis arsenalSi igi movida mza niadagze da Tavs
grZnobda mis ara kanonier memkvidred, aramed mimRebad, romelsac yvelaferi unda gar-
daeqmna da gardaesaxa. swored aqedan gamomdinareobda is mudmivi daZabuloba, is mud-
mivi mRelvareba, rac SeigrZnoba mis simRerebSi.
pindarosi moRvaweobda maSin, rodesac aristokratul wyobas, romlis ideebsac
qadagebda poeti, safuZveli ecleboda. asparezi eTmoboda axal, demokratiul ideo-
logias, romelsac ukve daeZebneboda sakuTari poetebi. pindaross sjeroda, rom sam-
yaro iyo harmoniuli da ucvleli, rom masSi yvelaferi RmerTebis nebas emorCileboda,
rom mxolod RmerTebi gansazRvravdnen adamianTa beds:
àr daiviwyo,
rom RmerTi aris Semoqmedi yovelierTa~.
(piT. V, 12-13)
`RmerTebma Seqmnes miwieri yvela siqvele,
brZenic, Zlieric, enamWevric maTganve iSva~.
(piT. I, 41-42)
Rrma filosofiurobiTa da araCveulebrivi ubraloebiT gamoxata pindarosma
Tavisi azri adamianis bedTan dakavSirebiT:
àrsebobs modgma adamianTa,
arsebobs modgma RvTaebaTa,
Tumca orTaves erTma dedam STabera sunTqva,
96 pindarosi
erTmaneTisgan ganasxvava sxvadasxva ZaliT.

ubadrukia adamiani,
rvalis zeca ki
uxrwnel savaned gvegvlineba ukunisamde.
ukvdavTa modgmas vemsgavsebiT mainc raRaciT:
amaRlebuli azriTa Tu Cveni bunebiT.
magram wyvdiadSi CaZirula bediT xvdomili
dRisiT Tu RamiT gasavleli gza,
rac dagvrCenia samanebamde.~
(nem. VI, 1-8)
axali droebis Semoqmedni ki (heraklitesi, esqile) ukve xedavdnen samyaroSi

gamefebul winaaRmdegobebs, romlis Sedegic iyo am samyaros uwyveti ganvi-
Tareba. maTTvis movlenaTa cvla ganisazRvreboda ara RTaebrivi nebiT, aramed
samyaros maradiuli kanoniT.
axali drois adamianebisaTvis WeSmaritebis gansaxierebad warmodgeboda
filosofosi, romelic Tavisi gonebiT swvdeboda movlenaTa miRma arsebul ka-
nonebs da ganacxadebda maT adamianTaTvis. aseT pirobebSi poeti-brZeni Tan-
daTanobiT kargavda Tavis funqciebs; mas aRar Seswevda unari axali ideebis qad-
agebisa, igi mxolod am ideebis mxatvrul formaSi ganmasaxierebeli unda yo-
filiyo. pindarosisaTvis es miuRebeli iyo. igi ibrZoda tradiciuli, aristok-
ratiuli ideebis ganmtkicebisaTvis, magram es brZola amao iyo. pindarosis
msoflaRqmis centraluri fenomenic ki ajrethv (siqvele) _ romelic saukuneebis
ganmavlobaSi mTeli berZnuli filosofiis erT-erT ZiriTad mcnebas war-
moadgenda, axali ideologiisaTvis ukve miuRebeli iyo.
ra iyo am fenomenis arsi pindarosiseuli interpretaciiT? !Arethv _ am terminis
zusti qarTuli Sesatyvisobis monaxva erTob garTulda. tradiciulad Cven mas
vTargmniT terminiT `siqvele~ da unda gavigoT igi, rogorc sxvadasxva zneobriv Tvise-
baTa (`SemarTeba~, `Zalmosileba~, `didebuleba~, `maRal saqmeTa aRmsrulebloba~,
`maRali xelovneba~, `zneobrivi srulyofileba~) erTianoba. pindarosisaTvis adamiani
ver iqneba `qveli~, Tu mas ar aRusrulebia `diadi saqme~:
`ganemravleba didad siqvele,
viT xe, saTuTi ylortebis rxeviT
miemarTeba namian zecad
samarTlian da brZen kacTa Soris~.
(nem. VIII, 40-42)
xolo Sedegi `diadi saqmis aRsrulebisa~ unda iyos `warmateba~:
`warmatebaTa miRwevaa pirveli jildo,
meore ZRveni _ gandidebaa,
xolo Tu kacma daimsaxura
warmatebac da gandidebac
udiadesi diademiT Seimoseba~.
(piT. I, 98-100)
mxolod `warmateba~ aris RmerTebis keTilmodrekilebis mauwyebeli. magram
imisaTvis, rom warmatebas miaRwio, unda iyo saxelovani modgmiT (gevno"), rameTu
Sens gvarze unda gadmodiodes RmerTebis madli, unda gagaCndes saTanado xarje-
bis gaRebis saSualeba (davpana), simdidre, romelic aseve RmerTebis wyalobis
Sedegia, SegeZlos Sroma (povno"), da, rac mTavaria, es unda iyos RvTaebis neba
(daimwvn):
pindarosi 97
àrian gzebi,
ufro Sori gzebic arian!
erTgvari swrafva ver eqnebaT adamianebs!
Znelia maRal xelovnebas miuaxlovde,
magram Sen, keTilmZleobis mauwyebelo,
nu Sedrkebi,
raTa xmamaRla SesZaxo:
es kaci iSva RmerTebis nebiT...~
(ol. IX, 100-104)
pindarosis yoveli epinikia emsaxureboda axali movlenis (sportul aspa-
rezobaze miRweuli gamarjvebis) CarTvas ukve gardasul movlenaTa sistemaSi.
gardasuli movlenebi ki miTosiT iyo Semosili. bunebrivia, poeti cdilobda ux-
vad esargebla miTologiuri pasaJebiT ama Tu im movlenis samyaros saerTo wes-
rigSi mosaTavseblad ise, rom ar darRveuliyo am samyaros harmoniuloba.
dRes, mecnierebaSi, sakmaod bevri iwereba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra funqcias as-
rulebs miTi pindarosis SemoqmedebaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom mkvlevarTa Soris
ar aris Tanxmoba yvelaze ufro principul sakiTxebSic ki. pindarosis Semoqmede-
baSi miTis funqciisa da interpretaciis sakiTxebze msjelobisas unda gaviTva-
liswinoT ori garemoeba:
1. pindarosis droisTvis miTebi da TqmulebaTa sxvadasxva ciklebi ukve savse-
biT Camoyalibebuli unda yofiliyo Tavisi simbolikiT Tu saxeebiT. Sesabamisad,
Tuki pindarosis epoqaSi mwerali mimarTavda miToss ara mxolod informaciuli
interesiT, igi iZulebuli iqneboda miTTan, mis simbolikasTan garkveuli mimar-
Teba daemyarebina, moexdina miTis Taviseburi interpretacia.
2. pindarosi miToss mimarTavs, rogorc wesi, garkveuli asociaciiT (iqneba es
metaforuli Tu metonimuri). imis mixedviT, Tu ramdenad Rrmaa es asociacia,
miTs SeiZleba hqondes sruliad sxvadasxva datvirTva dawyebuli wminda orna-
mentulidan, damTavrebuli rTuli sistemiT, romelSic sruliad sxvadasxva kom-
ponentTa (formalurisa Tu ideuris) gaerTianebas vxvdebiT.
miTis pindarosiseuli interpretaciis ZiriTadi principebi gansakuTrebiT
iCens Tavs im SemTxvevaSi, sadac SedarebiT vrclad aris gadmocemuli ama Tu im
miTis siuJeti. poets SeuZlia Secvalos tradiciuli sqema siuJetisa, an datovos
igi ucvlelad. bunebrivia, arCevans am SemTxvevaSi ara aqvs nebismieri xasiaTi: a)
iq, sadac pindarosis azriT, tradiciuli sqema upirispirdeba mis ZiriTad kon-
cefcias RmerTebis uzenaesobisa da ubiwoebis Taobaze, miTologiurma siuJetma
SeiZleba ganicados cvlileba. am SemTxvevaSi poeti winaswar gvauwyebs, rom
cvlis miTologiur siuJets, axdens am cvlilebaTa motivacias, saTanado argu-
mentirebas. b) iq, sadac tradiciuli miTologiuri siuJeti ar upirispirdeba
pindarosis msoflaRqmas da aqedan gamomdinare mis warmodgenas RmerTebze, ma-
gram mas garkveuli TvalsazrisiT esaWiroeba tradiciul siuJetSi erTgvari
cvlilebebis Setana, misi modifikacia, aRar xdeba winaswari gancxadeba da, Sesa-
bamisad, cvlilebaTa saTanado argumentacia.
yovelive amis Semdeg, bunebrivia, ismis kiTxva, romelic araerTgzis wamoW-
rila pindarosis kvlevisas _ ra aris mainc e.w. `mTavari elementi~ (`tragende Ele-
ment~ `datvirTvis mqone elementi~) pindarosis odebSi _ miTosi Tu xotba. Cveni
azriT, Tuki sakiTxs SevxedavT calkeuli odis TvalsazrisiT, `mTavari ele-
menti~ unda iyos `xotba~, radganac yoveli oda dawerilia gamarjvebulis gan-
sadideblad. amdenad, pindaross ar SeiZleba hqondes oda, sadac ar iqneba xotba,
magram aqvs odebi, sadac ar aris warmodgenili miTi. magram sakmarisia, gaviaz-
roT pindarosis odebi zogadad misi Semoqmedebis poziciidan, rom `mTavari
elementi~ aq aRmoCndeba miTosi, romelSic yvelaze metad vlindeba poetis mxatvruli
98 pindarosi
fantazia, misi unari tradiciuli motivebis SemoqmedebiTad aTvisebisa da, rac mTa-
varia, msoflmxedveloba. ramdenadac miTi pindarosis odebis umTavresi Se-
madgeneli elementia, amitom mas ukavia odis mTavari, Sua nawili. aseT
SemTxvevebSi oda agebulia samnawiliani, simetriuli kompoziciiT: I. eqspozicia,
II. miTosuri nawili, III. RvTaebisadmi mimarTva. eqspozicia moicavda TamaSebis, ga-
marjvebulis, misi modgmisa Tu qalaqis xotbas; Tu gamarjvebuli iyo Wabuki, po-
eti xotbas asxamda mis mwvrTnelebsac. odis miTiur nawilSi warmodgenili iyo
gamarjvebulis modgmasa Tu qalaqTan dakavSirebuli romelime miTi (an miTis is
nawili, romelic poets gansakuTrebulad esaWireoboda adresatis gansadideblad). es
miTologiuri nawili poeturi xatebiT ganacxadebda msmenelTaTvis, rom ama Tu im
gmiris gamarjveba ar aris SemTxveviTi monapovari, rom es aris gamarjvebulis modgmisa
Tu qalaqis mimarT RvTaebaTa odindeli keTilganwyobis kidev erTi gamovlineba. odis
bolo nawilSi poeti mouwodebda RmerTebs, rom maTi madli ar mokleboda gamarjve-
bulis gvarsa Tu qalaqs. odis dasawyissa da bolo nawilebSi poets xSirad Sehqonda
sxvadasxva, misi asociaciebis Sesabamisi motivebi. aseve, odis miTologiuri nawilic
xSirad ivseboda maRalpoeturi sentenciebiT, rac esoden ubadlod xelewifeboda pin-
daross. imisda Sesabamisad, Tu rogori iyo SemkveTis survili, an poetis ganwyobileba,
odis calkeuli nawilebi farTovdeboda an mcirdeboda, magram ucvleli rCeboda misi
samnawiliani kompozicia (unda aRiniSnos, rom gamonaklisebi aqac gvxvdeba, magram maT
ara aqvT sistemuri xasiaTi. Sdr. ol. XIV).
pindarosis qmnilebebSi nakadiviT miedineba misive cnobierebaSi aRbeWdili asocia-
ciebi, saxeebi, romlebic ganumeorebeli metaforebis saxes iReben. poeti gvTavazobs
Tavis poetur xilvebs, xolo es xilvebi mZafria da STambeWdavi, xan bundovani. magram
Tu Tavs Zalas davatanT da gaviazrebT, gagvaocebs maTi siRrme da mniSvneloba.
rodesac pindarosi sakuTar poetur SesaZleblobebze saubrobs, cdilobs metafo-
rulad gagvagebinos Tavisi saTqmeli:
àzri, viT xmier saWreTelze
madgas enaze,
azri, romelic Cemis nebiT
moipareba didebulad mdinari sunTqviT~.
(ol. VI, 82-83)
pindarosis azriT, àrseboba~ es aris ùaRresoba~, `gamorCeuloba~. rac ufro
sariskoa, didia, mniSvnelovania saqme, miT ufro aRmatebulia gamarjvebuli, ro-
melic aucileblad unda ganadidos poetma. Tu ama Tu im movlenam, ama Tu im
gmirma ver naxa Tavisi poeti, igi dakargulia, anu wyvets arsebobas:
`Tvlemen warsuli didebani,
ganridebia mokvdavTa xsovnas yovelieri,
rasac odiTgan ar Sexebia
gonierebis umaRlesi srulyofileba
sityvis diadi mdinarebiT madlmofenili~.
(isTm. VII, 16-19)
Tuki movlenam an gmirma ipova poeti, mcdarad Semfasebeli an ganmadidebeli,
maSin irRveva samyaros faseulobaTa mTeli sistema. pindarosis azriT, homerosi,
gadaaWarba ra odisevsis Sefasebisas, iqca àmaRlebuli xelovnebiT naTqvami si-
cruis~ ganmadideblad (nem. VIII, 25-35; Sdr. VII, 20-25). amitom poetis misia friad
mniSvnelovania: igia msoflio wesrigis gamaazrebeli da damamkvidrebeli, Sesa-
bamisad brZeni _ `sofov"~. Cveulebriv, WeSmariteba vlindeba droSi, amitom pin-
darosi ambobs: `...warmavali dReebi arian yovlad brZeni mowmeni~ (ol. I, 32-34); an
`dro _ qronosi erTaderTi ganacxadebs WeSmaritebas~ (ol. X, 54). magram poeti
xels uwyobs am gancxadebas. igi winaswarmetyvels hgavs, oRond warsulis.
pindarosi 99
rogorc winaswarmetyveli ganacxadebs momavals, aseve poetic xsnis warsuls.

rogorc misans STaagoneben RmerTebi, aseve poetsac STaagoneben muzebi da
qaritebi. ase rom, poeti RmerTTa rCeulia da ara naklebi, vidre Tavad moas-
pareze. igic iseve emzadeba gamarjvebisTvis, rogorc aTleti, an meetle, an
moisari... (Sdr. nem. V, ol. I, XI da sxva). amitom pindarosi ase xSirad saubrobs
odebSi sakuTar Tavze, sadac sadidebels uZRvnis liras, rogorc samyaros wes-
rigis simbolos, romlis xmierebasac moaqvs simSvide da netareba misTvis, vinc
eziara samyaroseul harmonias. es xmiereba gonebas urevs mas, vinc ver SeeTvisa am
harmonias.
pindarosisaTvis yoveli movlena, yoveli gamarjvebis wami dakavSirebuli iyo
warsulTanac da momavalTanac. mxolod poezias SeeZlo imxanad misi dafiqsireba.
Semoqmedi aniWebda mas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas da srulyofilebas:
`Semoqmedi qmnis yovel qmnilebas;
viT gaCnda xibli dionisuri
xarTamdevari diTirambebiT?
an vin mozoma raSis lagami?
vin aRamaRla RmerTis taZarze
frTosanTa mefe, orTaviani?
aq isxams yvavils
muza, romelic amosunTqviT siames afrqvevs...~
(ol. XIII, 16-22)
imisaTvis, rom gansadidebeli movlena damkvidrdes, saWiroa igi gaxdes Ses-
agrZnobi, saxilveli, aRsaqmeli. amis SesaZleblobebs iZleva WeSmariti poezia:
`verc zamTris warRvna
moquxari Rrublebidan gadmodenili
mZvinvare laSqrad,
verc qariSxali,
qviSis borcvebs rom miagorebs,
zRvaTa siRrmeSi ver CaZiravs
am sagalobels~.
(piT. VI, 10-14)
pindarosi cdilobs esa Tu is movlena ise warmoaCinos, rom Rrmad aRbeWdos
mexsierebaSi. es ki SesaZlebeli xdeba metaforebiT, epiTetebiT, poeturi xatebiT.
da am SemTxvevaSi mkiTxveli misdevs poetis cnobierebis nakads, romelic,
horaciusis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, àboboqrebuli moedineba~ da azrovnebis
samanTa gadalaxvas lamobs:
àxalgazrdobis yvavilebiT mosili xana
mZlavrad mosagre laSqarSi amoisunTqe,
sadac rCeulni emedgrebodnen
SebmaTa Zalebs imedebis samanebamde~.
(isTm. VII, 34-36)
`raTa vadido
eakidebis bedniereba,
maTi mklavebis Zalmosileba,
an rkinisebri Serkinebani, _
gadaifinos Cems win veli
uZlieresi naxtomisaTvis,
Cems muxlebSia msubuqi qrola,
arwivi zRvaTa miRma navardobs!~
(nem. V, 17-20)
100 pindarosi
amgvari striqonebi uxvad daiZebneba pindarosis qmnilebebSi. isini xiblaven

mkiTxvels poetur warmosaxvaTa siZlieriT, azrovnebis siRrmiT, metaforulo-
biT. maTi kiTxvisas Cvens win iSleba asociaciurad moazrovne poetis saocari da
uaRresad saintereso samyaro.
ra Tqma unda, pindarosi flobda poetur zmanebaTa warmoCenis sakuTar
xerxebs, magram mis azrTa da metaforul asociaciaTa wiaRsvlebi moulodneli
da Seucnobeli iyo misive Tayvanismcemel msmenelTa Tu mkiTxvelTaTvis. es Seuc-
nobloba abnevda TviT antikuri xanis mkiTxvelsac, romelic miCveuli iyo mowes-
rigebul poetur normebs. amitomac cdilobda igi gaemarTlebina pindarosi, dae-
naxa masSi `zegardmo niWiT dajildoebuli poeti~ da ara `mecnieri poeti~. aseT
SemoqmedTaTvis xom kanonebi ar arsebobdnen. am TvalsazrisiT sainteresoa Zv.w. I
saukunis avtoris e.w. fsevdo-longinosis traqtatis àmaRlebulisaTvis~ erTi
adgili: `... nuTu lirikul poeziaSi Sen arCev iyo bakqilidesi da ara pindare,
xolo tragediaSi amjobineb ion qioseli gerqvas da ara sofokle? rasak-
virvelia, bakqilidesi da ioni arasodes arRveven poeturi xelovnebis dadgenil
wesebs, yovelTvis didi sifrTxiliT da pedanturi sizustiT weren, maSin rode-
sac pindarem da sofoklem, TavianTi boboqari vnebiTa da Sleguri gznebiT,
SeiZleba erTbaSad gadaswvan, erTbaSad gadabugon yvelaferi, Tumca aseve
SeiZleba moulodnelad Caqrnen da Caiferflon~ (XXXIII. Targmani b. bregvaZisa).
antikur xanaSive daimkvidra pindarosma `maRali stilis~ poetis saxeli, rom-
lisTvisac mTavari iyo Rirseba, uaRresoba, Zalmosileba. ai, rogor afasebda an-
tikurobis erT-erTi udidesi Semoqmedi horaciusi pindarosis poeturi sityvis
Zalas:
`viT boboqari nakaduli, mTidan daZruli,
azvirTebuli moiRvreba napirTa ngreviT,
ise moRelavs pindarosis Zlieri sityva
Rrma saTavidan.~
(IV, 2)
Tu romaeli horaciusisaTvis pindarosi axlobeli da gasagebi iyo, Taname-
drove mkiTxvelisaTvis arasodes qceula igi iseT cocxal Tanamosaubred,
rogorc homerosi an evripide. mas baZavdnen barokos paTetikuri lirikis Semo-
qmednic, romantizmis wina periodis poetebic, magram es mibaZva mxolod gareg-
nuli formebiT gamoixateboda. pindarosis poeziis Sinagani Zalis paTosi kvlav
gamocanad rCeboda. XIX saukuneSi antikurobis am udidesma Semoqmedma klasikuri
filologiis specialistTa viwro wreSi gadainacvla. maSinac ki, rodesac ev-
ropam axlad SeigrZno arqaikis mSveniereba, pindarosma mainc ver moipova sayov-
elTao aRiareba.
lirika: epinikiebi, fragmentebi.

klasikis periodi
klasikis epoqad dRes Zv. w. V-IV saukuneebs miiCneven. rogorc saerTod mxatvru-
li kulturisaTvis, aseve, kerZod, kulturisaTvis klasikuri epoqa iyo umaRlesi
gafurCqnis xana. yovelive iman, ramac ganviTareba daiwyo da Zala moikriba arqai-
kis epoqaSi, Tavis kulminaciur safexurs klasikaSi miaRwia. swored am epoqaSi Ca-
moyalibda didi da mniSvnelovani literaturuli Tu poeturi formebi, rogorc
srulyofili sistemebi. am TvalsazrisiT, literaturis istoriisaTvis gansa-
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo berZnuli drama.
Teatri, am sityvis Tanamedrove gagebiT, pirvelad swored saberZneTSi aRmo-
cenda, albaT, Zv. w. VI saukuneSi. aqve Seiqmna TeatrTan dakavSirebuli terminolo-
gia, pirveli dramatuli Janrebi _ tragedia da komedia, pirveli werilobiT fiq-
sirebuli piesebi; am saukunidan arian cnobilni pirveli dramaturgebi da, rac
mTavaria, am dros mieca dasabami pirveli Teatraluri festivalebis mowyobis
praqtikas. dRes darwmunebiT SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom pirveli tragikuli agoni
Tespisis saxelTan aris dakavSirebuli da igi Zv. w. 534 w. gaimarTa. komedia, SesaZ-
loa, ufro adre warmoiqmna, magram Teatralur festivalebSi igi Zv. w. 487-6
wlidan CarTes.
dRemde kamaTs iwvevs Teatrisa da masSi warmosadgenad gankuTvnili dramebis
`dabadebis~ sakiTxi. mkvlevarTa umetesoba eTanxmeba aristoteles, romelic ro-
gorc tragediis, aseve komediisa da saerTod Teatris warmoSobas dionises da
mis kults ukavSirebs. es RmerTi, romelic zevsisgan mokvdav semeles unda eSva,
heras mzakvrobis wyalobiT, uzenaesma RmerTma momakvdavi dedis muclidan amoy-
vaniTa da sakuTar TeZoSi CaflobiT gadaarCina. aqedan gaCnda dionise _ Rvinisa
da nayofierebis RmerTi. igi uars ambobs olimposze damkvidrebaze da adamianTa
Soris rCeba vazisa da Rvinis gamavrceleblad. mas, Tavdapirvelad, mokvdavTagan,
romelnic ver ijereben RmerTis maT Soris yofnis ambavs, bevri tkivilisa da Se-
uracxyofis moTmena uxdeba. urwmunoTa dasarwmuneblad dionises xSirad mTeli
Tavisi sisastikis Cveneba uwevs. madidebelTa mimarT ki RmerTi erTob keTili da
guluxvia. bolos da bolos, RmerTi yvelasaTvis axlobeli xdeba, radgan yovel-
dRiur gancdaTagan msxneli RviniT Tavdaviwyeba moaqvs adamianebisaTvis. Rmer-
Tma, romlis arsi esoden organulad iTavsebda mwuxarebasa da mxiarulebas, sxva-
dasxva rituals misca impulsi. maT Soris gamoirCeoda ori: mokvdavni dionises
tanjvis amsaxvel ambebs ixsenebdnen da maT RmerTis mier gadatanil gansacdelTa
dasatirebeli diTirambebiT exmianebodnen. aqedan unda warmoSobiliyo trage-
dia. xolo RviniT SezarxoSebulTa samxiarulo procesiidan, komosidan, rome-
lic Tavisi TavaSvebulobiTa da uwmawurobiT gamoirCeoda da dionises e.w. he-
donistur sawyiss esadageboda, unda warmoqmniliyo komedia.
swored amitom, dramasTan esoden organulad arian dakavSirebulni is atri-
butebi da arsebebi, romlebic dionises kultis ganuyofel nawilebs warmoadge-
nen: satirebi, silenosi, menadebi da a. S. Tavad termini tragedia xom odiTganve
gaazrebuli iyo rogorc `Txis simRera~, xolo TxaSi, Sesabamisad, dionises gun-
dis kostiumirebuli wevri igulisxmeba. imave principiT aris nawarmoebi termini
komediac, romelSic, rogorc fiqroben, pirveli nawili aSkarad `komosi~ unda yo-
filiyo. dionises kultTan tragediis kavSirs isic gviCvenebs, rom sakmaod adre Te-
atralur festivalebSi damkvidrda Semdegi tradicia: TiToeuli tragikosi Sejib-
rebaze warmodgenili unda yofiliyo sami tragediiTa da erTi satiruli dramiT
anu sami seriozuli, cremlis aRmZvreli piesiTa da erTi, meti rom araferi vTqvaT,
qarafSutuli, sicilis gamomwvevi nawarmoebiT, romlis personaJTa Soris auci-
lebeli iyo satirebis yofna, rogorc dramis dionisesTan organuli kavSiris
simboloebisa.
miuxedavad imisa, Tu rogori iyo dramis TiToeuli am saxis, tragediisa da ko-
mediis warmoSobisa da Camoyalibebis gza, aSkaraa, rom maT mravali Tvalsazri-
siT udidesi gadatrialeba moaxdines kacobriobis mxatvruli kulturis ganvi-
TarebaSi. SevexoT am revoluciuri gardatexis zogierT moments: a) Tuki dramis
warmoqmnamde literaturul produqciaSi sami tipis informacia monacvleobda –
seriozuli, araseriozuli da neitraluri – tragediisa da komediis Camoyali-
bebam moaxdina, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, maT Soris informaciis tipebis ganawile-
ba; tragediaSi koncentrirebuli iqna seriozuli, cremlis momgvreli informa-
cia, xolo komediaSi _ araseriozuli, sicilis gamomwvevi; b) Tuki manamde nebis-
mieri literaturuli Janri sargeblobda upiratesad teqstis Sesrulebis gar-
kveuli principiT, deklamaciiT an simReriT, dramam SemogvTavaza piesis moqmede-
baSi rolis Sesruleba TamaSis saSualebiT. advili warmosadgenia, ra efeqts mo-
axdenda poeturi festivalebis momswre berZen mayurebelze is, rom mis win gamo-
dioda ara rafsodi an poeti an sulac gundi raRac nawarmoebis SesrulebiT,
aramed pirovneba, romelic romeliRac miTologiur an istoriul pirovnebaSi
iyo gardasaxuli. am SemTxvevaSi mayureblis win scenaze gamodiodnen Tavad aga-
memnoni, aqilevsi, medea da sxva; g) dramam moaxdina xelovnebis TiTqmis yvela sfe-
ros sinTezireba. aq iyo eposisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli naratiuli momenti, liri-
kisaTvis niSandoblivi musika da simRera, qoros Tanmxlebi cekva da ferxuli,
skulpturis plastikuroba, ferwerisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli feradovani kostiu-
mebi da niRbebi, adamianis vokaluri Tu garegnuli gardasaxvis SesaZleblobebi
(berZnul dramaSi mamakacebi asrulebdnen qalebis rolebsac).
dramam Sva im specialuri nagebobebis aSenebis saWiroeba, romelTac Teatri
ewoda. qevatron berZnuli sityvaa da igi warmodgeba zmnisagan qeavomai (`vuyureb~).
dResac gaocebas iwvevs berZnuli Teatris arqiteqtonika da misi sruliad unika-
luri akustikuri SesaZleblobani. berZnebma Seqmnes, erTi mxriv, stacionaruli,
xolo, meore mxriv, e. w. moZravi Teatrebi. gvaqvs cnobebi imis Sesaxeb, rom jer ki-
dev Tespisis drois Teatrebs (Zv. w. VI s.) moZravi platformebi hqondaT. ukve Zv. w.
V saukunis 30-iani wlebidan moyolebuli, Teatrebi arsebula ara marto xal-
xmraval qalaqebSi, aramed – sofladac. garkveuli periodidan ki berZnuli samya-
ro imdenad daifara Teatrebis qseliT, rom moZravi Teatris saWiroeba aRar iyo.
Teatraluri festivali, Tavisi klasikuri saxiT, aTenSi iSva da arc aris gasakvi-
ri, rom swored aTenma aCuqa kacobriobas udidesi dramaturgebi.
T e a t r i sami ZiriTadi a r q i t e q t o n u l i nawilisagan Sedgeboda: a) ma-
yurebelTa darbazisgan anu Teatronisagan. Teatroni wriuli formis orqestras
ertymoda rkalad daaxloebiT ori mesamediT. es iyo veeberTela sivrce Ria cis
qveS. igi Sedgeboda skamebis rkalurad ganlagebuli, orqestradan Tanabar si-
maRleze iarusebiseburad aRmarTuli rigebisagan. did Teatralur nagebobebs
ori an sami seqcia (Cveni iarusi) hqonda. isini horizonatlurad ganlagebuli ga-
sasvleli sartyelebiT, xolo seqtorebad dayofili rigebi orqestras mimarT
perpendikularulad mdebare sxiviseburi gasasvlelebiT imijneboda erTmaneTi-
sagan. wina rigSi an rigebSi Cadgmuli iyo specialuri qvis savarZlebi qurumebis,
arqonebisa da sapatio pirebisa Tu stumrebisaTvis. orqestra, rogorc aRiniSna,
wriuli formis iyo. mis SuaSi idga dionises sakurTxeveli, rogorc simbolo
dramis Zirebis dionises kultTan organuli kavSirisa. orqestra, rogorc Cans,
gundisTvis iyo gankuTvnili, romelic iq mReroda, cekvavda, moqmedebda. Teatro-
nis mopirdapired orqestras wres skene ebjineboda. igi, Tavis mxriv, Sedgeboda
orqestras donidan daaxloebiT erTi metriT amaRlebul proskenionisgan, rome-
lic orqestras erTi an ori safexuriT ukavSirdeboda, da mis ukan aRmarTuli
saxlis fasadis mqone kedlisagan. mas sami kari hqonda. rogorc wesi, am karebebi-
dan gamodiodnen msaxiobebi, rodesac moqmedi piri, piesis mixedviT, saxlidan,
taZridan an raime nagebobidan moemarTeboda. skenesa da amfiTeatrs Soris mar-
jvniv da marcxniv e.w. parodosebi, anu Semosasvlel-gasasvlelebi iyo. maTi meSve-
obiT xvdeboda gundi orqestraSi an gadioda iqidan. maTive saSualebiT xdeboda
Teatronis mayureblebiT avseba da maTgan dacla. aqedan Semodiodnen agreTve is
msaxiobebi _ moqmedi pirebi, romlebic kontinentis an zRvis mxridan moemarTe-
bodnen. pirvel SemTxvevaSi isini marcxniv, xolo meoreSi marjvniv mdebare pro-
sodosidan Semodiodnen.
TiToeuli Teatri ramdenime aTas mayurebels itevda. 5000 mayureblisaTvis
gankuTvnili Teatri mcire nagebobad iTvleboda. saSualod, normaluri Teatri
10000-15000 mayureblisaTvis iyo gankuTvnili, Tumca didi Teatris tevadobas
40000 mayureblisaTvisac SeeZlo mieRwia. dRes dramis warmodgenis adgilTan da-
kavSirebuli Cven mier gamoyenebuli yvela ZiriTadi termini berZnulidan aris
SeTvisebuli da ukve klasikur epoqaSi gamoiyeneboda: Teatri, scena, orkestri
da a.S. yvelaze popularuli iyo aTenSi, akropolisis ferdobze mdebare dioni-
ses Teatri, xolo Cvens dromde yvelaze kargad moaRwia epidavrosis ulamazesma
Teatrma, sadac dResac imarTeba Teatraluri festivalebi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom sxvadasxva sanaxaobisaTvis gankuTvnili specialuri nage-
bobebi (safexuriseburi dasajdomi adgilebiTa da e.w. sceniT) ukve Zv.w. II aTas-
wleulis minosur sasaxleebSia aRmoCenili, gvaqvs monacemebi ama Tu im kultTan
dakavSirebuli kvazidramatuli sanaxaobebis organizaciis Sesaxeb Zveli aRmo-
savleTis zogierT qveyanaSi, Teatris WeSmarit samSoblod mainc ueWvelad elada
unda miviCnioT. swored aq moxda pirvelad sxvadasxva tipis ritualis, sanaxaobis,
poeturi formis sinTezirebis safuZvelze Teatris, am sityvis Tanamedrove gage-
biT, Camoyalibeba Tavisi teqstiT (piesiT), SemsruleblebiT (profesionali msaxi-
obebiT), nagebobebiT, warmodgenebis gamarTvis wesebiT da a.S.
T e a t r a l u r i f e s t i v a l i a n u a g o n i Tavisi klasikuri saxiT,
Tu uSualod piesebis warmosadgeni dReebis raodenobas gaviTvaliswinebT, xuT
dRes moicavda. pirveli iyo gundebis grandiozuli gamosvlis dRe, meore dRes
xdeboda xuTi komikosis piesis warmodgena. bolo sami dRis ganmavlobaSi ki tra-
gikosTa agonebi imarTeboda. TiToeuli tragikosi gamodioda sami tragediiTa
da erTi satiruli dramiT. marto aTenSi weliwadSi sul cota sami aseTi festi-
vali imarTeboda. yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo didi dionisiebi, romelic akropo-
lisis ZirSi ganlagebul dionises TeatrSi tardeboda. aseve cnobili iyo lenee-
bi da, rogorc Cans, Teatraluri produqciis warmodgenas garkveulad ukavSir-
deboda soflis dionisiebic. da mainc, SeiZleba iTqvas, rodesac cnobil aTenel
dramaturgTa warmatebebze laparakoben, ZiriTadad, fiqsirdeba is, Tu vin rome-
li adgilis mflobeli gaxda da rodis moipova gamarjveba _ did dionisiebsa Tu
leneebze.
berZnuli civilizaciis erT-erT arsebiT Taviseburebad Tanamedrove mecnie-
rebi mis agonistur suls miiCneven. aq Zalze didi mniSvneloba eniWeba Sejibrs
adamianuri Semoqmedebis yvela sferoSi. es suli, SeiZleba iTqvas, mTeli Tavisi
brwyinvalebiT dramatul festivalebSi gamovlinda. aq xdeboda specialuri `Ji-

uris~ mier Teatralur agonSi monawile dramaturgTaTvis adgilebis gansazR-
vra, ramdenadac tragikul festivalSi sami winaswar SerCeuli dramaturgi iReb-
da monawileobas. gamarjveba ekuTvnoda pirveli adgilis mflobels, mesame ad-
gilze gasuli ki damarcxebulad iTvleboda. rac Seexeba komediebis avtorebs,
rasakvirvelia, gamarjvebulad pirvel adgilze gasuli iTvleboda, magram sapa-
tio oyo meore adgilze gasvlac, radgan SejibrebaSi xuTi dramaturgi monawi-
leobda.
jer aTenSi, Semdeg ki mTels elinur samyaroSi Teatri polisis kulturuli
cxovrebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes sferos warmoadgenda da amitom savsebiT ga-
sagebia, rom agonebis organizacias klasikur aTenSi umaRles saxelmwifo moxe-
les e. w. arqon-eponims akisrebdnen. Teatraluri Sejibrebebis Sedegebi specia-
lur didaskaliebSi fiqsirdeboda. raoden paradoqsulic ar unda iyos, amis wya-
lobiT xSirad ufro zusti informacia gvaqvs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rodis da romeli
piesiT moipova ama Tu im dramaturgma gamarjveba klasikur aTenSi, vidre imaze,
Tu rogori iyo Teatrebis repertuari Tanamedrove evropis zogierT qveyanaSi.
rasakvirvelia, dramis ori ZiriTadi Janris _ tragediisa da komediis – gamok-
veTam dasva maTi definiciis sakiTxi. WeSmaritebaa, rom tragediis arss tragiku-
li suli gansazRvravs, magram is, Tu rogor unda gavigoT dramis am saxeobis es
Tavisebureba, mecnierTa Soris bevr kamaTs iwvevs. dRes mecnierebaSi miaCniaT,
rom klasikuri tragedia iseT ubedurebas warmoaCens, romelic xdeba an SeiZleba
moxdes da romelic Tavisi uCveulobiT, araordinarulobiT zaravs adamians. a. m.,
is, rom axloblis sikvdili ojaxis wevrebisa da naTesavebisaTvis Zneli gadasata-
nia, sayovelTaod cnobilia, magram raoden realisturadac ar unda aRweros pie-
sam xandazmuli adamianis sikvdili, raoden cremlis aRmZvrelic ar unda iyos mi-
si naTesavebTan ganSoreba, es piesa ver CaiTvleba tragediad, radgan igi ar ar-
Rvevs im wesrigs, romelic samyaroSi arsebobs da romlis kanonebsac adamianebi
Seguebulni arian: mokvdavi xandazmulobis an mZime avadmyofobis Sedegad SeiZ-
leba gardaicvalos. rogorc ki amgvar ubedurebas, romelsac adamianebi Segue-
bulni arian da romelSic arafers araordinaruls ar xedaven, Caenacvleba is,
rac ar aris Cveulebrivi, magaliTad, mSoblebi klaven Svilebs an, piriqiT, Svi-
lebi asalmeben sicocxles mSoblebs, es ukve gadis Cveulebrivis farglebidan da
gansakuTrebul Zrwolas iwvevs. antikur samyaroSi aristotelem Zalze saintere-
sod gansazRvra am Zrwolis efeqti. es aris tragikuli kaTarsisi.
TavisTavad cneba kaTarsisi aRniSnavs ganwmendas, gasufTavebas, magram mecnie-
rebisaTvis, bunebrivia, mniSvnelovania, vis da amasTanave risgan ganwmendas gu-
lisxmobs aristotele. ukanasknel xanebSi mecnierebaSi ufro metad miRebulia is
mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmadac, cnebas tragikul kaTarsiss aqvs samedicino dat-
virTva. es gulisxmobs adamianis daclas yvela sxva emociisagan SiSisa da Zrwo-
lis momentSi, rodesac igi tragediis wyalobiT swored im araordinaruli ube-
durebis Tanaziari xdeba, romelzec zemoT gvqonda msjeloba.
rac Seexeba komedias, Zvel saberZneTSi komediam ganviTarebis ramdenime faza
ganvlo. klasikur epoqaSi yvelaze mniSvnelovani iyo Zveli atikuri komedia (Zi-
riTadad, Zv. w. V saukuniTa da IV saukunis dasawyisiT Semoifargleba), romelsac
axasiaTebda sazogadoebrivi cxovrebisaTvis mniSvnelovani `samizneebis~ SerCeva
da maTi gakilva. Semdegi faza iyo saSuali atikuri komedia (ZiriTadad, Zv. w. IV
saukunis 80-iani wlebidan amave saukunis meore naxevramde), rodesac komedia kar-
gavs politikur paToss da masSi Semodis yofiTi elementebi. damasrulebeli fa-
za iyo axali atikuri komedia (Zv. w. IV saukunis miwurulidan Zv. w. 120 wlamde),
romelic ukve gulisxmobs sabolood uaris Tqmas Segnebul politikur `samizne-
ebze~ da komediis TiTqmis mTlianad yofiT, adamianis yoveldRiuri cxovrebis

warmomCen konteqstSi gadmotanas.
komediurobis muxtis yvelaze mkafio matarebeli, rogorc Cans, mainc Zveli
atikuri komedia iyo. aristoteles sityvebs Tu moviSveliebT, komedia aris man-
kierebis iseTi dacinva, romelic ar iwvevs tkivils. klasikuri epoqis komediog-
rafosebma mSvenivrad auRes alRo imas, Tu ra SeiZleba gaxdes sicilis safuZve-
li komikur siuJetSi. mraval sxva momentTan erTad maT SemogvTavazes principi:
komediaSi seriozuli mizani wydeba araseriozuli saSualebiT an, piriqiT, ara-
seriozuli mizani wydeba seriozuli saSualebiT. es sxva momentebTan erTad aris
sicilis ZiriTadi maprovocirebeli. Sesabamisad, mankierebaze sicilis ZiriTadi
Sedegi iyo komikuri kaTarsisi anu ganwmenda sicilis saSualebiT.
klasikur epoqaSi mravali aseuli dramaturgi moRvaweobda. tragikosebidan
Cvenamde srulad SemorCa esqiles 7 tragedia, sofokles 7 tragedia, evripides 17
tragedia da 1 satiruli drama. rac Seexeba kidev erT tragedias `resoss~, mecni-
erTa umetesobis azriT, igi ucnob avtors ekuTvnis. yvela danarCen SemTxvevaSi
SemogvrCa mxolod dramaturgTa saxelebi da piesebis metad Tu naklebad mniSvne-
lovani fragmentebi. rac Seexeba klasikur komedias, Cvenamde sruli saxiT moaR-
wia aristofanes 11 komediam. xolo sxva mravali komediografosis Semoqmedebis
Sesaxeb Zalian zogadi msjeloba SegviZlia oden maTi saxelebisa da nawarmoebTa
fragmentebis mixedviT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom Cvenamde moRweuli dramebi im realuri dramatuli pro-
duqciis mxolod erTob umniSvnelo nawilia, rac klasikur epoqaSi Seiqmna, maTi
gaTvaliswinebiT mainc SeiZleba garkveuli azri SeviqmnaT berZnuli tragediisa
da komediis Sesaxeb dramis Janris umaRlesi gafurCqnis periodSi.
ukve antikurobaSi miRebuli iyo azri, rom berZnuli tragediis muzam Tavisi
kulminaciuri gamoxatuleba swored Cvenamde moRweul esqiles, sofoklesa da ev-
ripides Semoqmedebis saxiT hpova. Zv. w. 406 wels, rodesac gardaicvalnen evripi-
de da sofokle, maTi umcrosi Tanamedroveni tragediis `gardacvalebis~ wlad
miiCnevdnen. Tumca Semdgom, antikurobis daqveiTebamde, uamravi axali tragedia
Seiqmna. da mainc, amgvar damokidebulebas, rogorc Cans, realuri safuZveli aqvs
tragediis formirebis TvalsazrisiT. esqilem, sofoklem da evripidem Seqmnes da
srulyves klasikuri tragediis is modeli, romlis realuri transformacia Sem-
degi Taobebis dramaturgebma veRar SeZles da, Sesabamisad, tragediis ganviTa-
rebis procesi, faqtobrivad, SeCerda. mas, rogorc Cans, mniSvnelovani transfor-
macia, Tu ar CavTvliT garkveul teqnikur da garegan momentebs, aRar ganucdia
antikur saberZneTSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom am sam tragikoss tragediis struqturis, misi warmodge-
nis, msaxiobebisa da gundis moqmedebaSi CarTvis doneze mravali saerTo axasia-
TebT, maTi Semoqmedeba erTmaneTisagan mravali arsebiTi, principuli momentiT
gansxvavdeba.
esqilem (Zv. w. 525/4-458) pirvelma CarTo tragediis moqmedebaSi 2 msaxiobi, es
imas niSnavs, rom, Tumca nebismier piesaSi moqmed pirTa raodenoba SeiZleba bevri
iyos, erT samoqmedo epizodSi orze meti ar monawileobs. man tragediis gundis
raodenoba 12 kacis SemadgenlobiT gansazRvra. sofoklem msaxiobTa raodenoba
samamde aiyvana, rac Tavisi Semoqmedebis bolo periodSi esqilemac miiRo da gai-
ziara. sofoklemve gundis raodenoba 15 Semsruleblamde gazarda.
TiToeuli am tragikosis piesa garkveul s t r u q t u r a s Seicavda. es iyo
prologi, romelic, Cveulebriv, gundebis scenaze gamosvlas uZRoda win da erTi
msaxiobis e. w. Sesaval partias warmoadgenda dramisaTvis. amas mosdevda parodo-
si, anu gundis Semosvla. Semdeg mimdinareobda moqmedeba episodionebis saSuale-
biT, xolo episodionebs Soris iyo stasimonebi anu gundis partiebi msaxiobebis
gareSe. piesa mTavrdeboda eqsodosiT (finaluri nawiliT, romelsac tragediaSi

aRar mosdevs gundis simRera).
tragediisaTvis TiTqmis kanonikuri iyo miTologiuri Tematika da iSviaTi _
siuJetisaTvis Tanamedrove istoriuli ambebis gamoyeneba. ramdenadac miTolo-
giuri siuJetebis raodenoba, gansakuTrebiT maTi, romelnic tragediisaTvis Se-
saferis fabulas Seicavdnen, ar iyo ganusazRvreli, tragediebis raodenoba ki
erTob didi iyo, Zalze xSirad sxvadasxva tragikosi erTsa da imave fabulas ir-
Cevda. amgvari SemTxveva Cvenamde moRweul tragediebSic ki SegviZlia gamovavli-
noT. swored amitom, Tuki tragikosTa Semoqmedebas mxolod formaluri niSne-
biT SevafasebT, maT Soris Zalze didi iqneba msgavseba, magram sakmarisia, trage-
diebs konceptualuri TvalsazrisiT mivudgeT, rom aq savsebiT aSkara iqneba ar-
sebiTi gansxvaveba klasikuri epoqis sam genioss Soris.
droTa ganmavlobaSi Teatraluri warmodgenebis erTgvari `kanonika~ Seiqmna,
romlis umTavresi ganmsazRvreli momentebi amgvarad SeiZleba CamovayaliboT: a)
yvela rols (qalis Tu kacis) mamakacebi asrulebdnen, b) erT epizodSi erTdrou-
lad monawileobda sami moqmedi piri (zogjer, gansakuTrebiT komediaSi, maTi
ricxvi SeiZleboda odnav gazrdiliyo), g) msaxiobebi rolis Sesabamisi samosiTa
da niRbiT warudgebodnen mayurebels, d) gundi tragediaSi jer 12, xolo Sem-
dgom 15 kaciT ganisazRvreboda, xolo komediaSi 24 kaciT, e) gundis wevrebic
niRbebiTa da Sesabamisi kostiumebiT iyvnen aRWurvilni. Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom erTsa da imave msaxiobs (solists Tu gundis wevrs) uxdeboda rogorc qale-
bis, aseve kacebis rolebis Sesruleba, simRera, cekva, pantomima, advili warmo-
sadgenia profesionalizmis ra done moeTxovebodaT maT.
Zv. w. VIII-IV saukuneebSi berZnul literaturaSi ukve Camoyalibebulia ZiriTa-
di literaturuli Janrebi, Tumca maT gverdiT iqmneboda sxvebic, romlebic ze-
moT CamoTvlili Janrebis variaciebs an mcire formebs warmoadgendnen: a. m., epig-
ramebi, fliakebi, mimosebi.
sakmaod popularuli iyo literaturuli igav-arakis Janri, romlis mamamTav-
rad iTvleba naxevrad legendaruli esoposi (Zv. w. VI s.) ara marto berZnul, ara-
med saerTod evropul literaturaSi. am Janris da, kerZod, misi fuZemdeblis
Zalze stabilur warmatebaze antikurobaSi miuTiTebs is garemoeba, rom eso-
posis igav-arakebs mravali mimbaZveli aRmoaCnda da mogvianebiT misi arakebis
leqsis formiT gadmocemis magaliTebi mogvepoveba rogorc berZnul, aseve roma-
ul literaturaSi.
amis gverdiT warmoiqmna iseTi Janrebi, romelTac, Cveulebriv, antikuri lite-
raturis farglebSi ganixilaven, Tumca, amasTanave isini kavSirSi arian antikur
samyaroSi mecnieruli azris ganviTarebasTanac. amgvar ZiriTad Janrebad SeiZle-
ba miviCnioT istoriografia, filosofia, mWevrmetyveleba.
istoriografiis Zirebi Soreul warsulSi unda veZioT. bevrad ufro adre,
vidre evropis kontinentze, kerZod, saberZneTSi, literaturuli azrovneba aR-
mocendeboda, Zveli samyaros mraval xalxSi iyo cnobili istoriuli movlenebis
werilobiTi fiqsaciis SemTxvevebi. a. m., mravlad mogvepoveba Zv. w. III-II aTaswleu-
lebis Zveli aRmosavluri dokumentebi, romlebic istoriuli movlenebis Sesaxeb
gvawvdian informacias. rogorc wesi, es dokumentebi warmoadgenen qronikaluri
xasiaTis Canawerebs da isini sakmaod Sors arian sakuTriv istoriografiisagan,
sadac xdeba ara marto realurad momxdari faqtis fiqsacia, daTariReba, aramed
misi aRwera da analizi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, misi ganxilva da interpretacia
farTo istoriul konteqstSi. garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, istoriuli ambebis Se-
monaxvis survili SeiZleba davinaxoT berZnul eposSic, romelic legendaruli
ambebis Tu miTebis gadmocemis cdas warmoadgens. Tumca berZnuli eposi, bunebri-
via, ver CaiTvleba istoriul Txzulebad, radgan masSi dominanturi elementi
aris poezia, mxatvruli azrovneba da ara istoriuli movlenebis Tanmimdevruli

gadmocemisaken swrafva. saberZneTSi, ukve arqaikis epoqaSi, aRmocenda tradicia,
prozauli formiT Seqmniliyo am legendaruli ambebis Sesaxeb kvazi Tu fsevdo-
istoriografiuli xasiaTis Txzulebebi. maT avtorebs logografosebi ewode-
baT. pirveli nabiji WeSmariti istoriografiisaken maSin gadaidga, rodesac sa-
berZneTis istoriis Sesaxeb sistemuri xasiaTis naSromebis Seqmna daiwyo, sadac
ambebi da movlenebi gadmocemulia qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT, dawyebuli
uZvelesi droidan mwerlis Tanamedrove epoqiT damTavrebuli.
Tu Cvenamde moRweuli informaciiT vimsjelebT, pirveli aseTi seriozuli na-
biji gadaudgams herodotoss (herodote) (daaxl. Zv. w. 484-424).
wminda istoriografiuli TvalsazrisiT herodotosis principisgan gansxvav-
debodnen misi momdevno istorikosebi _ Tukididesi da qsenofoni. aqedan moyo-
lebuli istoriografiam myarad daimkvidra adgili mwerlobaSi da antikurma
samyarom kacobriobas ara erTi brwyinvale istorikosi misca; maTi Txzulebebis
laRi stili da mecnierul TxrobasTan Sezavebuli beletristuli pasaJebi am na-
warmoebebis kiTxvisas Tanamedrove mkiTxvelsac did siamovnebas aniWebs.
antikuri civilizaciis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes miaRwevas f i l o s o f i a
warmoadgens. man miTopoeturi azrovnebis paralelurad analitikuri azrovne-
bis warmoqmnas daudo safuZveli. Tavad termini filosofia `sibrZnis siyva-
ruls~ niSnavs, magram sinamdvileSi igi bevrad mets gulisxmobs, vidre ubralod
sibrZnis mimarT interesia. ufro metic, romelime pirovneba, SesaZloa, e.w. Svidi
brZenis (gansakuTrebuli sibrZniT gamorCeuli Svidi elinis nusxa, romlis sxva-
dasxva variaciebia cnobili antikurobidan) siaSic yofiliyo Setanili, magram
igi ar moexseniebinaT filosofosTa Soris. filosofosis azrovnebas da, ubra-
lod, brZenis azrovnebas erTi arsebiTi niSani ganasxvavebs. brZeni cxovrebiseu-
li gamocdilebidan gamomdinare gvauwyebs imas, rom raRac SeiZleba moxdes da
misi Tavidan acileba brZenis mier Camoyalibebuli Segonebis mxedvelobaSi miRe-
biT aris SesaZlebeli. Sesabamisad, brZenis azrovnebis forma aris gnomuri anu
sentenciuri: rac ufro metad aris SesaZlebeli, rom raRac gamonaklisi moxdes,
miT ufro izrdeba brZenis Segonebis damajerebloba. a.m., solonis cnobili sib-
rZne _ `yvelafers bolo gamoaCens~ _ gulisxmobs Semdegs: adamianebs ar unda
hqondeT imis iluzia, rom isini bednierebi an warmatebulni arian manamde, vidre
ar daasruleben cxovrebas. mxolod amis Semdeg SeiZleba imis gansja, Tu ramde-
nad myari iyo maTi bedniereba Tu keTildReoba. aseve, kritikul-analitikuri az-
rovnebis elementebi SeiZleba iyos eposSic, lirikaSic, dramaSic, magram maT ver
miviCnevT WeSmaritebis seriozul filosofiur Ziebad. amisgan gansxvavebiT fi-
losofosi samyaros aqcevs dakvirvebis obieqtad. igi, rogorc pirovneba, `me~,
samyarosTan, rogorc obieqtur ìgi“-sTan specifikur mimarTebas amyarebs, rac
gulisxmobs im sinamdvilis kvlevas, romelic yoveldRiuri realobis miRma Zevs.
filosofiuri azrovneba daiwyo kiTxviT: ra aris yvelafris sawyisi? faqtobri-
vad, am kiTxvas pasuxobda miTopoeturi tradiciac, magram gansxvaveba filosofi-
ursa da miTopoetur pasuxebs Soris principuli xasiaTisaa. a.m. hesiodes `Teogo-
nia~ gvauwyebs: `Tavdapirvelad iSva qaosi~. xolo pirvel filosofoss Taless,
Tu antikur tradicias davujerebT, unda eTqva: `wyali aris yovelives sawyisi~.
am or frazas Soris garda Sinaarsisa, is sxvaobaa, rom hesiodesaTvis es debule-
ba a priori WeSmaritebaa, romlis dasabuTebis araviTari saWiroeba ar aris, xolo
Talesi Tavisi mtkicebulebis mravalricxovan, analitikuri azrovnebiT mopove-
bul arguments gvTavazobda.
saberZneTSi filosofia Zv.w. VII saukunis miwurulSi, anu arqaikis periodSi
aRmocenda da man ganviTarebis mniSvnelovani gza ganvlo sul raRac or saukune-
Si. pirveli filosofosebi, romlebic ZiriTadad ioniaSi moRvaweobdnen, umTav-

resad sawyisis anu arqes ZiebiT iyvnen dakavebulni.
TiToeuli maTgani cdilobda ganesazRvra da daesabuTebina mis mier `gamovle-
nili~ arqes principad aRiarebis uflebamosileba. a.m. Talesi (Zv.w. 624-545) sawyi-
sad wyals, anaqsimandrosi (Zv.w. 610-545) apeirons anu `ganusazRvrels~, xolo anaqsi-
menesi (Zv.w. 485-525) haers an, SesaZloa, raRac airisebur nivTierebas miiCnevs.
qsenofanesidan (daaxl. Zv.w. 570-469) iRebs dasabams e.w. filosofiuri Teolo-
gia, romelic uzenaesi miTopoeturi anTropomorfuli RmerTisagan diametra-
lurad gansxvavebuli, uzenaesi RmerTis ideas amkvidrebs. gamorCeuli adgili
uWiravs piTagoras (Zv.w. VI s. meore naxevari), romelic filosofiaSi e.w. mistikur
mimarTulebas uyris safuZvels da yvelafris safuZvlad ricxvebsa da ricxvebs
Soris mimarTebebs aRiarebs. arqaikis epoqis filosofosTa Soris aSkarad ga-
morCeulia heraklite (Zv.w. VI s. meore naxevari), romlis Cvenamde moRweuli debu-
lebebis interpretacia mecnierebaSi did kamaTs iwvevs. heraklites miewereba di-
aleqtikuri meTodis Semotana filosofiaSi. amasTanave cneba logosis, rogorc
principis damkvidreba filosofiaSi da e.w. maradiuli cecxlis koncefciis wamo-
yeneba. samyaros arsebobis uwyvetobis process igi iazrebs rogorc am cecxlis
periodul qroba-anTebas.
filosofiuri azrovneba ioniidan TandaTanobiT mTel berZnul samyaroSi
inacvlebs. amis naTeli magaliTia parmenidesi (daaxl. Zv.w. 500 wlis farglebSi),
romelic italiis eleaSi moRvaweobda da e.w. eleaturi skolis fuZemdeblad iT-
vleba filosofiaSi. Tavisi debulebiT: Tuki WeSmaritia imis mtkiceba, rom arsi
aris, SeuZlebelia aseve WeSmariti iyos imis mtkiceba, rom arsi ar aris, igi anti-
kurobaSi logikuri azrovnebis simbolod miiCneoda.
parmenidesis Semdeg berZnul filosofiaSi, erTi mxriv, kvlav agrZelebda ar-
sebobas e.w. bunebismetyveluri mimarTuleba, romelmac empedoklesis (Zv.w. V s.),
anaqsagorasis (daaxl. Zv.w. 500-428) gavliT demokrites (Zv.w. V saukunis Sua peri-
odi) atomisturi moZRvrebis Camoyalibebamde migviyvana, meore mxriv ki, Zv.w. V sa-
ukunidan filosofiaSi iwyeba aSkara Semobruneba adamianisaken. upirveles yov-
lisa, es sofistebis damsaxurebaa. sofistebi Tavdapirvelad sibrZnis maswavleb-
lebad gaiazrebodnen. TandaTanobiT maTi moRvaweoba imaSi gamoixata, rom adami-
anebisaTvis nebismieri azris WeSmaritebis damtkiceba eswavlebinaT. sofistebis:
gorgiasis (daaxl. Zv.w. 483-376), antifonis (Zv.w. V s.) da gansakuTrebiT protago-
rasis (Zv.w. V s.) moZRvrebis arsi SemdgomSi mdgomareobda: yvela sagnis sazomi
aris adamiani, arsebulisa, rom isini arian da ararsebulisa, rom isini ar arian.
Sesabamisad, sofistebis moZRvrebis Tanaxmad, obieqturi WeSmariteba ar arse-
bobs da, aqedan gamomdinare, adamians SeuZlia nebismieri azris WeSmariteba daam-
tkicos. moZRvrebis popularoba demokratiul aTenSi savsebiT gasagebia, radgan
pirovnebis aqtivoba da iniciativa, sityvis Zala aq gansakuTrebiT fasobda. ada-
mianis gamocxadeba WeSmaritebis kriteriumad saSualebas iZleoda logikuri
konstruqciebiT manipulirebis saSualebiT nebismieri tradiciuli Rirebule-
bis uaryofa da maTi axali RirebulebebiT Canacvleba, mrudisa da marTlis dapi-
rispirebaSi nebismieri arCevanis siswore dagemtkicebina.
sofisturma moZraobam azrovnebis saocari emansipacia gamoiwvia, rasac aspa-
rezze iseTi unikaluri filosofosis gamosvla mohyva, rogoric sokrate (Zv.w.
469-399) iyo. marTalia, mas ar dautovebia araviTari werilobiT Camoyalibebuli
moZRvreba, magram misma mravalricxovanma moswavleebma, gansakuTrebiT ki pla-
tonma, yvelaferi gaakeTes sokrates ukvdavsayofad. sokratem sofistebs Tavian-
Ti logikis safuZvelze aCvena, rom maTi amosavali debuleba sakuTar TavSi wina-
aRmdegobas Seicavda. misi gaTvaliswinebis SemTxvevaSi Tanabrad swori iqneboda
ori erTmaneTis sapirispiro debuleba: adamiani aris WeSmaritebis sazomi / ada-
miani ar aris WeSmaritebis sazomi, obieqturi WeSmariteba arsebobs / obieqturi

WeSmariteba ar arsebobs. sokratem saxeli gaiTqva WeSmaritebis Ziebisaken dauo-
kebeli ltolviT. misi cnobili fraza: vici, rom araferi ar vici, saukeTesod
gadmoscems misi filosofiis arss. is codna, rac mokvdavs aqvs, sinamdvileSi ar
aris WeSmariti codna. sokratem es Seimecna da igi aRmoCnda codnisa da arcodnis
zRvarze, romlis gadasalaxavadac igi mTeli cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi eZiebda.
cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Taviseburma stilma mas gauCina bevri moswavle, mag-
ram kidev ufro meti mteri. swored am ukanasknelTa sarCeli daakmayofila aTenis
sasamarTlom da sokrates sikvdiliT dasja miusaja.
antikuri filosofiuri azrovnebis mwvervals platoni warmoadgens. mis mos-
wavleTa Soris ki gamoirCeoda aristotele. pirvelma daaarsa Tavisi moswavlee-
bisaTvis akademia (aTenTan, legendaruli akademosis WalaSi), meorem ki Seqmna fi-
losofiuri skola, romlis warmomadgenlebsac peripatetikosebs uwodebdnen. am
ukanasknelTa Soris gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeoda Teofrastosi lesbosidan (da-
axl. Zv.w. 370-287).
berZnuli mwerlobis istoriaSi calke literaturul Janrad gamoiyofa
m W e v r m e t y v e l e b a. rogorc cnobilia, masSi TavisTavad Cadebulia esTeti-
kuri zemoqmedebis anu mxatvrulobis principi. oratorobis SesaniSnav nimuSebs
ukve homerosis eposis gmirebi gvTavazoben TavianT sityvebSi. rogorc Janri,
mWevrmetyveleba, faqtobrivad, Zv. w. V saukuneSi aRmocenda da misi mZlavri ganvi-
Tareba dakavSirebulia aTenis demokratiuli saxelmwifos aRmavlobasTan. Tavad
demokratiuli saxelmwifos struqtura iTxovda TiTqmis yvela moqalaqisagan
mWevrmetyvelebis Cvevebs, radgan maT xSirad uxdebodaT gamosvla sasamarTlo
procesebze, saxalxo krebaze, sazeimo Sexvedrebze, dResaswaulebze da a. S. Sesa-
bamisad, funqcionaluri Tvalsazrisidan gamomdinare, Seiqmna mWevrmetyvelebis
sxvadasxva saxeebi, rogoric aris: sasamarTlo procesebze warmoTqmuli sityvebi,
romelTa didostatadac gvevlineboda lisiasi (daaxl. Zv. w. 445-380); epideiqtu-
ri mWevrmetyveleba anu oficialur zeimebTan Tu RonisZiebebTan dakavSirebuli
sityvebi, romlis udidesi warmomadgeneli iyo isokratesi (Zv. w. 436-338). Cven-
Tvis saintereso epoqaSi da mTels antikur samyaroSi erT-erT udides mWevrmety-
velad iTvleboda demosTenesi (Zv. w. 384/83-322). aseve brwyinvale oratorebi iy-
vnen sofistebi, romelTac, faqtobrivad, safuZveli Cauyares am Janris aRmocene-
bas: gorgiasi (daaxl. Zv. w. 480-380), protagorasi (daaxl. Zv. w. 485-415). Cvenamde
moRweuli lisiasis, isokratesis da demosTenesis sityvebi mWevrmetyvelebis xe-
lovnebas mTeli Tavisi brwyinvalebiT warmoaCenen, rodesac sityva iZens ara mar-
to damarwmunebel Zalas, aramed igi WeSmariti esTetikuri tkbobis wyarodac
iqceva.
rogorc aRiniSna, Zveli berZnuli literaturis istoriis zemoT ganxiluli
periodebi SegviZlia movaqcioT antikuri literaturis ganviTarebis erT did
epoqaSi, romelsac elinurs vuwodebT. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia is, rom am dros
mTeli antikuri literatura, ZiriTadad, berZnebis mier Seqmnili berZnulenova-
ni literaturiT aris warmodgenili.
110 esqile
esqile
(Zv. w. 525/4w. _ Zv. w. 456/5 w.)
didi berZeni tragikosi, tragikosTa diadi sameulis pirveli warmomadgenili,

romelsac Semdgom `tragediis mama~ uwodes. misi cxovrebis Sesaxeb mcireodeni
cnobebi mogvepoveba. daibada esqile elevsisSi Zv.w. 525/4 w-s. mamamisi evforioni
evpatridTa uZvelesi aristokratiuli ojaxidan iyo. esqile ibrZoda Zv.w. 490 w-s
maraTonTan da Zv.w. 480 w-s salamisTan. sicilieli tiranis hieronis mowveviT igi Zv.w.
476/5 w-s sicilias estumra da qalaq etnas daarsebasTan dakavSirebiT mowyobil
zeimze ètneli qalebis~ dadgma ganaxorciela. sicocxlis bolos, tragikosi kvlav
gaemgzavra siciliaze, sadac gardaicvala Zv.w. 456/5 w-s. esqile iqve, qalaq gelaSi
dakrZales.
epoqa, romelSic esqiles mouwia moRvaweoba, rogorc Tavad berZnebis, ise mTeli
Semdgomi kulturis mier udidesi aRmavlobis epoqad iyo Seracxuli. am dros um-
niSvnelovanesi cvlilebebi mimdinareobda berZenTa cxovrebis yvela sferoSi _ sa-
zogadoebriv-politikursa Tu ideologiur-kulturul sferoebSi. saberZneTSi,
atikaSi safuZveli eyreboda msoflioSi unikaluri demokratiis mSeneblobas. esqile
Wabuki iyo, roca Zv.w. 510 w-s dasrulda tiranTa mmarTveloba. klisTenesma aTenSi de-
mokratiuli reformebis gatareba daiwyo, ramac am qalaqis arnaxul aRmavlobas
daudo saTave. misma reformebma, romlebmac kanonis winaSe TiToeuli moqalaqis
Tanasworobis principi daamkvidra, axali msoflmxedvelobis, axali ideologiis aR-
mocenebas Seuwyo xeli. ès iyo istoriis is erT-erTi bednieri xana, rodesac individi
Tavis Tavs didi da mniSvnelovani erTobis nawilad icnobierebda~.1
magram amasTan es iyo axali berZnuli saxelmwifosTvis urTulesi gamocdis Jami. mas
uzarmazari da Zlevamosili sparseTis imperia daupirispirda. sparselebTan omSi mop-
ovebuli gamarjveba berZenTa xsovnaSi damkvidrda ara mxolod rogorc mniSvnelovani
gamarjveba, aramed rogorc maTi siZlieris, arnaxuli patriotizmis da erTianobis
simbolo. swored amgvari saxalxo aRmavlobis atmosferoSi mouwia esqiles moR-
vaweoba. SeuZlebelia esqiles Semoqmedebis da epoqis suliskveTebis erTmaneTisgan
gancalkeveba, rameTu tragikosis msoflxedvas uSualod gansazRvravda misi dro da
am drois idealebi. sparselebTan saomrad aTenis mier gakeTebul ukompromiso ar-
CevanSi vcnobT Cven momdevno aTwleulebis aTenuri scenis heroikul figurebs,
gmirebs, romlebic gautexavi suliT moqmedeben da mosalodneli Sedegis miuxedavad
udrekni arian TavianT gadawyvetilebebSi.
esqiles cxovrebaSi berZnul-sparsuli omebi udidesi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo.
yvelaze naTlad es im epitafiaSi warmoCinda, romelic esqiles Tavad SeuTxzavs:
1
Lesky A., Greek Tragedy, translated by Frankfort, London, New York, 54.
* Targmani r. gordezianisa.
esqile 111
àTenel esqiles, evforionis Zes, faravs es saflavi,

gardacvlils puriT mdidar gelaSi.
mis saxelovan simamaceze maraTonis Wala mogiyvebodaT
da grZelTmiani midieli, vinac igi kargad gaicno.~*
rogorc vxedavT, esqile Tavis saflavis qvaze mxolod sparselebTan brZolaSi
monawileobas aRniSnavda. rogorc Cans, Tavisi cxovrebidan mxolod amas miiCnevda
momdevno TaobaTa Rirssaxsovrad. aq sityvac araa mis dramaturgiul moRvaweobaze.
maraTonTan brZola da gamarjveba misi cxovrebis yvelaze mniSvnelovani furceli
iyo. amgvari xedva ki isev da isev epoqis sulis gamoZaxili gaxldaT, epoqisa, romelic
adamianis yvelaze did siqveled samSoblos TavisuflebisaTvis brZolas miiCnevda.
araa dazustebiT cnobili, Tu ramdeni drama hqonda esqiles dawerili. viciT misi
oTxmoci dramis saxelwodeba. aqedan sruli saxiT Cvenamde mxolod Svidma tragediam
moaRwia. samwuxarod, misi Semoqmedebis adreuli nimuSebi araa SemorCenili. esqiles
yvelaze adreuli tragedia Zv.w. 472 w-iT TariRdeba. am dros 50 wels miRweuli
tragikosi Tavisi SemoqmedebiTi aRmavlobis xanaSi imyofeboda. Tavis sicocxleSi
esqiles Tormetjer uzeimia gamarjveba, anu TiTqmis or weliwadSi erTxel, rac mis
uzarmazar popularobaze metyvelebs. amasve cxadyofs kidev erTi uprecedento faqti
_ didi tragikosis gardacvalebis Semdeg Teatrebs mis tragediaTa ganmeorebiTi
dadgmis nebarTva misces. axali dadgmebiT eqiles tragediebs kidev TxuTmetjer mou-
povebiaT gamarjveba.
esqilem mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa im Janris formirebaSi, romelsac dRes tra-
gedias vuwodebT. dramaturgis upirvelesi siaxle meore msaxiobis Semoyvana iyo,
ramac sagrZnoblad Seamcira qoraluri partiebis xvedriTi wili da sasimRero-
deklamaciuri SesrulebisTvis gankuTvnil dramas scenuri xasiaTi mianiWa. meore
msaxiobis Semoyvanam ganapiroba dialogis ganviTareba.
esqiles miaweren siaxleebis Semotanas scenis gaformebaSi. man danerga axali
scenuri mowyobilobani, riTac SesaZlebeli gaxda masStaburi, bunebis fonze
gaSlili scenebis warmodgena. mdidruli kostiumebi, koturnebi, niRbebi, rogorc
gadmogvcemen, TeatrSi swored esqiles SemouRia. Tavis tragediebSi esqile farTod
iyenebda qoreografias da Tavad Txzavda qoreografiul figurebs. manve gansazRvra
gundis raodenoba Tormeti kaciT.
esqile tragediebSi gansakuTrebiT amaRlebul Temebs amuSavebs, misi gmirebi ze-
bunebrivi siZlieris adamianebi, zekacebi arian. esqiles dramebis enac, Sesabamisad,
amaRlebulia. tragikosis leqsika gamoirCeva gansakuTrebuli xatovnebiT, masSi didi
adgili uWiravs Tavad esqiles mier SeTxzul kompozitebsa da Tamam metaforebs.
aRiarebulia, rom lirikam, romelic mis tragediebSi ufro mniSvnelovan rols
TamaSobs, vidre sofoklesa da esqilesTan, am poetur mimdinareobaSi Tavisi ganvi-
Tarebis umaRles wertils miaRwia.
sadavod rCeba religiasTan esqiles mimarTebis sakiTxi. Znelia imis garkveva, tra-
diciuli religiuri Sexedulebebis momxrea esqile, Tu maTi mowinaaRmdege, mistikosi
piTagorelia Tu orfikosi, iracionalurisken amJRavnebs igi ltolvas, Tu misti-
kurisken. sainteresoa, aseve zevsis, uzenaesi RmerTis funqciis aRqmisas esqiles Semo-
qmedebaSi gamovlenili cvlileba _ `mavedrebeli qalebis~ tradiciuli zevsidan
òresteas~ universalur, abstraqtul uzenaes RmerTamde, romelSic RmerTis
filosofiuri gageba SeiZleba davinaxoT. rac Seexeba tradiciuli miTologiisadmi
damokidebulebas, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom miTologiuri masalis imgvar kritikas,
rogorc es evripidesaTvis aris niSandoblivi, esqilesTan ver vxvdebiT. esqile
cdilobs, tradiciul miTosSi moralur-eTikuri elementebi Seitanos.
da mainc, esqiles Teatris umTavres siaxles tragikuli konfliqtis ganviTarebis
koncefcia warmoadgens, rasac tragikosma adeqvaturi forma, kerZod ki trilogiis
forma mounaxa. marTalia, misi yvela piesa trilogiad ar erTiandeba, trilogiuri
112 esqile
forma esqiles SemoqmedebisTvis mainc arsebiTia. udidesi tragikuli muxtis mqone

konfliqtebi, romlebic TavianTi avbediTi, uimedo dasasruliT trilogiis pirvel
or piesaSia warmodgenili, trilogiis mesame, daskvniT nawilSi didi RvTaebrivi
SerigebiT gadaiWreba, aq e.w. `sinaTlis sxivi~ gamosWvivis, radgan arsebobs RvTae-
brivi neba, romelsac usaSinlesi danaSaulis da umZimesi tanjvisagan adamianis xsna
SeuZlia. esqilesTvis samyaro harmoniulia. Tu adamiani am harmonias Tavisi `hi-
brisiT~, zviadobiT daarRvevs, RmerTi mas _ àtes~, gonebis dabnelebis yvelaze saSi-
nel formas mouvlens. igi Caidens danaSauls, Semdeg ki aucileblad daisjeba. swored
daTmenis _ tanjvis Sedegad Seicnobs igi WeSmaritebas _ imas, rom adamiani araa bedis
anabara da rom arsebobs maradiuli RvTaebrivi wesrigi. swored am gzas warmogvid-
genen esqiles umTavresi msoflmxedvelobiTi principebi _ ìs, vinc sCadis, daiTmens~
da _ `tanjviT miiRweva swavla~.
esqiles msoflxedvis Tanaxmad adamiani Tavadaa pasuxismgebeli `hibrisis~ Semcveli
qmedebis CadenaSi. RmerTi ki pasuxismgebelia imaSi, rom aseTi adamiani dasajos. Rmer-
Tis nebis da adamianuri miswrafebebis, qmedebaTa amgvari urTierTmimarTeba esqiles
Semoqmedebis kidev erTi, Zalze arsebiTi maxasiaTebelia.
tragikosis gmirebi RvTaebis nebiT gansazRvrul samyaroSi cxovroben. magram
amasTan isini TavianTi surviliTa da nebiT moqmedeben. tragikosis personaJebi ar ar-
ian oden RmerTis gankargulebis Semsruleblebi. isini akeTeben arCevans da amis Sesa-
bamisad moqmedeben. swored arCevani gansazRvravs maT adamianurobasa da pirovnulo-
bas. is ganapirobebs imas, rom maTma xvedrma agvaRelvos da maTi bedis mimarT Zrwola
da TanagrZnoba gagviRvivos.
esqiles tragediebs amgvarad aTariReben:: `sparselebi~ _ Zv.w. 472w; `Svidni Tebes
winaaRmdeg~ _ Zv.w. 467w; `mavedrebeli qalebi~ _ savaraudod Zv.w. 463w; `mijaWvuli
promeTe~ _ TariRi ucnobia; òrestea~ _ Zv.w. 458w.
`s p a r s e l e b i~ _ es tragedia, mecnierTa umetesobis azriT, esqiles yvelaze
adreuli tragedia unda iyos. Tumca am tetralogiis sxva piesebi Cvenamde moRweuli
ar aris, rogorc maTi saTaurebidan Cans, es dramebi erTian siuJetur qargas ar qmnid-
nen. amdenad, es piesa trilogiis koncefciaSi ar jdeba. `sparselebi~ unikaluri
dramaa, radgan igi Cvenamde moRweul berZnul tragediaTagan erTaderTia, romelic
istoriul Temazea Seqmnili.
tragediis moqmedeba sparseTis dedaqalaq susaSi mimdinareobs. sparsel uxucesTa
qoro eladis dasalaSqravad wasuli sparseTis jaris sidiadeze mReris, Tumc gundis
simReraSi SfoTisa da wuxilis notebi gaismis. sparseTis jari Zalze yovndeba sa-
berZneTSi. daTrgunul ganwyobas kidev ufro aZlierebs sparseTis mefis _ qserqsesis
dedis _ atosas Semosvla, romelic qoros Tavis avismomaswavebel sizmars uyveba.
dedofals esizmra sparsul da doriul samosSi gamowyobili qalebi. rodesac misma
vaJma etlSi Sesabmelad maT uReli daadga, erTi maTgani damorCilda, meore qali
gauZalianda, gawyvita lagami, gaapo uReli, ris Semdegac qserqsesi etlidan Zirs
daenarcxa. qoro cdilobs atosas damSvidebas, magram SiSi da SfoTi, daZabuloba iz-
rdeba. da ai, scenaze Semosuli macne maT sazarel ambavs atyobinebs _ sparseTis
floti salamisTan ganadgurda, sparselTa danakargi uzomoa.
ò, qalaqebo, erTianad aziis miwis,
sparsTa qveyanav, mraval ganZis navsayudelo,
rogor daiqca erTi dartymiT bevri sikeTe,
sparsTa yvavili gadaWkna da qve dagvicvivda.
vaime, cudis uwyeba rom me mxvda Tavad cuds,
esqile 113
da mainc unda vTqva mTlad Wiri. o, sparselebo,

radgan moisra erTianad barbarosT jari...~
(`sparselebi~, 249-255).∗
qoros datirebis Semdeg gundi dariosis suls ixmobs, raTa sparseTis mefem, ro-
melTanac sparseTis sidiadea dakavSirebuli, damarcxebis mizezi ganumartos. dario-
sis aCrdili dgeba akldamidan da qoros momxdaris mniSvnelobas uxsnis _ hibrisma anu
zviadobam moicva qserqsesi, roca man jer elinTa winaaRmdeg daZra jari da wminda
helespontoss uReli daado (anu xidi gasdo helespontosis sruteze jaris gadasayva-
nad), Semdeg ki eladaSi elinTa taZrebi SebRala da samlocveloebi gadawva. dae,
nuRarasodes aRmarTaven sparselebi iaraRs im qveynis winaaRmdeg, romelic uaryo-
filia maTTvis. bolos scenaze qserqsesi Semodis, gaismis saSineli moTqma.
tragediaSi dawvrilebiT aris aRwerili salamisTan gamarTuli brZola, romlis
monawile Tavad esqile iyo. da marTlac, piesa sakmaod zustad warmogvidgens orive
mebrZoli mxaris mdgomareobas, imdenad zustad, rom garkveulwilad misi cnobebi
istoriul wyarodac ki SeiZleba gamodges. magram tragediaSi sxva ramaa umTavresi _
am konkretuli ambis RvTaebriv samarTalTan mimarTeba. am dramaSi iseve, rogorc
esqiles sxva tragediebSi, romelTa masalac miTosidan aris aRebuli, adgili aqvs
ganzogadebas. elinTa gamarjveba danaxulia, rogorc RvTaebrivi samarTlis gardau-
vali ganxorcieleba. tragediaSi TiTqmis ar Canan konkretuli pirebi, gmirebi saxe-
liT ar moixseniebian, radgan mTavari moqmedi am piesaSi aris xalxi, erToba, romelmac
RmerTebTan erTad moipova gamarjveba.
tragediis mTavari Tema tragikuli danaSaulisa da RvTaebrivi sasjelis
urTierTmimarTebaa. qserqsesi moculi iyo hibrisiT, zviadobiT, swored amitom ga-
mougzavna mas RvTaebam ate _ gonebis sastiki dabneleba. adamianuri arseboba mudmivad
dakavSirebulia RvTaebriv realobasTan da Tu adamiani Sescodavs, mas RmerTi au-
cileblad dasjis. qserqsesi esqiles tragikuli damnaSavis paradigmatul saxed war-
mogvidgeba. misi xvedri danaSaulisa da sasjelis urTierTmimarTebis esqileseuli
koncefciis mxatvrul xorcSesxmas warmoadgens, koncefciisa, romelic kvaldakval
meordeba mis tragediebSi.
tragedia `sparselebSi~ scenuri moqmedeba TiTqmis ar aris. Cven movlenebis ganvi-
Tarebas ki ar vadevnebT Tvals, aramed vismenT gansjas da gancdebs, romlebic am mov-
lenebs ukavSirdebian. piesaSi Zalze didia qoros funqcia, xasiaTebi ki statikurni da
monoliTurni arian, Tumca am garegani statikurobis miRma aSkaraa Sinagani dinamizmi.
tragediis fabula movlenaTa ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT sworxazovania, ganviTare-
bis sqema ki martivia da im situaciis etapobriv gaRrmavebaSi gamoixateba, romelic
Tavidanvea mocemuli.
`S v i d n i T e b e s w i n a a R m d e g~ _ es piesa Tebes ciklis legendebze Seqm-
nili tragediis daskvniT nawils warmoadgens. tragedia Zv.w. 467 wels iyo war-
modgenili aTenis scenaze. man pirveli prizi moipova. antikurobaSi es piesa erTob
popularuli iyo.
trilogiis mTavari Tema sagvareulo wyevlis Temaa, romelsac esqile aseve Tavisi
eTikuri msoflxedvis WrilSi ganixilavs. sagvareulo wyevla momdevno TaobebSi
tyuilad, umizezod ar gadadis, mas ar mihyavs udanaSaulo adamianebi daRupvisken. igi
Tavs avlens isev da isev codvil, danaSaulebriv qmedebebTan kavSirSi.
moqmedeba TebeSi xdeba. eteoklesi, Tebes mmarTveli TanamoqalaqeT Tebes wi-
naaRmdeg daZruli laSqris Sesaxeb auwyebs da mouwodebs qalaqis dacvisken. paro-
dosi SeSinebul qalTa qoros warmogvidgens. panikiT moculni, isini RmerTTa qan-
dakebebs exvevian da qalaqis gadarCenas emudarebian. mas Semdeg, rac eteoklesi Tan
gakicxavs maT da Tan gamxnevebas Seecdeba, tragediis yvelaze mniSvnelovani nawili
∗
Targmani r. gordezianisa
114 esqile
iwyeba. macne Tebes mefes awvdis cnobas misi mowinaaRmdege Svidi sardlis Sesaxeb, ro-
melTagan TiTo SvidbWiani Tebes TiTo WiSkarTan dabanakdeba da iqidan Seutevs maT.
es epizodi Svid simetriul nawilad iyofa. macnes mier TiToeuli sardlis dasax-
elebis da daxasiaTebis Semdeg sityvas iRebs eteoklesi da TebelTa mxridan am sar-
dals Tavis sardals upirispirebs. epizodis dramatizmi umaRles wertils aRwevs
maSin, roca macne mefes auwyebs, rom meSvide WiSkarTan Tavad misi Zma _ polinikesi
idgeba. oidiposis dawyevlili Svilebis ukuRmarTi bedis epizodi mkveTrad gamo-
iyofa danarCeni ambebisgan. eteoklesis pasuxi aRar aris im adamianis pasuxi, romelic
aqamde sifrTxiliT da dakvirvebiT qalaqis dacvis gegmebs ganixilavda, misi pirveli
reaqcia Tavisi dawyevlili bedis gamo moTqmaa. man kargad icis, rom bedisweras ver
gaeqceva da Tavisi nebiT midis bedisweris Sesaxvedrad, metic mas Tavad surs
ZmaTamkvleli Serkineba. aq saqme esqilesTvis esoden damaxasiaTebel moqmedebis ormag
motivaciasTan gvaqvs. erTi mxriv, aris obieqturi motivacia sagvareulo wyevlis
saxiT, meore mxriv, aris subieqturi motivacia, romelic pirovnuli surviliT aris
warmodgenili. qoro cdilobs eteokless am saSinel ganzraxvaze aaRebinos xeli, de-
dobrivi mzrunvelobiT urCevs RmerTTa risxvis Casacxrobad msxverplSewirvis Ca-
tarebas, magram amaod. eteoklesma icis, rom RmerTebma igi ukve ugulebelyves. `Tuki
ubedureba RmerTebma mogvces, vera adamiani ver gaeqceva amas~ (`Svidni Tebes wi-
naaRmdeg~, 719). es misi ukanaskneli sityvebia, romlebic mas tragikul sidiademde
aRamaRleben. eteoklesi aris WeSmaritad tragikuli gmiri, radgan mas Tavidan
bolomde aqvs gacnobierebuli is, rac elis _ gardauvali daRupva.
gundi sagvareulo codvis Sesaxeb mReris. Semodis macne, romelsac Tebes gadarCe-
nis sasixarulo cnoba moaqvs, magram amasTan gvauwyebs imasac, rom Zmebma _ eteoklesma
da polinikesma erTmaneTi orTabrZolaSi amoxoces. tragediis finalSi daxocilTa
gvamebi SemoaqvT, romelTac maTi debi _ antigone da ismene daitireben. amis Semdeg ax-
ali konfliqti iwyeba. macne gvauwyebs Tebes uxucesTa gadawyvetilebas, romelic
moRalate polinikesis dakrZalvas krZalavs. antigone uars acxadebs, daemorCilos
gankargulebas. mecnierTa nawilis azriT, es ukanaskneli scena ar unda iyos origi-
naluri. logikuri finalis Semdeg igi axal konfliqts iwyebs, rac tragikuli Jan-
risTvis araa niSandoblivi. SesaZloa am tragedias es epizodi mogvianebiT sofok-
les àntigones~ gavleniT daumates.
ò r e s t e a~ esqiles erT-erTi ukanaskneli trilogiaa. is aTenis scenaze Zv.w.
458 w-s daidga da gamarjvebac izeima. òrestea~ esqiles erTaderTi trilogiaa,
romelmac sruli saxiT moaRwia Cvenamde.
òresteas~ gansakuTrebulobas ukve berZnebi aRiarebdnen. maTTvis es iyo yve-
laze didi zemoqmedebis piesa, rac ki odesme dawerila. am nawarmoebma udidesi
gavlena iqonia Tavisi drois aTenis (saberZneTis) socialur-politikuri
ideologiis Seqmnaze da didwilad gansazRvra kidec Zv.w. V saukunis berZnebis
msoflaRqma. esqiles òresteas~ axali samyaros erTgvar ideologiad moiazreben.
es axali samyaro, axali civilizacia ki demokratiuli polisia Tavisi umTavresi
socialuri institutiT _ axali sasamarTloTi, romelmac gansjiTa da darwmune-
biT samarTlis migebis axali principi daamkvidra. amdenad, nawarmoebis mTavari
Tema axali tipis samarTlis dafuZnebaa, romelic dapirispirebul ZalTa axlebur
urTierTmimarTebas gvTavazobs. òresteaSi~ swored am mTavari Temis konteqstSi
poulobs xorcSesxmas esqileseuli yvela is ZiriTadi principi, romlebzedac
zemoT gvqonda msjeloba.
trilogia warmogvidgens troas ciklis TqmulebaTa ramdenime epizods _ troas
omidan Sin dabrunebuli agamemnonis mkvlelobis, mis mkvlelobaze orestesis
SurisZiebis da sabolood orestesis Sewyalebis epizodebs.
pirveli tragedia à g a m e m n o n i~ sasaxlis saxuravze mwoliare guSagis sity-
viT iwyeba. igi klitemnestras dauyenebia, raTa dedofalma koconTa sasignalo
esqile 115
sistemis meSveobiT droulad Seityos troas omis dasruleba. uecrad guSagi ga-
marjvebis mauwyebeli koconis als dainaxavs da bednieri klitemnestrasTan sasix-
arulo uwyebis misatanad emzadeba, TumcaRa mis sityvebSi garkveuli SfoTva da
SiSi igrZnoba.
argosel uxucesTa qoro parodoss warmogvidgens. qoro, faqtobrivad, gvau-
wyebs yvela arsebiT ambavs, rac ki agamemnonis troadan dabrunebas uZRvoda win.
amasTan mis partiaSi avbediTi momavlis ganWvretac aris SesaZlebeli.
tragediaSi ganviTarebul movlenebTan gansakuTrebiT mWidrodaa dakavSire-
buli erTi epizodi aqavelTa aTwliani laSqrobidan – agamemnonis mier ifigenias
msxverplad Sewirva. aqavelTa jari avlisSi SeCerda, agamemnonze ganrisxebuli ar-
temisi mas troasken gacurvis saSualebas ar aZlevda. misanma gaacxada qalRmerTis
neba _ jari im SemTxvevaSi wavidoda troasken, Tu mTavarsardali qaliSvils
Seswiravda msxverplad. agamemnoni saSineli dilemis winaSe dadga. mas samsxver-
ploze an qaliSvilis sicocxle unda daedo, an troas laSqrobis dideba da mizani.
da ai, esqile isev warmogvidgens aucileblobis da pirovnuli nebelobis
urTierTmimarTebas, Tumc ise, rom gmirs individualur pasuxismgeblobas ar arT-
mevs. agamemnoni iRebs sabediswero gadawyvetilebas da qaliSvils msxverplad
swiravs. ifigenias msxverplSewirvam aqavelTa jars troasken gauxsna gza, magram aga-
memnonis qmedebam sastiki risxva aRZra klitemenestras gulSi. agamemnonma Caidina es
saqme. is ki, vinc Caidina, esqiles koncefciis Tanaxmad, daiTmens.
qoros simRerebis Semdeg scenaze klitemnestra Semodis, romelic Tanamoqalaqeebs
troas aRebis ambavs auwyebs. Cvens winaSea Zlieri, Tavis ZalebSi darwmunebuli, saz-
riani qali. sayuradReboa, rom klitemnestras sityvaSi kvlav gaismis hibrisis motivi,
dedofali gamarjvebuli berZnebis troaSi Cadenil qmedebas gansjis:
`... zvaoben axla, maT xelTaa qalaqis ganZi,
wesi da rigi darRveula, yoveli kaci,
rasac ixelTebs, wilxvedrilic isaa misi.
damorCilebul troas mdidrul palatTa WerqveS
cxovroben laRad...~
(àgamemnoni~, 333-37)∗
male scenaze Tavdapirvelad macne, Semdeg ki gamarjvebuli agamemnoni Semodis. aga-
memnons Tan Tavisi mxevali _ priamosis asuli, naTelmxilveli kasandra mohyavs.
klitemnestra qmars moCvenebiTi sixaruliT egebeba. dedofali agamemnons mewamul
xaliCas ugebs ferxqve da mas xaliCaze gavlas mouwodebs. mTavarsardali
Tavdapirvelad uarzea, man mSvenivrad icis, rom xaliCaze gavla RmerTebis sakadrisi
pativia, rom amgvari qmedeba dauSvebeli hibrisia, magram sabolood mainc Tanxmdeba
cols. misi saqcieli TvalnaTeli dasturia imisa, rom agamemnoni zviadobas moucavs.
mTavarsardali sasaxleSi Sedis. scenaze mxolod kasandra rCeba. saocrad STambeW-
davi, iracionalizmiT savse simReriT naTelmxilveli gvamzadebs imisaTvis, rac unda
moxdes _ agamemnonisa da misi, kasandras aRsasrulisTvis.
`vaime, qalo, ra gagizraxavs,
abazanaSi rom miuZRvebi
Tanamecxedres? bolomde rogor vilaparako?
aResruleba male yoveli,
aha, xelebi eZeben xelebs...~
(àgamemnoni~, 1107-1111).
...........
`vaime, vai, es ra vixile,
ukve gaSales hadesis bade!
∗
Targmani g. sariSvilisa
116 esqile
sikvdilis landi xelCakiduli

miuZRvis diacs... aha, iyvire,
gaumaZRaro SurisZiebav, dakles zvaraki!~
(àgamemnoni~, 1114-1118).
kasandras simReraSi saSineli xatebi cvlian erTmaneTs, xatebi, romlebic am
gvareulobis ubedurebaze mogviTxroben. situacia ukiduresad iZabeba, mayurebeli
mzadaa saSineli ambis misaRebad. da marTlac, sasaxlidan ismis jer sasikvdilod daW-
rili agamemnonis, Semdeg ki kasandras ganwiruli SeZaxilebi.
uecrad sasaxlis karibWe ixsneba da Cvens winaSe klitemnestra warsdgeba. mis win
ori cxedari agdia. saqme gakeTebulia, klitemnestra ar nanobs. igi sazarel Surisge-
bas agamemnonis braleulobiT amarTlebs. man damnaSave dasaja, radgan ifigenias
msxverplad Sewirva agamemnonis mxridan maTi saxlis Ralati da daRupva iyo.
Seuracxyofilia igi kasandras _ xarWis saxlSi moyvaniTac. dedoflis TqmiT, agamem-
nonma imdenad didi codva Caidina, rom mas demoni sjis, romelic masSi, klitemnes-
traSi gansxeulda:
`Tqvi ramdenic gsurs, rom es saqme me Cavidine,
magram nu ityvi
qvrivma qnao agamemnonis...
Sen win dgas axla diacis saxiT
demoni Zveli, Surismgebeli,
vinac atrevsis bilwi lxinisTvis,
balRebisTvis
iZia Suri~.
(àgamemnoni~, 1497-1504).
klitemnestrasTvis TandaTan xdeba naTeli misi qmedebis ormagi mniSvneloba. es
aqti gansazRvrulia bedisweriTac da adamianis nebiTac. es ori Zala esqilesTan yov-
elTvis Tanxvdeba erTmaneTs.
qoro ar iRebs klitemnestras Tavis gasamarTleblad moxmobil argumentebs. sce-
naze Semodis egisTosi. qoro SeTqmulebs utevs. klitemnestra moqiSpeTa gaSvelebas
cdilobs, qoros ki dawynarebas urCevs. gaismis simboluri datvirTvis mqone sityvebi:
is, vinc Caidens, daiTmens (àgamemnoni~, 1658).
SurismaZiebeli klitemnestra, romelic garkveul etapamde `gamWriax politikur
meamboxedac~ SeiZleba ganvixiloT, Tavisi bolo qmedebiT damnaSaved _ qmris mkvle-
lad da argosSi tiraniis damamyareblad warmogvidgeba. igi warsuls, regress ga-
nasaxierebs. esqiles koncefciis Tanaxmad, raTa damkvidrdes axali civilizacia, kli-
temnestra, rogorc Zveli da bneli Zalis ganmasaxierebeli, axalma Zalam unda daamar-
cxos.
trilogiis meore tragedia `q o e f o r e b i~ agamemnonis mkvlelobaze Svilis _
orestesis SurisZiebas warmogvidgens. orestesi, romelic sasaxlidan Sors gaizarda,
axla Tavis megobar piladesTan erTad argosSi brundeba. Camosuli igi mamis saflavze
midis da gardacvlils Tmis kululebs Seswiravs. amasobaSi klitemnestra, romelsac
avismomaswavebeli sizmari unaxavs, qmris saflavze micvalebulis sulis mosalbobad
mxeval qalebs agzavnis. maT Sorisaa misi qaliSvili eleqtra. qoros sZuls dedofali
da egisTosi. isini klitemnestras umkacresad gansjian da eleqtrasTan erTad aRavle-
nen locvas, rom saxls SurismaZiebeli daubrundes:
ò, keTilo mbrZanebelo, dido ufalo,
saxlsa amas gardmoavline mowyale Tvali.
mwuxris bindi
Camoxseni
moyvasis Tvalebs~.
(`qoeforebi~, 806-810).
esqile 117
maT orestesis Camosvlis imedi aqvT. uecrad eleqtra mamis saflavze ku-
lulebsa da nafexurebs SeniSnavs da raki orive sakuTars agonebs, qalwuli ime-
dovnebs, rom orestesi, Zma dabrunda. samalavidan gamodis orestesi. da-Zma erT-
maneTs amoicnobs. agamemnonis vaJi eubneba das, rom igi apolonis brZanebiT mamis
mkvlelebze Suris saZieblad aris mosuli. eleqtra da orestesi gundTan erTad
komosis vrcel scenaSi agamemnons daitireben da mis suls ixmoben dasaxmareblad.
amasTan komosSi STambeWdavad warmogvidgeba klitemnestras saxe da misi saza-
reli qmedeba. eleqtra amcnobs Zmas, Tu rogor upatiod damarxes mama klitemnes-
tram da egisTosma:
`vai, vai avis gambedo
mter dedao, mtrulad izraxe,
dautireblad, uWirisuflod,
upatiod
dagemarxa meuRle Seni~
(`qoeforebi~, 428-432).
komosis scenis Semdeg orestesi das SurisZiebis SemuSavebul gegmas gaacnobs. geg-
mis mixedviT, igi, rogorc orestesis gardacvalebis macne, Tavad unda eaxlos
klitemnestras da sasaxleSi mamis mkvlelebi amoxocos. rodesac gadacmuli orestesi
dedofals Svilis gardacvalebas auwyebs, kletemnestras erTdroulad wuxilic
Seipyrobs da sixarulic da ambis sacnobad egisTosTan orestesis ZiZas agzavnis. ZiZa
mwared dastiris gazrdilis sikvdils. qoro amSvidebs mas da sTxovs, ar gadasces eg-
isToss klitemnestras brZaneba _ sasaxleSi mcvelebis razmiT movides.
sasaxleSi marto dabrunebul egisToss iqve klavs orestesi. xmaurze klitemnestra
Semorbis. igi xvdeba, rom ùcxo~ mis mosaklavad mosuli misi pirmSoa. deda cdilobs,
Svils Tavi Seacodos. igi iSiSvlebs mkerds, raTa gaaxsenos orestess, rogor wovda am
mkerdidan ZuZus. erTi momenti agamemnonis Ze marTlac Seyovndeba, magram mis gverdiT
mdgomi piladesi apolonis brZanebas Seaxsenebs. da vaJiSvili gangmiravs dedas.
mkvlelobis Semdeg orestess xelSi uWiravs is sabediswero gadasafarebeli, ro-
melic klitemnestras qmris mkvlelobis dros hqonda xelT. es misTvis dedis
braleulobis nivTmtkicebaa. magram dedis danaSaulTan erTad orestess dedis
mkvlelobis mTeli simZimec kargad aqvs gacnobierebuli. qoro agamemnonis vaJis
saqciels, erTi mxriv, gmirobad afasebs, radgan man argoselTa miwa ori urCxulisgan
gaaTavisufla da saxlis kanonieri memkvidreoba aRadgina, meore mxriv, dedis mkvle-
lobas igi bedisweriT gansazRvrul danaSaulad axasiaTebs. Tavis warmosaxvaSi
orestesi ukve xedavs sazarel arsebaT, eriniebs, romlebic mas dedaze SurismaZie-
blad moevlinen da ar moasveneben, vidre hadesSi ar Caiyvanen. orestesi garbis.
è v m e n i d e b i s~ _ trilogiis mesame piesis moqmedeba delfos samisnoSi iwyeba.
taZris savarZlebSi eriniebi Tvlemen, Zirs damxobil mavedrebel orestess ki xelebi
sakurTxevlisken aqvs gawvdili. apoloni mis gamxnevebas cdilobs. eriniebi iRviZeben.
maTsa da apolons Soris Widili iwyeba. eriniebis gancxadebiT, isini saxlidan devnian
imaT, vinc TavianTi dedebi mokles, maTi funqcia naTesavTmkvlelTa dasjaa. apolonis
kiTxvaze, Tu ratom ar sdevnian isini klitemnestras, eriniebi pasuxoben, rom dedo-
fals sisxliT naTesavi ar mouklavs. mxareebi saerTos ver pouloben. apoloni arc
cdilobs, eriniebTan kompromisi gamonaxos da orestess mouwodebs, aTenSi naxos
samarTali. Semdegi scena orestesisa da eriniebis dapirispirebas ukve aTenSi warmog-
vidgens. qalRmerTi aTena sasamarTlos iwvevs, raTa sasamarTlom zRvari daudos
sisxliani SuriZiebis princips, `sisxli sisxlis wil~ _ kanonis moqmedebas.
aTena guldasmiT ismens orive mxaris argumentebs da adamianTagan Semdgar samsjav-
ros _ areopags problemis gansjis gziT gadawyvetas sTxovs. aq eriniebi gvevlinebian
bralmdeblebad, apoloni orestesis damcvelad warmogvidgeba, aTena ki sasamarTlos
118 esqile
Tavmjdomared. eriniebi imeoreben braldebas _ man, orestesma, mokla deda, sisxliT

naTesavi, Sesabamisad, misi danaSauli ufro didia, vidre klitemnestrasi, romelsac
sisxliT naTesavi ar mouklavs.
orestesis gasamarTleblad apolons Tavisi logika aqvs. keTilSobili kacis
mkvleloba misi azriT, qalis mkvlelobaze ufro mZime danaSaulia, radgan mamakacis
saqme ufro mniSvnelovania qalis saqmeze. SvilisTvisac mTavari mSobeli mamaa:
`deda araa mSobeli imisa, visac Svilad uxmoben.

igi aris mxolod axlad Casaxuli nayofis ZiZa,
mSobeli aris is, vinc qmnis.....~
(èvmenidebi~, 585-6)
mamoba, apolonis ganacxadiT, dedis gareSea SesaZlebeli. amis magaliTia qal-
RmerTi aTena, romelic mamis Tavidan iSva.
eriniebs araferi aqvT apolonisTvis sapasuxo. mamri RmerTis sityvas axla aTenas
cnobili sityva mosdevs, romelSic qalRmerTi apolonis argumentze dayrdnobiT
mamisadmi Tavis upirates ganwyobas acxadebs:
`dedis muclidan ar vSobilvar da mamakaci
qals mirCevnia, Tumca arasdros ar veuRlebi,
mainc mas veltvi mamaRmerTis mTayvanebeli.~
(èvmenidebi~, 736-739).
imarTeba kenWisyra. orestesi da eriniebi xmebis Tanabar raodenobas iReben. bolos
agamemnonis vaJis gamarTlebas aTenas erTi xma gadawyvets. axla saWiroa eriniaTa mol-
boba, maTi darwmuneba, rom isini saSiS Zalad ar moevlinon qveynierebas _ Tavisi Sxa-
miT unayofoba ar moutanon. aTena eriniebs Rirseuli pativis migebas hpirdeba _ isini
bavSvebsa da qorwinebasTan dakavSirebul ritualebSi mTavari figurebi iqnebian.
eriniebi dahyvebian aTenas da keTilismyofel Zalebad _ evmenidebad gardaiqmnebian.
trilogia aTenis pativsacemad aRvlenili evmenidebis simReriT mTavrdeba.
trilogiis dasasruli TvalnaTliv warmogvidgens RvTaebrivi Serigebis esqile-
seul koncefcias. RmerTis nebiT sazRvari edeba sisxliani SurisZiebis principis mo-
qmedebas. mkvidrdeba samarTlis migebis axali forma gansjiTa da darwmunebiT, rac
axali civilizaciis funqcionirebas unda daedos safuZvlad.
trilogiaSi erTmniSvnelovnad aris gancxadebuli esqiles politikuri mrwamsi.
aTenisa da misi saxelmwifo wyobilebis gulmxurvale patrioti miiCnevda, rom aTeni
da misi wyoba unda yofiliyo nimuSi yvela danarCenisTvis, radgan mxolod aq iyo
SesaZlebeli urTulesi sakiTxebis gawyveta, umZimes winaaRmdegobaTa moxsna. am qalaqs
xom Tavad sibrZnis qalRmerTi aTena warmarTavda.
kacobriobis kulturul memkvidreobaze esqiles tragediaTa gavlena TvalsaCinoa.
XIX saukunidan moyolebuli TandaTanobiT izrdeba interesi esqiles Semoqmedebis
mimarT. XX saukunis dasawyisSi erTob popularuli xdeba misi òrestea~. dRes msof-
lio scenaze am tragediis araerTi saetapo dadgmaa ganxorcielebuli. amasTan esqiles
Semoqmedeba uaRresad nayofieri aRmoCnda interpretaciebis kuTxiT. Tanamedrove
literaturis sxvadasxva JanrSi uxvad gvaqvs esqiles tragediaTa recefciebi _ maT
Soris sagangebod davasaxelebdiT iujin o, nilis dramas èleqtram glova unda ata-
ros~, sartris piesas `buzebs~ da x. volfis moTxrobas `kasandras~.
tragediebi: `sparselebi~; `mavedrebeli qalebi~; `Svidni Tebes wi-

naaRmdeg~; `mijaWvuli promeTe~; trilogia òrestea~ ( àgamemnoni~,
`qoeforebi~, èvmenidebi~).
sofokle 119
sofokle
(497/496-406/405 ww.).
antikurobaSi tragizmis fenomenis asaxsnelad da saerTod tragediis, ro-

gorc aseTis, gasagebad Zalian xSirad mimarTavdnen sofokles „oidipos mefes~,
Tavad avtors ki atikuri tragediis mwvervalad moiazrebdnen. sofokle as-
parezze esqiles didebis wlebSi gamoCnda da pirvelive warmodgeniT daamarcxa
didostati (Zv. w. 468 wels). misi cxovreba emTxveva aTenis klasikur periods,
rodesac aTeni gansakuTrebul simaRleebs aRwevs. aTenis didebis epoqa sofokles
epoqaa da isic qmnis am didebas. sofokle daibada Zv. w. 496 wels aTenTan axlos,
kolonosSi da gardaicvala Zv. w. 406 wels. esqilesgan gansxvavebiT, romelic aT-
enis didebis periodSi gardaicvala, igi aTenis daRmasvlasac moeswro.
sofokle periklesis megobrad iTvleboda da aqtiurad monawileobda poli-
sis cxovrebaSi. sakmarisia, Tvali gadavavloT mis sajaro funqciaTa nusxas: Zv. w.
443/42 wlebSi sofokle sazRvao kavSiris xazinadari iyo, Zv. w. 441/39 wels
periklesi aT strategosTagan erT-erTi gaxldaT, Zv. w. 413 wels probulosTa
kolegiis wevri gaxda. gardacvalebis Semdeg mas Tayvans scemdnen, rogorc adgi-
lis heross (wminda gmirs), radgan igi asklepiosis kultis erT-erTi damaarse-
beli iyo da alkonis kultSic msaxurobda.
pirveli cnoba sofokles Sesaxeb im droidan gvaqvs, rodesac is 16 wlis ymaw-
vili iyo da liriT xelSi momRerlebis gunds xelmZRvanelobda salamisTan mop-
ovebuli gamarjvebis aRsaniSnav zeimze. 12 wlis Semdeg igi kvlav Cndeba, amjerad,
rogorc dramaturgi da did dionisiebze pirvel prizs iRebs. amis Semdeg so-
foklem daaxloebiT 120 dramatuli nawarmoebi Seqmna Tavisi xangrZlivi cxovre-
bis manZilze. man daaxloebiT 20-jer gaimarjva dionisiebze da arasdros ar ga-
sula mesame adgilze (anu ar damarcxebula). 120 nawarmoebidan SemorCenilia
mxolod Svidi tragedia. 1912 wels papirusze aRmoCnda erTi satiruli dramis
„maZebrebis~ naxevari. am tragediebma Cvenamde moaRwia ax. w. 950 wliT daTariRe-
buli xelnaweriT. garda CamoTvlili tragediebisa, SemorCenilia sofokles 100-
ze meti dramis 1154 fragmenti.
Teatraluri moRvaweobis pirvel wlebSi sofokle Tavis speqtaklebSi msaxio-
badac gamodioda. didi efeqti mouxdenia sofokles navsikaas rolSi. miuxedavad
popularobisa, is male SeeSva samsaxiobo moRvaweobas, zogierTi cnobiT, susti
xmis gamo, rac msaxiobobas SeuZlebels xdida. antikuri wyaroebi aqeben mis musi-
kalobas, msaxiobur niWs, silamazes. Cven ar viciT, ra Seesabameba sinamdviles.
mxolod erTi daskvnis gakeTeba SeiZleba: sofokle Zalian uyvardaT aTenSi da
masac Zalian uyvarda aTeni. Semonaxulia misi erTi metsaxeli filaTenaiosi anu
is, visac aTeni uyvars.
120 sofokle
sofoklem mravali dramatuli siaxle Semoitana: aristoteles TqmiT, man Se-

moiyvana mesame msaxiobi, gundis wevrebis ricxvi 12-dan 15-mde gazarda da ganavi-
Tara scenuri mxatvroba (`poetika~ 1449a18). sofokles did Rirsebad iTvleboda
agreTve personaJebis lakonurad da zustad xatvis xelovneba (plutarqosi,
`moralia~ 79b). siaxles vxedavT tragediebis agebulebaSic. esqile tetralogie-
bis warmodgenisas nawarmoebebs ise ajgufebda, rom erTi tragedia meores agr-
Zelebda da avsebda. sofoklesTan TiToeuli tragedia dasrulebuli da
TviTkmaria. Cven arc ki viciT, romel tragediebTan erTad iyo warmodgenili
òidipos mefe~ an àntigone~, magram amas arca aqvs maTi gagebisTvis mniSvneloba.
Tavad sofokle Tavis SemoqmedebaSi sam fazas gamoyofda: 1) esqiles gavlenis
periodi (rodesac igi esqiles msgavsad tetralogiebs qmnida. Cvenade arafers
mouRwevia), 2) daSorebis periodi, rodesac misi Semoqmedeba jer kidev dasaxvewi
iyo (àiasi~, àntigone~, `traqiseli qalebi~) da 3) srulyofis periodi (òidipos
mefe~, èleqtra~, `filoqtetesi~ da òidiposi kolonosSi~).
sofokles adreuli dramebi ornawiliania. mogvianebiT mas ufro daxvewili
kompozicia cvlis, romelSic nawarmoebis erTianoba warmmarTvelia. rac Seexeba
protagonistebs, esqilesa da evripidesagan gansxvavebiT, sofokle, misive sityve-
biT, adamianebs warmoaCenda iseTebad, rogorebic isini unda iyvnen (aristotele,
poetika, 1460b 34).
antikurobaSi Tvlidnen, rom sofokles SemoqmedebaSi tragedia srulyofil
saxes iRebs. aristotele mis did Rirsebad miiCnevda, rom sofokles tragediaSi
erTmaneTs emTxveva protagonistis mier sakuTari Tavis Secnoba da gardatexa.
mayurebels ecodeba mTavari gmiri da Tan SeZrwunebulia momxdariT, ris gamoc
igi ganicdis kaTarsiss anu iwmindeba. aqedan ki warmoiSveba tragediisTvis damax-
asiaTebeli specifikuri siamovneba.
esqilesgan gansxvavebiT, tragikuli konfliqti sofoklesTan naklebad aris
RvTaebrivi nebiT ganpirobebuli. igi gmiris xasiaTidanac modis. sofokles
gmirebi monumenturebi arian da isini ar kargaven momxibvlelobas maSinac ki,
roca cdebian, rac maT tragikulobas zrdis.
sofokles SemorCenili tragediebidan ramdenime sargeblobda gansakuTre-
buli popularobiT, rogorc antikurobaSi, ise mis Semdeg. upirveles yovlisa es
iTqmis òidipos mefeze~ da àntigoneze~.
SeuZlebelia sofokles tragediebis mkacri qronologiuri dajgufeba.
mxolod is viciT, rom pirveli SemorCenili nawarmoebi unda iyos „aiasi~, xolo
bolo – „oidiposi kolonosSi~. qronologiur dajgufebas arca aqvs mniSvneloba
am tragediebis gagebisTvis.
à i a s i~ (450w.) sofokles tragedia àiasi~, rogorc Cans, Cvenamde moRweuli
misi uZvelesi dramaa, razec am nawarmoebis agebulebac metyvelebs. tragedia or
nawiladaa gayofili da masSi ori, erTi SexedviT damoukidebeli, motivia ganvi-
Tarebuli. sofokle emyareba miTs aiasis Sesaxeb, romelic troas omSi aqavelebis
saukeTeso gmiri iyo aqilevsis Semdeg. aqilevsis gardacvalebisTanave, mas,
rogorc saukeTesos, wilad unda rgeboda aqilevsis iaraRi, magram atridebma
sxvagvari gadawyvetileba miiRes da iaraRi odisevss miakuTvnes. Seuracxyofilma
aiasma gadawyvita, Suri eZia aqavelTa mxedarTmTavrebze, magram qalRmerTma
aTenam daicva Tavisi gmirebi, sigiJe Sehyara aiass, romelmac aqavelTa nacvlad
saqoneli daxoca. tragedia iwyeba tragikuli ironiiT aRsavse epizodiT, rode-
sac jer kidev Wkuadakarguli aiasi zis daxocili saqonliT savse karavSi, erTi
cxvari, romelic odisevsi hgonia, boZze hyavs mibmuli da tanjviT upirebs
mokvlas. aTena odisevsis Tvalwin elaparakeba SeSlil aiass, romelsac realobis
grZnoba dakarguli aqvs (94 Smdg.). odisevsi gaognebulia, roca xedavs, ra
SeiZleba damarTos RmerTma iseT yovlisSemZle gmirs, rogoric aiasia. aiasi
sofokle 121
TandaTan fxizldeba, sakuTar Tavs ubrundeba da xvdeba, rac moxda. axla is sru-
liad pativayrilia. àiasis~ pirvel epizodebSi gamofxizleba, sakuTari Tavis
povnaa naCvenebi. aq ukve gamokveTilia Tema, romelic òidipos mefeSi~ aRwevs
srulyofilebas: gmirebi eZeben da pouloben sakuTar Tavs. `giJi~ aiasi isev
ubrundeba Tavis normalur saxes da xedavs, rac moimoqmeda iseve, rogorc WkuiT
cnobili oidiposi xvdeba tragediis bolos Tavisi gonierebis ugunurebas. aiasi
Sercxvenilia, saxels ki misTvis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. aqve vlindeba misi
xasiaTis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani Strixi: rogorc WeSmaritad didi sofokle-
seuli gmiri, aiasi monoliTuri figuraa, romelsac ar SeuZlia, marto ar iyos.
samecniero literaturaSi xSirad aRniSnaven sofokles gmirebis martoobisken
miswrafebas da Seusmenlobas. isini advilad da jiutad Tavisufldebian yvela
socialuri jaWvisgan. aiasi sikvdils gadawyvets da arad agdebs axloblebis
rCevas.
aiasis da zogadad sofokles gmirebis qmedebis gasagebad mniSvnelovania ai-
asis cxovrebis Tanamgzavris, tekmesas sityvebi. tekmesa cdilobs mis damSvidebas
da uxsnis, rom ufro didi ubedurebac arsebobs, magaliTad monoba: àraferia
monobaze uaresi~ (485). is, Tavisufali da mdidari mamis Svili monad iqca,
`radgan RmerTebs ase surdaT~ da amatebs: `da maTTan erTad gansakuTrebiT Sen~.
es fraza xsnis sofokles gmirebis tragikulobas da danaSaulisa da udanaSau-
lobis sakiTxs. gmirebis qmedebas es ormagi motivacia gansazRvravs: RmerTebs
surT da TavianTi xasiaTidan gamomdinare gmirebic Sesabamisad iqcevian.
aiasi aravis usmens. is midis Tavis mosaklavad. aiasi sul marto rCeba scenaze.
sofokle dramaturgiuladac usvams xazs mis martoobas. da antikur scenaze
xdeba is, rac TiTqos dauSvebeli iyo: mayurebeli xedavs, rogor iklavs Tavs mTa-
vari gmiri. amiT sruldeba am tragediis pirveli nawili. meore nawilSi did
adgils ikavebs msjeloba imis Taobaze, unda daikrZalos Tu ara aiasi. es Temac
ufro Rrmad da vrclad daamuSava sofoklem mogvianebiT tragediaSi àntigone~.
aiasis Zma tevkrosi, erTi mxriv, da atridebi, meore mxriv, ver Tanxmdebian am sa-
kiTxze. sabolood, odisevsi ambobs, rom yvelafers Tavisi dro da adgili aqvs
da rom sikvdiliT mTavrdeba mtroba. axla sxva kanonebi moqmedebs (1332-69). am ka-
nonebs mogvianebiT xSirad Segvaxsenebs antigone. aiass krZalaven. àiasSi~ hibri-
sis anu zviadobis motivi miiCneva tragediis warmmarTvelad. aiasi isjeba, radgan
hgonia, rom ukeT icis, vin aris ufro meti didebis Rirsi, magram sasjels igi
sabolood Tavad irCevs. is ar aris bedisweris pasiuri mimdevari. adamiani gan-
wirulia, rom cdebodes, magram namdvili gmirebi am SecdomaSic Rirseulebi
Canan.
ò i d i p o s m e f e~ (434/32) sofokles yvelaze popularuli da albaT, sru-
lyofili tragediaa. igi emyareba vrcel miTs labdakidebis Sesaxeb. sofokle
miTis bolo nawils iyenebs da mis sakuTar variants qmnis. igi tragikuli kon-
fliqtis Sesabamisad cvlis arsebuls. mokle Sinaarsi aseTia: oidiposs axal-
gazrdobaSi apolonis misani uwinaswarmetyvelebs, rom igi moklavs mamas da co-
lad SeirTavs dedas, ris gamoc igi garbis korinTodan, sadac gaizarda, raTa
Sors iyos mSoblebisgan. oidiposi xvdeba TebeSi, colad mohyavs Tebes dedo-
fali iokaste, romlis qmari laiosic manamde viRacam mokla. tragedia iwyeba am
ambebidan mravali wlis Semdeg imis aRweriT, Tu rogor vrceldeba TebeSi Savi
Wiri, romelic mxolod maSin dasruldeba, roca laiosis mkvlels ipovian. oidi-
posi cdilobs, gaigos, vin aris mkvleli. aq ukve vxedavT oidiposs Tavisi yvelaze
saxasiaTo kuTxiT: mas unda, rom icodes, hgonia, rom SeuZlia yvelaferi icodes
da yvelaferi marTos, sakuTari bediswerac ki.
`minda, rom es bneli gavfanto!~ (132)
122 sofokle
– ambobs oidiposi da am epizodidan iwyeba kiTxva-pasuxis mTeli wyeba. oidi-

posi iZiebs, svams kiTxvebs da iRebs pasuxebs. oidiposi eZebs mkvlels da rac
ufro Sors midis am ZiebaSi, miT ufro axlos modis yvela kvali masTan. tragi-
kuli ironia mwvervals aRwevs, rodesac Tavis codnaSi darwmunebuli oidiposi
wyevlis mkvlels da saSinel gansasjels umzadebs (236). advili warmosadgenia
mayureblis reaqcia am sityvebze, radgan is kargad icnobda miTs da icoda, rom
oidiposi iyo Tavad mkvleli. gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT, Cven aq srulyofili
saxiT vxvdebiT imas, rasac aristotele idealuri tragediis maxasiaTeblad miiC-
nevda: TanagrZnobas da SeZrwunebas, romelic ganwmendas iwvevs. oidiposi WeS-
maritebamde nabij-nabij miiwevs. tiresiasTan, kreonTan gasaubrebaSi vlindeba
oidiposis ukiduresobamde miyvanili Tavdajerebuloba da sakuTari Seucdom-
lobis rwmena. iokaste pirveli xvdeba, rom laiosis mkvleli Tavad oidiposia.
modis macne, romelic amcnobs oidiposs, rom misi mama korinToSi gardaicvala.
oidiposi SvebiT amoisunTqavs, axla ki namdvilad SeZlo, Tavi daeRwia saSineli
bediswerisgan da ar mouklavs sakuTari mama. magram macne ganagrZobs: oidiposi
maTi namdvili Svili ar iyo, is iSviles. iokaste yvelafers xvdeba. oidiposi gax-
vretili fexebiT kiTeronis mTaze ipoves. tragediaSi gardatexa xdeba dialogSi
oidipossa da iokastes Soris. aq isev vxedavT daxvewil tragikul ironias. oidi-
posi cdilobs sakuTari udanaSaulobis damtkicebas, magram yvela sabuTi misi
danaSaulis mtkicebulebad iqceva. iokaste cdilobs SeaCeros oidiposi, romel-
sac unda, rom yvelaferi icodes. magram oidiposma aucileblad unda icodes da
is igebs, rom iokaste misi namdvili dedaa, xolo laiosi, mamamisi, is moxucia, ro-
melic Tebesken momavalma mokla. iokaste Serbis sasaxleSi da Tavs ixrCobs, oidi-
posi Tvalebs iTxris.
oidiposi eZebs simarTles da poulobs mas. yvelafers naTeli efineba, magram
es sinaTle imdenad damabrmavebeli aRmoCndeba misTvis, rom amjobinebs, Tvalebi
daiTxaros. tragikuli ironiis saukeTeso magaliTia Tvalebis, xedvis, sinaTlis
metaforikis xSiri gamoyeneba. tiresiasi pirveli umxels WeSmaritebas oidiposs,
igi ar ijerebs da maSin tiresiasi wamoiZaxebs: `Tvalebi gaqvs da verafers
xedav?~ (37). oidiposi brmaa WeSmaritebisTvis. germanel poets, holderlins
ekuTvnis cnobili fraza: „mefe oidiposs, albaT, Tvalebi hqonda zedmeti.~ am Tva-
lebiT mainc ver dainaxa WeSmariteba. axla mas sxva xedva sWirdeba. iseTi, rogo-
ric tiresias aqvs, brma misans. xedva, romelic sakuTar Tavs daanaxebs. swored es:
`Seican Tavi Seni~ aris wamyvani motivi sofokles am da sxva SemorCenil trage-
diebSi.
aristoteles mixedviT, „oidipos mefe~ srulyofilia agebulebiT, radgan
tragikuli monaTxrobis ori fundamenturi elementi (paTetikuris garda) Sec-
noba (anagnorisisi) da moqmedebis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT Semotrialeba
(peripetia) „oidipos mefeSi~ erTmaneTs emTxveva.
oidiposi namdvili sofokleseuli gmiria: ubralo adamianze ufro aRmate-
buli, miuxedavad imisa, rom saSinel danaSauls Cadis, da mayurebels ecodeba igi.
is gamorCeulia da mainc arasrulyofilia, adamianuria. swored amitom gve-
codeba da ganvicdiT masTan erTad. mas raRac eSleba (aristotele am Secdomas
hamartias eZaxis), raRacas arasworad afasebs.
oidiposis danaSaulis an udanaSaulobis problema rTulia da mravalmxrivi.
raSi mdgomareobs misi danaSauli, Tuki yvelaferi isedac apolonis mier gadawy-
vetili iyo? risi Secvla SeeZlo oidiposs? ra SeeSala? aristotele Tvlida,
rom SeeSala, magram swored imitomac aris misi Secdoma ase tragikuli, rom man
ar icoda, rom danaSauls Cadioda. Tumca oidiposi ar aris marioneti, romelsac
bediswera atrialebs. igi Tavisdauneburad, magram Tavisi xasiaTidan gamomdi-
nare Tavis beds qmnis: raRaceebi aviwydeba, raRaceebs yuradRebas ar aqcevs, Ta-
sofokle 123
visTavSi darwmunebuli sxvebs ar usmens da a. S. is cdilobs gonebiT SeZlos be-

disweris damarcxeba da araswor gadawyvetilebebs iRebs. igi ukiduresad amayia,
ukiduresad darwmunebuli Tavis codnaSi da swored es ukiduresoba aris dam-
Rupveli. oidiposi gauwonasworebelia. frangma struqturalistma klod levi-
strosma pirvelma miaqcia yuradReba saxel oidiposis etimologiis mniSvnelo-
bas: sityva oidiposi fexgasiebuls niSnavs. sikoWle, asimetriuloba, wonas-
worobis advilad dakargvis unari oidiposis xasiaTis niSania. es sikoWle sim-
boluri mniSvnelobisaa da gmiris arasrulyofilebaze miuTiTebs.
oidiposis wyurvili, rom zustad icodes, gansakuTrebiT tragikuls xdis si-
namdviles, radgan sinamdvileSi man araferi icis. mas aviwydeba, rom ubralod
adamiania da adamianoba gulisxmobs, rom aucileblad SegeSleba. igi brmaa maSin,
roca aqvs Tvalebi da xedavs mxolod maSin, roca brmavdeba.
oidiposis tanjvis CvenebiT sofokle did gancdas iwvevda da iwvevs mayure-
belSi, radgan oidiposi zedmiwevniT adamianuria, miuxedavad Tavisi gansakuTre-
bulobisa. mayurebels ecodeba oidiposi da Tan eSinia, radgan nebismieri
SeiZleba aRmoCndes mis adgilas.
sofokles tragediebSi, da es ar exeba mxolod „oidipos mefes~, mTavari
gmirebi Cadian Secdomas, rodesac im TvisebiT aWarbeben, romelic maT gansa-
kuTrebulobas ganapirobebs, aseTia oidiposi Tavisi „yovlismcondeobiT~, anti-
gone, romelic Tvlis, rom mxolod TviTon aris marTali, kreoni, romelic
Tvlis, rom saxelmwifos interesebi yvelaferze maRla dgas da sxva.
tragedia „oidipos mefe~ safuZvlad daedo mravalgvar gaazrebas. SeiZleba
gamovyoT ramdenime gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani interpretacia, romelmac Sem-
deg mTel mimdinareobebs Cauyara safuZveli. tragediis warmoSobaze da arsze
saubrisas fr. nicSe nimuSad iRebs sofokles Semoqmedebas. mis dramebs da kerZod
am tragedias igi ganixilavs, rogorc tragikulobis mwvervals. oidiposi, misi
azriT, dionises niRabia, xolo yvela tragikuli gmiri dionisea. oidiposSi yve-
laze naTlad Cans tragikuloba da dionisiuroba. 1900 wels z. froidma gamo-
aqveyna wigni saxelwodebiT: Die Traumdeutung (`sizmrebis axsna~), sadac oidiposis
miTze, kerZod ki mis sofokleseul variantze dayrdnobiT aCvena, rom bavSvSi
Cadebulia fsiqiuri impulsebi, romelTa gamoc bavSvs ufro uyvars deda da wi-
naaRmdegobrivi grZnoba aqvs mamis mimarT. es impulsebi nevropaTebSi mogvianebiT
Camoyalibebul nevrozebs ganapirobebs. aqedan iRebs saTaves òidiposis kom-
pleqsi~. es impulsebi, froidis mixedviT, sxva xarisxiT, magram mainc yvela nor-
malur adamianSi arsebobs, amitomac ganvicdiT dRemde oidiposis tragedias.
froidma amiT safuZveli daudo sofokles dramebis fsiqoanalitikur ganxilvas
da Tavad Seqmna axali miTi oidiposis Sesaxeb. froids ewinaaRmdegeba mravali
literatori, romelic oidiposis „ukompleqsobis~ Cvenebas cdilobs. froidis
oidiposi ki erT-erTi cnobili simbolo gaxda. mniSvnelovania mesame modelic. es
aris franguli struqturalizmis fuZemdeblis, klod levi-strosis gamokvleva.
levi-strosma oidiposis miTi struqturul anTropologiaSi gamoiyena, raTa
eCvenebina miTebSi arsebuli saerTo struqtura.
oidiposis Temas sofokle kidev erTxel miubrunda sicocxlis bolos. 90 wlis
asaks miRweuli igi wers tragedias „o i d i p o s i k o l o n o s S i~ (401), ro-
melic misi gardacvalebis Semdeg daidga. Tuki „oidipos mefis~ dasawyisSi oidi-
posi RmerTis sadari mefea, romelsac yvela eTayvaneba, tragediis bolos ki brma
maTxovari, „oidipos kolonosSi~ situacia sarkiseburad icvleba: gamaTxovre-
buli oidiposi tragediis bolos RvTaebriobas iZens. xdeba misi apoTeosi da is
adgilis wminda gmirad iqceva.
moqmedeba xdeba aTenSi. dabrmavebuli, maTxovrad qceuli oidiposi Tavis qal-
iSvil antigonesTan erTad uaxlovdeba aTens. winaswarmetyvelebis mixedviT aT-
124 sofokle
enSi, evmenidebis WalasTan elis oidiposs aRsasruli. oidiposi da antigone wi-

naaRmdegobas awydebian xalxis mxridan. antigone axerxebs maT mogeriebas da
iTxovs Sexvedras aTenis mefe TesevsTan. Tesevsi modis da icavs stumarTmoy-
vareobis wesebs. Tebedan modis meore qaliSvili, ismene, romelic samwuxaro am-
bebs uyveba mamas: polinikesi da eteoklesi, oidiposis vaJebi, samtrod gadaekid-
nen erTmaneTs. eteoklesi kreons Seekra, xolo polinikesi Tebes winaaRmdeg
apirebs galaSqrebas, raTa Zalaufleba Caigdos xelSi. mogvianebiT, kreonica da
polinikesic cdiloben oidiposis gadmobirebas, magram Tebe da Zveli arseboba
ukve ucxoa misTvis da oidiposi uars ambobs, dabrundes samSobloSi. xSirad
saubroben Tebes da aTenis, rogorc uwesrigobisa da wesrigis, borotebisa da
sikeTis dapirispirebaze sofoklesTan. Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad aRiqvamda
aTeneli mayurebeli Tebes codvis simbolod, magram erTi SexedviT TvalSisace-
mia, rom TebeSi xdeba tragikul danaSaulTa umravlesoba, xolo aTeni ganmuxtvis
adgilia. oidiposi uars ambobs, daubrundes Tavis Zvel `mes~. axla is sul sxva
oidiposia, romelic Tavisi amoTxrili TvalebiT ufro mets da sxvanairad
xedavs. tragediis msvlelobisas oidiposi maTxovridan isev Zlier figurad
iqceva, oRond misi siZliere axla sxvagvaria, sxva gonierebaze dafuZnebuli.
òidiposi kolonosSi~ sruldeba oidiposis apoTeosiT. macne yveba, rogor
gaisma Weqa-quxili da amas mohyva xma zecidan, romelic maRla uxmobda oidiposs.
oidiposi TvalismomWrel sinaTleSi qreba. igi adgilis wminda gmiri, herosi
xdeba, romelsac Tayvans scemen.
am tragediaSi arsad Cans intriga. òidiposi kolonosSi~ aris Rrmad religi-
uri drama, datvirTuli religiuri simbolikiT. garkveulwilad, es aris so-
fokles gamosaTxovari. arsad aris Serigeba sikvdilTan ise srulyofili,
rogorc mis am tragediaSi. antikuri tragediis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro tragi-
kuli gmiri Svebas poulobs. ùdanaSaulo damnaSave~ wminda gmiri xdeba.
à n t i g o n e~ (442). Tebes miTiur cikls kidev erT SemorCenil tragediaSi mi-
marTavs sofokle, rodesac wers tragedias oidiposis qaliSvilis, antigones
Sesaxeb. antigone literaturaSi asaxuli pirveli meamboxe qalia, an sulac
pirveli literaturuli amboxeba. Sinaarsi aseTia: polinikesi da eteoklesi,
oidiposis vaJebi, erTmaneTs upirispirdebian ZalauflebisTvis brZolaSi.
eteoklesi kreonTan aris Sekruli, romelic Tebes marTavs, polinikesi sxvebTan
erTad ilaSqrebs Tebes winaaRmdeg. orTabrZolaSi orive Zma kvdeba. kreonis
brZanebiT, pativiT unda dakrZalon eteoklesi, xolo polinikesi ZaRlebs dau-
tovon sajijgnad. vinc Seecdeba polinikesis damarxvas, sikvdiliT daisjeba. an-
tigone gadawyvets, rom mefis brZanebis miuxedavad aRasrulos rituali da
rogorc wesi da rigia, Zma dakrZalos. tragedia iwyeba antigonesa da ismenes
dialogiT, sadac ismene dis SeCerebas amaod cdilobs. antigone uars ambobs yve-
lanair rCevaze, igi ukanmouxedavad martovdeba. sofokles gmirebs axasiaTebT
midrekileba izolaciisken. antigone irCevs sikvdils. igi ayris Zmas miwas, sim-
bolurad marxavs mas, magram sijiutis Tu raRac arCevanis gamo Tavis qmedebas
kidev erTxel imeorebs.
antigonesa da kreons Soris dialogi gvixsnis orives motivacias da xasiaTs.
kreoni bralad sdebs antigones, rom man kanoni daarRvia, antigonesTvis ki
kreonis gankarguleba mxolod brZanebaa. RmerTebis mier dadgenil kanonebTan
axlos ver miva kreonis, mokvdavis kanoni. RmerTebi ki iTxoven, rom micvalebuli
unda daikrZalos. kreonisTvis polinikesi mteria, romelic ar SeiZleba giy-
vardes an gecodebodes. antigone ki Tvlis, rom is siyvarulisTvis arsebobs da
ara siZulvilisTvis (523).
kreoni sjis antigones. is cocxlad unda damarxon. hemoni, kreonis vaJi da an-
tigones saqmro, cdilobs mamis SeCerebas. mTeli yuradReba axla kreonze
sofokle 125
gadadis. axla is xdeba mTavari tragikuli figura. kreoni, iseve rogorc anti-
gone darwmunebulia Tavis sisworeSi da arafris Secvla ar surs. mogvianebiT
Semodis tiresiasi, romelic mefes ubedurebas uwinaswarmetyvelebs. kreoni
cdilobs Cadenilis gamosworebas. igi brZanebas gascems polinikesis dakrZalvis
Taobaze, antigones gamosayvanad midis, magram tragedia ukve momxdaria: ganaCenis
aRsrulebamde antigone Tavs ixrCobs. mamis danaxvaze sasowarkveTili hemonic
Tavs iklavs. kreoni rCeba marto da ubeduri.
antigone da kreoni am tragediis ori mTavari gmiria. isini or poluss war-
moadgenen. es polusebi xSirad gansxvavebulad esmiT. maT Soris konfliqti gai-
azreba xan rogorc dapirispireba ojaxsa da saxelmwifos interesebs Soris (anu
piraduli sazogadoebrivis winaaRmdeg), xan RvTiuri, dauwereli kanonebis da
adamianis mier Seqmnili kanonebis dapirispirebad, xanac qalisa da mamakacis tra-
diciul konfliqtad, zogisTvis antigone sikvdilTan Seguebis gansaxierebaa,
kreoni – sicocxlis da a. S. yvela zemoCamoTvlili interpretacia SeiZleba
amokiTxuli iqnas àntigoneSi~, imdenad mravalmxrivia es tragedia. da mainc, is
yvela am motivis erTianoba da kidev ufro metia. ori monoliTuri figura
upirispirdeba erTmaneTs. orive darwmunebulia, rom mxolod misi gzaa misaRebi
da rom is absoluturad marTalia. swored am absoluturobiT scodaven. anti-
gonec da kreonic aWarbeben im TvisebiT, romliTac gamoirCevian. antigone mzad
aris uari Tqvas sicocxleze Zmis gamo, xolo kreoni wesis dacvas yvelafers
swiravs msxverplad. antigonesTvis araferi dgas dauwereli, RvTaebrivi kanone-
bis zemoT, kreonisTvis saxelmwifos kanoni uzenaesia. „antigoneSi~ sofokles
gmirebs yvelaze kargad gundi aRwers cnobil himnSi (332 Smdg.):
„mravali ram aris saSiSi,
magram adamianze ufro saSiSi araferia;
igi seravs WaRara zRvas
TviT sastik avdarSic,
gruxuna talRebis gamkveTi...“1
sxva problemaa antigones damokidebuleba sicocxlis mimarT. igi TiTqos Ta-
vis Tavze iRebs labdakidebis modgmis codvebs da sicocxlis sanacvlod sik-
vdils irCevs. sofokles antigones es xazi XX saukuneSi frangi egzistenciali-
stebisaTvis gaxda gansakuTrebiT saintereso. Jan anuis antigone kargad xvdeba
arsebobis absurdulobas da kompromisebiT cxovrebas sikvdils arCevs. sofok-
les antigonesTvis sikvdilSia raRac xibli. igi manamde kvdeba, sanam ganaCeni
aRsruldeba. antigone Tavad wyvets sakuTar beds. igi namdvili sofokleseuli
gmiria. mas ar SeuZlia daemorCilos kreons. igi ar kvdeba misjili sikvdiliT.
amisaTvis is Zalian jiutia da rogorc sofokle mas axasiaTebs: àvtonomosi~ anu
sakuTar Tavs Tavad udgens kanonebs.
antigones saxe didi popularobiT sargeblobda Tanamedrove literaturaSi
da scenaze. meamboxe antigone areulobas mxolod kreonis TebeSi rodi iwvevda.
meore msoflio omis dros franguli winaaRmdegobis moZraobam anuis egzisten-
cialuri antigone Tavis gmirad gaigo, xolo 1989 wels germaniis gaerTianebamde
socialisturi germaniis 50 wlisTavis aRsaniSnavad dadgmulma àntigonem~ maso-
briv protestebs daudo safuZveli. SeiZleba iTqvas, ajanyebuli antigone am-
boxis klasikur simbolod iqca.
`t r a q i s e l i q a l e b i~ (438?). sofokles es tragedia misi Semoqmedebis
adrindel periods unda ganekuTvnebodes, radgan masSi jer kidev SeimCneva or-
nawiliani struqtura. tragedia agebulia herakles miTis Temaze. masSi herakles
sicocxlis bolo epizodebia naCvenebi. centraluri motivia erosi, romelsac
1
Targmani r. gordezianisa, `berZnuli literaturis istoria~.
126 sofokle
bedisweris Zala eniWeba da moqmedebis warmmarTveli xdeba. siyvaruli aiZulebs

herakles, daipyros mefe evritosis qalaqi. igive Zala aiZulebs deianiras, yvela
Zala iRonos siyvarulis dasabruneblad da uneburad danaSauli Caidinos. moqme-
deba xdeba traqisSi, sadac deianira Tavis SvilTan erTad Tavs afarebs da elis
herakles. marTlac, modis macne da atyobinebs herakles gamarjvebis ambavs da Tan
tyveebsac agzavnis. gamogzavnil tyvebs Soris deianira SeniSnavs erT gasaocari
silamazis qals, ioles. male misTvis cnobili gaxdeba, rom heraklem, ioles siyva-
ruliT anTebulma, daipyro evritosis samefo. deianira ar fiqrobs SurisZie-
baze, magram cdilobs, daibrunos qmris siyvaruli. usazRvro siyvarulis gamo
brmad endoba kentavr nesosis rCevas da mis sisxlSi dasvelebul mosasaxams ug-
zavnis herakles. nesosis sityviT, amiT igi siyvarulis dabrunebas SeZlebda. da
rogorc yvela sofokleseuli gmiri, is uneburad Cadis danaSauls. herakles mo-
sasxami wvavs. deianira xvdeba nesosis simuxTles da Tavis Secdomas. sasowark-
veTili Tavs iklavs. datanjuli herakle iTxovs, oetas mTaze cecxli daanTon da
iq dawvan. herakle xvdeba, rom aRsrulda zevsis winaswarmetyveleba, rom igi
gardacvlilis xeliT mokvdeboda. herakle ambobs: àxla ki mesmis~ (1145) da Semdeg
modis fraza: àraferi arsebobs, raSic ar aris zevsi~ (1278).
isev meordeba nacnobi motivi: adamiani cdeba, ver xvdeba RvTaebriv misnobas
da iRupeba ukiduresobis, am SemTxvevaSi, usazRvro siyvarulis gamo. deianiras
danaSauls saukeTesod axasiaTebs misi vaJi, hilosi: ìgi Secda, saukeTeso sur-
vilebiT Sepyrobili~ (1136). es fraza sofokles lakonurobis saukeTeso magali-
Tia. sul ramdenime sityva da yvelaferi naTqvamia. am tragediaSi Cven vxedavT siy-
varulis meore, bnel mxares. mas erTdroulad SeuZlia iyos aRmSenebelic da da-
mangrevelic. damangreveli, Tuki igi uzomoa.
è l e q t r a~ (417). èleqtra~ sofokles gviandel tragediad iTvleba. siuJeti
igivea, rac esqiles `qoeforebSi~, magram aqcentebia sxvagvarad dasmuli. Tuki
esqilesTan moqmedeba orestesis irgvliv trialebs, sofoklesTan eleqtras
gancdebi wamyvania.
moqmedeba xdeba mikenSi, sadac agamemnonis mkvlelobis Semdeg klitemnestra da
egisTosi mefoben. orestesi gaZevebulia, ragan misnobis Tanaxmad, igi dedas mok-
lavs. qrisoTemisi da eleqtra dedasTan izrdebian. eleqtra elis Zmas, romelmac
Suri unda iZios. igi sruliad martoa. is ver ugebs Tavis das, romelic
Tanacxovrebas amjobinebs mxolod SurisZiebaze fiqrs. sofoklesTvis damax-
asiaTebeli mTavari gmirebis izolacia èleqtraSi~ kulminacias aRwevs, rodesac
eleqtras carieli WurWeli uWiravs xelSi da dastiris Zmas, radgan is mkvdari
hgonia, xolo WurWeli misi ferfliTaa savse. es gamogonili sikvdili orestesis
eSmakobaa. mogvianebiT tragediaSi TamaSdeba atikur dramaSi erT-erTi yvelaze
cnobili scena, rodesac amaod sasowarkveTili eleqtra cnobs Tavis Zmas. saso-
warkveTileba didi sixaruliT icvleba. dedis sikvdilis survili aerTianebs
da-Zmas. sofokle da esqile gansxvavebuli kuTxeebidan gvaCveneben erTsa da imave
movlenas. sofokles orestesi ufro Tavisufalia siZulvilisgan, vidre eleqtra.
eleqtra mTlianad SurisZiebis wyurviliTaa moculi. mogvianebiT misi es so-
fokleseuli saxe aitaca Jan pol sartrma, romlis eleqtrac `buzebSi~ sakuTari
siZulvilis monaa. sofoklesTan tragizms swored eleqtras gancdebi qmnis.
rodesac orestesi eSmakobiT axerxebs dedis mokvlas, eleqtra yviris: `Cacxe . . .
orgzis~ (1417). albaT, gulisxmobs `Cems magivradac~. Surisgebis msxverpli xdeba
egisTosic, xolo orestesisTvis aRdgeba samarTlianoba da is ibrunebs samefos.
tragedia, erTi SexedviT, kargad mTavrdeba, magram es keTili dasasruli Zalian
pirobiTia. am tragediis tragizms eleqtras gancdebi qmnis. sofokle naTlad
gviCvenebs, sadamde SeiZleba miiyvanos adamiani siZulvilma da SurisZiebis sur-
vilma.
sofokle 127
dramatuli xelovnebis da literaturis Sesaxeb leqciaSi Slegeli erTmaneTs

adarebda esqiles „evmenidebs~ da sofokles èleqtras~. misi azriT, esqile am is-
toriis bnel mxares gviCvenebs, xolo sofokle am ambavs ufro naz ferebSi war-
mogvidgens. Cvens simpaTiebs eleqtraze da mis gmirul tanjvaze axvavebs. am tra-
gediaSi Slegeli moWarbebul axalgazrdobas da apolonis Suqs xedavs. sofok-
lesTan arsad Cans gamoqvabulebis da Crdilebis samefo. tragediis pirveli scena
ganTiadze xdeba. amasac simboluri mniSvneloba aqvs. tragediis bolos gaTendeba
orestesisa da eleqtrasTvis.
miuxedavad imisa, rom eleqtras da orestesis miTi Zalian popularuli iyo
antikurobaSi, Tanamedrove literaturaSi igi ar iqca antigonesaviT sayvarel
gmirad. SeiZleba, es Rirebulebebis Secvlis bralic iyos. amboxebuli antigone
yvela drois gmiria, dedismkvleli eleqtras TanagrZnoba ufro Znelia.
`f i l o q t e t e s i~ (409). miTis mixedviT, filoqtetess, aqavel gmirs, herak-
lem sikvdilis win Tavisi mSvild-isari dautova. filoqtetesi am mSvildiT
SeiaraRebuli wavida troas winaaRmdeg saomrad, magram gzaze gvelma ukbina.
Wriloba imdenad myrali aRmoCnda, rom gadawyvites, filoqtetesi ukacriel
kunZulze daetovebinaT. gavida aTi weli. aqavelebma misnobiT Seityves, rom fi-
loqtetesis iaraRis gareSe troas ver aiRebdnen. filoqtetesi ganrisxebulia
aqavelebze da ar surs dabruneba. sofokles mixedviT, maT gagzavnes odisevsi da
aqilevsis Ze neoptolemosi. neoptolemoss unda moetyuebina filoqtetesi, viTom
gamoeqca aqavelebs da Semdeg eSmakobiT Caegdo xelSi mSvildi. filoqtetess
Zalian gauxarda neoptolemosis danaxva. male ndobiTac aRivso. neoptolemoss,
romelsac araferi aqvs saerTo cbierebiT saxelganTqmul odisevsTan, Zalian
uWirs tyuilis Tqma. igi mainc axerxebs iaraRis xelSi Cagdebas. odisevsi si-
marTles umxels filoqtetess da urCevs sakuTari nebiT wahyves maT troaSi.
neoptolemosi ubrunebs mas mSvilds da mis darwmunebas cdilobs, Tumca amaod.
axla, rodesac TiTqos unda dasruldes filoqtetesis izolacia da mas SeuZlia
hyavdes megobari, filoqtetesi isev martoobas irCevs. neoptolemosi Txovs,:
`Zvirfaso, nu gajiutdebi da nu irCev ubedurebas!~ (1387), magram gmiri uars am-
bobs. roca yvela gza iketeba, Cndeba Deus ex machina herakles saxiT, romelic mou-
wodebs filoqtetess, wavides troaSi. gmirebi brundebian. tragedia sruldeba
locviT.
es aris sofokles erTaderTi tragedia, sadac Cndeba Deus ex machina da aseve
erTaderTi, sadac ar Cans qali.
sofokle aqac cvlis miTs. neoptolemosisTvis centraluri rolis miniWeba
misi inovaciaa. aseve sofokleseuli siaxlea ukacrieli lemnosi. tragediis
dasawyisSi ramdenjerme meordeba, rom filoqtetesi aris sruliad marto, mi-
tovebuli, is cxovrobs gamoqvabulSi, xolo lemnosi ukacrielia da veluri mxe-
cebiT dasaxlebuli. tragediis bolos yvelaferi icvleba. samecniero litera-
turaSi aRiniSneba, rom `filoqtetesi~ sofokles erTaderTi tragediaa, sadac
mTavari gmirebi srul transformacias ganicdian: neoptolemosi Tavidan
Tanxmdeba, moatyuos filoqtetesi, Semdeg icvlis pozicias da mSvildsac ki
ubrunebs mas, filoqtetesi uars ambobs izolaciidan isev civilizacias dau-
brundes, magram bolos Tanxmdeba. neoptolemosis transformacias adareben efe-
bosis hoplitad gaxdomis rituals, xolo filoqtetesis dabruneba veluris `ga-
kulturebaa~. transformacias gadis bunebac. Tuki tragediis dasawyisSi lemnosi
aRwerilia, rogorc yvelasgan mitovebuli kunZuli, dramis bolos es mkacri ud-
abno pastoraluri xdeba. veluri cxovelebis nacvlad, romlebzec filoqtetesi
nadirobda da eSinoda, maTi sakbilo ar gamxdariyo, gamosaTxovar sityvaSi iq
nimfebi cxovroben, romelTac Tbilad emSvidobeba filoqtetesi (1452-61). RvTae-
128 sofokle
brivi nebiT axerxeben adamianebi veluri bunebis morjulebas, rac frangi mecni-
eris, p. vidal-naqes TqmiT, `filoqtetesSi~ momxdari bolo transformaciaa.
`filoqtetesi~ mravaljer gadamuSavda mogviano xanis literaturaSi. mas
yvela epoqa Tavisi interesebis gaTvaliswinebiT cvlida. axali variantebidan
gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania andre Jidis traqtati `filoqtetesi~ (1899). so-
fokles gmiris sijiute andre JidTan ucnaur saxes iRebs. filoqtetesi Tavad
svams dasaZinebel wamals, rom mebrZolebs gauadvilos mSvildisris motaceba.
Zvel berZen tragikosTagan sofokle yvelaze ufro daxvewilia. masTan sru-
lyofilebas aRwevs tragediis forma, misi gmirebi Zlieri figurebi arian, ro-
melTa tanjva yvelaze metad xvdeba mayureblis guls. sofokles gmirebi Tavad
irCeven Tavis beds. tragikul konfliqts am arCevanis simcdare ganapirobebs.
mniSvnelovania ara imdenad ambavi, ramdenadac intriga, romelic ixlarTeba
gmiris arCevanis Sedegad. TiTqmis yvela gmirs Tavad gamoaqvs ganaCeni sakuTari
TavisTvis. isini eswrafvian martoobas da sxvagvarad arc SeuZliaT, radgan maTi
dari aravinaa siZlieriT.
sofokles gmirebi, TiTqos idealurebi, Zalian adamianurebi rCebian. maT ada-
mianurobis swored maTi Secdoma ganapirobebs. swored amitom ganicdis mayure-
beli maT Tavze datexil ubedurebas da amitom uyvarT es gmirebi ukve ramdeni
saukunea.
Zalian didia sofokles gavlena evropul kulturaze. igi mravaljer iTargmna
da gadamuSavda. am mxriv yvelaze mdidaria franguli da germanulenovani lit-
eratura. sofokleTi saqarTveloSi, upirvels yovlisa, qarTuli Teatri dainte-
resda. pirvelad 1912 wels daidga àntigone~, 1913 wels òidipos mefe~. pirvel
speqtaklebs Tan axlda leqciebi sofokles Semoqmedebis da saerTod, antikuri
Teatris Sesaxeb. sofokles dramebma swrafad moipova popularoba da XX sauku-
nis 20-ian wlebamde àntigones~ da òidipos mefis~ ramdenime axali dadgma
ganxorcielda. saqarTvelos gasabWoebam xangrZliv pauzas daudo safuZveli.
mogvianebiT ramdenjerme daidga òidipos mefe~ (1946, 1956, 1978 da sxva). sofokles
àntigone~, romelic 1972 wels xangrZlivi Sesvenebis Semdeg xelaxla daidga, Jan
anuis àntigonem~ Secvala. qarTuli mwerloba naklebad iTvaliswinebs sofokle-
seul saxeebs. rogorc Cans, igi jer kidev Tavis jers elis.
tragediebi: „aiasi~, „antigone~, „eleqtra~, „oidiposi kolonosSi~, „oidipos

mefe~, „traqiseli qalebi~, „filoqtetesi~.
evripide 129
evripide
(Zv.w. 485/480 _ Zv.w. 406w.)
evripide _ didi berZeni tragikosi, tragikosTa brwyinvale sameulis ukanask-

neli warmomadgeneli. mwerlis dabadebis TariRis Sesaxeb ori versia arsebobs.
pirvelis mixedviT igi Zv.w. 485/84w-s daibada, meore versia ki evripides dabadebis
TariRad Zv.w. 480 wels, salamisis sazRvao brZolaSi berZnebis gamarjvebis wels
acxadebs. am gadmocemiT es istoriuli TariRi samive berZeni tragikosis cxovre-
bis mniSvnelovan furclebs ukavSirdeboda _ esqile Tavad ibrZoda salamisTan,
sofokle gamarjvebis mozeime ferxulSi iRebda monawileobas, evripide ki ber-
ZenTa gamarjvebis dRes moevlina qveynierebas. rogorc Cans, berZnebi cdilobdnen
am umniSvnelovanesi TariRisTvis simboluri datvirTva mieniWebinaT, raTa amiT
ufro Rirsaxsovari gaexadaT STamomavalTaTvis.
evripides cxovrebis Sesaxeb ramdenime biografiuli wyaroa SemorCenili.
Tumca es wyaroebi imdenad xSirad imeoreben Zv. atikuri komediis mier evripides
Sesaxeb SeTxzul anekdotur ambebsa da xumrobebs, rom mecnierebi erTob frTxi-
lad ekidebian maT monacemebs. didi berZeni tragikosi xom komediis dacinvis say-
vareli obieqti gaxldaT.1
evripide daibada erTi gadmocemiT sofel fliaSi _ Suagul atikaSi, meore gadmo-
cemiT _ kunZul salamisze. evripides mama vaWari iyo, dedamisi ki filoqorosis mixed-
viT maRali wris qali gaxldaT. Wabuki evripide deloseli apolonis kultmsaxure-
baSi monawileobda. gadmogvcemen, rom siWabukeSi evripide aTletizmiT da ferweri-
Tac iyo gatacebuli. magram yvelaze mTavari Wabuki evripides cxovrebaSi, ueWvelia,
im drois cnobil inteleqtualebTan misi nacnoboba iyo. aTenSi am dros farTod iyo
gaSlili inteleqtualuri moZraoba, moZraoba, romelsac kacobriobis azrovnebis
istoriaSi erT-erTi yvelaze saintereso inteleqtualuri gamoRviZeba SeiZleba
ewodos. evripides moZRvarni anaqsagorasi, protagorasi da misi umcrosi Taname-
drove sokrate yofilan. tragikosisTvis axlobeli aRmoCnda sofistebis mier daner-
gili atmosfero _ axali sakiTxebis dasma, tradiciul RirebulebaTa kritika, skep-
ticizmi, rac ase farTod gamovlinda SemdgomSi mis SemoqmedebaSi.
evripide politikurad aqtiuri moqalaqe ar yofila. rogorc gadmogvcemen,
igi cxovrobda ganmartoebiT kunZul salamisze erT gamoqvabulSi, romelic
zRvas gahyurebda. sZulda stumrebi da wveulebebi. bunebiT iyo daRvremili da
1
aristofanes TerTmeti komediidan sami vrclad warmoadgens evripides Semoqmedebis
problematur sakiTxebs. rac Seexeba danarCen piesebs, evripide yvela maTganSia moxseniebuli.
rogorc Cans, aristofane erTob kargad icnobda mis Semoqmedebas. meore mxriv, evripides
mimarT gamovlenili aseTi didi yuradReba imazec metyvelebs, rom tragikosis dacinva
aTenel mayurebels sruliadac ar bezrdeboda.
130 evripide
moRuSuli. hqonda uamravi wigni da iyo Zalian ganaTlebuli pirovneba. tragiko-

sis biografosis cnobiT, didi dramaturgi ar cdilobda, Tavisi mayureblis
keTilganwyoba moepovebina. misi ukareba buneba, ganrideba samoqalaqo saqmia-
nobisgan, novatoruli Semoqmedeba, daudgromeli mwerluri suli, rogorc Cans,
aTeneli mayureblisTvis mainc da mainc misaRebi ar unda yofiliyo. Sesabamisad,
aTenSi igi popularobiT ar sargeblobda. albaT aman ganapiroba kidec xandaz-
muli evripides wasvla makedoniaSi, mefe arqelaosis karze. iq tragikosi gansa-
kuTrebuli pativiT miiRes, Tumc, rogorc Cans, genios Semoqmeds bevri moSurne
hyavda. makedoniaSi igi sul oriode weli moRvaweobda, Zv.w. 406w-s tragikosi
gardaicvala. erTi legendis Tanaxmad,SuriT anTebulma samefo karis poetebma
moisyides msaxuri da imanac ZaRlebs daaglejina evripide.
evripides gardacvalebas aTenSi gloviT Sexvdnen. gadmogvcemen, rom mxcovani
sofokle proagonSi gamosvlisas ZaZebiT Semosila, gundi ki gvirgvinis gareSe
gamouyvania. tragikosis saflavs aseTi warwera amSvenebda: Tumc evripide make-
doniaSi ganisvenebs, misi saflavi mTeli elada aris. SemdgomSi Tavad aTeneleb-
mac Rirseulad daafases saxelovani Tanamemamule, dionises TeatrSi sofoklesa
da esqiles qandakebebs gverdi evripides qandakebamac daumSvena. aseTi iyo
tragikosi, romelsac erTi fraziT ase axasiaTebs misi biografosi: `ganride-
buli mTeli dReebis ganmavlobaSi fiqrobda TavisTvis da werda, rameTu sZulda
yovelive, rac ar iyo diadi da amaRlebuli~.
erTi versiiT evripides dawerili hqonia 92, meoreTi ki _ 78 tragedia. mog-
vepoveba cnobebi misi 75 dramis saTaurebisa Tu fragmentebis Sesaxeb. Cvenamde
srulad moaRwia evripides 17 tragediam da erTma satirulma dramam.1 Tavisi
tetralogiebi man 22-jer warmoadgina, pirvelad Zv.w. 455w-s. imaze, rom evripide
sicocxleSi popularobiT ar sargeblobda, metyvelebs Tundac is, rom pirveli
adgili man sul xuTjer moipova _ oTxjer sicocxleSi da erTxelac sikvdilis
Semdgom. evripides TxzulebaTa pirveli mecnieruli gamocema elinistur xanaSi
aristofane bizantionelis TaosnobiT momzadda.
pirveli, rac evripides Semoqmedebis ganxilvisas unda iTqvas, aris is, rom
evripide udidesi maZiebeli da novatoria. SeuZlebelia erT sqemaSi movaqcioT
evripides Semoqmedebis nebismieri kardinaluri sakiTxi _ iqneba es dramaturgis
mimarTeba religiasTan, gmirTa xatvis proncipebi, Tu tragediis konfliqtis
gadawyvetis gzebi. amis mizezi ki martivia, evripides ar aqvs myari msoflmxedve-
lobiTi principi, samyaros miseuli aRqma iseve danawevrebulia, rogorc aris, mi-
si gagebiT, Tavad samyaro. swored samyaros evripideseuli aRqma aris is arsebi-
Ti, rac mis Teatrs principulad ganasxvavebs esqiles da sofokles Teatrebi-
sagan. Tu esqile da sofokle, r. gordezianis SeniSvniT, Tumc gansxvavebuli gze-
biT samyaros harmoniulobisa da erTianobis aucileblobis ideamde midian,
evripidesTan es ase ar aris. evripidesTan samyaro aRar aris harmoniuli, àq
aRaraferi rCeba iseTi, rasac misi daSlili nawilebis kvlav gaerTianeba da ur-
TierTTanxmobaSi moyvana SeuZlia~.2 masTan adamianis Tavisufali neba aucileb-
lobas _ RmerTebis mier dadgenil RvTaebriv wesrigs aRar upirispirdeba. evri-
pide Tavis dramebSi umeteswilad warmogvidgens imgvar tragikul situaciebs da
tragikul qmedebaT, romlebic mTlianad arian moqceulni adamianur Tu so-
1
àlkestisi~ _ Zv.w. 438w; `medea~ _ Zv.w. 431w; `heraklidebi~ _ Zv.w. 430w; àndromaqe~ _ Zv.w. 429w;
`hipolitosi~ _ Zv.w. 428w; `hekabe~ _ Zv.w. 425w; `mavedrebeli qalebi~ _ Zv.w. 424w-is Semdgom;
`herakle~ _ TariRi ucnobia; èleqtra~ _ TariRi ucnobia; `troeli qalebi~ _ Zv.w. 415w;
èlene~ _ Zv.w. 412w; ìfigenia tavroselebSi~ _ TariRi ucnobia; ìoni~ _ TariRi ucnobia;
`finikieli qalebi~ _ daaxl. Zv.w. 411-408ww; òrestesi~ _ Zv.w. 408w; ìfigenia avlisSi~ _ Zv.w.
406w; `bakqi qalebi~ _ Zv.w. 406w; `kiklopi~ _ TariRi ucnobia.
2
r. gordeziani, 2002, 438
evripide 131
cialur konteqstSi. Sesabamisad, dramaturgs ainteresebs ara imdenad gmiris mi-

marTeba gare realobasTan, ramdenadac Tavad gmiris pirovneba, misi reaqciebi
eqstremalur viTarebaSi, is, Tu rogor SeiZleba warmoCindes erTi da igive ada-
miani sruliad gansxvavebul pirovnebad.
tragikosis Semoqmedebis meore da Zalze arsebiTi siaxle tradiciuli mi-
Tologiuri masalisadmi evripides axleburi damokidebulebaa. evripide cnobil
miToss aratradiciul interpretacias aZlevs, zogjer igi nacnob ambavs
gansxvavebul gagrZelebas uZebnis, xanac adgilobrivi legendis safuZvelze axal
miToss qmnis. demiTologizaciis process emsaxureba siuJetur qargaSi sruliad
ucnobi gmirebis, yoveldRiuri ambebis, yofiTi detalebis Semotana. tragediis
amaRlebuli enisa da tonis daqveiTeba, maRalfardovani stilis nacvlad
Cveulebrivi, yoveldRiuri sasaubro enis damkvidreba aseve ganapirobebs evrip-
ides tragediaTa xasiaTis Secvlas da mis yofiT dramasTan daaxloebas.
miTosisadmi am axlebur damokidebulebas pirdapir ukavSirdeba evripides Se-
moqmedebaSi tragikuli gmiris koncefciis arsebiTi cvlileba. man miwaze Camoiy-
vana adamiani. aristotelem sagulisxmod daaxasiaTa evripides novatoroba: `so-
fokle asaxavda adamianebs iseTad, rogorebic isini unda iyvnen, xolo evripide
iseTebad, rogorebic isini arian~. aman, bunebrivia, gmirebis deheroizacia ga-
moiwvia. evripides personaJebi garkveuli gagebiT `realisturni arian~, isini
Cveulebrivi adamianebis msgavsad moqmedeben da ganicdian. maTSi metia miwieri
vnebani da mankierebani.
evripidem dramatuli kolizia gmiris Sinagan samyaroSi gadaitana, asaxa mis
sulSi mimdinare ori sapirispiro Zalis Widili. unda iTqvas, rom poetis
Tanamedroveebs gauWirdaT Tavis Tavis sapirispirod orad gaTiSuli pirovnu-
lobis aRqma, radgan monoliTur xasiaTebs iyvnen miCveulni. amasTan, ueWvelia,
rom evripide flobda xasiaTis xatvis maRal xelovnebas. mis tragediaTa erT
nawilSi namdvilad moqmedeben mTliani, fsiqologiurad damajerebeli xasiaTebi,
Tumca amasTan evripide zogierT Tavis dramaSi imgvar personaJebsac warmogvid-
gens, romlebsac pirobiTad Tu SeiZleba xasiaTebi vuwodoT. fsiqologiurad
damajerebel xasiaTs naxavda mayurebeli Tu ramdenime StrixiT daxatul per-
sonaJs damokidebuli iyo im mizanze, romelsac evripide konkretuli tragediis
daweris dros isaxavda.
evripides uwodebdnen `filosofoss scenaze~. es, bunebrivia, ar gulisxmobs imas,
rom dramaturgi Tavisi nawarmoebebiT romelime filosofiur moZRvrebas qadagebda.
Tumc tragikosis SemoqmedebaSi aSkarad SeiniSneba misi Tanamedrove naturfilosofo-
sebis SexedulebaTa kvali, vercerTi filosofiuri skola mas Tavis mimdevrad ver
daasaxelebs. aseTi skolebi ki im periodis eladaSi mravlad iyo. mis tragediebSi erT-
droulad vxvdebiT, rogorc sofistur da sokratul, ise tradiciuli olimpiuri
religiis doqtrinebs.
mkvlevarTa umetesobis azriT, evripides tragediaTa struqturuli kompozi-
cia teqnikisa da ostatobis mxriv bevrad Camouvardeba sofokles tragediebs.
evripides dramaTa erT nawils aklia simetriuloba, calkeuli epizodebi ar ar-
ian erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebuli, saboloo jamSi ki adgili aqvs erTgvar disharmo-
nias, mTlianobis darRvevas. Tumca gvaqvs kompoziciuri TvalsazrisiT unaklod
agebuli tragediebic. misi tragediaTa formaluri mxaris nairgvaroba isev da
isev Semoqmedis novatorulma Ziebebma da eqsperimentebma ganapiroba. gansxvave-
buli Seferiloba aqvs masTan kompoziciis elementebsac _ prologs, eqsodoss,
finalur scenebs. prologSi ZiriTadad gadmocemulia is informacia, romlis
codnac mayureblisTvis evripides mier Secvlili tradiciuli masalis gamo ukve
aucilebelia. prologs xSirad RmerTi warmoTqvams.
132 evripide
finalur scenebSi araiSviaTad gamoiyeneba dramatuli xerxi _ deus ex machina _

`RmerTi manqanidan~, radgan dramaTa did nawilSi konfliqti CixSi Sedis da
mxolod RmerTis Carevas SeuZlia aRadginos wesrigi. amasTan amgvari finali
xSirad warmoaCens gmiris momavals, zogjer igi romelime kultis dafuZnebis
winapirobaa, calkeul SemTxvevebSi ki gmiris sxva TvisobriobaSi gadasvlas ga-
moxatavs.
gansxvavebulia gundis rolic. mecnierebaSi araa sabolood dadgenili, Tu ra
funqcia eniWeboda gunds dramaturgis SemoqmedebaSi. Tumca mainc SeiniSneba
garkveuli tendencia imisa, rom uSualod moqmedidan gundi TandaTanobiT may-
ureblis rolSi gadavides. gundis xasiaTis cvlileba, rogorc Cans, yvelaze
metad evripides musikalurma inovaciebma gamoiwvia. cnobilia, rom aristotele
gundis amgvari gamoyenebis mimarT kritikulad iyo ganwyobili. `gundic ise unda
iyos aRebuli, rogorc erT-erTi msaxiobi. igi unda iyos mTelis nawili da
monawileobdes mis ganviTarebaSi _ ara ise, rogorc es aris evripidesTan, aramed
ise, rogorc es aris sofoklesTan~ (aristotele, `poetika~).
evripides Semoqmedebis analizisas sagangebo yuradReba misi dramebis klasi-
fikacias eqceva. masTan aSkarad gamoiyofa dramis ramdenime tipi, rac kon-
fliqtis ganviTarebis sxvadasxva formas unda gamoewvia. dramaTa erT nawilSi
konfliqti katastrofamde midis, sxvebSi _ garkveulad neitraldeba, zogjer ki
bednieri finaliT mTavrdeba. konfliqtis ganviTarebis garda evripides dramaTa
gansxvavebulobas sxva faqtorebic ganapirobeben, romlebsac Cven qvemoT ufro
dawvrilebiT ganvixilavT.
arsebobs evripides tragediaTa araerTi klasifikacia. vfiqrobT, pirobiTad
isini sam ZiriTad jgufad SeiZleba davyoT: wminda tragediebi, rogorebicaa:
`medea~, `hipolitosi~, `heraklidebi~, `troeli qalebi~, `hekabe~, `mavedrebeli
qalebi~, àndromaqe~, `herakle~, `heraklidebi~, `bakqi qalebi~; tragikomediebi:
àlkestisi~, ìoni~, èlene~, ìfigenia tavroselebSi~ da melodramebi (an paTeti-
kuri tragediebi): èleqtra~, òrestesi~, ìfigenia avlisSi~, `finikieli qalebi~.
Cven TiToeuli am jgufidan TiTo piesas ganvixilavT. manamde ki mokled evrip-
ides piesaTa fabulebs warmovadgenT.
àlkestisi~ _ tragediaSi gadmocemulia admetosis saxlSi datrialebuli am-
bavi. zevsis mier dasjili apoloni erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi emsaxureboda feres
mefe admetoss. admetosis mxridan keTili mopyrobiT moxibluli apoloni
gadawyvets, daarwmunos moirebi, gauxangrZlivon mefes sicocxle. bedisweris
qalRmerTni miscemen nebas admetoss, icocxlos misTvis gankuTvnili drois Sem-
dgomac erTi pirobiT, Tu vinme admetosis axlobelTagan dasTanxmdeba mis
sanacvlod sikvdils. admetosma Camoiara axloblebi, sTxova dedas da mamas, ma-
gram mxolod alkestisma _ misma colma moisurva mis nacvlad sikvdili. piesis
mimdinareobisas alkestisi kvdeba. swored am dros herakle Seivlis admetosTan.
mefe ar gaumxels mas colis sikvdils, radgan SiSobs, rom am SemTxvevaSi herakle
aRar gaCerdeba masTan. sabolood herakle mainc gaigebs dedoflis gar-
dacvalebis Sesaxeb da admetosis stumarTmoyvareobiT moxibluli maspinZlisT-
vis colis dabrunebas gadawyvets, risTvisac hadesSi Cadis da amohyavs alkestisi.
piesa bednieri col-qmris erTad yofniT mTavrdeba.
`h e r a k l i d e b i~ _ tragedia warmogvidgens herakles SvilTa beds, romle-
bic aTenma Seifara. herakles Zveli mteri _ evrisTevsi sdevnis maT da aTenis me-
fisgan maT gadacemas moiTxovs. aTenis mefe uars ucxadebs mas. maSin evrisTevsi
jariT midis aTenis winaaRmdeg da brZolaSi marcxdeba.
`h i p o l i t o s i~ _ tragediaSi moTxrobilia Tesevsis colis _ fedras dana-
Saulebrivi ltolvis Sesaxeb. fedras TavdaviwyebiT Seuyvardeba Tavisi geri _
Tesevsis vaJiSvili hipolitosi. qali cdilobs Caiklas vneba Tavis TavSi, magram
evripide 133
amaod. qalbatonis cudad yofniT gamwarebuli ZiZa, gadawyvets yvelaferSi hipo-

litoss gamoutydes. axalgazrda Wabuks, romelic isedac ubirad aris RvTaeba
afroditesTan, romelsac sZuls qalTa sqesi da romelic artemisis erTgulia,
SeZravs ZiZis monayoli. aRSfoTebuli igi lanZRavs fedras aseTi uwmindurobis
daSvebisaTvis. fedra igebs yovelives. igi gadawyvets sicocxlis TviTmkvlelo-
biT dasrulebas, magram manamde dawers werils, romelSiac brals sdebs hipoli-
toss misTvis pativis axdis mcdelobaSi. Semosul Tesevss mkvdari coli da misi
baraTi xvdeba. SeZrwunebuli igi sTxovs poseidons, daRupos misi Svili. hipoli-
tosi ver axerxebs mamis darwmunebas, simarTles ki ver eubneba, radgan ZiZisTvis
saidumlos Senaxvis fici aqvs micemuli. hipolitosi iRupeba. finalSi artemisi
Tesevss simarTles amcnobs. mama exveva udanaSaulod daRupul Svils.
`h e k a b e~ _ am dramiT iwyeba evripides tragediaTa cikli, romelic omis
tragikul Sedegebs, eqstremalur mdgomareobaSi Cavardnil gmirTa gancdebs da
maT bed-iRbals warmogvidgens. moqmedeba xdeba Trakiis xersonesSi, sadac sam-
SobloSi mimavali berZenTa floti Seferxdeba. berZnebs mihyavT Sin tyveebi, ro-
melTa Sorisac troas mefis _ priamosis coli hekabe da misi qaliSvilebi arian.
prologs polidorosis _ priamosis vaJis aCrdili warmoTqvams. igi mamis mier
Trakiis mefe polimestorTan iyo gadamaluli, Svilis movlisTvis priamoss
didZali ganZi hqonda mefisTvis micemuli. magram ukanaskneli xarbi da veragi ad-
amiani aRmoCnda da ganZis dauflebis gamo mokla polidorosi, misi gvami ki
zRvaSi gadaagdo. polidorosis aCrdili sizmarSi gamoecxadeba hekabes da mas
misi qaliSvilis _ poliqsenes xvedrs auwyebs.
Semosuli gundi sasowarkveTil dedas aqilevsis aCrdilis moTxovnas amcnobs
_ gmirTagmiri iTxovs, rom poliqsene mas msxverplad Seswiron. Semodis odisevsi,
romelmac poliqsene unda waiyvanos. hekabe cdilobs odisevsis gadarwmunebas,
magram amaod. Tavis mxriv, poliqsenes monad yofnas sikvdili urCevnia. odisevss
mihyavs qalwuli, romelic warbSeuxreli xvdeba sikvdils. qaliSvilis sikvdilis
Semdeg hekabe Semzarav ambavs igebs. moaxles misi vaJiSvilis gvami moaqvs, ro-
melic zRvas gamouriyavs. priamosis meuRle xvdeba polimestoris veragobas da
masze sastik SurisZiebas gadawyvets. igi SesTxovs agamemnons, ar SeuSalos xeli
SurisgebaSi. hekabe TavisTan iwvevs polimestors SvilebiTurT, xvdeba keTilad,
pirdeba ganZeuls. cota xnis Semdeg karvidan barbaciT gamodis TvalebdaTxrili
Trakiis mefe. igi uyveba dabrunebul agamemnons, rogor daxoces karavSi misi
Svilebi da rogor dasTxares mas Tvalebi. mas unda daarwmunos agamemnoni, rom
polidorosi mxolod aqavelTa gulis mosagebad mokla. aqavelTa mTavarsardali
ar irwmunebs mis sityvas da brZanebs, rom Trakiis mefe ukacriel kunZulze daag-
don.
à n d r o m a q e~ _ tragedia mogviTxrobs andromaqes bedze troas aRebis Sem-
dgom. troas omis Semdeg andromaqe, heqtoris coli wilad xvdeba neoptolemoss,
aqilevsis vaJs, romlisganac mas vaJi SeeZineba. piesa iwyeba andromaqes Tavs
datexili ubedurebis gadmocemiT. fTiaSi myof andromaqes Tetisis taZrisTvis
Seufarebia Tavi, radgan mas devnis neoptolemosis kanonieri meuRle hermione,
menelaosis asuli. hermiones Svili ar uCndeba. igi darwmunebulia, rom es andro-
maqes gamo xdeba, romelmac mas jado gaukeTa. hermione neoptolemosis gamgzavre-
biT sargeblobs da mamas spartidan ixmobs. isini andromaqesa da misi Zis mokvlas
apireben. menelaosi eSmakobiT gamoityuebs andromaqes taZridan da is-isaa mama-
Svilma TavianTi mzakvruli Canafiqri unda aRasrulon, rom scenaze Cndeba
moxuci pelevsi, aqilevsis mama, romelic gadaarCens ganwirul deda-Svils. mene-
laosi midis. axla sasowarkveTilebaSi vardeba hermione. qali grZnobs, rom
neoptolemosi mas andromaqesa da misi vaJis mokvlis mcdelobas ar apatiebs. ue-
crad fTiaSi Camodis orestesi. igi mzadaa, hermione TavisTan waiyvanos. amaso-
134 evripide
baSi scenaze SemoaqvT neoptolemosis gvami, romelic delfoSi orestesisgan

waqezebul delfoselebs mouklavT. tragediis bolos Tetisi brZanebs neop-
tolemosis delfoSi dakrZalvas, andromaqes ki moloselTa qveyanaSi agzavnis.
`mavedrebeli qalebi~ _ tragedia gadmogvcems, Tu ra moxda mas Semdgom, rac
polinikesis mier moyvanili argoseli vaJkacebi Tebes kedlebTan daiRupnen. Te-
belebi ar anebebdnen gvamebs Wirisuflebs. moklulTa dedebi midian aTenSi, raTa
aTenis mefe Tesevss TebelebTan Suamavloba sTxovon. Tesevsi midis TebeSi, ebrZ-
vis Tebelebs da aiZulebs maT, daabrunon argoselTa cxedrebi.
`h e r a k l e~ _ tragedia herakles Tavgadasavlis ramdenime epizods warmogvidgens.
rodesac herakle kerberosis dasamorCileblad hadesSi Cavida da iq Seyovnda, Tebes
tiranma _ likosma herakles ojaxis amoxocva gadawyvita, raTa amiT momavali Surismge-
blebisagan gaTavisuflebuliyo. magram herakle brundeba droulad da klavs likoss.
am dros herakles dauZinebeli mteri hera mas sigiJes mouvlens. gaxelebuli herakle
amoxocavs Svilebs da cols. roca gmiri gons mova, igi SeZrwundeba CadeniliT. herakle
Tavis mokvlas gadawyvets. sabednierod am dros scenaze Semodis Tesevsi, romelsac
herakles dasaxmareblad likosis winaaRmdeg jari Camouyvania. igi arwmunebs gmirTag-
mirs, rom misi sicocxle samSoblos sWirdeba da aTenSi wasvlas sTavazobs. herakle
eTanxmeba megobars da midis aTenSi.
è l e q t r a~ _ tragedia amuSavebs cnobil miTs imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor mokla
deda orestesma mamaze, agamemnonze SurisZiebis mizniT. am miTosze tragediebi,
rogorc cnobilia, esqiles da sofokles hqondaT dawerili. SurisZiebis grZno-
biT anTebul eleqtrasTan, romelic mamis mkvlelebis dasjaze ocnebobs, Camodis
orestesi. da-Zma erTmaneTs amoicnoben, Seadgenen klitemnestrasa da egisTosis
mkvlelobis gegmas. orestesi klavs jer egisToss, Semdeg dedas. dedis mkvlelo-
bis Semdeg da-Zma acnobierebs, Tu ra sazareli ram Caidines. bolos Deus ex machina-
Ti Semodian elenes Zmebi _ dioskurebi _ kastori da polidevkesi. isini amcnoben
maT momavals. orestesi aTenSi areopagis winaSe unda warsdges, sadac misi ga-
marTleba moxdeba. eleqtra ki orestesis megobars, piladess unda gahyves colad.
`t r o e l i q a l e b i~ _ tragedia troas dacemis Semdeg troel tyveTa saSi-
nel mdgomareobaze mogviTxrobs. macne atyobinebs priamosis ojaxs, Tu rogor
dainawileben maT aqaveli gmirebi. hekabe odisevsis mxevali gaxdeba, kasandra aga-
memnonis sayvareli, andromaqe neoptolemoss xvdeba wilad, xolo umcros
poliqsenes aqavelTa saflavs daaklaven. scenaze rig-rigobiT Cndebian msxver-
plni. kasandra winaswarmetyvelebs agamemnonis sazarel aRsasruls da odisevsis
xangrZliv xetials. Semdeg scenaze Semodis andromaqe, romelsac macne axal
Semzarav ambavs atyobinebs. aqavelebs gadauwyvetiaT andromaqes Cvili vaJis _ as-
tianaqsis troas galavnis koSkidan gadagdeba. Setyobinebis Semdeg macne stacebs
vaJs andromaqes da kedlidan Zirs isvris. tragediis dasasruls Sikriks axali
brZaneba moaqvs. troas cecxli unda waukidon, raTa qalaqi aRigavos miwisagan
pirisa. hekabes unda Tavadac daiwves cecxlSi, magram amis nebas ar rTaven.
ì f i g e n i a t a v r o s e l e b S i~ _ mogviTxrobs ifigenias Semdgomi bedis
Sesaxeb. igi tavroselTa qveyanaSi artemisis taZris qurumi xdeba. piesaSi gadmo-
cemulia, Tu rogor pouloben orestesi da piladesi iq ifigenias da rogor
usxltebian xelidan tavroselebis mefe Toass.
ì o n i~ _ aTenis mefis erexTevsis asul kreusas apolonisgan gauCndeba vaJi.
kreusa malulad gaCenil Svils kalaTSi tovebs bedis anabara, magram apoloni ar
wiravs Tavis pirmSos da delfoSi gagzavnis. iq vaJi apolonis taZris daraji
xdeba. kreusa Semdgom colad mihyveba qsuToss. radgan maT Svili ar uCndebaT,
isini delfoSi midian, raTa misans uSvilobis mizezs SeekiTxon. evripide mog-
viTxrobs romantikul istorias, Tu rogor ipovis col-qmari delfoSi Wabuk
evripide 135
ions, romelmac ar icis Tavisi warmomavloba da mravali intrigis Semdeg rogor

daarwmuneben qsuToss, rom ioni misi Svilia.
`f i n i k i e l i q a l e b i~ _ am tragediaSi damuSavebulia igive siuJeti, rac
esqiles tragediaSi `Svidni Tebes winaaRmdeg~, magram evripide Temas ufro
afarToebs da sxva moqmedi pirebic Semohyavs.
ò r e s t e s i~ _ gadmogvcems im movlenebs, romelTac klitemnestrasa da eg-
isTosis mokvlis Semdgom hqonda adgili, vidre orestesi mikenidan wavidoda.
eriniebis Semosevisagan gonebaaSlili orestesis mdgomareoba ukiduresad mZi-
mea. amasTan argoselebs misi sikvdiliT dasja surT. da-ZmasTan saSvelad Camodis
maTi biZa _ menelaosi. da ai, roca xsnis imedi Cndeba, scenaze Semodis tindarevsi,
babua, aRSfoTebuli SviliSvilebis saqcieliT. igi afrTxilebs menelaoss, ar
daexmaros da-Zmas. menelaosi miatovebs ZmisSvils da roca yvela imedi gadai-
wureba, maTTan Camodis piladesi. orestesi da piladesi saxalxo krebaze midian,
raTa argoselebs gaauqmebinon orestesis dasjis gadawyvetileba, magram mxolod
imas axerxeben, rom qvebiT Caqolvis ganaCens TviTmkvlelobis ganaCeniT acv-
levineben. bolos, roca araferi gamouvaT, megobrebi mzakvrul gegmas Seadgenen,
romlis Tanaxmadac unda moklan elene, misi Svili hermione ki Seipyron, raTa
Svilis mokvlis SiSiT menelaoss daxmareba aiZulon. rodesac menelaosi scenaze
brundeba, orestess xanjali aqvs hermionesTvis yelze mibjenili. gacofebuli
menelaosi mainc ar exmareba sasikvdilod ganwirulT da sasaxlis gadawvis
brZanebas gascems. Deus ex machina-Ti Cndeba apoloni, romelic yvelas simSvidisken
mouwodebs da orestess xsnis gzas auwyebs.
`b a k q i q a l e b i~ _ tragediaSi gadmocemulia, Tu ra dabrkolebebi xvde-
boda dionises kultis gavrcelebas, rogor uaryo Tebes mefem _ kadmosis
SviliSvilma penTevsma dionises RvTaebrioba da rogor daglijes igi dionises
mimdevarma bakqma qalebma, maT Soris sakuTarma dedam da deidam, romlebmac
bakqosisgan STagonebulebma ver amoicnes igi.
`k i k l o p i~ _ dramis siuJetad aRebulia òdiseas~ IX simReraSi gadmocemuli
epizodi _ odisevsis istoria kiklop polifemosis mRvimeSi, romelsac evripidem sat-
irebis mier dionises Zebnis Sesaxeb miTi daumata.
`m e d e a~. tragedia `medea~ evripidem aTenelebs Zv.w. 431 wels warudgina. maSin
tetralogiam, romelSiac es piesa Sedioda, mxolod mesame prizi miiRo, rac misi
sruli Cavardnis tolfasi iyo. magram, bedis ironiiT, am tragediam, aseTma
arapopularulma evripides sicoxleSi, imgvari gavlena iqonia msoflio lit-
eraturaze, rogoric ar hqonia arcerT sxva dramas.
amis mizezi am tragediis zogadsakacobrio mniSvnelobaSi da, rasakvirvelia,
mis umaRles mxatvrul RirebulebaSia saZiebeli. antikurobis cnobili mkvle-
varis, tragediis saukeTeso gamomcemlis peijis TqmiT, `medeaSi~ asaxuli emo-
ciebi _ qalisa, romlis siyvaruli siZulviliTaa Secvlili da aseve kacisa, ro-
melsac aRar uyvars, warmoadgenen adamianis bunebaSi arsebul maradiul da ucv-
lel fenomens.1
medeas demonurma figuram imTaviTve daainteresa evripide. medeas miToss man
Tavdapirvelad tragedia `peliadebi~, Semdeg ki ègevsi~ miuZRvna. rogorc Cans,
Semoqmedebis am etapze, roca evripide gansakuTrebiT iyo dainteresebuli ada-
mianSi arsebuli, yvelafris gamanadgurebeli iracionaluri ZaliT, miTiuri
medeas demonizmi Sesaferisi masala aRmoCnda misTvis zRvarsgadacilebuli vne-
bebiT aRsavse tragikuli pirovnulobis Sesaqmnelad.
tragedia `medeas~ mTavar Temas medeas pirovnebaSi arsebuli ori urTierTsa-
pirispiro Zalis _ vnebis da gonierebis dapirispireba da maTi usastikesi Widi-
1
Euripides, Medea, ed. Page D.L. , Oxford, 1938, XV.
136 evripide
li warmoadgens. es _ Tavis Tavis sawinaaRmdegod orad gaTiSuli pirovnebis Cve-

neba _ sruliad axali movlena iyo berZnuli literaturisaTvis. swored eqstre-
malur situaciebSi mimdinare urTulesi fsiqologiuri procesebis virtuozu-
lad daxatvam daumkvidra evripides jer kidev antikurobaSi adamianuri sulis
saukeTeso mcodnis saxeli.
tragediaSi argonavtebis miTosis erT-erTi yvelaze ufro dramatuli epizo-
dia gadmocemuli _ iasonisa da medeas sasiyvarulo ambis dasasruli. moqmedeba
xdeba korinToSi, sadac iasonma uRalata medeas da qveynis mmarTvelis _ kreonis
asulis colad SerTva ganizraxa. tragedia swored amiT iwyeba da medeas
SurisZiebaze mogviTxrobs.
Tavidanve unda aRvniSnoT, rom evripide aq gvaviwyebs medea _ jadoqars medea _
adamianis sasargeblod. ZiZa, romelic prologSi Tavisi qalbatonis ukidures
sasowarkveTis Sesaxeb gviyveba da amasTan medeasgan mosalodnel saSiSroebaze
gvafrTxilebs, sagangebod aRniSnavs, rom yovelive amaSi medeas veluri zne,
Taviseburi suli da ubeduri bunebaa damnaSave. medeas ambis gacnobasa da qalis
sulieri mdgomareobis warmoCenis garda, prologs kidev erTi funqcia akisria _
igi amzadebs mayurebels miTosis axali versiisTvis, romelSic kolxi qali Tavad
klavs Svilebs. swored amas emsaxureba Svilebis mimarT medeas mtrul damokide-
bulebaze gakeTebuli aqcentebi. male scenaze Tavad medea gamodis da masTan
TanagrZnobis gamosaxatavad misul qoros Tavis mdgomareobaze da qalebis sa-
ziaro mZime xvedrze elaparakeba. `ramdeni suldgmulia am qveynad, ramden gulSi
Rvivis grZnoba da azri, magram ar moiZebneba arseba qalze ufro umweo da saco-
davi. jer aris da, mamasisxlad vyidulobT qmars, magram male irkveva, rom mona ki
ara, despoti SegviZenia, xorcis mjijgneli... alalbedze SevdivarT qmris saxlSi,
_ ucxo xalxi, ucxo wesi, ucxo garemo; midi da imtvrie Tavi, sada xar, visTana xar,
vin giwevs gverdiT, mxeci Tu kaci...~ (`medea~, 230-236)∗, magram misi mdgomareoba
yvela maTganis mdgomareobaze uaresia. ucxo qveyanaSi uTvistomos axla qmarma
uRalata, romelic misTvis yvelaferi iyo. medea amcnobs qoros, rom mas
SurisZieba aqvs ganzraxuli da sTxovs, xeli ar SeuSalos.
scenaze korinTos mefe Semodis, romelic medeas axal ubedurebas atyobinebs _
man SvilebTan erTad dauyovnebliv unda datovos qveyana. medeas ki SurisZie-
bisTvis dro sWirdeba. amitom igi xerxs mimarTavs _ elaquceba mefes, ostaturad
iyenebs ritorikas, Tav-gzas ubnevs mmarTvels da bolos imarjvebs _ kreoni erTi
dRiT darCenis nebas rTavs. da mayurebelic rwmundeba, eqscesuri vnebebiT
mocul qals xelewifeba, Cafiqrebuli SurisZieba aRasrulos. medeas Semdeg
sityvaSi Cven SurisZiebis medeaseul gegmebs vigebT. amasTan kolxi qalis sityvaSi
warmoCndeba misi kredo, romelsac momavalSi medea gamudmebiT imeorebs _ igi
ver dauSvebs, rom mtrisTvis sasacilo gaxdes.
Semdegi scena iasonisa da medeas Sexvedras warmogvidgens. iasoni modis, raTa
gaZevebis win cols fuladi daxmareba SesTavazos. medea qmars RalatSi adana-
Saulebs. iasoni cdilobs sofisturi argumentebiT Tavi imarTlos da Ralati
piriqiT, col-Svilis sakeTildReod mimarTul qmedebad warmoadginos. rac Se-
exeba medeas mimarT mis madlierebas, igi ase ajamebs yovelives _ Tu medeam mas
kargi gaukeTa, sanacvlod ufro meti miiRo _ eladaSi cxovreba da brZenis sax-
eli. Tumca iasonis ritorika mainc fuWia. igi medeas, bunebrivia, veraferSi ver
arwmunebs. mayurebeli ki misi saxiT ufro TvalnaTliv xedavs iasonis msgavsi ada-
mianebis pirovnul amoralobas da uzneobas. tyuilad ar mReris qoro adamianTa
verag Canafiqrebze, ficis gatexvaze, mdinareTa aRma dinebaze.
∗
b. bregvaZis Targmani
evripide 137
iasonis gasvlas erTi SexedviT moulodneli epizodi mohyveba. scenaze vxedavT

aTenis mefe egevss, romelic samisnodan brundeba, sadac uSvilobis mizezis sa-
kiTxavad iyo wasuli. kolxi qali egevss uSvilobisgan gankurnebas hpirdeba, Tu
sanacvlod mefe mas _ meuRlisgan motovebuls da qveynidan gaZevebuls _ Sei-
farebs. egevsi hpirdeba TavSesafars.
TavSesafris dagulebis Semdeg medea SurisZiebis gegmis yvelaze sazarel
nawils acxadebs _ igi Svilebis mokvlas apirebs, raTa iasoni rac SeiZleba sasti-
kad dasajos. gaognebuli qoro mouwodebs mas, xeli aiRos am saSinel ganzrax-
vaze, magram amaod.
Semdeg scenaze ukve nabij-nabij medeas dagegmili SurisZieba gaTamaSdeba.
medea TavisTan iwvevs iasons. meuRles saxecvlili coli xvdeba. qali aRiarebs
Tavis ugunurobas da Txovnas aaxlebs _ dae, Seevedros iasoni Tavis sacoles, rom
bavSvebi korinToSi datovon. TviTon ki, Tavis mxriv, patarZlis gulis mosal-
bobad bavSvebis xeliT kreusas ZRvens _ peplossa da oqros gvirgvins gaugzavnis.
iasoni gaxarebuli Tanxmdeba cols Txovnis asrulebas. marTlac, gamzrdeli
medeas sasixarulo ambavs _ bavSvebis korinToSi datovebas Seatyobinebs.
aforiaqebuli medea gamzrdels Sin agzavnis. Tavis TavTan marto darCenili ki
saboloo gadawyvetilebas iRebs. igi warmoTqvams Tavis cnobil monologs da
Cven momswreni vxvdebiT mis pirovnebaSi mimdinare brZolisa, brZolisa or
dapirispirebul sawyiss Soris. rogorc leski aRniSnavs, adamianis sulSi mimdi-
nare fsiqologiuri procesebi aseTi intensivobiT am piesamde atikur tragedi-
aSi ar yofila warmoCenili.1
es ori sawyisi _ vneba da gonierebaa. Svilebis moyvaruli deda daundobel
SurismaZiebels upirispirdeba. sabolood, SurismaZiebeli imarjvebs. medea
aRiarebs Tavis damarcxebas: `vneba Zlieria Cems gonierebaze, vneba, romelic ada-
mianTaTvis usastikesi borotebis wyaroa~ (`medea~, 1079-80).
scenaze Semorbis gaognebuli macne da medeas misi gagzavnili saCuqrebiT
korinTos mefis da misi qaliSvilis sazareli daRupvis ambavs amcnobs. medea
kidev erTxel sabolood mimarTavs qalebs da bavSvebis mokvlas gardauvlobiT
xsnis. amis Semdeg igi tovebs scenas. scenis miRma dedis mier dakluli bavSvebis
ganwiruli SeZaxilebi ismis.
Semorbis iasoni. mas korinTelebisgan Svilebis gadarCena unda, magram aq
Svilebis daxocvis ambavs daaxvedreben. saxlis Tavze heliosis mier gamogzavnil
gveleSapebSebmul etlSi mSvidi, civi, yovelgvari adamianurobisagan daclili
medea zis. iasons igi Svilebis Sexebis nebas ar aZlevs da sawyalobel sikvdils
uwinaswarmetyvelebs.
tragediis finals mecnierebi sxvadasxva interpretacias uZebnian. zogierTi
mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom Deus ex machina-Ti medeas gauCinareba gmiris Tvisobrivad
sxva arsSi gadasvlis mauwyebelia, sxvebi ki fiqroben, rom aq, SesaZloa, miTolo-
giur ZirebTan medeas dabrunebis swrafva davinaxoT.
evripides tragediam scenaze uTvalavi `medeas~ dabadebas misca biZgi. msof-
lio dramaTa Soris dadgmis sixSiriT Tu recefciaTa raodenobis kuTxiT
`medea~ pirvel adgilze dgas. medeas Tematika Zalze nayofieri aRmoCnda xelov-
nebis sxva dargebisTvisac. sayuradRebod warmoCinda medeas miTi qarTul lit-
eraturaSic. akaki wereTlis poema `media~, levan sanikiZis moTxroba àmbavi
kolxi asulisa~ da oTar WilaZis romani `gzaze erTi kaci midioda~ medeas Temis
saintereso interpretacias warmogvidgenen.
è l e n e~. evripides tragikomediebs misive wminda tragediebisagan konfliqtis gan-
viTarebis formis garda ramdenime arsebiTi niSani ganasxvavebs. upirveles yovlisa, es
1
Lesky A., Greek Tragedy, translated by Frankfort, London, New York, 146.
138 evripide
piesaSi warmodgenili realobis tipia. evripides tragikomediaTa fabula imTaviTve

daujerebel, fiqtiur realobas efuZneba da ara `SesaZlebel realobas~. aq wminda
Teatralur pirobiTobasTan gvaqvs saqme, rac, Tavis mxriv, tragizmis paTosiT Secvlas
iwvevs. xSirad calkeul scenebs mayurebelze oden STabeWdilebis moxdenis, imwuTier
emociaTa aRZvris funqcia ekisrebaT. am tipis dramebis wminda tragediebisagan ganmasx-
vavebeli Strixi aris isic, rom maTSi mravladaa komikuri elementi, rac savsebiT dauS-
vebeli iyo klasikuri antikuri tragediisTvis. amasTan, evripides tragikomediebisTvis
niSandoblivia bednieri finalic, rac aseve ewinaaRmdegeboda tragikuli Janris ka-
nonebs. Sesabamisad, am tipis piesebi umTavresad gasarTobi, paTetikuri da melo-
dramatuli elementebis nazavs warmoadgenen.
evripides tragikomediaTa Soris èlene~ erT-erTi gamorCeuli piesaa. sainte-
resoa igi, erTi mxriv, elenes miTis inovaciuri damuSavebiT, meore mxriv ki imiT,
rom am dramam Tavisi romantikuli fabuliT saTave daudo axal literaturul
Janrs _ berZnul romans (am Janris ZiriTadi sqema aseTia: ganSorebuli Seyvare-
bulebi / col-qmari mravali Tavgadasavlis Semdeg kvlav Sexvdebian erTmaneTs,
Sexvedris momentSi maTi mdgomareoba saxifaToa, isini eZeben Tavis daxsnis gzebs,
warmatebiT daaRweven Tavs xifaTs da bolos bednierni erTad rCebian).
èlene~ Zv.w. 412w-s daidga. masSi evripidem gamoiyena elenes miTis naklebad cno-
bili versia, romlis avtorobas antikuroba stesiqoross miawers. am versiis Tanax-
mad, parisma troaSi elene ki ara, misi aCrdili waiyvana, xorcieli elene ki heras
nebiT hermesma egvipteSi miiyvana da egviptis mefes _ protevss Caabara, raTa mas me-
nelaosisTvis coli ubiwod Seenaxa. amasobaSi Cvidmeti weli gavida, gardaicvala
protevsi da elenes umwikvlobas safrTxe protevsis vaJisagan, Teoklimenosisgan
daemuqra, romelsac Seuyvarda elene da qalis colad SerTva ganizraxa.
piesa elenes axali safrTxis gadmocemiT iwyeba. menelaosis erTguli elene
uars ambobs qorwinebaze da sasaxlidan gamoqceuli protevsis saflavTan eZiebs
TavSesafars. man icis, rom troaSi misi aCrdilisTvis ibrZvian da saSinlad
ganicdis imas, rom sruliad udanaSaulo mxolod saxelis gamo isjeba.
troas dacemis Semdeg Sin gamgzavrebuli menelaosis xomaldi qariSxalma
dalewa. mxolod menelaosi da ramdenime TanamebrZoli gadarCebian, romlebic
egvipteSi gamoqvabuls Seafareben Tavs. Tan maT troadan wamoyvanili elenes
aCrdili hyavT.
elenes Semdeg scenaze ZonZebiT Semosili menelaosi Semodis da sasaxlisken
miemarTeba, raTa sarCo moipovos. uecrad mas xorcieli elene gadaeyreba. elene
male amoicnobs meuRles, menelaoss ki Zalze uWirs daijeros, rom mis winaSe
realuri elenea, radgan mas namdvili elene gamoqvabulSi datyvevebuli aCrdili
hgonia. igi mxolod maSin irwmunebs, rom mis winaSe mdgomi qali namdvilad ele-
nea, roca misi msaxuri auwyebs mas elenes aCrdilis eTerSi asvlis da gaqrobis
Sesaxeb. gaxarebuli col-qmari erTmaneTs gadaexveva da RmerTebs aRuvlens mad-
lobas. bednieri wuTebis Semdeg elene menelaoss awmyo gasaWirs amcnobs _ mene-
laoss sikvdili elis, radgan egviptis mefes misi, elenes colad SerTva unda.
iwyeba axali peripetia. col-qmarma gamosavali unda gamonaxos, egviptes unda
daaRwion Tavi. gegmas elene SeimuSavebs. qali Teoklimenoss warudgens menela-
oss, rogorc menelaosis megobars, romelmac, SemTxveviT gadarCenilma, qmris da-
Rupvis ambavi Camoutana. axla, rakiRa qmari mkvdaria, igi Tanaxmaa colad gahyves
mas, oRond erT rames sTxovs, neba darTos berZnuli wesisamebr qmris simboluri
dakrZalvis rituali zRvaSi xomaldiT gasulma aRasrulos. qalis TanxmobiT
gaxarebuli Teoklimenosi elenes yvelafers usrulebs, ritualis warmarTvas ki
`menelaosis megobars~ anu Tavad menelaoss andobs.
roca xomaldi napirs moscildeba, Canafiqris Tanaxmad masze menelaosis ga-
darCenili megobrebi amodian. isini Tavs asaReben berZnebad, romlebic TiTqosda
evripide 139
SemTxveviT gadaeyarnen maT, Sua zRvaSi gasulT. menelaosi maT niSans aZlevs, ris
Semdegac berZnebi egviptelebis ekipaJs amoxocaven da aSvebuli afrebiT sparti-
saken mSvidobiT gacuraven.
amdenad, piesaSi èlene~ Cven gvaqvs bednieri finali, romanul-saTavgadasavlo
peripetiebi, sasiyvarulo motivebi, calkeul scenebSi vxvdebiT komikuri
elferis elementebsac. nawarmoebis fabulac ori eleneTi _ realuriT da elenes
aCrdiliT imTaviTve daujerebelia. CamoTvlili niSnebi tragikomediaTa jgufis
piesebis damaxasiaTebel niSnebs warmoadgenen.
rogorc aRvniSneT, sayuradReboa piesis mTavari gmiris _ elenes saxe, ro-
melic marTlac novatoruli saxea. am elenes araferi aqvs saerTo evripides dra-
mebis _ àndromaqes~, `troeli qalebis~ da òrestesis~ macdur da Tavisi momxib-
laobiT ubedurebis momtan elenesTan. evripides èleneSi~ warmodgenili elenes
saxe erTguli qalis / colis saxe-modelad gvevlineba, romelic amosavali gaxda
berZnuli romanis coli / mijnuris tipisTvis.
evripides piesaSi damuSavebulma elenes miTma gamoZaxili hpova XX saukunis
literaturaSi. berZeni poetis g. seferisis leqsi èlene~ swored am versias ex-
mianeba.
ì f i g e n i a a v l i s S i~. evripides melodramebi ZiriTadad tragikomedie-
bis tipis piesebi arian, Tumc garkveuli maxasiaTeblebiT gansxvavdebian maTgan. am
piesebSi veRar vxvdebiT verc komikur elementebs, verc daxlarTul, intrigebiT
datvirTul fabulebs. am jgufis zog piesaSi (èleqtra~, òrestesi~) evripides
mTavari yuradReba personaJTa daxasiaTebaze gadaaqvs, sxvebSi mas ufro metad
fabula, moqmedebis ganviTareba ainteresebs. mis melodramebSi aRar aris arc
tragikuli idea, arc tragikuli kaTarsisi. tragikuls paTetikuri cvlis. isini
cremlis aRmZvrel, gulisamaCuyebel piesebs warmoadgenen.
ìfigenia avlisSi~ evripides erT-erTi bolo piesaa, romelic misi sikvdilis
Semdeg daidga (daaxl. Zv.w. 406w.) da romelmac poets pirveli adgili mexuTed
moapovebina.
piesa efuZneba cnobil miTs agamemnonis mier sakuTari qaliSvilis _ ifigenias
msxverplad Sewirvis Sesaxeb, romlisTvisac araerTxel miumarTavT berZen
tragikosebs.
moqmedeba xdeba avlisSi, sadac troasken mimavali aqavelTa flotia gaCere-
buli. misnobis mixedviT, aqavelebi troasken gacurvas mxolod ifigenias msxver-
plad Sewirvis SemTxvevaSi SesZleben. piesa iwyeba aforiaqebuli agamemnonis war-
modgeniT, romlis pirovnebaSiac erTmaneTs mTavarsardlis valdebuleba (ufro
ki ambiciuroba) da mamobrivi grZnoba ebrZvis. agamemnoni icvlis uwindel
gadawyvetilebas da swers cols, rom man aRar Camoiyvanos ifigenia avlisSi vi-
Tomcda aqilevsTan dasaqorwineblad. misda saubedurod werils menelaosi ig-
debs xelT, romelic sastikad hkicxavs Zmas imis gamo, rom am ukanasknels eladis
bedi ar anaRvlebs. amasobaSi avlisSi klitemnestra da ifigenia Camodian. agamem-
nonis azriT, axla ifigenias msxverplSewirva ukve gardauvalia, radgan jari mis
qaliSvils ar daindobs. gulisamaCuyebelia qaliSvilisa da mamis Sexvedra. poets
ifigenia warmodgenili hyavs miamit bavSvad, uzomod Tbil da alersian Svilad,
arsebad, romelic tkbeba sicocxliT da romelic arad dagidevs troas oms.
amasobaSi klitemnestra SemTxveviT Sexvdeba Tavis viTomcda sasiZos _
aqilevss, magram maTi Sexvedrisas irkveva, rom ifigenias qorwilis ambavi agamem-
nonis mogonili yofila. amasTan msaxuri klitemnestras aqavelTa mTavarsardlis
WeSmarit ganzraxvas atyobinebs. klitemnestra evedreba aqilevss daxmarebas qal-
iSvilis gadasarCenad.
male ifigenia igebs, ra elis. qaliSvils unda sicocxle da ar surs msxverplad See-
wiros troas oms. igi emudareba mamas, daindos misi sicocxle. magram agamemnonis
140 evripide
gadawyvetileba uryevia. Tavis arCevans igi eladis interesebiT xsnis: `menelaoss ki ar

gavuxdivar Tavis monad,... aramed eladas. es mas, minda Tu ar minda, unda Sevwiro Seni
Tavi. es aris is, rac Cvenze Zlieria, radgan elada unda gaxdes Tavisufali, ramdenadac
es Senze da Cemzea damokidebuli, rom barbarosebma veRarasdros gabedon ZaliT Se-
bRalon elinTa sareclebi (ìfigenia avlisSi~, 1269-75).
amis Semdeg evripide aRSfoTebul jars gvixatavs, romelic iTxovs qalwulis
msxverplSewirvas. cxadia, rom jaris nebasTan verafers gaxdeba aqilevsi, man
mxolod SeiZleba sicocxle waagos. da maSin, ifigeniaSi cvlileba xdeba. Tan-
daTanobiT is icnobierebs, rom sazogado interesi, eladis keTildReoba saku-
Tar sicocxleze maRla unda daayenos: `CemTvis dadgenilia sikvdili. me msurs
sikvdili saxelovnad miviRo da mdabal qmedebas ganverido~ (ìfigenia avlisSi~,
1375-6). Tavis msxverplSewirvas ifigenia axla sruliad gansxvavebulad moiaz-
rebs. es omi misTvis ukve elinTa interesebisTvis warmarTuli omia. axla yve-
laferi maszea damokidebuli. mTeli elada xom mas Sescqeris.
piesa ifigenias msxverplSewirvis ritualis aRweriT mTavrdeba. rodesac
samsxverplo danas ifigenia sicocxles unda gamoesalmebina, qalwuli saswau-
lebriv gaqra, mis nacvlad ki samsxverplo bomonze sulTmobrZavi iremi gaCnda.
rogorc iq myofni fiqroben, qalwuli qalRmerTma Tavis sameufoSi waiyvana.
am tragediaSi gansakuTrebiT mkafiodaa warmoCenili saerTo elinuri patri-
otizmi. troas omi omis Temaze Seqmnili evripides sxva tragediebisgan gansxvave-
biT eladis pativisa da RirsebisaTvis warmarTuli omia. omis amgvari aRqma
aRamaRlebda evripides TanamedroveTa patriotul suliskveTebas, rac erTob
aqtualuri iyo Zv.w. V s-is damlevs mTeli eladisTvis, peloponesis ocdaaT-
wliani omiT gawamebuli qveynisTvis. gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmo iyo qalwuli
ifigenias saxe, romelic sazogado interesebs piradulze maRla ayenebda da ne-
bayoflobiT midioda sikvdilze samSoblos sakeTildReod.
piesam ìfigenia avlisSi~ gavlena iqonia Semdgomi periodis literaturaze (m.
lekleri; J. de kora; gotSildi; dolCe; de rotru; rasini). ifigenias Temis gamo-
Zaxils vpoulobT aseve saxviT xelovnebasa da musikaSi.
evripides popularobis zrda elinistur epoqaSi iwyeba. misma Semoqmedebam
didi gavlena moipova im periodis literaturaze, gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa
evripides tragikomediebisa da melodramebis kvali menandrosis SemoqmedebaSi.
roms evripide ukve livius andronikusma gaacno (Zv.w. IIIs). romaeli poetebi da
dramaturgebi _ eniasi, aqtiusi da seneka didad iyvnen evripidesgan davalebulni.
frangi klasicistebi korneli da rasini farTod iyenebdnen evripides siuJetebs.
plutarqosi evripidesTan dakavSirebiT aseT legendas mogviTxrobs: Zv.w. 404
wels, aTenis damorCilebis Semdeg spartelebma qalaqis dangreva gadawyites. ma-
gram mTavarsardlebis gulebi SesZra erTma fokiselma, romelmac qoros pirveli
simRera imRera evripides èleqtradan~ da spartelebmac xeli aiRes TavianT
ganzraxvaze. rogorc Cans, isini did pativs miagebdnen genialuri tragikosis Se-
moqmedebas.
tragediebi: àlkestisi~; `medea~; heraklidebi~; àndromaqe~; `hipolitosi~;

`hekabe~; `mavedrebeli qalebi~; `herakle~; èleqtra~; `troeli qalebi~;
èlene~; ìfigenia tavroselebSi~; ìoni~; `finikieli qalebi~; òrestesi~;
ìfigenia avlisSi~; `bakqi qalebi~; `kiklopi~.
aristofane 141
aristofane
(daaxl. Zv. w. 448-386)
aristofane dRes erTaderTi avtoria, vinc literaturis istoriaSi Zveli

atikuri komediis saxeliT cnobil mTel èpoqas~ warmogvidgens.
Tavisi drois gamorCeuli komediografosis biografiidan Zalian cota ram
viciT. cnobilia mxolod is, rom aristofane filipes Ze aTeneli iyo. poeti
daaxl. Zv. w. 448 wels dabadebula da sul 40 komedia dauweria. amaTgan 11 komedia
istoriam srulad Semogvinaxa. SemorCenilia, aseve, calkeuli komediebis sa-
Taurebi da mcire fragmentebi. `plutosis~ dadgmis (Zv. w. 388) Semdeg aristofa-
nes vaJs – araross mamis kidev ori komedia warmoudgenia: `kokalosi~ da
èolosikoni~. varaudoben, rom am komediebis warmodgenis Semdeg aristofanes
didxans aRar ucocxlia da daaxl. Zv. w. 386 wels gardacvlila. rogorc olim-
piodorosi `platonis cxovrebaSi~ wers, poetze platons es epigrama Seuqmnia:
`xelTuqmnel taZars savaned eZebdnen qaritebi didxans,

bolos ipoves kidec – aristofanes suli~.*
cnobilia, rom Zveli komedia literaturuli komediis uZvelesi formaa da is

dionises kultTan kavSirSi Caisaxa. Tavad komediis saxelwodebac dionisur dRe-
saswaulTan dakavSirebuli komosidan modis (komedia _ `komosis simRera~). ko-
mosi mxiaruli msvleloba iyo. misi SezarxoSebuli monawileebi Semxvedrebs
damcinavi da salanZRavi sityvebiT egebebodnen, falosis ganmadidebeli procesia
ki dionises pativsacemad mxiarul da uxams, e. w. falikur simRerebs asrulebda.
meore mxriv, arsebobda farsis saxis xalxuri saxumaro scenebi, mimikuri
TamaSebi, romlebic ukve Seicavda dramatuli warmodgenis Canasaxs. komediis sa-
fuZvelSi swored es ori sxvadasxva sawyisi – inveqtiva (pirovnuli dacinva) da
mimosi (saxumaro scenebis asaxva) – gaerTianda, ramac gansazRvra Tavad Zveli ko-
mediis specifika.
literaturuli komediisTvis fabulis Seqmnas antikuri tradicia siciliel
epiqarmoss miawers, dasrulebuli saxe ki Zvel komedias atikaSi miuRia.
aristofanes Tavisi komediebiT araerTxel gaumarjvia Teatralur Sejibre-
bebze. Zv. w. V saukuneSi komediebi dionises pativsacemad gamarTul dResas-
waulebze idgmeboda: qalaqis anu did dionisiebze, leneebsa da soflis anu mcire
dionisiebze. Cveulebriv, saasparezod xuT komedias warmoadgendnen, magram
peloponesis omis periodSi maTi ricxvi samamde Semcirda. warmodgenebi dRisiT,
Ria cis qveS imarTeboda. komediis dadgmis nebarTvas komediografosi arqontis-
gan iRebda. Tu arqonti dramaturgs gunds miscemda, e. i. mas komediis dadgmis
142 aristofane
ufleba eniWeboda. amis Semdeg arqonti qoregosad, dadgmis organizatorad, ro-

melime mdidar moqalaqes niSnavda. qoregosi amzadebda gunds, zrunavda maT
kostiumebze, scenis dekoraciaze. dramaturgi ki Tavad iyo Tavisi komediis
reJisoric, kompozitoric da qoreografic.
komediaSi sami msaxiobi moqmedebda (iSviaTad SemohyavdaT meoTxe da mexuTe
msaxiobi), statistebis raodenoba ki ar iyo SezRuduli. gundi (qoro) 24 wevris-
gan Sedgeboda da mas korifevsi winamZRolobda. tragediis msgavsad komediaSic
mxolod mamakaci msaxiobebi TamaSobdnen. msaxiobebs farTe karikaturuli niR-
bebi ekeTaT da Wreli samosi ecvaT. isini groteskul kostiumebSi – Ripianebi,
didi tyavis falosebiTa da sqeli ukanalebiT – ganasaxierebdnen kargad cnobil
realur politikosebs, filosofosebs, poetebs, sofistebs, oratorebs, maT
Tanamedrove berZen moqalaqeebs, romlebic TeatrSi mayurebelTa Soris isxdnen
da sakuTar Tavze icinodnen. aristofanes komedias politikur komediasac
uwodeben, radgan masSi bevria miniSneba poetis Tanamedrove politikur Tu so-
cialur viTarebaze, konkretul istoriul pirebze. jer kidev antikurobaSi
aristofanes komediebi aTenis demokratiisa da Tavisuflebis simbolod miiC-
neoda. cnobilia, rom politikosebs ramdenjerme ucdiaT, SeezRudaT Zveli ko-
mediisTvis damaxasiaTebeli daundobeli pirovnuli dacinva, Tumca amas Sedegi
ar mohyolia. aristofane kargad irCevs Tavisi komediis samiznes. is yvelafer
`seriozuls~, `namdvils~ da `wmindas~ komikuris farglebSi aqcevs. amave dros,
realuri Tematika da realuri pirovnebebi Zvel komediaSi paradoqsulad
irealur, fantastikur, zRaprul, absurdul elementebs erwymis.
formis TvalsazrisiT Zveli atikuri komedia met-naklebad erTiania. masSi
ramdenime kompoziciuri elementi gamoiyofa. komedia iwyeba prologiT, sadac
protagonisti axal (xSirad fantastikur) ideas ayenebs, riTac is Zveli ideebis
damcvelT upirispirdeba. prologs mosdevs parodosi – gundis Semosvla. or
dapirispirebul pozicias Soris brZola komediis momdevno nawilSi – agonSi –
imarTeba. am paeqrobaSi, Cveulebriv, protagonisti imarjvebs. Zveli komediis
specifikuri nawilia parabasisi, romelic uSualod komediis moqmedebas ar
ukavSirdeba. aq qoro Tavisi rolidan gamodis da komediis avtoris saxeliT
pirdapir mayurebels mimarTavs. gundi, Cveulebriv, aqtualur politikur Tu
sazogadoebriv problemebze laparakobs. parabasiss mosdevs e. w. episodionebi,
mokle paraleluri scenebi, sadac mTavari personaJisa da misi ideis gamarjvebis
Sedegebia naCvenebi. scenebi qoros simRerebiTa da cekvebiT (intermediebiT) ga-
moiyofa. komediis bolos, eqsodosSi, mTavari gmiris triumfia warmodgenili,
rasac Tan axlavs msaxiobebisa da gundis mxiaruli msvleloba.
pirveli komedia, romelic Zv. w. 427 wels axalbeda aristofanem vinme kalis-
tratosis saxeliT warmoadgina, iyo `m e i n a x e n i~. or weliwadSi dionisiebze
`b a b i l o n e l e b i~ daidga, sadac komediografosis samizne aTenis saSinao da
sagareo politika iyo. es orive komedia mxolod mcire fragmentebis saxiTaa
dRemde SemorCenili.
Cvenamde srulad moRweul komediaTagan yvelaze adrindelia à q a r -
n e l e b i~ (Zv. w. 425, leneebi), romliTac axalgazrda dramaturgs ukve sax-
elovani komediografosebi, kratinosi da evpolisi daumarcxebia Teatralur
asparezobaSi. am periodSi aTenSi peloponesis omi (Zv. w. 431-404) mZvinvarebs. aT-
ensa da mis mokavSireebs Soris samxedro ganxeTqileba arsebobs: erT mxares ibrZ-
vian atikuri sazRvao kavSiris saxelmwifoebi da peloponeselebi, meore mxares –
spartelebi da misi mokavSireebi. omiT mocul aTenSi usamarTloba da Zalmom-
reoba sufevs. es aiZulebs komediis protagonists, miwaTmoqmed dikeopoliss
(samarTlian moqalaqes) gaugonari, `didi, saSineli saqme~ gaakeTos: mxolod Ta-
visTvis da Tavisi ojaxisTvis dados zavi lakedemonTan. mas am saqmeSi amfiTeosi
aristofane 143
exmareba, romelsac boTlSi Casxmuli Rvinis saxiT moaqvs zavi spartidan. boT-
lidan Rvinis/zavis mosmiT dikeopolisisTvis axali cxovreba iwyeba, sadac aRar
aris omi, SimSili da ubedureba. mSvidobismosurne dikeopoliss aqarnelebi,
aqarnes demis mcxovreblebi (komediis gundi) upirispirdebian. protagonisti maT
arwmunebs, rom omis dawyebis mizezi mxolod mowinaaRmdege mxare ar yofila. ko-
mediaSi xazgasmulia omis periodis aTenuri politikis damaxinjebuli buneba.
garyvnileba da Zaladoba Serwymulia iTifalikuri odomantebis (158 Smd.),
kleonis (379-82) da `kargad SeiaraRebuli~ lamaqosis (592) saxeebSi.
komediis meore nawilSi axlad damyarebuli mSvidobis epizoduri scenebia
warmodgenili, sadac Wamis, smisa da nayofierebis motivebia win wamoweuli. mSvi-
doba warmodgenilia rogorc omis antipodi. omis momxreTa saxiT dikeopoliss
lamaqosi upirispirdeba. komediaSi erTmaneTs cvlis maTi amsaxveli scenebi. erT
mxaresaa lamaqosi – omisTvis mzadeba, samxedro aRWurviloba, samxedro termi-
nebi; meore mxares – dikeopolisi, romelic Rvinis dResaswaulisa da nadimisTvis
emzadeba. lamaqosi samxedro momzadebis enaze laparakobs, dikeopolisi ki –
nadimisTvis mzadebis enaze. erTi brZolaSi midis, meore – sanadimod. lamaqosi
daWrili brundeba, dikeopolisi – naqeifari ori kaxpis TanxlebiT. dikeopo-
lisis xelSia zavi, romelic SeuZlia, visac unda imas gauziaros. omisa da mSvi-
dobis dapirispirebaSi mSvidoba ìmarjvebs~, komedia protagonistis triumfiT
sruldeba. magram dapirispireba amjerad dikeopolisis saxeSi Cndeba: imas, rasac
protagonisti omis periodis aTenidan gaurboda, axla Tavadve emsaxureba (amisT-
vis sakmarisi aRmoCndeba Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba). komediis pirvel nawilSi
dikeopolisi kicxavs aTenSi `megaruli dekretis~ (romlis mixedviTac aTenelebi
megarelebs aTensa da aTenis imperiis saxelmwifoebTan miaxloebas ukrZalavdnen)
arsebobas, axla ki TviTonac msgavs rames akeTebs: dikeopolisis kerZo bazarSi
vaWrobis ufleba mxolod aTenis mtrebs aqvT. aq aTenelebi aRmoCndnen mega-
relebis msgavs poziciaSi; protagonisti dascinis iseTsave Rarib da sasowark-
veTil glexs, rogoric cota xnis win TviTon iyo (1018-1036). manamde mSvidobis sa-
kiTxis ganxilvaze qalaqi acxadebda uars, amjerad dikeopolisi ambobs uars,
zavi sxvasac gaunawilos (1037-39); adre usamarTlobis msxverpli protagonisti
axla Tavad ganasaxierebs mas. amdenad, dikeopolisi mravali iseTi TvisebiT aRi-
Wurveba, rasac manamde is, rogorc `samarTliani moqalaqe~, amxelda aTenSi. aseT
konteqstSi protagonistis saxelic sasacilo elfers iZens. rogorc Cans, ko-
mediis Sesaval nawilSi dasmuli Teza antiTezis saxes iRebs komediis dasasruls,
rac saerTod damaxasiaTebelia Zveli atikuri komediisTvis.
`m x e d r e b i~ (Zv. w. 424, leneebi) pirveli komediaa, romelic aristofanem
Tavisi saxeliT warmoadgina da gaimarjva kidec. komediaSi gamasxaravebulia
maSindeli aTenis radikaluri demokratiis lideri – demagogi kleoni, romelic
im periodSi Zalian popularuli samxedro da politikuri moRvawe iyo. kleoni
demokratiuli partiis agresiulad ganwyobil frTas xelmZRvanelobda da spar-
tasTan omis gagrZelebis momxre iyo. cnobilia, rom kleonma `babilonelebis~
dadgmis Semdeg sasamarTloSi erTxel ukve uCivla aristofanes da aTenis sax-
elmwifos avtoritetis damcirebaSi dasdo brali. gadis ramdenime weli da mxe-
drebSi aristofane isev ar erideba masze daundobel Tavdasxmas (arsebobs va-
raudi, rom kleonis roli Tavad aristofanes uTamaSia).
komediis personaJad gamoyvanilia demosi (xalxi), romelic ise gamoCerCete-
bula, rom mas advilad atyueben da yvlefen sakuTari msaxurebi. demosis mmarT-
veloba paflagonel metyaves Caugdia xelSi. paflagoneli metyavis saxiT mxe-
drebSi kleonia gamoyvanili. berZnulad `paflaZein~ TuxTuxs niSnavs, rac
kleonis xasiaTsa da laparakis maneraze (is cnobili mWevrmetyvelic yofila) mig-
viTiTebs. kleons meZexve agorakritosi upirispirdeba da jobnis kidec mas demo-
144 aristofane
sis mosyidvaSi. komediaSi baliSebiTa da sakvebiT demosis mosyidva Teatris ga-

reT arsebuli realobis metaforaa. meZexvec Tavxedi demagogis ganzogadebuli
saxea. is bazarSia gazrdili (agorakritosi metyveli saxelia: àgora~ – bazari,
`krinein~ – gansja), gaunaTlebeli, Tavxedi da wamxdaria, `saSineli xmiT~, usir-
cxvilod laparakic SeuZlia. mas xalxis winamZRolisTvis àucilebeli~ yvela
Tviseba aqvs! axla is iWers paflagonelis adgils da `didi kaci~ xdeba. metyave ki
amieridan mis xelobas gahyveba – WiSkarSi Zexvs gayidis.
komediaSi aristofanes monebis rolSi gamohyavs Tavisi Tanamedrove aTeneli
strategosebi nikiasi da demosTenesi, gaSarJebuli hyavs Tavad komediis gundic –
mxedrebi, romlebic aTenis jaris aristokratul nawils Seadgendnen.
Tavis saukeTeso komediad aristofane `R r u b l e b s~ (Zv. w. 423, dionisiebi)
miiCnevs, Tumca dramaturgTa SejibrSi am komediam mxolod mesame adgili dai-
kava, rac, faqtobrivad, mis marcxs niSnavda. `RrublebSi~ aristofane aRzrdis
problemas svams da gaSarJebuli hyavs filosofosi sokrate, rogorc axali
aRzrdis simbolo. cnobilia, rom mogvianebiT (Zv. w. 399 wels) aristofanes `Rru-
blebs~ sokrates winaaRmdeg sasamarTlo procesis mowyobis erT-erT safuZvlad
gamoiyeneben. Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom Tavad komediografosi pirovnulad
sokrates mimarT mtrulad iyo ganwyobili.
komediaSi sokrate Zveli berZnuli RvTaebebis nacvlad Rrublebs aRiarebs,
Tavis `safiqraleTSi~ moswavleebTan erTad `mniSvnelovan~ sakiTxebze fiqrobs
da msjelobs. Segirdebsac bevri `saWirboroto~ kiTxva awuxebT, mag.:
`...koRoze ras metyvi,
Tu ici, sajdomiT wuis Tu piriTo?~ (157-58)
Seusabamoa da sicils iwvevs, roca sokrate meteorologiuri movlenebisa da
muclis buybuyis analogiasac SeniSnavs (383-87). komediis dasawyisSi aristo-
fanes mxiaruli satiris cxadi obieqti sokratea, magram aRmoCndeba rom sokrate
ar aris komediis umTavresi da erTaderTi samizne. `Rrublebis~ protagonisti
moxuci strefsiadesi gadawyvets, `safiqraleTSi~ Tavadac miebaros. protago-
nists mxolod piradi interesebi amoZravebs. mas sityvis iseTi xelovnebis Ses-
wavla surs, riTac mevaleebis advilad gacurebas SeZlebs da maT vals aRar dau-
brunebs. strefsiadesi socialuri tipicaa, mas hyavs coli, masze ufro maRali
socialuri fenidan, da vaJi, mflangveli fidipidesi, romlis gamoc mama valebSi
ixrCoba. amdenad, aristofanes Tavdasxmis obieqti gacilebiT farTovdeba, is Ta-
vis Tanamedrove aTenelebs dascinis, maT Soris komediis mayurebelsac, ro-
melTaganac bevrs eyoleboda mSoblebi da Svilebi.
komediis dasawyisSi `Rrublebis mimdevari~ strefsiadesi finalSi Tavad
daupirispirdeba axal aRzrdas – `safiqraleTSi~ ganswavlul fidipidess. mamis
daZalebiT fidipidesma iq ìswavla tlikini~ (1143), mas ukve `gaRma Sedavebis
ostatis mzera~ (1175) aqvs. mevaleebis Tavidan moSorebis Semdeg Svili advilad
upirispirdeba mamasac da mis lanZRvasa da cemasac ar erideba. SvilTan dapi-
rispirebiT gamwarebuli strefsiadesi cecxls miscems sokrates `safiqraleTs~.
amiT komediis protagonisti mTlianad àngrevs~ prologSi warmodgenil Teziss.
`Rrublebis~ marcxis Semdeg, Zv. w. 422 wels, aristofanem pirveli adgili
daimsaxura leneebze, sadac man `k r a z a n e b i~ warmoadgina. amjerad aristofane
sasamarTlo procesebis aranormalurad moyvarul aTenelebs amasxaravebs. kome-
diografosi dascinis dRiuri lukmis monebad gadaqceul mosamarTleebs, rom-
lebic dainteresebuli arian sasamarTlo procesebis simravliT.
komediis dasawyisSi gamoCndebian monebi – qsanTiasi da sosiasi, romlebic Tav-
TavianT sizmrebs yvebian. maTi sizmrebi komikuri alegoriebia aTenel politi-
kosebze (kleonimosze, kleonze, Teorossa da alkibiadesze). es politikuri xum-
aristofane 145
robebi komediis mTavar Temaze gadasvlamde mayureblis `gaxurebas~ isaxavs

miznad. marTlac male qsanTiasi pirdapir mayurebels miubrundeba da situacias
auxsnis: maTi batoni moxuci filokleoni (kleonis moyvaruli) sasamarTloebis
siyvaruliTaa daavadebuli. bdelikleons (kleonis moZules) mama saxlSi ga-
mouketavs, rom moxuci mosamarTle sasamarTlo procesze ar gaeqces. sasaciloa
xerxebi, riTac filokleoni saxlidan gaparvas cdilobs, mag., sakvamurSi SemZ-
vrali mosamarTle iZaxis: `kvamli var, movbolav~ (144). komediis gunds filok-
leonis megobari mosamarTleebi Seadgenen, romlebic ironiulad krazanebad ar-
ian gamoyvanilni:
` . . . am berikacebis
toms vin ganarisxebs, budes krazanebis!
welsqvemoT hkidiaT nestari da imiT
mwared dagnestraven. . . ~ (223-26)
maT winaSe filokleonisa da bdelikleonis paeqroba imarTeba, sadac Svili ma-
mas amarcxebs. filokleoni cxovrebis axal wesze gadadis –dafleTil mosasxams
da Zvel fexsacmels axliT icvlis da ugonod mTvrali fleitaze damkvreli qa-
lis TanxlebiT Semodis agoraze. ironiulia komediis finali: TavaSvebuli
saqcielis gamo axla ukve moxuc filokleons emuqrebian sasamarTloSi CiviliT.
àqarnelebis~ msgavsad, omis Temas exeba komedia `m S v i d o b a~ (Zv. w. 421, meore
adgili), romelic momdevno wlis dionisiebze daidga. komediis protagonistia
miwaTmoqmedi trigeosi. is sruliad fantastikuri gziT cdilobs cidan qal-
RmerT eirenes (mSvidobis) miwaze Camoyvanas: sagangebod gasuqebul nexvis Wiaze
amxedrebuli trigeosi zecaSi mifrinavs. olimposze mSvidoba polemoss (oms)
hyavs gamoqvabulSi gamoketili. komediis protagonisti eirenes aTavisuflebs
da, àqarnelebis~ protagonistisgan gansxvavebiT, mSvidoba mTeli eladisTvis
moaqvs.
aristofanes erT-erT saukeTeso komediad aris miCneuli `f r i n v e l e b i~ (Zv.
w. 414 dionisiebi, meore adgili). komediis samizne rigiTi aTeneli pisTeterosia,
romelic ukeTesi adgilis ZiebaSi evelpidesTan erTad garbis aTenidan. pisTet-
erossa da evelpidess mobezrebiaT aTenis oromtrialSi cxovreba da ufro mSvidi
garemos povnis imediT frinvelebs mimarTaven. komediis gmirebi aq fantastikuri
qalaqis Seqmnis ideas ganaxorcieleben – iqmneba frinvelTa saxelmwifo, romelic
adamianTa da RmerTTa samyofels Soris iarsebebs da orive maTganze ibatonebs:
frinvelTa nebis gareSe RmerTebs aRar miuvaT adamianTa mier Sewiruli msxver-
plis kvamli. pisTeterosi da evelpidesi frinvelTa saxes iReben. Sendeba axali
qalaqi, romelsac pisTeterosi RrubelguguleTs (nefelokokkugias) uwodebs da
evelpidesTan erTad misi ganmgebeli xdeba. komediis dasawyisSi mSvidi adgilis
mZebneli aTenelebi, komediis bolos TviTon xdebian `samyaros mmarTvelebi~ _ ko-
mediis sawyisi debuleba isev amoyiravebulia komediis finalSi.
frinvelebSi aristofane fantastikuri saxelmwifos Seqmnis utopiur ideas
dascinis, imavdroulad ki adamianis bunebisTvis ase damaxasiaTebel erTpirov-
nulobisa da Zalauflebis momxveWvelobis wyurvils aSiSvlebs.
omis Temas ubrundeba `l i s i s t r a t e~ (Zv. w. 411). berZenTa Soris mSvidobis
damyareba surs aristofanes komediis kidev erT protagonists – aTenel qals
lisistrates (jaris damSlels). komediis dasawyisSi lisistrate mTeli sa-
berZneTis qalebs uxmobs. qalebi nel-nela ikribebian aTenidan, beotiidan,
korinTodan, spartidan, magram Sekrebis mizezi jer aravin icis. prologSi
aristofane komediisTvis Cveul intrigas qmnis, gaurkvevlobaSi myofi mayureb-
lis molodinze TamaSobs, roca 112-e striqonamde ar xsnis, ra surs lisistrates
da mxolod 124-e striqonSi iwyeba laparaki protagonistis gegmaze. aRmoCndeba,
rom mebrZoli mxareebis dasazaveblad qalebi seqsualur gaficvas mimarTaven:
146 aristofane
isini uars amboben mamakacebTan sareclis gayofaze. es xerxi gaWris, qalTa pro-
testi Tavis Sedegs gamoiRebs – omi Sewydeba. omisa da mSvidobis dapirispirebis
fonze komediaSi erotikuli aspeqtia xazgasmuli. amitom am TemasTan dakavSire-
buli xumrobebi, miniSnebebi, metaforebi komediaSi sicilis aRZvris umTavresi
wyaroa.
`q a l e b i T e s m o f o r i e b i s d R e s a s w a u l z e~ (Zv. w. 411, dionisiebi)
mTlianad evripides tragediebis parodias warmoadgens. komediis protagonistia
evripides simamri mnesiloqosi, romelic evripides dasacavad qalis tansacmliT
SeniRbuli Tesmoforiebis dResaswaulze Sekrebil qalebSi gaereva. qalebi gam-
warebuli arian evripideze misi tragediebis gamo da tragikosis sikvdiliT
dasjas iTxoven. mnesiloqosi evripides dacvas cdilobs. bolos ki, qalebis xelSi
Cavardnili, Tavad gaxdeba dasaxsneli. qalebisgan Tavis daxsnis mizniT mnesilo-
qosi xis dafebze wers Tavis ambavs (evripides `palamedesis~ parodia). komediaSi
evripides kidev ramdenime tragediis (èlene~, àndromeda~) pasaJia parodire-
buli. mnesiloqoss beber qalad gadacmuli evripide gamoixsnis, romelic manamde
Tavisive tragediebSi gamoyenebul xerxebs mimarTavda.
aristofanes Cvenamde moRweul komediebsa da fragmentebSi evripides Zalian
bevri tragediaa parodirebuli, rasac am tragikosisadmi aristofanes gansa-
kuTrebuli damokidebulebiT xsnian. miuxedavad imisa, rom evripides ase xSirad
dascinoda Tavis komediebSi, varaudoben, rom komediografoss Tavad moswonda
evripides stili.
komediis personaJad evripide gamoyvanilia aristofanes momdevno komediaSic
_ `b a y a y e b S i~. Zv. w. 405 wels leneebze warmodgenili `bayayebi~ Zalian war-
matebuli komedia aRmoCnda aristofanesTvis. man komediografosTa Sejibrze
pirveli adgili moipova da, erTi versiiT, imave wels komedia ganmeorebiTac ki
daudgamT.
komediis protagonistia dionise, Teatrisa da Rvinis RmerTi. mas hadesSi Cas-
vla da iqidan evripides amoyvana gadauwyvetia, radgan cocxalTa Soris kargi
tragikosi aRar darCenila. komediis pirvelive striqonebiT sityvasTan erTad
Zlier komikur efeqts qmnis vizualuri mxarec: gamodis herakles samosiT
`SeniRbuli~ dionise da mas mohyveba mona qsanTiasi, romelsac mxarze bargi mou-
kidebia da ise Semjdara virze. komikuria gadacmuli dionisesa da misi monis ha-
desSi mogzaurobac, rasac bayayebis gulisgamawvrilebeli yiyini gasdevs fonad.
komediis meore nawilSi aristofane erTmaneTs upirispirebs or did
tragikoss – esqilesa da evripides da afasebs, `wonis~ maT xelovnebas. scenaze Se-
motanil uzarmazar sasworze mopaeqreebi sakuTari tragediebis striqonebs
Seagdeben. gamarjvebuli esqile gamodis. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavidan dionise
evripides wayvanas apirebda, sabolood is esqiles irCevs.
Zv. w. V saukunis literaturul kritikaze msjelobisas xSirad iSvelieben
aristofanes `bayayebs~. Tumca komediaSi tragikosTa xelovnebis analizi da Se-
faseba ufro sofistebis moZRvrebis, poeziis maTeuli kritikis parodiaa.
`q a l e b i s a x a l x o k r e b a z e~ (Zv. w. 392) mwared dascinis axali, Tanas-
worobis principze agebuli sazogadoebis Senebis ideas. komediaSi am utopiur
Teorias aTeneli qali praqsagora ganaxorcielebs, romelic Tavis qmars blepi-
ross qalTa mmarTvelobis upiratesobas usabuTebs. kacebad gadacmuli qalebi
moaxerxeben Zalauflebis xelSi aRebas da axali, `samarTliani~ saxelmwifos
Seqmnas, sadac yvelaferi yvelasTvis saerToa, socialuradac da qonebrivadac
yvela erTmaneTis Tanasworia, Tanasworoba daculia seqsualur sferoSic ki: ax-
algazrdebma jer moxucebs unda asiamovnon, rom `daCagruli~ aravin darCes.
aristofane 147
aristofanes Cvenamde srulad moRweuli ukanaskneli komediaa `p l u t o s i~,

romelic mas Zv. w. 388 wels warmoudgenia (komediis pirveli varianti Zv. w. 408
wels daidga). komediaSi kvlav utopiuri ideebia gamasxaravebuli.
komediis protagonists moxuc qremiloss brma plutosi (simdidris RmerTi)
asklepiosis taZarSi mihyavs, sadac plutoss Tvals auxelen. es ki imas niSnavs, rom
RmerTi simdidres usamarTlod aRar daarigebs, qveynad `samarTlianoba imar-
jvebs~.
Tu qronologiurad gadavxedavT aristofanes komediebs, vnaxavT, rom isto-
riuli mdgomareobis cvlilebasTan erTad Zveli atikuri komediac viTardeba,
saxes icvlis. am TvalsazrisiT aristofanes komediebs pirobiTad sam jgufad
yofen. pirveli periodis komediebs yvelaze mwvave politikur komediebs (àqar-
nelebi~, `mxedrebi~, `Rrublebi~, `krazanebi~, `mSvidoba~) uwodeben, radgan maTSi
uxvadaa mZafri pirovnuli Tavdasxmebi. `frinvelebidan~ moyolebuli komediebSi
ukve TandaTan sustdeba inveqtiva, pirovnuli dacinva, sagrZnoblad mcirdeba
Zveli komediisTvis specifikuri uxamsobebi, qoros partiebic SedarebiT ukana
planzea gadanacvlebuli. `frinvelebis~ Semdeg veRarsad vxvdebiT srul para-
basissac. `bayayebi~ ukanaskneli komediaa, romelic Zveli komediis CarCoebSi
jdeba. aristofanes bolo komediebSi (`qalebi saxalxo krebaze~, `plutosi~)
gundi ukve TiTqmis ufunqcioa, saerTod gamotovebulia parabasisi, gamqralia
pirovnuli Tavdasxmebi da uxamsobebi. am periodidan berZnuli komedia Tavisi
ganviTarebis axal fazaSi gadadis. mogvianebiT am axal periods saSualo atikur
komedias uwodeben.
aristofanes komediaze msjelobisas mecnierebi bevrs kamaToben aristofanes
ideologiuri Sexedulebebis Sesaxeb. Zveli komediis samizne poetis Tanamedrove
aTenis mravalferovani sazogadoebriv-politikuri cxovreba iyo. bunebrivia,
komediografoss udavod eqneboda sakuTari Sexedulebebi da interesebi, Tavisi
Camoyalibebuli pozicia ama Tu im aqtualur sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT. Tumca,
ufro sarwmunoa im mecnierTa pozicia, romlebic uSedegod miiCneven komediebSi
avtoriseuli Sexedulebebis amokiTxvis mcdelobas da amas Zveli komediis
specifikiT xsnian. amitom, albaT, araswori iqneba, aristofanes saxeSi veZeboT
moralisti an romelime politikuri poziciis propagandisti. misi msoflmxed-
velobis gansazRvra garTulebulia swored Zveli atikuri komediis Janruli
Taviseburebis gamo – Zveli komedia xom yvelafers inversiulad asaxavs.
komediaSi Tanaarsebobs `realuri samyaro~, romelic Zalian ararealuria da
àrarealuri samyaro~, romelic imavdroulad Zalian miwieria. aristofanes
SeuZlia Tavisi Tanamedroveebis yoveldRiuri sazrunavi da wuxili gansxvave-
bul, jadosnur garemoSi gadaitanos, sadac yvelaferi axali, ucnauri formiT
gadaiWreba. yoveli axali komediiT is axal, e. w. komikur miTs qmnis. tragediis
mayureblisgan gansxvavebiT Zveli komediis mayurebelma arasdros ar icoda,
rogor Seicvleboda moqmedeba, ra eloda mas momdevno scenaSi. yoveli war-
modgena iyo axali, fantastikuri ideiT TamaSi, am ideis sruliad fantastikuri
ganxorcieleba. aq poetis fantazias ar hqonda sazRvrebi. fantastikuroba
aristofanes komediis arsebiTi da specifikuri maxasiaTebelia. fantastikuria
yvela komediis siuJeti: komediis gmirebs SeuZliaT, Caifiqron zavis dadeba
qalaqis danarCeni nawilis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad an hadesSi Cavidnen da iqi-
dan gardacvlili esqile amoiyvanon an sulac, ukuagdon saRvTo wesrigi ise,
rogorc pisTeterosi akeTebs amas `frinvelebSi~.
Tumca fantastikuri da zRapruli komediis gmirebi xSirad realuri isto-
riuli da miTologiuri pirebi arian, romlebic aristofanes karikaturis saxiT
gamohyavs Tavis komediebSi, mag., kleoni, sokrate, esqile, evripide, dionise, plu-
tosi, herakle da a. S. magram komediis protagonisti iSviaTad aris istoriuli
148 aristofane
piri (`qalebi Tesmoforiebis dResaswaulze~) an miTosidan aRebuli personaJi

(`bayayebi~), umeteswilad is poetis fantaziis nayofia. komediis personaJebi ar-
ian e.w. profesiuli (elCi, Sikriki, macne, damsmeni) da eTnikuri (aTeneli, spar-
teli, beotieli, megareli) tipebic, romlebic ufro sqematurad aisaxebian da
xSirad statistebis rolSi gamodian. aristofanesTvis damaxasiaTebelia ab-
straqtuli cnebebis (simarTle da tyuili `RrublebSi~, dazaveba `lisistrate-
Si~ da a.S.) personifikaciac.
aristofanes personaJebi ufro tipebs warmoadgenen, vidre individualur
xasiaTebs. Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom komediaSi xasiaTis niSnebi saerTod ar
arsebobs. komediis evoluciasTan erTad TandaTan icvleba komediaSi personaJis
koncefciac. aristofanes gviandeli komediebis gmirebi (praqsagora, qremilosi)
ukve individualuri xasiaTis Strixebs avlenen.
personaJebi komediaSi xSirad icvlian moqmedebis adgils. bevr SemTxvevaSi
samoqmedo adgilis cvlileba samoqmedo sivrcis cvlilebasac gulisxmobs. mag.,
àqarnelebis~ prologSi pniqsze xdeba moqmedeba da samoqmedo sivrces aq
orqestra qmnis, xolo roca dikeopolisi acxadebs: àxla evripides unda miva-
kiTxo~ (394), is orqestridan scenis fasadisken moZraobs. adgilis cvlileba
teqstSi miTiTebulia, savaraudod, icvleba scenis dekoraciebic.
moqmedebis mTliani mimdinareobis aRqma komediaSi mainc rTulia, radgan misi
calkeuli scenebi ar aris Tanmimdevruli da erTmaneTisgan ganpirobebuli. amas
xels uwyobs Tavad komediis struqturac, mag., parabasisi, romelic komediis mo-
qmedebis mimdinareobas Suaze wyvets. iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos komedi-
aSi asaxul movlenebs didi xangrZlivoba aqvs, meore mxriv ki, TiTqos dro
gaCerebulia. komediis personaJebi saxlebs Soris, qalaqidan sofelSi, erTi
realobidan meoreSic ki zRapruli simartiviTa da siswrafiT moZraoben. Tumca
daudgenelia, drois ra xangrZlivobas gulisxmobs is, rac scenaze an scenis miRma
xdeba. aristofanes komediaSi moqmedebis ganviTarebas Tavisi xasiaTiT sizmarSi
ganviTarebul moqmedebasac ki adareben. amitom tragediisgan gansxvavebiT kome-
diaSi SeuZlebelia moqmedebis xangrZlivobis zusti gansazRvra. mag., ramdeni
dRe Tu kvira grZeldeboda qalTa gaficva lisistrateSi da a. S.
Zveli komedia xSirad arRvevs dramatul iluzias: personaJi Tavisi rolidan
gamodis, ìxsnis niRabs~ da uSualod mayurebels mimarTavs. es xdeba parabasisSi,
sadac qoro Tavad komediis avtorad iqceva da publikas sxvadasxva aqtualur Te-
maze elaparakeba. aseT dros misi niRabi mTel auditorias uyurebs. Teatraluri
iluzia xSirad irRveva komediis sxva nawilebSic. rac ar unda fantastikuri yo-
filiyo Zveli komediis fabula, aristofanes komediis mayurebels mudmivad unda
hqonoda komediis moqmedebaSi CarTvis molodini. mag., praqsagora scenidan aCu-
mebda TeatrSi myof konkretul mayurebels, àrifrade, morCi laybobas~
(`qalebi saxalxo krebaze~, 129) da albaT, misi niRabic pirdapir arifradesken
iqneboda mimarTuli. `mxedrebSi~ meZexve mTel darbazs mimarTavs: `baTqa-
buTqisgan suyvela wiTurebi ar gaxdiT?~ (900). hadesSi moxvedrili dionise ki
ise SeSindeba urCxulis (empusas) danaxviT, rom TeatrSi mayurebelTa Soris sa-
patio adgilze mjdomi `Tavisive~ qurumisken gaiqceva saSvelad (`bayayebi~, 297).
aris SemTxvevebi, roca msaxiobebi scenidan xilsac esvrian mayurebels
(`krazanebi~ 58-9, `plutosi~ 797-9). komedia gangeb Slis scenasa da publikas So-
ris arsebul bariers, rac komikur efeqts qmnis.
scenuri iluziis rRvevas e. w. metaTeatralur miniSnebebsac ukavSireben:
Teatri laparakobs sakuTar Tavze, rom Teatri mxolod iluziaa, scenis jados-
noba, TamaSi, romelic specialurad kontrolirebad garemoSi TamaSdeba.
aristofanes komedia mdidaria sxvadasxva tipis metaforebiT, rasac poeti
salaparako enidan, misi winamorbedi dramaturgebis, lirikosi an epikosi poete-
aristofane 149
bis Semoqmedebidan iRebs da am tradiciul metaforebs Tavis komediebSi xSirad

axleburad warmoadgens. amasTan, komikuri efeqtis Sesaqmnelad aristofane
Zalian xSirad mimarTavs metaforis `scenur realizacias~. mag., scenurad aris
ganxorcielebuli metafora – filosofosi RrublebSi: sokratesTan misul
strefsiadess sivrceSi momzirali da mnaTobTa bedze Cafiqrebuli filosofosi
SemaRlebul adgilze, hamakSi mokalaTebuli xvdeba (`Rrublebi~, 217 Smd.). aseve,
sokrates aburduli filosofia simbolizebulia misi TayvaniscemiT tri-
alisadmi (berZnulad `dinos~) da es vizualur metaforaSia gamoxatuli: sok-
rates kars gareT mrgval farTo sasmiss (berZnulad, aseve, `dinos~) deben iq, sa-
dac, Cveulebriv, saxlis mfarveli RmerTis statuis adgilia. aristofanes aq
sityvis orazrovneba èxmareba~ metaforis scenur ganxorcielebaSi.
àqarnelebSi~ dikeopolisis kerZo zavi boTlSi Casxmuli Rvinis saxiTaa war-
modgenili. mTel scenas sityvis ormag mniSvnelobaze TamaSi gansazRvravs
(berZnulSi `sponde~, zavsac aRniSnavs da Rvinis ritualur dasxmasac). amdenad,
sityvis orazrovnebaze agebuli metafora (Rvino/zavi) aqac sityvasityviT ga-
TamaSdeba scenaze.
gavixsenoT dazavebis scena `lisistrateSi~, sadac Semodis nimfa dazaveba
(nimfa personificirebuli dazavebaa). roca aTenels da spartels Zalian swyu-
riaT dazaveba, e. i. maT swyuriaT nimfa. sasurveli geografiuli teritoriebis
moniSvnisasac isini sasurveli nimfis konturebs xazaven. pasaJi savsea kalambure-
biT da uxamsi xumrobebiT. am scenaSi (1112-1187) Temis, ideisa da scenuri war-
modgenis erTianoba aristofanes ostatobis iSviaTi nimuSia.
Tavis komediebSi aristofane uxvad iyenebs uxamsobebs. komediaSi uxamsoba
daundobeli da TavSeukavebeli pirovnuli Tu politikuri inveqtivis ZiriTadi
Semadgeneli nawilia, rac, saerTod, aristofanes adreuli komediisTvisaa damax-
asiaTebeli. mag., aqarnelebis protagonisti Trakiel odomantebze ikiTxavs:
àsoze foToli vin SemoacalaT?~ (159). mxedrebSi meZexve kleons ase emuqreba:
èmag ukanals ZexviviT gamogiteni axla!~ (364). komediebSi msgavsi magaliTebi
mravladaa. Cveulebrivia miniSneba aTenelTa garyvnilebaze, zog SemTxvevaSi
kerZo samiznec aRniSnulia. bunebrivia, uxamsi leqsikis aseTi pirdapiri gamo-
yeneba Zlier komikur efeqts qmnida. aristofane Tavis komediebSi ufro `daxve-
wil~, e. w. metaforul uxamsobebsac iyenebs, riTac mayureblis inteleqtualur
asociaciebze (xSirad, vizualurzec) TamaSobs. TavSekavebis moxsniTa da sityve-
bis TamaSiT gamowveuli wminda inteleqtualuri garTobiT mayurebeli siamovne-
bas iRebs. `lisistrateSi~ personaJ kinesiasis saxeli ironiulad mis seqsualur
aRgznebazec mianiSnebs (berZnulad `kinesis~ moZraobas, aRelvebas niSnavs). xSir
SemTxvevaSi aristofane orazrovan sityvebs arCevs, romelTac erTi mxriv, kon-
teqstisTvis Sesaferisi, ùwyinari~ mniSvneloba aqvs, meore mxriv ki – meore, ux-
amsi mniSvneloba. dikeopolisis bazarSi savaWrod misuli megareli Tavis
asulebs goWebad asaRebs (cxoveluri travesti) (aqarn. 729 Smd). berZnulSi
sityva `xoiros~ goWs aRniSnavs, amasTan mas meore, gadataniTi mniSvnelobac aqvs –
qalis genitaliebi. sityvis mniSvnelobebze aseTi TamaSic, udavod, komikuri
efeqtis gazrdas emsaxureba. komizms amZafrebs scenaze metaforis pirdapiri re-
alizebac: megareli scenaze, mayureblis Tvalwin gadaacmevs Tavis asulebs goWe-
bad.
aristofanes komediis kidev erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebelia parodia. ko-
mediografosi gansakuTrebiT xSirad tragediis parodias (paratragedias) mi-
marTavs. tragediebidan mTeli pasaJebi, motivebi, calkeuli frazebia parodire-
buli. personaJebi Janris Sesabamisad icvlidnen diqcias, xmis tons, mimikas,
Jestebs, parodia Seexeboda metrikasac. aristofanes Tanamedrove mayurebels
SeeZlo, amoecno ara mxolod sityvieri, aramed metruli aluziebic, miniSnebebi
150 aristofane
ara mxolod sityvier stilistur doneze, aramed – musikalur stilistur done-

zec.
komediebSi mravladaa evripides tragediebis parodia. mag., aqarnelebis winaSe
Tavdasacavi sityvis warmoTqmamde dikeopolisi evripides tragediis personaJis,
telefosis samosSi gamoewyoba (aqarn. 394 Smd.). misi sityvis dasawyisi da dasas-
ruli telefosis cnobili sityvis parodiaa. tragediis parodiis SigniT hero-
dotosis istoriis parodiasac xedaven, roca omis dawyebis sababad dikeopolisi
kaxpebis motacebas asaxelebs (herodotosi berZen-sparselTa omze Txrobas
azielebsa da evropelebs Soris qalebis motacebis amsaxveli miTebiT iwyebs).
evripides tragediebis parodias eZRvneba mTlianad `qalebi Tesmoforiebis dRe-
saswaulze~. magram berZnuli tragediebis didi nawili Cvenamde ar Semonaxula,
amitom Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisa Tu mayureblisTvis komediaSi parodirebuli
yvela personaJis, pasaJisa Tu frazis `gamocnoba~ Znelia.
aristofanes komediebSi gvxvdeba homerosis eposis parodiac. gavixsenoT
`krazanebi~ (180-86), sadac filokleoni viris mucels amokruli cdilobs, gai-
paros saxlidan (òdiseas~ (IX, 425 Smd.) parodia). àqarnelebSi~ dikeopolisi
Rvinis/zavis sami sinjidan mesames – ocdaaTwlians irCevs. am Rvinos àmbrosiisa
da neqtaris suni aqvs~ (196). òdiseaSic~, roca odisevsi RviniT umaspinZldeba
kiklop polifemos, kiklopi Rvinos aRiqvams, rogorc ambrosiisa da neqtaris
wveTs (IX, 359).
aristofanes parodiis wyaro lirikac aris. mag., pindarosis odaSi mnemosi-
nesTan (muzebis deda) mimarTebaSi dasturdeba kompoziti `liparampÂqs~ moel-
vare Tavsaburvelis mniSvnelobiT (nem. 7. 15). komediografosi ki imave kompozits
parodiulad gamoiyenebs Tevzis sousis epiTetad (aqarn. 671).
aristofanes komediebi cocxali da mdidari eniTaa dawerili da atikuri
dialeqtis brwyinvale nimuSad miiCneva. savaraudod, aticistebis interesi
aristofanes komediebisadmi maTi Semonaxvis erT-erTi mizezic gamxdara.
komediaSi yoveldRiuri salaparako berZnulis gverdiT prozisa da poeziis
ufro amaRlebul stilsac vxvdebiT, rac xSirad maTsave parodias emsaxureba. ko-
mediografosi mravalmxriv enobriv saSualebebs mimarTavs. is sityvaTa Txzvis
didostatia. aristofanesTvis Cveulebrivia ori, sami, zogjer oTxi da meti
sityvis SeerTebiT Seqmnili neologizmebi. poeti Cveulebriv, sayoveldReo
sityvebs axali, uCveulo formiT acocxlebs kompozitebSi. mag., evripides tra-
gediis personaJad gadacmul dikeopoliss aristofane èvripidnasvams~ uwodebs
(aqarn. 484). gavixsenoT `qalebi saxalxo krebaze~, sadac finalSi yvela miwveulia
kerZze, romlis absurdul saxelsac aristofane Tavad Txzavs da es sityva kome-
diaSi eqvs striqons ikavebs (1169 Smd.). arcTu iSviaTad aristofane personaJebs e.
w. metyvel saxelebs arqmevs (dikeopolisi, trigeosi, filokleoni da a.S.).
aristofanes enis Taviseburebaa sityvis kninobiTi formebis simravlec, rac
xalxuri metyvelebisTvis iyo damaxasiaTebeli. poetis xelSi kninobiTi formebi
ganwyobilebis SeqmnasTan erTad azris umciresi niuansis gamosaxvis kargi saSu-
alebaa. komediaSi enobrivi planebis simravle personaJTa e. w. kuTxur metyvele-
baSic vlindeba. mag., àqarnelebSi~ megarelic (729-835) da beotielic (860-954)
Tav-TavianT dialeqtze metyveleben, doriul dialeqtze laparakobs `lisis-
trateSi~ sparteli qali (93 Smd.); xolo ucxoelTa, mag., sparseTis cru elCis
(aqarn. 100-109), ena komediaSi `barbarosulia~.
cnobilia, rom aristofanes komediebi didi warmatebiT sargeblobda klasi-
kur epoqaSi. magram aTenis demokratiis dacemasTan erTad Zvelma komediamac
sabolood dakarga Tavisi sicocxlisunarianoba. komediis, rogorc Janris, Sem-
dgomi ganviTareba axali atikuri komediis gzas mihyveba. evropuli komedia
swored menandrosisa da romaeli plavtusis pirmSoa.
aristofane 151
aristofanes sikvdilis Semdeg, antikur epoqaSive, misi komediebis mimarT in-

teresic TandaTan ganelda. upiratesobas ukve saSualo da axal atikur komedias
aniWebdnen. Tumca arsebobdnen gamonaklisebic. aristofanes baZavda lukianosi,
kvintilianuss ki Zveli komediis atikuri enis siwminde aRafrTovanebda da aris-
tofanes komedias oratorTaTvis saukeTeso misabaZ nimuSad miiCnevda. aristo-
fanes Semoqmedebas swavlobdnen aleqsandrieli filologebi da bizantiuri
xanis swavlulebi. bizantiur periodSi misi komediebi saskolo literaturaSic
SeutaniaT. Sua saukuneebSi aristofanes yvelaze ufro popularuli komedia
`plutosi~ iyo, mogvianebiT popularul saskolo teqstebad iqca sxva komedie-
bic, ZiriTadad, `Rrublebi~, `frinvelebi~, `krazanebi~. Tumca, cnobilia, rom ux-
amsobebiT mdidari Zveli komediis teqstebidan gamomcemlebi xSirad iRebdnen
axalgazrda mkiTxvelTaTvis `Seufereblad~ miCneul nawilebs. renesansis epoqis
moRvaweTagan aristofanes komediis satirul stils, groteskul fantastikas,
ironiasa da komikuris heroikas gansakuTrebiT kargad grZnobda fransua rable.
me-17 _ me-18 saukuneebSi aristofanes komediebs mniSvnelovani gavlena mouxdenia
inglisur satiraze, gansakuTrebiT, ben jonsonsa da henri fildingze. aristo-
fanes gavleniT dauweria goeTes `frinvelebi~. `komediis mamisadmi~ interesi
kidev ufro izrdeba momdevno saukuneebSi, roca araerTi avtori ganicdis mis
gavlenas, mravaljer gamoicema misi komediebi, `lisistratesTvis~ ilustraciebs
qmnis pikaso... dRes aristofanes komediebis axlebur kvlevas eZRvneba didZali
samecniero literatura, sxvadasxva Teatris scenaze ki aristofanes komediebis
Tanamedrove interpretaciebi idgmeba.
komediebi: àqarnelebi~, `mxedrebi~, `Rrublebi~, `krazanebi~, `mSvidoba~,

`frinvelebi~, `lisistrate~, `qalebi Tesmoforiebis dResaswaulze~, `ba-
yayebi~, `qalebi saxalxo krebaze~, `plutosi~.
152 herodotosi
herodotosi
(daaxl. Zv. w. 484_425 ww.)
ìstoriis mamamTavrad~ aRiarebuli herodotosi, savaraudod, daibada Zv. w.

480 w. (an 484w.) halikarnasosSi, mcire aziis samxreT-dasavleT sanapiroze.
mamamiss erqva liqsesi, biZas _ paniasisi (orive kariuli saxelia). gadmocemiT,
herodotosis biZa epikosi poeti iyo. im droisaTvis halikarnasoss karielebi
ganagebdnen dedofal artemisias meTaurobiT. halikarnasosi, sxva berZnul
qalaqebTan erTad, aRdga karielTa tiraniis winaaRmdeg; amboxi marcxiT dam-
Tavrda da herodotosma datova mSobliuri qalaqi. igi k. samoss ewvia da
rogorc Cans, iq didxans darCa. herodotosma bevri imogzaura; iyo egvipteSi,
finikiaSi, mesopotamiaSi, arabeTSi, skviTiaSi, kolxeTSi, TrakiaSi, siciliasa da
makedoniaSi; garkveuli xani dahyo aTenSi da moiara saberZneTis qalaqebi. zogi
gadmocemiT, am qalaqebSi igi kiTxulobda Tavis Txzulebebs, risTvisac sakmaod
guluxvad daujildoebiaT. 444-443 ww. aTenma samxreT italiaSi daaarsa qalaqi
Turia. moaxalSeneebs Soris iyo herodotosic. igi Turiis moqalaqe gaxda.
rogorc Cans, herodotosi iqve gardaicvala Cv. w-is 430 w. (an ara ugvianes 425 w.),
amitom zogi mas halikarnaselad moixseniebs, zogi _ Turielad. gadmocemiT,
herodotoss kargi urTierToba hqonda imdroindel cnobil adamianebTan:
periklesTan, protagorasa da sofoklesTan.
herodotosma dawera ì s t o r i a~ (mas `homerosis cxovrebasac~ miawerdnen,
magram es ar dasturdeba). ìstoriaSi~ berZen-sparselTa omebia aRwerili, ami-
tom, sanam naSroms ganvixilavT, marTebuli iqneba vicodeT, rogor ganviTarda
movlenebi. Zv. w. V s-Si sparseTma (kiros II-is, kambises II-is da darios I-is xelmwi-
fobisas) daipyro mcire azia, babiloni da egvipte. Semdeg jeri midga mcire aziis
berZnul qalaqebsa da kunZulebze. berZnulma qalaqebma winaaRmdegoba gauwies
sparseTs; mcire aziis berZnuli qalaqebis (ionielebis) ajanyebas mxari dauWires
aTenma da eretriam; amas mohyva dariosis eqspansia saberZneTSi. berZen-sparselTa
konfliqti periodulad mwvavdeboda, saerTo jamSi omi Zv. w. 500 w-dan 449 w-mde
gagrZelda. am saomari konfliqtis periodSi aSkarad gamoikveTa aTenis wamyvani
roli berZnul polisebs Soris, rac axali, qveynis Sida dapirispirebis mizezi
gaxda. daiwyo samoqalaqo e. w. peloponesosis omi, romelic aRwera Tukididesma
(ix. Tukididesi). Tu berZen-sparselTa omebSi mopovebuli gamarjvebebi sa-
berZneTis istoriis saamayo furclebia, peloponesosis omis ambebi _ piriqiT. ase
rom, Zv. w. V s-is Sua wlebi, erTi mxriv, berZnuli sulisa da kulturis yvela
sferos arnaxuli aRmavlobis periodi iyo, meore mxriv _ dasasrulis dasawyisic.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, herodotosi berZen-sparselTa omis Sesaxeb mog-
viTxrobs, magram es ar aris gauTavebeli brZolebis amsaxveli mosawyeni ambavi; es
saocari wignia, romelsac verc mxolod istorias daarqmev, verc geografias, Tu
herodotosi 153
eTnografias, verc romans, an novelaTa krebuls. herodotosis ìstoria~ msof-

lios kulturuli saganZuris SenaZenia, misi avtori ki `didi bavSvi~, romelic
bavSvuri gulubryvilobiT, da Sesabamisad, bavSvuri simarTliT, cnobismoy-
vareobiT uyurebs, aRiqvams da Seimecnebs samyaros. herodotoss surs gaarkvios
yvela droisaTvis aqtualuri sakiTxi: ratom upirispirdeba aRmosavleTi
dasavleTs, sad unda veZeboT am konfliqtis mizezebi. mwerali dasmul kiTxvas
Taviseburad upasuxebs. am pasuxiT mJRavndeba misi msoflmxedveloba.
herodotoss Tavisi Txzuleba ar dausaTaurebia. gamomcemlebma naSromi 9
wignad dayves da maT muzebis saxelebi daarqves; es, rogorc Cans, aleqsandriel
swavlulTa wreSi moxda. Tavad herodotosi Tavisi Txzulebis nawilebs lovgo~-
ebs (ambavi, moTxroba) uwodebs. es ambebi garkveuli TanmimdevrobiTaa dalage-
buli: lidiuri, egvipturi, asiriuli, libiuri, skviTuri, sparsuli, midiuri.
kompoziciurad herodotosis naSromi or nawilad iyofa:
I nawili moicavs monakveTs I wignidan V wignis 27-e Tavis CaTvliT. aq moTxro-
bilia ambebi, romlebic berZen-sparselTa omebamde moxda. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom es
nawili aris vrceli Sesavali, romelSic aisaxa aRmosavleTis qveynebis ambebi.
mecnierTa azriT, herodotosis ìstoria~ mkafiod gansazRvrul sqemas efuZneba:
berZnebs pirvelad kroisosis dros daupirispirdnen, amitom herodotosi saWi-
rod Tvlis, srulyofilad warmogvidginos misi saxe; kroisosi lidiis mbrZane-
beli iyo, herodotosic vrclad aRwers mis qveyanas, istorias im dromde, vidre
lidiis samefo daipyro sparselma kirosma (`lidiuri logosi~ I, 6-70). amis Sem-
deg mwerali yveba kirosze, mis dabadebasa da aRzrdaze; sparseTis samefos war-
moSobasa da gaZlierebaze. detaluradaa aRwerili kirosis laSqrobebi mcirea-
zieli berZnebis winaaRmdeg, laSqrobebi babilonsa da masagetebze (I, 71-216). ki-
rosis Semdeg misi Svili kambisesi iwyebs laSqrobebs egviptis dasapyrobad.
herodotosi saWirod Tvlis, gagvacnos egviptis flora, fauna, istoria, re-
ligia (ègvipturi logosi~). es monakveTi mTavrdeba kambisesis sikvdiliT (III, 1-66).
sparselTa Semdegi ganmgebelia dariosi, romelic skviTebs ebrZoda, amitom av-
tori skviTebis istorias gvacnobs (`skviTuri logosi~ IV). amave nawilSi Semodis
libiis ambebi, radgan sparselebi mis dapyrobas apirebdnen.
II nawili, romelic, rogorc Cans, mTavaria, mTlianad eZRvneba berZnul-
sparsul omebs. igi Tavis mxriv, samad iyofa: I nawili mogviTxrobs ioniis ajanye-
bis ambebs (V, 28 _ VI, 32). II _ dariosis laSqrobas kontinentur saberZneTze. man
Suri iZia imis gamo, rom berZnebi daexmarnen TanamoZmeebs _ ajanyebul ionielebs.
III nawilSi aRwerilia qserqsesis laSqroba. wigni mTavrdeba sestosis aRebiT Zv. w.
478 w.
am kompoziciur monaxazSi CarTulia uamravi eqskursi da ambavi, romelTac Ta-
vad avtori damatebebs (prosqh`kai) uwodebs. `damatebebSi~ moTxrobilia ama
qveynis ZlierTa da Cveulebriv mokvdavTa saocari Tavgadasavlebi. aRwerilia
ucxo qveynis mkvidrTa adaT-wesebi, nagebobebi, bunebis ucnauri movlenebi, ar-
naxuli cxovelebi da mcenareebi.
naSromis I da II nawilebi erTi didi problemis diaqroniul da sinqroniul
kvlevas moicavs. rac ufro uaxlovdeba Tavisi Tanadrouli ambebis aRweras,
herodotosi ufro darwmunebiT msjelobs faqtebsa da movlenebze (metad uax-
lovdeba samecniero stils), Tumca aqac bevria gadaWarbeba: magaliTad, mwerali
ambobs, rom qserqsess xuTmilioniani armia hyavdao, rac sinamdviles ar Seef-
ereba. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom aRwerili ambebis dasazusteblad hero-
dotoss Tavad mounaxulebia is adgilebi, sadac berZnebma didi gamarjvebebi
moipoves. Tanamedrove istoriul-topografiuli gamokvlevebi adastureben
herodotosis monaTxrobis sizustes. ase rom, ìstoria~ aris realurisa da war-
mosaxviTis Zalian saintereso naerTi. Tu amas davumatebT weris gansakuTrebul,
154 herodotosi
herodotosiseul maneras, savsebiT cxadi gaxdeba, ratom miiCneven am naSroms ara

mxolod istoriuli, aramed mxatvruli prozis nimuSad.
aRmosavleTisa da dasavleTis dapirispirebis mizezs herodotosi gulubry-
vilod xsnis. es mizezia pirvelyofili sazogadoebebis umTavresi principi _
`kbili kbilis wil~. mwerlis azriT, dapirispireba daiwyo miTiur droSi: `spar-
sTa istorikosebi amboben, rom finikielebi iyvnen elinTa da sparsTa mtrobis
mizezni, radganac finikielebi mewamulad wodebuli zRvidan rom movidnen ai am
zRvasTan da dasaxldnen im adgilas, sadac dResac saxloben, maSinve Soreuli
naosnoba moawyves, waiRes egvipturi saqoneli sxvadasxva qveynebSi da mividnen
argosSic. xolo argosi im droisaTvis aRemateboda eladad wodebul qveyanaSi
Semaval yvela mxares. movidnen finikielebi am argosSi da gamoafines Tavisi
saqoneli. maTi Camosvlis mexuTe Tu meeqvse dRes... movida zRvasTan sxva bevri
qalica da maT Soris mefis asulic, misi saxeli, imis mixedviT, rogorc mas
elinebi uwodeben, aris io, inaqosis asuli. qalebi gaCerdnen xomaldis cxvirTan
da yidulobdnen im saqonels, rac maT metad moswondaT. finikielebma ki waaqezes
erTmaneTi da daesxnen maT Tavs. qalTagan meti wili gaiqca, xolo io sxvebTan er-
Tad moitaces. finikielebma Cayares qalebi xomaldSi da gacures egviptisaken~(I,
1).1 elini ios gataceba iyo pirveli usamarTloba, rasac mohyva berZenTa sapasuxo
laSqroba da finikiis mefis asulis _ evropes motaceba. ès iyo samagieros mizRva
_ Tanabrad TanabrisaTvis~. amis Semdeg elinebma meored Caidines usamarTloba da
aia-kolxeTidan moitaces mefis asuli medea. amas mohyva elenes motaceba. àqamde
maT Soris iyo TiTo qalis motaceba, xolo amieridan elinebma didi danaSauli
Caidines, radgan maT pirvelebma daiwyes laSqroba aziaSi, masze uwin, vidre
azielebma _ evropaSi~ (I, 4). istoriuli movlenebis miTosuri axsna mecnierebaSi,
rbilad rom vTqvaT, gulubryvilobad iTvleba. amas sayveduroben herodotos-
sac, magram cnobilia sxva mosazrebac. saqme isaa, rom miTebis analizis Tana-
medrove Teoriebi ar gamoricxaven, rom uZveles gadmocemebSi aisaxa Zalian
mniSvnelovani, siRrmiseuli informacia, romlis sruliad gamoricxva Tundac
Zalian `mecnieruli~ kvlevidan araa mizanSewonili. dRes herodotosis naS-
romebs am mimarTulebiTac ikvleven. aqve aRvniSnavT, rom herodotoss miiCneven
ara mxolod istoriis mamad, aramed èTnologiis mamadac~. metic, Tu hero-
dotos-istorikosis mimarT garkveuli pretenziebi aqvT, eTnografi hero-
dotosi aRiarebulia, rogorc utyuari wyaro. mweralma aRwera mis mier mox-
iluli xalxebis adaT-wesebi, maTi religiuri rwmena-warmodgenebi, qorwinebis
wesebi, sacxovrebeli, Cacmuloba, ena da sxva. igi imowmebs da eTanxmeba udidesi
berZeni poetis pindarosis sityvebs: àdaT-wesebi yvelafris mefea~ (III, 38). Tamamad
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom eTnologiuri kvlevis herodotosis meTodi dResac aqtu-
aluria (cxadia, ar vgulisxmobT calkeul fantasmagoriebs).
herodotosis naSromSi daculi eTnografiuli da geografiuli aRwerilobani
(barem aqve vityviT, rom herodotosi geografiis mamamTavradac aris aRiarebuli.
zogi mecnieris azriT, herodotosma moRvaweoba daiwyo, rogorc geografma da
eTnografma) skviTebis, kolxebis da aRmosavleTis xalxebis adreuli istoriis
kvlevis fasdaudebeli wyaroa. CvenTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba aqvs hero-
dotosis cnobebs saqarTvelos Sesaxeb. es cnobebi Seiswavla prof. TinaTin yaux-
CiSvilma (ix. T. yauxCiSvili, herodotosis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb, Tbilisi
1960). herodotosis ìstoriaSi~ moxsenebulni arian: kolxebi, saspeirebi, xalibebi,
makronebi, mosxebi, tibarenebi, mosinoikebi, marebi. sxva qarTvel tomebTan erTad
1
herodote, istoria, berZnulidan Targmna, winasityvaoba da saZiebeli daurTo TinaTin yaux-
CiSvilma, t., I, Tb., 1975; t., II, 1976. (SemdgomSi teqstidan moxmobil adgilebs mivuTiTeb am wig-
nidan).
herodotosi 155
xalibebic sparselebis xelqveiTebi arian da maT armiaSi msaxuroben. herodotosis

azriT, kolxebi egviptelTa STamomavalni arian. isini SavizRvispireTSi sesostri-
sis laSqrobis dros (e. i. Zv. w. XIII s-Si) moxvdnen. ai, ras wers herodotosi: ~ me
vfiqrob, rom is uSoresi adgili, sanamdec mivida egviptelTa laSqari, swored aq
iyo... me ar SemiZlia dabejiTebiT imis Tqma, rom am adgilas TviT mefe sesostrisma
gamoyo Tavisi laSqris raRaca nawili da datova aq, am qveynis mcxovreblad... ma-
gram cxadia, rom kolxebi egviptelebi arian. amas me TviTon mivxvdi imaze uwin,
vidre sxvaTagan movismendi da ise vityodi. da radganac amas vfiqrobdi, SevekiTxe
orives, kolxebs ukeT axsovdaT egviptelebi, vidre egviptelebs kolxebi. egvip-
telebi amboben, rom maTi azriT sesostrisis laSqridan arian kolxebi da me Tvi-
Tonac aseve meCveneboda, radgan kolxebi Savgremanebi arian da xuWuWTmianebi... ma-
gram amasTanave da ufro metad amas mowmobs is, rom yvela xalxTagan mxolod
kolxebi, egviptelebi da eTiopelebi arian, romlebic Tavidanve awarmoeben wi-
nadacveTas.... kidev sxva ramis Tqmac SemiZlia kolxebis Sesaxeb, riTac isini egvip-
telebis msgavsni arian. mxolod egviptelebi da kolxebi amuSaveben sels erT-
nairad; mTeli cxovreba da ena msgavsi aqvT erTmaneTis. kolxur sels elinebi sar-
donuls uwodeben, egviptidan Semosuls ki egvipturs~ (II, 103-105).
naSromSi gvxvdeba saintereso cnobebi qarTvel tomTa lokalizaciis,
sabrZolo aRWurvilobis, saqmianobis Sesaxeb. herodotosis gadmocemiT,
kavkasionis mTebSi bevri tomi cxovrobs. isini tyis mcenareebiT ikvebebian. xeebis
foTlebs nayaven, wyals ureven da am saRebaviT tansacmels xataven. es naxati
Zalian gamZlea da ar xundeba. ìstoriaSi~ gadmocemulia argonavtTa miTi (I, 2 da
Smd. IV, 145, 179; VII 62, 193, 197). am cnobebis mixedviT, troelebi da kolxebi erT ba-
nakSi iyvnen.
axla isev herodotos-istorikoss mivubrundeT. berZen-sparselTa dapirispi-
rebis miTosuri mizezebis CamoTvlis Semdeg mwerali istoriul peripetiebs
ganixilavs. konfliqtis eskalacia ukavSirdeba darioss. man moisurva Wkua es-
wavlebina aTenelebisa da eretrielebisaTvis, romlebic daexmarnen ajanyebul
ioniur qalaqebs. rogorc Cans, herodotoss gulwrfelad sjeroda, rom mteri
swored am or qalaqs erCoda, sparselebi mardoniusis meTaurobiT pirvelad
eretriisken gaemarTnen, magram aTonTan qariSxali daatydaT.... patriotma
berZnebma bevri sagmiro saqme Caidines. herodotosi imasac aRniSnavs, rom zogi
berZnuli polisi (Tebe, sparta da sxv.) sparselTa mxares gadavida. avtori maT
moRalateebad Tvlis da laCrebs uwodebs. Tumca aqve aRniSnavs, rom oTxasma Te-
belma gmirulad ibrZola TermopilesTan sparteli mefis _ leonidasis armi-
asTan erTad (VII, 202). zogjer avtori faqtebs cvlis. cnobilia, rom pelopone-
sosis kavSirSi aTenis mTavari mowinaaRmdege iyo korinTosi. isic cnobilia, rom
salamisis brZolis erT-erTi gamorCeuli gmiri iyo korinTeli admirali
adeimantosi. herodotosma igi laCar kacad warmoadgina. mwerlis simpaTiebi
aSkarad aTenelTa mxaresaa. igi swored aTenelis poziciidan gansjis faqtebs; aT-
ens eladis mxsnels uwodebs (VII, 139). herodotosi ar malavs simpaTiebs periklesis
mimarT; aqebs mis gvars. mwerali ar Ralatobs Tavis maneras da sayvareli pirov-
nebis gamorCeulobis dasasabuTeblad moixmobs periklesis dedis sizmars:
agaristes esizmra, rom man lomi gaaCina (VI, 131).
herodotosi zomieri demokratiis momxre iyo. misi azriT, politikuri
Tavisufleba sazogadoebrivi progresis sawindaria. ìstoriis~ III wignSi avtori
msjelobs mmarTvelobis formebze; aq erTmaneTs ekamaTeba sami sparseli: dariosi
icavs monarqias, megabaZosi _ oligarqias, otanesi _ demokratias (III, 80-82).
ìstoriis~ mixedviT, herodotosi RvTismoSiSi adamiani iyo. misi war-
modgeniT, RmerTebi arseboben, erevian adamianTa cxovrebaSi da gansazRvraven
maT beds. yvelaze maRla dgas bedi (moira), mas RmerTebic ver gaeqcevian (I, 91).
156 herodotosi
RmerTebi adamianebs orakulebis, sxvadasxva niSnebis, sizmriseuli Cvenebebis

gziT auwyeben TavianT nebas (I, 209; VI, 27). Cadenil danaSauls aucileblad mosdevs
sasjeli; SeiZleba sasjeli ramdenime Taobis Semdeg wamoewios damnaSavis STamo-
mavlobas. isjeba isic, vinc gadaaWarbebs SurisZiebisas. RvTaeba Suriania, feTqe-
badi da uyvars areuloba. aucileblad isjeba gandidebis zRvargadasuli sur-
vili. Tu adamiani gadaabijebs misTvis dadgenil sazRvars, aucileblad miez-
Rveba. am mxriv sainteresoa artabanosis sityvebi: ~Sen xedav, rom RmerTi mexsa
scems gamorCeul cxovelebs da ar aZlevs Tavmowonebis nebas, patara cxovelebi ki
mas aRizianeben. Sen xedav, rom misi isrebi mudam udides nagebobebsa da aseTsave
xeebs xvdeba, radgan RmerTs uyvars yovelive gamorCeulis dasaxiCreba. amave mi-
zezis gamo SeiZleba, rom didi laSqari mcirem amowyvitos, Tuki moSurne RmerTi
SiSis zars dascems maT, anda mexs, ris Sedegadac isini samarcxvinod amowydebian.
radgan RmerTi sxvas ar rTavs nebas, rom Tavis Tavze didi azrisa iyos~ (VII, 10).
herodotosis azriT, elinTa da sxva xalxebis RmerTebi erTi da igiveni arian;
sxvadasxva adamianebs erTgvari warmodgenebi aqvT RmerTebze. olimpieli Rmer-
Tebis saxelebi berZnebma egviptelTagan gadaiRes. mxolod poseidoni, diosku-
rebi, hera, hestia, Temisi, qaritebi da nereidebi arian elinuri RmerTebi (II, 50).
heraklec egvipturi warmoSobisaa (II, 45). herodotosi Tavis Tanamedrove isto-
riul moRvaweTa warmoSobasac miTiur gmirebsa da RmerTebs ukavSirebs.
istoriis mamoZravebeli Zala adamiania. adamianebis urTierTobebs ki marTaven
maTi vnebebi da naklovanebebi, kontaqtebi, mtroba. esa Tu is istoriuli movlena
ganpirobebulia adamianTa urTierTobebiT. yvelafers gansazRvravs Semdegi
kategoriebi: samarTlianoba _ usamarTloba, danaSauli _ sasjeli, siqvele _
laCroba, angareba _ uangaroba, Suri _ didsulovneba. herodotosis azriT, Rir-
seba, uRirseboba da sxva siqveleni Tu naklovanebani ar aris romelime erTi an
ramdenime xalxis privilegia. naklsa da Rirsebas yvela Tanabrad atarebs. hero-
dotosis erT-erTi Rirseba isicaa, rom igi arasodes amcirebs mters. cdilobs,
ar iyos mikerZoebuli. magaliTad, laparakobs qserqsesis adamianur Rirsebebze
da obieqturad afasebs mas (VII, 136). am miukerZoeblobis gamo plutarqosma mas
`barbarosTa motrfiale~ uwoda. herodotoss marTlac Zalian izidavda aRmo-
savleTis qveynebi. aRmosavluri kultura ki mis aRfrTovanebas iwvevda. es sao-
cari damokidebuleba WeSmariti faseulobebisadmi da piruTvneloba hero-
dotoss araordinarul moazrovned warmogvidgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom aTenis
motrfiale iyo, spartis mimarT siZulvils ar gamoxatavda. ufro metic, zogjer
aqebs kidec spartelebs. herodotoss saerTod ar axasiaTebs separatizmi. mkvle-
varebi amboben, rom igi dakvirvebuli politikosia da ara politikuri moRvawe.
yvelaferTan erTad, herodotosi novelistikis mamamTavradac iTvleba. ìs-
toriis~ ZiriTad qargaSi ostaturadaa CarTuli saintereso ambebi. es novelebia:
gigesi (I, 8-13), arioni (I, 23-24), soloni da kroisosi (I, 26-54), kirosis bavSvoba (I,
108-121), kirosi masagetebTan (I, 204-214), fsametiqosis cda (II, 2), mSvenieri elene eg-
vipteSi (II, 113-120), mefe ramfsinitosis saganZuri (II, 121), polikratesis beWedi (III, 39-
43), periandrosi (III, 49-53), Zopirosis moxerxebuloba (III, 150-160), dariosi
skviTebTan (IV, 126-136), agaristes qorwineba (VI, 126-131), sperTiesi da bulisi (VII,
134-137) da sxva. yvela CanarTi garkveul istoriul movlenas ukavSirdeba. Znelia,
dabejiTebiT iTqvas, herodotosma Tavad Seqmna isini, Tu folkloruli wyaroe-
biT isargebla. cnobilia mxolod is, rom ioniur prozas axasiaTebda midre-
kileba novelebisadmi. herodotosis novelisturi CanarTebi mxatvruli prozis
saukeTeso nimuSebad iTvleba. es novelebi bevri evropeli mwerlis STagonebis
wyarod iqca.
herodotosi 157
erT-erTi novelis mokle Sinaarsi aseTia: samoss ganagebda Zlevamosili da

svebednieri polikratesi. `misi saxeli gaiTqva ioniasa da mTel danarCen eladaSi,
radgan, sadac ki ar unda elaSqra, yvelgan gamarjvebuli gamodioda~. polik-
ratesis saocari warmatebebis ambavi gaigo misma megobarma, egviptis mefem, ama-
sisma. erTxel man megobars aseTi Sinaarsis werili gaugzavna: `... tkbilad gasago-
nia, rodesac megobari da mokavSire kargad cxovrobs, magram me Tu mkiTxav, ar
mixaria Seni didi miRwevebi, radgan vici, rom RvTaeba Suriania ... arasodes msme-
nia, rom yvelaferSi bednier kacs sabolood ubedureba ar ewios da Zirfesvi-
anad ar amoagdos~. amasisma urCia, romelime yvelaze Zvirfasi nivTi gadaegdo da
xelovnurad gamoewvia tkivilis gancda. polikratesi mixvda, rom amasisi marTa-
li iyo. ifiqra da gadawyvita, Seleoda zurmuxtisTvlian beWeds, romelic
Zalian uyvarda. igi avida gemze da Rrmad Secura zRvaSi, moiZro beWedi da
yvelas dasanaxad gadaagdo. amis Semdeg polikratesi Zalian damwuxrda. am ambidan
mexuTe Tu meeqvse dRes meTevzem mas didi Tevzi miarTva, romlis mucelSi mza-
reulma polikratesis beWedi ipova. gaxarebulma mzareulma beWedi patrons dau-
bruna. polikratesma ifiqra, rom aseTi iyo RmerTebis neba. man yvelaferi amasiss
Seatyobina. rodesac amasisma werili waikiTxa, mixvda, rom adamiani uZluria
meore adamians aaSoros xifaTi. man polikratess SeuTvala, rom xels iRebda mas-
Tan megobrobaze. Tan dasZina, àmas imitom akeTebda, rom megobris gamo guli ar
dastanjvoda, rodesac saSineli da didi ubedureba daatydeboda polikratess.~
SemdgomSi polikratesi marTlac muxanaTurad mokles. cnobilia, rom hero-
dotosis es novela Silerma gamoiyena wyarod Tavisi baladisaTvis `polikrate-
sis beWedi~.
herodotosis gadmocemiT, misi Txzulebis wyaroebia piradi dakvirveba da
analizze dafuZnebuli daskvnebi; gamokiTxva-mokvleviT miRebuli informacia,
sxvaTagan mosmenili ambebi. amasTan mas xelT hqonia werilobiTi wyaroebi: war-
werebi, dokumentebi, berZen poetTa Semoqmedeba, logografosTa Txzulebebi.
ìstoriaSi~ gvxvdeba istoriul pirTa mier warmoTqmuli sityvebi, romlebic
avtoris mieraa SeTxzuli. herodotosi Tavs movaled Tvlis, ar gamotovos arc
erTi informacia, rac xelSi Cauvarda: `me valdebuli var vTqva, rasac amboben,
magram, rom mjerodes naTqvamis, amisi valdebuli sulac ara var; es azri dee
gavrceldes mTeli Cemi moTxrobis mimarT~ (VII, 152). xSirad Tavadac miaCnia, rom
gadmocemuli ambavi daujerebelia, magram aseT komentars urTavs: ès marTalia
Tu ara, ar vici, rac miTxres, imas vwer~ (IV, 195). mwerali mkafiod mijnavs Tavisi
TvaliT nanaxs gagonilisagan.
antikur epoqaSi herodotosisadmi araerTgvarovani damokidebuleba iyo.
zogierTi mas abralebda istoriis damaxinjebas; plutarqosma traqtatic dawera
`herodotosis borotebis Sesaxeb~. herodotosis dafaseba aRorZinebis perio-
didan daiwyo. XIX saukunis aRmoCenebma am istorikosis ara erTi cnoba daa-
dastura. dRes ìstoria~ sando wyarodaa miCneuli. mecnierTa azriT, naSromi
kargad asaxavs imdroindel berZenTa nacionalur xasiaTs.
herodotosis ìstoria~ dawerilia ioniur dialeqtze, romelic uxvad aris
gajerebuli atikuriT. Txrobas axasiaTebs sisadave da ubraloeba.
herodotosis ìstoria~ mxatvruli literaturisa da mecnieruli isto-
riografiis zRvarze dgas. am naSromiT mwerali gaemijna winamorbed logogra-
fosebs da saTave daudo axal mecnierebas, romelsac istoria hqvia.
158 herodotosi
herodotosze saubars davasrulebT sityvebiT, romliTac istorikosi iwyebs

Tavis Txzulebas; am sityvebSi Zalian kargad Cans didi mwerlis suliskveTeba:
`herodote halikarnaselis istoriis es gadmocema miznad isaxavs imas, rom
droTa viTarebaSi ar iqnes daviwyebuli adamianTa saqebari saqmianoba, arc is di-
di da saocari saqmeebi unda darCes ganudidebeli, romlebic aRasrules rogorc
elinebma, ise barbarosebma. ar unda iqnes daviwyebuli yvela sxva da gansakuTre-
biT is mizezi, risi gulisTvisac ebrZodnen elinebi da barbarosebi erTmaneTs~.
Txzuleba: ìstoria~.
Tukididesi 159
Tukididesi
(daaxl. Zv. w. 460_396 ww.)
bavSvobisas Tukididess mousmenia herodotosisaTvis, romelic Tavis ìsto-

riebs~ kiTxulobda olimpiaSi. aRtacebul yrmas Turme Tvalze cremli moadga.
es SeuniSnavs herodotoss da Tukididesis mamisTvis uTqvams: `gilocav, oloros,
kargi vaJi gyolia, Sens Svils midrekileba aqvs mecnierebisadmi~ (svida s. v. Qou-
kudivdh~).
Tukididesis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb bevri araferi viciT. misi da-
badebisa da gardacvalebis TariRebic miaxloebiTaa dadgenili: 460-396 ww. Zv. w.
Tukididesis mama Trakiis mefis Camomavali gaxldaT; igi kimonsa da miltiadess
enaTesaveboda. dedac cnobil Trakiul gvars ekuTvnoda. am ojaxs amfipolisSi
(Trakia) oqros sabadoebi hqonia. Tukididesis ojaxi aTenis demosSi Sedioda.
Tukididess kargi ganaTleba miuRia; gawafula ritorikasa da filosofiaSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom warmoSobiTa da naTesauri kavSirebiT kimonis momxreTa
wreSi Sedioda, Tukididesi gadavida periklesis mxareze da aqtiurad mona-
wileobda aTenis politikur cxovrebaSi. igi airCies 10 strategosis kolegiaSi
(e. i. iyo aTenis mmarTvelobis wevri). ibrZoda peloponesosis omSi. moixada Savi
Wiri. amfipolisTan brZolaSi damarcxebis gamo Tukididesi gandevnes aTenidan
da 20 weli TrakiaSi cxovrobda. am periods Tukididesi yvelaze ubedur drod
miiCnevda. devnilobisas mouvlia sparta, italia da makedonia. Tavisi naSromi man
swored am periodSi dawera. Tukididesi istorikosad omma Camoayaliba. man Suax-
anobaSi datova aTeni da moxuci dabrunda. roca tovebda, aTeni ayvavebuli
qalaqi iyo; dabrunebuls ki mSobliuri qalaqi gacamtverebuli daxvda. aman, ra
Tqma unda, Zalian imoqmeda masze.
Tukididesi aRwers Tavis Tanadroul istoriul periods _ peloponesosis
oms. rogorc Cans, es naSromi Tavad avtors ar dausaTaurebia. igi Tavisi wignis I
Tavis I abzacSi wers: `Tukidides aTenelma aRwera peloponeselTa omi aTeneleb-
Tan, rogor ebrZodnen isini erTmaneTs~. saTauri `p e l o p o n e s o s i s o m i s
i s t o r i a~ pirvelad ciceronTan gvxvdeba. peloponesosis omma didi gavlena
iqonia saberZneTis Semdgom istoriaze da pirdapir Tu iribad aisaxa berZen
mweralTa TxzulebebSi. amitom, albaT, sainteresoa, vicodeT am omis Sesaxeb. es
iyo xangrZlivi omi (ufro sworad, omebi) Zv. w-is 431 w-dan 404 w-mde demok-
ratiul aTensa da oligarqiul spartas Soris. sparselebze saocari gamarjvebis
Semdeg saberZneTSi Camoyalibda ori uZlieresi samxedro-politikuri gaerTi-
aneba: aTenis sazRvao kavSiri da peloponesosis kavSiri. maT Soris daido sazavo
xelSekruleba, magram 30-iani wlebisaTvis es xelSekruleba dairRva. aTeni Caeria
korinTossa da kerkiras Soris atexil davaSi. korinTosTan dapirispirebis
realuri mizezi iyo savaWro konkurencia aTensa da korinToss Soris. aTens
160 Tukididesi
surda Tavisi savaWro qselis gafarToeba da meti èkonomikuri sivrcis~ dau-

fleba. korinTosma daxmarebisaTvis mimarTa Tavis mokavSires _ spartas. spartam
daiwyo saomari moqmedebebi aTenis winaaRmdeg. TandaTan am omSi Caeba TiTqmis
yvela berZnuli qalaqi. zogi aTens uWerda mxars, zogi _ spartas. elada orad
gaiyo da gamaCanagebeli samoqalaqo omis cecxlSi gaexvia. ramdenjerme scades am
ZmaTamkvleli omis Sewyveta, magram es arc ise advili aRmoCnda. aTeni zRvaze
ufro Zlieri iyo, sparta _ xmeleTze. orive mxare cdilobda Tavisi upirateso-
bis gamoyenebas. bolos spartam sparseTis daxmarebiT aaSena Zlieri floti, ro-
melic arafriT Camouvardeboda aTenisas. amasobaSi aTens ufro da ufro meti
mokavSire ecleboda xelidan. 404 w. aTenma sabolood cno damarcxeba. spartelTa
sazavo pirobebi Zalian mZime iyo. marTalia, spartam miaRwia hegemonias sa-
berZneTSi, magram faqtobrivad gamarjvebuli aRmoCnda sparseTis mefe, romelic
am periodidan aqtiurad ereoda saberZneTis politikaSi. saerTod, pelopone-
sosis omi sabediswero etapia saberZneTis istoriaSi. am droidan iwyeba daRmas-
vla.
swored am omis JamTaRmwerelia Tukididesi.
qronologiisa da ambebis gadmocemis intensivobis mixedviT, mecnierebi
Tukididesis naSroms 5 nawilad yofen:
a. vrceli Sesavali (I).
b. aTwliani omi (II 1 _ V 27).
g. `dampali~ anu nikeasis zavi (V 27 _ VI 7).
d. siciliuri laSqroba (VI 8 _ VIII 6).
e. dekeliisa da ioniis omebi (VIII 7 _ 109).
à~ Seicavs Sesavals e. w. damoukidebel àrqeologias~. am monakveTSi avtors
surs aCvenos, ramdenad umniSvneloa adreuli istoriuli ambebi (Tundac troas
omi) peloponesosis omis grandiozul peripetiebTan SedarebiT. aqvea saubari am
omis wina periodze e. w. òrmocdaaTwleulis~istoria.
am Sesavlis mizania, nawilobriv ganmartos Tukididesis Tvalsazrisi omis
garduvalobis Taobaze. avtoris azriT, omis mizezi gacilebiT ufro siRr-
miseuli iyo; saqme isaa, rom sparselebze gamarjvebis Semdeg aTeni Zalian swra-
fad ikrebda Zalebsa da mokavSireebs. es ar moswonda spartas. adre Tu gvian, aT-
eni da sparta erTmaneTs unda Sebmodnen hegemonobisTvis eladaSi. Tukididesis
azriT, es garduvali iyo. garda amisa Tukididess sxva mizanic hqonda: hero-
dotosis dawyebuli istoriis gagrZeleba.
`b~ monakveTSi Txroba ufro lakonuri da araTanazomieria. mokledaa moT-
xrobili arqidamosis omsa da siciliur eqspediciaze. Tamamad SeiZleba iTqvas,
rom Txzulebis am nawilis mTavari gmiri periklesia. Tukididesi aRfrTo-
vanebulia am pirovnebiT; periklesis ukanasknel sityvaSi warmodgenilia aTenis
demokratiuli wyobis saintereso analizi im fonze, rodesac qalaqSi mZvin-
varebda Savi Wiri (swored am epidemiam imsxverpla Tavad periklesi). es bolo
sityva aris didi sazogado moRvawis anderZi Tavisi xalxisadmi da, SeiZleba
iTqvas, winaswarmetyvelebac (II 47-64). Wiris epidemia aTenSi WeSmariti xelovanis
xeliTaa aRwerili da arafriT Camouvardeba `nakurTxi~ mwerlebis naostatars.
amas mosdevs plateis blokada. aTenis Sidapolitikuri sirTuleebisa da
moraluri degradaciis asaxva. kleonisa da brasidasis daRupva amfipolisTan da
siciliis ambebi.
`g~ monakveTi moicavs xuT-naxevar wels, e. w. `dampali~ zavis periods. es ambebi
mokledaa gadmocemuli. Tukididesi ufro detalurad mogviTxrobs mantineas
samxedro operaciisa da alkibiadesis istorias. am monakveTSi Txroba kulmi-
nacias aRwevs e. w. `melosis dialogSi~ (V 85-113). es aris umniSvnelovanesi epizodi
naSromis saerTo Tematikis gamosakveTad.
Tukididesi 161
`d~ monakveTi SedarebiT dasrulebulia. aq saubaria mTeli omis ganmavlobaSi

ganviTarebul movlenebze; Txrobac ufro konkretuli da saqmiania.
è~ monakveTSi ar gvxvdeba `sityvebi~ da mas dausruleblobis kvali atyvia.
Txroba moulodnelad wydeba 411 welze. am monakveTis mTavari gmiri alkibiade-
sia, romelic rigrigobiT amyarebs kavSirs spartasTan, sparseTsa da aTenTan. aR-
werilia oTxi kulminaciuri momenti: spartis mier sparseTis mokavSireobis mop-
oveba (VIII 18; 33; 58). oligarqiuli gadatrialeba aTenSi (VIII 67-69). aTenis flotis
mier oligarqiuli mmarTvelobis uaryofa da alkibiadesis moxmoba (VIII 72-82);
demokratiis aRdgena aTenSi (VIII 89-98) da axali saomari moqmedebebis dasawyisi.
aq Tukididesis naSroms ar ganvixilavT istorikosis TvalTaxedviT. `pelo-
ponesosis omis istoriaSi~ aRwerili faqtebis adekvaturoba da akribia istori-
kosTa gansjis sagania. CvenTvis ufro sainteresoa Wkviani, ganaTlebuli politi-
kosis msjeloba qveynisaTvis saWirboroto sakiTxebze; gamorCeul politikur
moRvaweTa `fsiqologiuri portretebi~ da sxva niuansebi, romelTac qvemoT
SevexebiT.
rogorc ukve iTqva, Tukididesi (herodotosisgan gansxvavebiT) werda Tavis
Tanamedrove istorias. sanam aTenSi cxovrobda (424w. gaaZeves), SeeZlo, rogorc
TviTmxilvels, dakvirveboda mimdinare movlenebs. devnilobisas (20 wlis ganmav-
lobaSi) igi agrovebda informacias uSualo monawileebisa da istoriul movle-
nebTan dakavSirebuli pirebisgan. Tukididesi efuZneba molaparakebebis realur
dokumentebs, warwerebs; imowmebs logografosebsa da herodotoss.
mecnierebi didi xania, swavloben e. w. `Tukididesis sakiTxs~ romelic ramden-
ime aspeqts moicavs: 1. rogor Seiqmna Tukididesis naSromi. 2. SeiZleba Tu ara
visaubroT am naSromSi ìstoriuli azris~ ganviTarebaze; Tu ki _ rogor vi-
Tardeba es azri. 3. rogor daiwera Txzulebis calkeuli nawilebi. 4. rogor
muSaobda Tukididesi. 5. rogor icvleboda istorikosis Sexedulebebi muSaobis
procesSi. 6. moaxdina Tu ara gavlena aTenis dacemam Tukididesis Sexedulebebze.
7. imdenad, ramdenadac naSromi dausrulebelia, SeiZleba Tu ara vifiqroT, rom
igi araa sabolood redaqtirebuli avtoris mier? am sakiTxebze mecnierebaSi
sxvadasxva azria. metic, erTmaneTs upirispirdebian unitarebi da analitikosebi;
Tumca dRes ufro gaziarebulia im mecnierTa mosazrebebi, romelTac Suale-
duri pozicia ukaviaT (amaze ix. RE 1213-1219).
Tukididesi ar ifargleba mxolod peloponesosis omis aRweriT, igi movlene-
bis analizisa da gansjis safuZvelze agebs SexedulebaTa garkveul sistemas. am ana-
lizSi umTavresia omis dawyebis mizezebis Zieba. erTi mosazrebiT, periklesi aT-
ensa da spartas yovelTvis mowinaaRmdegeebad Tvlida. misi azriT, elada Zalian
patara iyo am ori saxelmwifosaTvis; amitom 433 w. man Segnebulad daiwyo kon-
frontacia peloponesosis kavSirTan. Tukididesi arafers ambobs periklesis
politikaze, romelmac omamde miiyvana saberZneTi. metic, istorikosi saubrobs
raRac ufro Rrma, zeWeSmarit mizezebze (ajlhqestavth provfasi~). es sarwmuno mizezi
50 wlis winaT aRmocenda da swored amitom gaxda omi gardauvali (RE 1208).
sanam Tukididesis naSroms mivubrundebiT, vfiqrob, saintereso iqneba oriod
sityva iTqvas periklesze (cxadia, ZiriTadad Tukididess veyrdnobiT, Tumca aq
zogi ram plutarqosis `periklesidanac~ movixmeT), pirovnebaze, romelmac gansa-
kuTrebuli kvali daatyo saberZneTs da bevri moazrovne aRafrTovana (maT So-
ris Tavad Tukididesi).
periklesi alkmeonidebis gvaridan iyo. sparseTze gamarjvebis Semdeg aTenSi
ar moiZebneboda meore iseTi adamiani, romelsac ase ujerebdnen da endobodnen
aTenelebi. bevri mas tiranadac miiCnevda. periklesi iyo erT-erTi im aTi strate-
gosidan, romelTac yovelwliurad irCevdnen. igi, sxvebis msgavsad, yoveli wlis
bolos ixsnida uflebamosilebas da angariSs abarebda xalxs (rogorc miRe-
162 Tukididesi
buli iyo). aTenelebi yovel wels mas isev irCevdnen. periklesi yofila saocari
oratori, mas òlimpielsac~ uwodebdnen; sityvis warmoTqmisas igi ar yviroda,
ar mouxmobda RmerTebs, ar iSveliebda Jestikulacias; periklesi xalxs arwmu-
nebda Tavis simarTleSi; arasdros epirfereboda Tanamoqalaqeebs; argumentire-
bulad, mikibv-mokibvis gareSe auwyebda safrTxis Sesaxeb da gamosavlis gzebzec
miuTiTebda. yovelTvis icavda zomierebas, ar kargavda wonasworobas. swori
gzidan rom ar gadaexvia, periklesi megobrobda yvelaze Wkvian adamianebTan. misi
mmarTvelobis periodSi aTenis aRmSeneblobam grandiozul masStabebs miaRwia.
perikless axasiaTebda 4 siqvele: 1.Wkua, goniereba; mas hqonda politikuri vi-
Tarebis Sefasebis unari; sworad ganWvretda movlenebs da swrafad reagirebda
maTze. amavdroulad iyo Zalian frTxili. 2. iyo ubadlo mWevrmetyveli; SeeZlo
msmenelTa darwmuneba. 3. patriotizmi. misTvis yvelaze da yvelaferze umTavresi
iyo polisis interesebi. 4. uangaroba. garda amisa periklesSi iyo kidev raRac,
risi sityviT gadmocema Znelia; igi iyo aTenis sulisa da sidiadis gansaxiereba.
mas surda, aTeni eqcia panelinuri gaerTianebis sulier centrad. periklesi 30
wlis ganmavlobaSi àSenebda~ axal aTens, raTa igi gadaqceuliyo `saberZneTis
skolad~. mas surda, politikuri cxovrebis gulisguli gamxdariyo Tavisu-
flebis siyvaruli, romelic frTaSesxmuli iqneboda diadi saqmeebiT.
periklesi iyo mkafiod gamokveTili racionalisti. mis sityvebs miiCneven de-
duqciuri mWevrmetyvelebis nimuSebad. Tukididesis naSromSi warmodgenili
sityvebis analizi cxadyofs, rom periklesi arsad ixseniebs RmerTebs; maT nacv-
lad aTenze saubrobs, TiTqos es qalaqi iyo misi RvTaeba. periklesma moRvaweoba
daiwyo im demokratiuli sistemis srulyofiT, romelsac safuZveli Cauyares
solonma, pisistratosma, klisTenesma. reformebs Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvne-
lovania periklesis damokidebuleba Sromisadmi. misi azriT, demokratiuli sax-
elmwifos aSenebis upirvelesi pirobaa yoveli moqalaqis CarTva SromiT
saqmianobaSi. `CvenSi samarcxvino ar aris siRaribe, magram, dae, rcxvenodeT im ad-
amianebs, romlebic arafers akeTeben siRaribisagan Tavis dasaRwevad~,_ ambobda
periklesi. visac omisa da samxedro saqmisken miuwevda guli, flotSi dasaqmdnen
da Sesaferis gasamrjelosac iRebdnen. romlebic xelosnobasa da xelovnebis
sxvadasxva dargebSi iyvnen gawafulni, qalaqis aRmSeneblobis samuSaoebSi CaerT-
nen. periklesma Seqmna aTenelTa axalSenebi eladis kunZulebsa da sxva miwebze.
amiT miwaTmoqmedebi da mesaqonleebi daasaqma. man qalaqi gawminda usaqmurebisa
da boganoebisgan. am diadi aRmSeneblobisaTvis saWiro saxsrebi periklesma ase
moipova: periklesis mmarTvelobaSi mosvlis droisaTvis aTeni ukve 15 wlis gan-
mavlobaSi meTaurobda delosis ligas. delosis kavSiri Seiqmna berZen-
sparselTa omis miwuruls Zv. w. 479 w. masSi gaerTianebulni iyvnen berZnuli
qalaqebi. gaerTianebis mizani iyo saomar-TavdacviTi operaciebis warmarTva
sparselTa winaaRmdeg. am kavSiris centri iyo k. delosi, magram aTens imTaviTve
privilegirebuli mdgomareoba ekava, radganac mas yvelaze Zlieri floti hyavda.
TandaTan mokavSireebs ufleba misces, naturiT ki ara, TanxiT gadaexadaT Sesa-
tani wili saerTo xazinaSi. am droisaTvis delosis kavSiri 150-mde qalaqs
iTvlida. yovelwliurad Sesatani Tanxa ki (dRevandeli angariSiT) ramdenime
milions aRwevda. 454 w. periklesis mmarTvelobisas es xazina aTenSi gadaitanes.
marTalia, Teoriulad mokavSireebs Tanabari uflebebi hqondaT, magram aTenis
pirveloba cxadi iyo. mokavSireTa bunts aTeni iolad umklavdeboda. delosis
kavSiri TandaTan aTenis imperiad iqca. periklesis TqmiT, es imperia iyo `tira-
nia~, romlis tyveobaSi, upirveles yovlisa, Tavad aTeni moeqca: `Tqven ukve aRar
SegiZliaT uari TqvaT am imperiaze, Tundac SiSisa da simSvidis gamo rom moge-
survebinaT CagedinaT es gmiruli saqcieli. CaTvaleT es tiraniad; misi xelSi
Cagdeba SeiZleba usamarTlobad CaiTvalos, uaryofa ki Zalian saSiSia~. am Tavi-
Tukididesi 163
sebur ìmperialistur demokratias~, bunebrivia, mohyva protesti mokavSireTa

mxridan. maTi azriT, saerTo saxsrebi ixarjeboda ara saerTo saqmisaTvis, aramed
aTenis aRmSeneblobisaTvis. mokavSireTa braldebas periklesma ase upasuxa: aTeni
Tavis Tavze iRebs mTeli saberZneTis dacvas sparselebisgan; aTenelebi TavianT
wils sisxliT ixdidnen da momavalSic Tavis Tavze iReben usafrTxoebis garan-
tobas. mokavSireebma ki amisTvis unda gadaixadon imiT, riTac SeuZliaT, kerZod,
materialuri faseulobebiT. gadaxdili Tanxa ekuTvnis mas, visac igi gadauxades.
aTenelebma unda Seasrulon TavianTi movaleoba gadaxdili Tanxis sanacvlod;
xolo is, Tu raSi da rogor daxarjavs kuTvnil Tanxas aTeni, es mxolod
aTenelTa saqmea.
ase moipova periklesma uzarmazari saxsrebi. es Tanxa `Sromis samsaxurSi~ Caay-
ena. aTeni aRmSeneblobis aRtkinebam moicva. Sroma iqca mTavar siqveled da Rir-
sebad moqalaqeTaTvis. swored am muxlCauxrelma Sromam moutana aTens saSviliS-
vilo dideba. am uzarmazari saxsrebis ganmgebeli periklesis keTilsindisiereba
aravis aeWvebda (arakeTilmosurneTa eWvebs igi iolad aqarwylebda). mTelma
aTenma icoda, rom periklesis ojaxSi zedmeti araferi ixarjeboda. yoveli Semo-
saval-gasavali mkacrad gaTvlil-gazomili gaxldaT.
sparselebTan omis Semdeg periklesma 15 weli SeinarCuna mSvidoba eladaSi.
bolos, omi garduval aucileblobad iqca. aqac periklesma Tavisi kargad
gaTvlili gegma SesTavaza aTenelebs.
Tukididesis gadmocemiT, perikless surda aTenis kavSiris sazRvao upirate-
sobis gamoyeneba da saomari moqmedebebis zRvaze gadatana. sparta Zlieri iyo
xmeleTze. periklesma daarwmuna aTenelebi da maTi mokavSireebi, rom winaaRmde-
goba ar gaewiaT peloponesosis kavSirisaTvis xmeleTze, Tavi aeridebinaT
saomari moqmedebebisaTvis: an gaxiznuliyvnen kunZulebze, an Tavi SeefarebinaT
cixesimagreebisaTvis. amaSi xalxis darwmuneba advili ar iyo, magram periklesma
es SeZlo (gadabelili Tu moWrili xe male kvlav SeifoTleba, daxocil vaJkacebs
ki veRar davibrunebTo,_ ambobda igi). omis pirvel wlebSi sparta da misi mo-
kavSireebi mravalgzis SeiWrnen atikis miwaze da gaaCanages igi. aTeni am darty-
mebs warmatebuli sazRvao laSqrobebiT pasuxobda. magram moxda is, risi gaTvla
TviT periklesmac ver SeZlo: 430 wels aTenSi gavrcelda Wiris epidemia, romel-
mac aTasobiT adamiani imsxverpla, maT Soris periklesic. epidemiam Zalian
Searyia aTenis Zliereba. am ambebs TviTmxilveli Tukididesi saocari dramatiz-
miT gadmogvcems.
Tukididesis naSromis yvelaze maRalmxatvrul monakveTad, rogorc ukve aRv-
niSneT, savsebiT samarTlianad, iTvleba Wiris epidemiis amsaxveli monakveTi (II 47-
65) da siciliis eqspediciis ambebi (6-7 wignebi). gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba
ekisreba politikur moRvaweTa sityvebs, romelTa funqciaa istoriuli mov-
lenis gaazreba, misi politikuri da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis komentarebi.
Tukididesi Tavad aRiarebs am sityvebis fiqtiurobas da wers: `sityvebi Cem mier
isea CarTuli, rogorc, Cemi azriT, yovel orators mocemuli momentis Sesafer-
isad SeeZlo esaubra Seqmnil viTarebaze. amasTan, me vcdilobdi, ar davSorebodi
sinamdvileSi warmoTqmuli sityvis saerTo qargas~. Tukididesi awyvilebs mo-
paeqre oratorebis gamosvlebs da sityvieri agonis saintereso suraTs qmnis.
ìstoriaSi~ 41 sityvaa; maT Soris margalitiviT gamoirCeva periklesis sityva,
romelic man warmoTqva aTeneli mebrZolebis dakrZalvisas peloponesosis omis
pirvel wels (II wigni 35-46). es sityva iTvleba demokratiuli aTenis panegirikad.
aq Tukididesi warmogvidgens aTenis demokratiuli wyobis òqros saukunes~
periklesis meTaurobiT. es iyo aTenis sulieri cxovrebis mwvervali. imdroin-
deli aTenis sazogadoebrivi wyoba TukididesisTvis idealuri `politeaa, misa-
baZi nimuSi~; Tavad periklesi ki am idealuri politeis gansaxiereba. am wyobisas
164 Tukididesi
yvela moqalaqe Tanasworia kanonis winaSe; politikur cxovrebaSi ki gaba-

tonebulia `sulis aristokratizmi~. aTeni aris sulieri centri da umaRlesi
skola elinuri ganaTlebisa. amgvari qalaqisa da winamZRolisaTvis Rirs sik-
vdili. kacma rom Tqvas, es idealuri demokratia mxolod saxeldebiTi demokra-
tiaa, sinamdvileSi ki saxelmwifos marTavs `pirveli kaci~ (II. 65 9). Tukididesis
azriT, aTenelTa sulieri aRmatebuloba maT uflebas aZlevs, iyvnen hegemonebi
mTel eladaSi.
mecnierTa azriT, Tukididesis msoflmxedvelobis formirebaze gavlena
iqonia ioniurma naturfilosofiam, V s-is samedicino literaturam, protagoras
sofisturma Sexedulebebma, atikurma tragediam da sokrates Sexedulebebma (RE
1251). Tavad Tukididesi Tavis meTods uwodebda xuggravfein (aRwera). igi ar ala-
mazebda da ar azviadebda ambebs; gamoricxavda yvelafers miTiurs, anekdotursa
da sensaciurs. Tukididesi cdilobda, konkretuli situaciebis analizis safuZ-
velze gasagebi gaexada istoriuli movlenebis ganviTareba. mas surda WeSmarite-
bis mikvleva (zhvthsi~ th`~ ajlhqeiva~ I 20-21), raTa am naSroms sargebloba moetana
samomavlodac (I 24,1; II 42).
Tukididesi politikuri istoriis SeswavlisaTvis iyenebs sabunebismetyvelo-
mecnierul meTods. misi azriT, politikuri istoria kosmosis istoriis nawilia.
eqimis msgavsad, diagnozis dasmisas Tukididesi ganarCevs Zireul da misgan ga-
momdinare mizezebs; istorikosis azriT, peloponesosis omis dawyebis obieqtu-
ri mizezi iyo dapirispirebul ZalTa faruli brZola, ramac eladis politika
krizisamde miiyvana. Tukididesi fiqrobs, rom calkeuli qveynebisa da adamiane-
bis bedi meordeba, rasac, Tavis mxriv, ganapirobebs adamianTa bunebis (fuvsi~)
erTgvaroba. swored amitom es naSromi sasargeblo iqneba momavalSic. rogorc
hipokrates mowafe, Tukididesi warmogvidgens polisis avadmyofobis tipur su-
raTs. paTologias axasiaTebs ganmeorebadoba iseve, rogorc meordeba Wiri (II 48).
aqedan gamomdinare, rogorc eqimi Seiswavlis avadmyofobis tipur klinikur su-
raTs, istorikosi Tukididesi Seiswavlis tipur politikur bataliebs (I 22,4).
adamianebs, ganurCevlad gvarisa, jiSisa, sqesisa, asakisa aqvT msgavsi Tvisebebi:
swrafva Tavisuflebisaken, egoizmi, sxvebze batonobis survili, ufro metis miT-
visebisken swrafva; garda amisa axasiaTebT Suri, SurisZieba, sisastike, ugunuri
ocnebebi (II 35,2; II 42, 4; III 81, 5; 82,2; III 45, 5; VI 24, 3). amasTan, adamianis bunebrivi
Tvisebaa, daimorCilos Tavisze susti. Zlieris batonoba sustze istoriuli gan-
viTarebis saerTo kanonia.
politikur istoriaSi (iseve, rogorc kosmosSi) batonoben brma stiqiuri
Zalebi (miwisZvrebi, epidemiebi...), romlebic arRveven istoriuli movlenebis
mizezSedegobriv mdinarebas. es Zalebi erTiandeba cnebaSi tuvch (brma SemTxveva).
Tuvch iracionaluria da ar eqvemdebareba eTikur normebs. saerTod, istoriuli
movlenebi, Tukididesis azriT, iracionaluria da gauTvaliswinebeli; umetes
SemTxvevebSi isini SemTxveviT warmoiSva. adamianTa Canafiqris ganxorcielebisas
Tuvch ganmsazRvrelia: SeuZlia xeli Seuwyos an SeuSalos maT. miuxedavad imisa,
rom adamiani uZluria misgan damoukidebeli movlenebis winaSe, Tukididesis az-
riT, mas mainc SeuZlia gavlena moaxdinos istoriaze, magram es mxolod rCeulTa
xvedria. rCeulT SeuZliaT winaswar ganWvriton istoriul movlenaTa mimdi-
nareoba. maTi valia, sworad uxelmZRvanelon, Seakavon masis uaryofiTi Tvisebebi
(risxva, Suri, mitacebis survili); e. i. unda SeZlon, `xelSi aiyvanon masa~ (VIII 86,5).
winamZRolobis unariT dajildoebul adamianebs hgoniaT, rom bedi maT yovelT-
vis gauRimebT, magram cdebian.
Tu saxelmwifos meTaurebi moaxerxeben, garkveuli droiT moTokon xalxis
qedmaRloba, saxelmwifoSi mkvidrdeba keTildReobis xanmokle periodi, magram
bolos da bolos u{bri~-i (ampartavneba) mainc zeimobs da kulminacias aRwevs
Tukididesi 165
SeiaraRebuli dapirispirebebis dros. keTildReobas mosdevs SurisZieba da

katastrofa. cneba u{bri~-i Zalian mniSvelovania Tukididesis ìstoriaSi~. perik-
lesis òqros saukunes~ mosdevs Savi Wiri. amis Semdeg u{bri~-i xan aRzevdeba, xan _
miinavleba; bolos ki zenits aRwevs, rasac mosdevs sruli katastrofa. Tukidi-
desis azriT, siciliis saomari operaciis kraxi aris zeciuri sasjeli aTenelTa
u{bri~-isaTvis; es aris daSvebuli politikuri Secdomebis sazRauri. marTalia,
mkvlevarebi gadaWriT verafers amboben Tukididesis religiur Sexedulebebze
(zogis azriT, igi aTeistia), magram, saboloo jamSi, mkiTxvels uCndeba azri, rom
raRac uzenaesi Zala sjis u{bri~-isaTvis da icavs samarTlianobas.
Tukididesis azriT, omi aris normaluri (ojrqav) mdgomareoba, radganac yoveli
adamianis bunebaSic da sazogadoebaSic Cadebulia swrafva ufro metis mitace-
bisaken. zavis periodi xanmoklea. rogorc ki romelime saxelmwifo gaZlierdeba,
mSvidoba irRveva. oms win ver aRudgebi, Tumca yvelam icis misi damRupveli
Sedegi: moraluri degradacia, socialur faseulobaTa gadafaseba, kulturuli
daqveiTeba da sxva. aTenis istoria amis TvalsaCino nimuSia: erT dros yvelasTvis
misabaZi qalaqi yvelaze saZulvel polisad iqca, romlis ganadgureba mTel ela-
das surda.
Tukididesis `peloponesosis omis istoria~ aris udidesi wingadadgmuli
nabiji antikur istoriografiaSi. Tavad avtori istoriuli kritikis fuZemde-
belia. es Txzuleba aris atikuri prozis umniSvnelovanesi Zegli. swored
Tukididesis Semdeg gadavida istoriografia atikur dialeqtze. Tukididesis
ìstoriaSi~ Tavmoyrilia politikuri sakiTxebis saRi analizi. amavdroulad,
antikuri tragikosebis msgavsad, istorikoss ainteresebs adamianTa saqcielis
gansja. Tukididesis stili maqsimalurad lakonuri da gasagebia. Tukididesis
istoria ganagrZes qsenofonma da Teopomposma. romSi mas bevri mimdevari hyavda:
salustiusi, tacitusi, iosepos flaviosi, dio kasiusi; bizantiur epoqaSi _ pro-
kopi kesarieli.
Txzuleba: `peloponesosis omis istoria~.

166 qsenofoni
qsenofoni
(daaxl. Zv. w. 430_355 ww.)
qsenofoni _ warmoSobiT aTeneli _ aTenis demokratiuli wyobis mteri da

spartis Tayvanismcemeli iyo. man datova mravalferovani literaturuli mem-
kvidreoba. qsenofonisTvis yvelaze didi avtoriteti iyo sokrate, romlis moZ-
Rvreba Taviseburad esmoda. sakuTarma principebma da politikurma xedvam
sparseTis mefis daqiravebul meomrad aqcia.
savaraudod, qsenofoni daibada 430-425 wlebs Soris aTenSi; gardaicvala 355
wlis Semdeg korinTosSi. igi mdidari ojaxis Svili iyo, iSviaTi silamaziT ga-
moirCeoda da aristokratTa garemocvaSi izrdeboda. qsenofonma gaiara samxedro
momzadebis skola, iyo sofistebis mowafe. masze gansakuTrebuli gavlena moaxdina
sokratem. Cveulebriv, qsenofons akritikeben imitom, rom Rrmad ver Cawvda sok-
rates moZRvrebas; mas xSirad adareben sokrates meore mowafes _ platons. saqme
isaa, rom orivem dawera Txzulebebi, romlebSic daicves TavianTi maswavlebeli
da Camoayalibes misi moZRvrebis ZiriTadi principebi. mecnierebs miaCniaT, rom
qsenofons (platonisgan gansxvavebiT) ar eyo sibrZne sokrates swavlebis gasagebad.
rogorc cnobilia, sokrates araferi dauweria, magram msmenelebze waruSlel
STabeWdilebas axdenda. iqneb am brZenkacis mizani swored is iyo, rom yvela donisa
da gonebrivi SesaZleblobebis adamians misi swavlebidan mieRo is, rasac gaigebda
da rac cxovrebiseul sirTuleebTan gamklavebaSi daexmareboda. platonma
Seimecna yvelaze Rrma da arsebiTi, qsenofonma _ zneobriv-moraluri aspeqti,
mavanma ki praqtikuli da miwieri. raki filosofiuri swavlebis mniSvneloba yvela
faseulobis erTobliobiT ganisazRvreba, sokrates moZRvrebis qsenofoniseul
xedvas, SesaZloa, arc Tu umniSvnelo funqcia daekisros.
qsenofons ar moswonda aTenis demokratiuli wyoba. Tavisi antipaTia man
aSkarad gamoxata da sicocxlis bolomde lakedemonelTa motrfialed darCa.
swored mkafiod gamoxatulma politikurma Sexedulebebma ganapiroba qsenofo-
nis cxovrebis rTuli peripetiebi. man datova aTeni da monawileoba miiRo
sparseli ufliswulis kiros umcrosis laSqrobaSi artaqserqsesis winaaRmdeg.
am brZolaSi kirosi damarcxda da qsenofonma Tavis Tavze aiRo berZenTa daqira-
vebuli jaris ukan dabrunebis xelmZRvaneloba. es iyo rTuli da winaaRmdegobe-
biT aRsavse gza, romelic qsenofonma Tavis ànabasisSi~ aRwera.
Semdeg qsenofoni miemxro spartel mefe agesilaoss, romelic ibrZoda
berZnuli koloniebis gasaTavisufleblad sparseTis batonobisagan. agesilaosi
ori wlis ganmavlobaSi moRvaweobda aziaSi, masTan iyo qsenofonic. male agesi-
laosi daiZra aTenisa da Tebes winaaRmdeg. qsenofoni am laSqrobaSic Tan axlda
mas. iyo Tu ara es nabiji mSobliuri polisis Ralati? saqme isaa, rom imdroin-
deli gagebiT, berZenis patriotul grZnobebs ganapirobebda politikuri simpa-
qsenofoni 167
Tiebi. radikaluri antidemokratiuli ganwyobilebis adamianebs polisidan

aZevebdnen. yoveli devnili gadadioda mtris banakSi da iq eZiebda TavSesafars,
sadac misi Sexedulebebi TanagrZnobas hpovebda. ase moxda qsenofonis SemTxveva-
Sic. agesilaosis eqspediciaSi monawileobam sabolood gawyvita qsenofonis
kavSiri aTenTan. 394 wels igi oficialurad gaaZeves mSobliuri qalaqidan da
mTeli qoneba CamoarTves. pasuxad lakedemonelebma mas misces miwebi olimpiasTan
axlos skilusSi. sparta gaxda qsenofonis meore samSoblo. am droidan igi Camo-
Sorda politikas; xeli mihyo soflis meurneobasa da literaturul saqmianobas.
mas Semdeg, rac skilusi eleelebma daipyres, qsenofoni gaiqca korinTosSi, iq
dasaxlda da iqve aResrula.
qsenofonis literaturuli memkvidreoba asea dajgufebuli: 1. istoriuli
xasiaTis naSromebi: ànabasisi~, `saberZneTis istoria~ (`helenika~). 2. politikuri
da didaqtikuri: àgesilaosi~, `lakedemonelTa saxelmwifo wyobileba~, `ki-
ropedia~ (`kirosis aRzrda~), `Semosavlebis Sesaxeb~, òikonomikosi~ (`saojaxo
meurneobis marTvis Sesaxeb~), `cxenosnobis Sesaxeb~, ` ZaRlebiT nadirobis Sesa-
xeb~, `cxenosanTa jaris xelmZRvanelobis Sesaxeb~. 3. literaturuli (sokratuli)
`mogonebani sokrateze~ (`memorabilia~), `sokrates apologia~, `simposioni~,
`hieroni~.
à n a b a s i s i~ Sedis berZnuli literaturis saukeTeso TxzulebaTa ricxvSi.
am nawarmoebSi gadmocemuli ambebi TviTmxilvelis mieraa aRwerili. rogorc
aRvniSneT, naSromi mogviTxrobs kiros umcrosis laSqrobaze artaqserqsesis wi-
naaRmdeg, mis marcxsa da berZenTa armiis ukan dabrunebaze. ànabasisi~ 7 wignisa
da, pirobiTad, ori nawilisagan Sedgeba. I nawilis gmirebi arian kirosi, klear-
qosi da sxva mxedarTmTavrebi, romlebic xelmZRvanelobdnen am laSqrobas. kiro-
si, darios II-is umcrosi vaJi, 407 wlidan mcire aziis satrapi iyo. man Semoikriba
daqiravebul berZenTa jari da omi gaaCaRa. kirosis daRupvis Semdeg jari saso-
warkveTam moicva; meomrebma ukan dabruneba gadawyvites. gzad daiRupnen spar-
teli klearqosi da oTxi sxva meTauri, romlebic motyuebiT mtris xafangSi mo-
eqcnen. daiwyo armiis demoralizacia; disciplina sruliad moiSala. III wignis
dasawyisidan movlenebis centrSi moeqca qsenofoni, romelmac winaswarmetyve-
luri sizmari naxa. am sizmarma igi STaagona, aqtiurad emoqmeda. marTalia, qseno-
fons kargad esmoda, rom yvelaze axalgazrda iyo (30 wlisa) da didad arc ga-
moirCeoda sxvaTagan, magram Sekriba gadarCenili winamZRolebi da mgznebare
sityviT mimarTa maT. qsenofoni winamZRolad airCies. es moxda pergamonSi. man ga-
moafxizla jari, darazma da gauyena ukan mimaval gzas. swored aqedan iwyeba ana-
basisi (anu aRma, zemoT svla); aqamde armia egeosis zRvis aRmosavleTi sanapiro-
dan aziisken miemarTeboda, am msvlelobas katabasisi (daRma svla) hqvia.
berZenTa daqiravebulma armiam rTuli da winaaRmdegobebiT aRsavse gza gan-
vlo; gadaiares tigrosi, armeniis mTebi, xalibebis, taoxebis, makronebis, mosini-
kebis, tibarenebis mxareebi ... bolos miaRwies mizans _ miadgnen zRvas, sadac das-
rulda kidec qsenofonis misia.
ànabasisSi~ qsenofoni Tavis Tavze mesame pirSi saubrobs (es manera Semdgom
keisarma gamoiyena Tavis `galebTan omSi~). isic unda aRiniSnos, rom avtorma es
Txzuleba sxvisi saxeliT (fsevdonimiT) gamoaqveyna. rogorc Cans, qsenofons euxe-
rxuleboda Tavis Tavze pirvel pirSi wera. amavdroulad miaCnda, rom 10 000 ber-
Zenis samSvidobos gamoyvana sakmaod didmniSvnelovani movlena iyo da amis
miCumaTeba usamarTloba iqneboda. am naSromiT qsenofoni warmogvidgeba, ro-
gorc istorikosi da literatori. misi Tvalsawieri Zalian farToa; erTi mxriv,
ainteresebs ucxo qveynebis adaT-wesebi, zne-Cveulebebi; meore mxriv, is ada-
mianebi, romlebTanac uxdeboda urTierToba. qsenofoni aris pirveli berZeni
prozaikosi, romelic aRwers pirovnebaTa xasiaTebs. monumenturadaa gamok-
168 qsenofoni
veTili kirosis saxe, romelic mwerlis daxasiaTebiT, iyo naxevrad sparseli,

naxevrad elini: bunebiT sparsi, ganaTlebiT _ elini. qsenofoni mas aidealebs.
aseve sainteresoa sami berZeni winamZRolis klearqosis, menonis, proqsenosis dax-
asiaTebebi. Tavis Tavs qsenofoni warmogvidgens, rogorc karg mebrZols, Cinebul
winamZRols; igi ar ibneva warumateblobisas, yovelTvis poulobs gamosavals;
sworad afasebs movlenebs, swrafia, mobiluri da disciplinebuli. igi kargi
diplomati da fsiqologia. (qsenofonis biografiuli cnobebi gabneulia àna-
basisis~ III, 1 da V, 3 TavebSi). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ànabasisi~ aris mcire encik-
lopedia, romelic moicavs uamrav sakiTxs. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom am Txzule-
baSi yvelaze naklebad aisaxa avtoris politikur SexedulebaTa kvali. naSromi
dawerilia daxvewili stiliT. ànabasisis~ detaluri da mravalmxrivi Seswavlis
safuZvelze mecnierebma daaskvnes, rom miuxedavad garkveuli tendenciurobisa,
qsenofonis cnobebi sandoa. marTalia, Txzuleba daiwera laSqrobis dasrule-
bidan daaxloebiT 20-30 wlis Semdeg, magram varaudoben, rom Txzuleba avtoris
adreul Canawerebs daefuZna.
CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa ànabasisSi~ daculi cnobebi qarTvel
tomTa Sesaxeb. am cnobebs ikvlevdnen i. javaxiSvili, al. Wyonia, s. janaSia, T.
miqelaZe, s. yauxCiSvili da sxvebi. .
`s a b e r Z n e T i s i s t o r i a~ (`helenika~) ànabaisis~ Semdeg daiwera. es
naSromi Tukididesis ìstoriis~ gagrZelebaa da 7 wignisgan Sedgeba. qsenofoni
Txrobas iwyebs yovelgvari Sesavlis gareSe: `ramdenime dRis Semdeg...~ rogorc
Cans, igi Tavs movaled miiCnevda, ganegrZo Tukididesis dawyebuli saqme da
Tavisi naSromis bolos gamoTqvams imeds, rom mis Txzulebasac gamouCndeba
gamgrZelebeli. qsenofoni Txrobas wyvets 362 wlis mantineis brZoliT, romel-
mac wertili dausva spartis hegemonias.
`h e l e n i k a~ ar iTvleba ànabasisis~ donis nawarmoebad. aq Txroba mSralia
da iqmneba STabeWdileba, rom avtors mis redaqtirebaze ar ufiqria. naSromis I
da II wignebis Rirsebad iTvleba is, rom movlenaTa daTariReba zustia, avtori,
Tukididesis msgavsad, cdilobs iyos miukerZoebeli. bolo xuTi wigni mkveTrad
gansxvavdeba winamorbedTagan, avtori irCevs Txrobis Tavisufal maneras, arc
qronologiur sizustes icavs. am Txzulebas gasdevs avtoris moralisturi kon-
cefcia. Tu wignis pirvel nawilSi qsenofoni siamovnebiT saubrobs spartis he-
gemoniis ganvrcobaze mTels eladaSi, Semdeg am Zalmosilebis klebis mizezebs
eZiebs. qsenofonis azriT, sanam sparta icavda RvTiur kanonebs, igi viTardeboda
da ifurCqneboda; rodesac ampartavneba `Seeyara~, daiwyo misi daqveiTeba. am naS-
romisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia calmxrivoba da uzustobani. mwerals Tvals ubr-
mavebs spartis gadaWarbebuli siyvaruli. moralisturi koncefcia ki is-
torikosisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris, raTa zustad, realurad Seafasos movlenaTa
ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba.
à g e s i l a o s s~ zogi mkvlevari istoriul Txzulebad miiCnevs, zogi _ di-
daqtikurad. es nawarmoebi daiwera spartis mefis, agesilaosis saqebrad, ro-
melic 360 w. gardaicvala egvipteSi laSqrobidan dabrunebisas. qsenofoni iyo
agesilaosis megobari da Tayvanismcemeli. àgesilaosis~ struqtura aseTia: av-
tori jer yveba mTavari gmiris warmomavlobasa da gvariSvilobaze, ganadidebs
mas; Semdeg CamoTvlis mis saqmeebs. bolos aanalizebs agesilaosis zneobriv-
moralur Tvisebebs.
qsenofonis politikuri TxzulebaTa Soris gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania
`k i r o s i s a R z r d a~ (`kiropedia~). mas pedagogiur-politikur romanad
miiCneven, Tumca Znelia, es Txzuleba miakuTvno romelime konkretul Janrs. aq
aris utopiac, vrceli filosofiuri msjelobani, gulisamaCuyebeli satrfialo
ambavic (panTeasa da abradatasis ambavi). nawarmoebis centrSia sparseTis imperiis
qsenofoni 169
damaarsebeli kiros ufrosi. kirosis azrovnebis wesi, misi saqcielis analizi

cxadyofs, rom qsenofoni masSi xedavs ara sparsels, aramed berZens, ufro swo-
rad, spartels.
TxzulebaSi moqmedeba viTardeba sparseTis aRmosavleTSi, midiaSi. dedam pa-
tara kirosi papas, midiis mefes, astiagess, miuyvana. kirosi iq aRizarda da midi-
elTa didi siyvaruli moipova, rogorc Rirseulma, znekeTilma, qvelma ymawvilma.
davaJkacebulma kirosma brwyinvale gamarjvebebi moipova mterze; daipyro sarde,
babiloni, romelic mogvianebiT Tavisi diadi saxelmwifos centrad aqcia. Semdeg
dabrunda mSobliur qalaqSi, romelsac am droisTvis misi biZa kiaksaresi mar-
Tavda. man aRiara kirosis upiratesoba, Tavisi asuli miaTxova da taxtic dauTmo.
amis Semdeg kirosma daipyro danarCeni azia da wesrigi daamyara am uzarmazar
saxelmwifoSi. xangrZlivi bednieri mefobis Semdeg kirosi mSvidad aResrula.
kirosis saxelmwifos cenrtSia imperiis dedaqalaqi _ polisi. iq dgas mefis
sasaxle, romelsac akravs vrceli, oTxad gayofili moedani. am moedanze sparse-
lebi varjiSoben. bavSvebi swavloben samarTlianobas, TavdaWeras, iwrTobian
fizikurad. ymawvilebi mefis xelmZRvanelobiT nadiroben. ufrosebi monawileo-
ben sabrZolo operaciebSi. moxucebi Tvalyurs adevneben axalgazrdebis aRzr-
das. kirosis samefoSi Semavali xalxebi iyofian gamarjvebulebad da damorCile-
bulebad, maT sxvadasxva uflebebi aqvT. mTeli moTxrobis centrSia mefe (basi-
levsi). igi ganagebs yvelafers. qsenofonis azriT, Rirseuli mefe rom iyo, yvelas
unda aRematebode gonebiT, niWiTa da zneobiT. am TvisebaTa erTobliobis gareSe
mefe uzurpatoria. ase rom, qsenofonis idealuri saxelmwifos saTaveSia avtok-
ratori; mmarTvelobis yvelaze misaRebi forma ki aris monarqia.
aSkaraa, rom am TxzulebaSi aRwerili sparseTi avtoris warmosaxviT Seqmnili
qveyanaa. miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi ìstoriuli~ Zalian cotaa, avtori axerxebs,
Seqmnas ìstoriulobis~ iluzia. qsenofonis yuradRebis centrSia kirosis aRz-
rda. saqme isaa, rom berZen moazrovneTa azriT, pedagogika politikis nawilia.
srulyofili moqalaqe swori aRzrdis Sedegad yalibdeba, amitom aRzrdis kon-
cefcia da sistema mudmivad saxelmwifos kontrolqveS unda iyos. yvelaze Tan-
mimdevrulad es kontroli xorcieldeboda spartaSi, sadac adamianis bunebrivi
(bunebiTi) monacemebi erwymoda aRzrdis spartul sistemas. qsenofons spartis
modeli midiaSi gadaaqvs. qsenofonTan erTmaneTs erwymis aRzrdis spartuli
sistema da sokratuli suliskveTeba _ maRali zneoba, morali; azrovnebis dia-
leqtikuri ganviTarebisken swrafva. `kiropedia~ aris pirveli cda iseTi lit-
eraturuli nawarmoebis Seqmnisa, romlis centrSia erTi gmiri. qsenofonis am
Txzulebam kidev erTxel ganapiroba misi platonTan Sedarebis survili. saqme
isaa, rom qsenofonis Tanamedrove platonma Seqmna utopiuri saxelmwifos _ at-
lantisis miTi, romlis popularobam aTaswleulebs gauZlo. ismis kiTxva: ratom
dainteresda es ori gansxvavebuli msoflmxedvelobis adamiani socialuri uto-
piiT? amisi mizezi saberZneTis imdroindeli saxelmwifoebrivi wyobis krizisSia
saZebari: peloponesosis omis Semdeg aTenis pirveloba spartis hegemoniam
Secvala (431-404), romelic Semdgom daamxo berZnul polisTa gaerTianebam Tebes
meTaurobiT (mantineis brZola 362 w.). samive udidesi berZnuli polisis (aTenis,
spartis, Tebes) mcdeloba saberZneTis gaerTienebisa Tavisi egisis qveS kraxiT
damTavrda. amas mohyva politikuri da ekonomikuri daqveiTeba. daiwyo saerTo
dabneulobis xana. swored am dros Seiqmna noyieri niadagi politikuri utopie-
bis dasawerad, romelTa mizania, Tundac Teoriulad (warmosaxvaSi) Seiqmnas
srulyofili saxelmwifos modeli. qsenofoni da platoni sakuTar Tvalsaz-
risebs sTavazoben mkiTxvels.
`kiropedia~ Zalian pipularuli iyo romaelTa Soris da bizantiur epoqaSi.
evropaSi ki am Txzulebam filosofiuri romanis warmoSobas Seuwyo xeli.
170 qsenofoni
`s o k r a t e s a p o l o g i a~ qsenofonis erT-erTi yvelaze adreuli nawar-

moebia. rogorc sokrates moswavle da Tayvanismcemeli, qsenofoni Tavs movaled
Tvlida, daecva maswavlebeli. am TxzulebaSi qsenofons surs axsnas sokrates sik-
vdiliswina simSvidis mizezi. qsenofonis azriT, sokratesTvis sikvdili sjobia
sicocxles, radgan sikvdili aTavisuflebs mas uZluri siberisagan.
qsenofonis e. w. `sokratul~ TxzulebaTa Sorisaa `m o g o n e b a n i s o k -
r a t e z e~ (`memorabilia~). am nawarmoebSi gadmocemulia avtoris filosofiuri
da politikuri Sexedulebani, misi saxelmwifoebrivi programa. ZiriTadi mizani
ki aris imis dasabuTeba, rom sokrate wesieri, kanonmorCili moqalaqe iyo.
zemoT ukve aRvniSneT, rom sokrates apologet qsenofons seriozuli `konku-
renti~ hyavda platonis saxiT. mecnierebi erTxmad aRiareben platonis upirate-
sobas da es arcaa gasakviri. Tumca arc is unda gamogvrCes, rom am or moRvawes
sxvadasxva interesebi hqonda. yvelafris Tavi da Tavi ki Tavad sokrates wi-
naaRmdegobrivi da amouxsneli fenomenia.
rogorc ar unda SevafasoT qsenofonis `sokratuli~ Txzulebebi, erTi ram
cxadia, aTenSi cxovrebis periodidan mas yvelaze naTel mogonebad darCa sok-
ratesTan urTierToba. qsenofonma bevri ram iswavla brZeni maswavleblisgan da
sicocxlis bolomde SeinarCuna madlierebis gancda. moaxerxa Tu ara sokrates
ideebis Rrmad wvdoma qsenofonma, sakamaTo sakiTxia, radgan aravin icis, si-
namdvileSi ras qadagebda sokrate. imasac amboben, rom platonma ise gamoiyena
sokrates moZRvreba, rogorc berZenma tragikosebma _ miTi. rac Seexeba qseno-
fons, mas platonisgan gansxvavebiT, praqtikuli eTikis sakiTxebi ainteresebda da
am Temebze sokrates saxeliT saubrobda.
qsenofoni werda msubuqi stiliTa da xatovani eniT. mas ukve antikur epoqaSi
uwodebdnen àtikur muzas~ da àtikur futkars~.
Txzulebebi: ànabasisi~, `saberZneTis istoria~ (`helenika~), `mogonebani

sokrateze~ (`memorabilia~), `sokrates apologia~, àgesilaosi~,
`lakedemonelTa saxelmwifo wyobileba~, `kiropedia~ (`kirosis aRzrda~),
`Semosavlebis Sesaxeb~, òikonomikosi~ (`saojaxo meurneobis marTvis
Sesaxeb~), `cxenosnobis Sesaxeb~, `ZaRlebiT nadirobis Sesaxeb~, `cxenosanTa
jaris xelmZRvanelobis Sesaxeb~, `simposioni~, `hieroni~.
platoni 171
platoni
(Zv. w. 429/8-347/8 ww.)
platoni im filosofosTa ricxvs ganekuTvneba, romelTac gardatexa moaxdines

azrovnebis ganviTarebis istoriaSi. `platoni filosofiaa, xolo filosofia
platonia~ (r. emersoni). es Sefaseba, ra Tqma unda, metaforulia, magram zustad
gamoxatavs platonis literaturuli da filosofiuri memkvidreobis mniSvne-
lobas.
platonis Semoqmedeba moicavs sulieri cxovrebis yvela sferos da aris mra-
valmxrivi inteleqtualuri interesebis, masStaburi filosofiuri azrovnebisa
da araordinaluri mwerluri niWis gamovlineba.
platonis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis xanad Zv. w. 429-347 wlebi iTvleba. igi
mdidar da warCinebul, didad gavlenian ojaxSi daibada, erT-erTi legendis
Tanaxmad, 7 targelions (21 maiss), anu apolonis dabadebis dRes. imasac gadmogvce-
men, rom platoni amave dRes gardacvlila da mis mier daarsebul akademiaSi
daukrZalavT, xolo mis saflavze aseTi epigrama amoukveTiaT: òri Ze hyolia
apolons: asklepiosi da platoni, erTi sxeulis mkurnali, xolo meore – sulis~.
platonis mama, aristoni, aTenis ukanaskneli mefis, kodrosis STamomavali iyo,
xolo deda cnobil kanonmdebelsa da poets, Svid brZenTagan erT-erTs, solons
enaTesaveboda. momavali filosofosisaTvis mSoblebs aristoklesi daurqmeviaT,
magram mogvianebiT, farTo Sublis, mxarbeWisa Tu vrceli msjelobis gamo, misT-
vis platoni SeurqmeviaT, rac berZnulad `farTos~ niSnavs.
Zalian cota ram viciT platonis piradi cxovrebis Sesaxeb. SedarebiT gvian-
deli biografiebi utyuar wyarod ar gamodgeba, radgan isini didi rudunebiT
isea Sedgenili, rom platonis dialogTa esa Tu is aspeqti gangvimartos da ara
misi cxovrebis detalebi gadmogvces.
cnobilia, rom platonis gvari sazogadoebriv-politikuri aqtiurobiT ga-
moirCeoda. platonis didi babua, pirilampesi, demokratebis mxardamWeri da
periklesis megobari iyo, xolo biZebi, kritiasi da qarmidesi oligarqebs
TanaugrZnobdnen. danamdvilebiT aris cnobili, rom politikur karieras pla-
tonma filosofiis samsaxuri arCia da mTeli Tavisi cxovreba sibrZnis siyva-
rulsa da qadagebas miuZRvna.
cnobilia, rom Tavdapirvelad platoni tragediebs, epigramebsa da diTiram-
bebs werda, magram – winaprebisa da naTesavebis, solonis, kritiasisa da ando-
kidesisgan gansxvavebiT – misi mowodeba ar iyo arc poetoba, arc dramaturgoba
da arc oratoroba. samagierod, platoni did filosofosad mogvevlina, romlis
nawarmoebebic poeturobiT, dramatulobiTa da mWevrmetyvelebiT gamoirCeoda.
172 platoni
platonis cxovrebaSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula sokratesTan Sexvedram.

swored man moaxdina arsebiTi gavlena platonis pirovnebad, filosofosad da
moazrovned Camoyalibebaze, Tumca mogvianebiT Segirdma ostatis gzidan gark-
veulwilad gadauxvia. uari Tqva qorwinebasa da STamomavlobaze, sakuTari
filosofiuri skola, akademia daaarsa da, garda amisa, sokratesgan gansxvavebiT,
platonma TiTqmis mTeli Tavisi filosofiuri memkvidreoba werilobiTi saxiT
dagvitova (masve miaweren burusiT mocul `dauwerel moZRvrebas~, romelic Ta-
vis akademiaSi unda Seeqmna da romlis Sesaxebac mxolod arapirdapiri cnobebi
mogvepoveba). sokrates garda, platonis msoflmxedvelobaze seriozuli gavlena
egviptesa da italiaSi, kerZod, siciliaze mogzaurobas, misterialur re-
ligiebTan ziarebasa da piTagorelebTan urTierTobasac unda moexdina.
platonis SemoqmedebaSi gamoiyofa calkeuli Temebi, Sexedulebebi, Tu
tendenciebi, romlebic mis winamorbed moazrovneebs, berZnul Tu aRmosavlur
tradicias ukavSirdeba. esenia: sokrate da misi oponenti sofistebi (ix.: `hipiasi~,
`protagorasi~, `gorgiasi~), naturfilosofosebi, piTagoreizmisa da eleaturi
skolis warmomadgenlebi (ix.: `parmenidesi~, `sofisti~, `timeosi~), ZvelberZnuli
poezia da gansakuTrebiT homerosi, egvipte, kreta, maTi kanonmdeblobani da sxv.
(ix.: `saxelmwifo~, `timeosi~, `kanonebi~).
Zveli berZnuli, kerZod, sokratemdeli filosofia Tavis naazrevs xSirad
bundovani, aforistuli stiliTa da brZnuli darigebebiT, leqsad an prozad
gadmogvcemda. platonma TviTgamoxatvis formad dialogi airCia, rogorc nimuSi
Tavisi didi maswavleblis, sokrates cnobili principisa da meTodisa – WeS-
mariti filosofosi meani qalia, romelic Tavisi kiTxvebiTa da pasuxebiT mosau-
bres exmareba, rom man dialogis Sedegad WeSmariteba Svas. iTvleba, rom dialo-
gis formis SemotaniT platonma filosofiis istoriaSi erTgvari gadatrialeba
moaxdina.
Tavisi nawarmoebis personaJad platoni arasodes gvevlineba. filosofosi
amgvarad cdilobs gaemijnos im argumentacias, romelic mis dialogebSia war-
modgenili. am TvalsazrisiT platoni yvelasagan gamoirCeva. igi sakuTar ideebsa
da azrebsac ki sxvebs miawers, obieqturobis garemos qmnis da amgvarad aiZulebs
mkiTxvels, rom man Tavad gaakeTos arCevani da gadawyvitos, ramdenad misaRebi da
gasaziarebelia esa Tu is debuleba. iTvleba, rom am `strategias~ platoni gansa-
kuTrebuli warmatebiT Tavis SedarebiT mokle dialogebSi iyenebs, sadac argu-
mentebi ufro cocxlad aris warmodgenili.
dialogis forma platonisaTvis ara stilisturi xerxi, aramed epistemolo-
giuri principia. filosofoss Rrmad swams, rom codna maSinaa WeSmaritad Rire-
buli, rodesac sakuTari ZalisxmeviT, sulieri da mentaluri Zalebis mobilize-
biT miiRweva da ara meqanikurad, sxvaTagan mxolod mosmeniTa da wignebis kiTx-
viT. platonisaTvis arsebiTia azrovnebis procesis stimulireba da ara mza do-
qtrinebis qadageba.
platonis dialogebi didi mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeva da mravalmxrivobisa
da mravalaspeqturobis gamo sxvadasxvagvari interpretaciis saSualebas iZleva.
jer kidev antikur xanaSi kamaTobdnen, Tu ras warmoadgenda platonis filoso-
fiuri memkvidreoba. es iyo garkveul doqtrinaTa, moZRvrebaTa wyeba Tu msje-
loba da debatebi. Suaplatonizmis warmomadgenlebi platonis Semoqmedebas ar-
gumentirebis mudmiv procesad miiCnevdnen da swored amis gamo miagebdnen pativs.
antikur xanaSive arsebobda Tvalsazrisi, rom platonis calkeul dialogebSi
warmodgenili iyo misi moZRvrebis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, xolo maTi gaerTiane-
biTa da gamTlianebiT viRebdiT platonizms, azrovnebis sruliad gansazRvrul
sistemas. platonis Semoqmedebis amgvari e. w. `dogmaturi~ interpretaciiT
cdilobdnen aexsnaT: dialogebis erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli xasiaTi, mravali
platoni 173
sakiTxis usistemo da zogjer urTierTsawinaaRmdego gaazreba, sokrates rolis

TandaTanobiT Sesusteba da bolos misi gaqroba da sxv. `dogmatikosebi~ amgvar
winaaRmdegobebs platonis azrovnebisa da moZRvrebis ganviTarebas, mis evolu-
cias ukavSirebdnen.
dReisaTvis Cvens xelT arsebuli xelnawerebis safuZvelze, platonis filoso-
fiuri memkvidreoba moicavs ocdaaTze met filosofiur dialogsa da 13 werils.
XIX saukunidan moyolebuli cdilobdnen platonis dialogTa avTenturobisa da
qronologiis dadgenas, ris Sedegadac mecnierebaSi gaCnda e. w. platonis sakiTxi.
unda iTqvas, rom Tanamedrove epoqaSi TviT kompiuterulma analizmac ki
sasurveli Sedegi ver gamoiRo. verc erTi e. w. `stilisturi testiT~ ver dadg-
inda nawarmoebTa zusti Tanmimdevroba, Tumca, stilisturi TvalsazrisiT, dia-
logebi sam, SedarebiT naklebad winaaRmdegobriv jgufad iyofa: 1
1) adreuli, anu sokratuli dialogebi, sadac sokrate, centraluri figura,
sxvaTa poziciis dadgenas cdilobs, magram Tavis Tvalsazriss ar amJRavnebs. sok-
ratul dialogebs ganekuTvneba: ìoni~, `laqesi~, `lisisi~, àpologia~, èvTi-
froni~, `qarmidesi~, `meneqsenosi~, `didi hipiasi~, `mcire hipiasi~, `protagorasi~,
`kritoni~, `klitofoni~, `Teagesi~, àlkibiadesi~, èriqsiasi~ da `hiparqosi~ (am
ori ukanasknelis avTenturobas jer kidev antikur xanaSi xSirad eWvqveS ay-
enebdnen, xolo XIX saukunidan moyolebuli maT ricxvs àlkibiadesic~ emateba).
momdevno etapze gardamaval safexurad iTvleba `gorgiasi~ da `menoni~. èv-
Tidemosi~ da `Teetetosi~, ase vTqvaT, sokratul formats mimarTaven, Tumca gvi-
andel dialogebTan bevri sxva ram aqvT saerTo.
2) Sua periodis dialogebSi sokrate kvlav wamyvan personaJad rCeba, Tumca
sxvaTa Sexedulebebis `ngrevas~ aRar cdilobs, bevr mniSvnelovan ideas gvTa-
vazobs da maT gamowvlilviTac ganixilavs. Sua periodis nawarmoebebs gane-
kuTvneba: `fedoni~, `saxelmwifo~, `nadimi~ da `fedrosi~.
3) gviandel dialogebSic sokrate mTavar mosaubred gvevlineba, xolo pla-
toni vrclad, xSirad kritikulad warmogvidgens rogorc sakuTar, ise sxva
filosofosTa mosazrebebs. amasTan, igi misTvis manamde uCveulo xerxebs mimar-
Tavs, detalurad, metismetad teqnikuri da profesiuli maneriT msjelobs.
gviandel dialogebs ganekuTvneba: `kratilosi~, `parmenidesi~, `sofisti~, `po-
litikosi~, `filebosi~ da `kanonebi~. am jgufs xSirad `timeossa~ da `kritiassac~
miakuTvneben xolme, magram ufro mizanSewonilia, rom isini Sua periodis nawar-
moebebad miviCnioT.
platonis literaturul da filosofiur memkvidreobaze msjeloba mravali
TvalsazrisiT SeiZleba. misi analizis erTi, upirobo gza arc arsebobs. pla-
tonis Semoqmedebis mravali aspeqti mkiTxvels filosofiur problemaTa daus-
rulebeli analizisken ubiZgebs, zogierT nawarmoebSi ki esa Tu is sakiTxi imde-
nad safuZvlianad aris gaazrebuli, rom imasac ki Caafiqrebs, vinc platonis
`dogmatur interpretacias~ ewinaaRmdegeba. miuxedavad imisa, rom platonis
mdidari da mravalmxrivi Semoqmedebis mokle mimoxilva praqtikulad Seu-
Zlebelia, mis nawarmoebebSi calkeuli wamyvani Temisa da motivis gamoyofa mainc
SeiZleba.
platonis msoflmxedvelobis erT-erTi yvelaze arsebiTi da mniSvnelovani
nawili m o Z R v r e b a a r s i s Sesaxeb da masTan uSualod dakavSirebuli
i d e a T a T e o r i a a. platonma cnebisa da dialeqtikuri meTodis sokrate-
seuli xedva piTagorul-eleaturi metafizikis safuZvelze ganavrco da ganavi-
Tara (`saxelmwifo~, `fedoni~, `fedrosi~, `nadimi~, `parmenidesi~).
1
aRsaniSnavia, rom Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaobaa platonis dia-
logTa qronologiasTan dakavSirebiR.
174 platoni
platonis mixedviT, cneba anu zogadis codna grZnobadi sinamdvilisagan da-

moukidebelia da mas ucvleloba, sayovelTaoba da obieqturoba axasiaTebs. Sesa-
bamisad, arsebobs grZnobadi sinamdvilisagan damoukidebeli da TavisTavadi
obieqturi arsi.
zogadi aris erTi, TavisTavSi dasrulebuli mTeli da ucvleli, xolo kerZo,
mis sapirispirod, simravleSi gaSlili realoba, naklovani, cvalebadi da war-
mavalia. zogadi Tavisi arsebobiT, anu eqsistenciurad da Semecnebis Tvalsaz-
risiT, anu gnoseologiurad win uswrebs kerZos. zogads, anu kerZosagan, mov-
lenisagan damoukidebelsa da mis sapirispiro arss, platoni ideas uwodebs. jer
kidev aristotelem SeniSna, rom platonma da misma skolam ideebi `kerZoobisgan~
gamoacalkeves (`metafizika~, 1078b31).
zogadi TavisTavSi erTia, magram vinaidan arsebobs mravali zogadi, arsebobs
ideaTa didi simravlec, rac ideaTa obieqtur samyaros Seadgens, romelic, Tavis
mxriv, azrobrivi, logikuri sinamdvilea. idea Seimecneba ara grZnobebis saSu-
alebiT, aramed – gonebiT.
platoni gamoyofs da erTmaneTs upirispirebs or arss: zegrZnobads, ideasa da
grZnobads, sagansa da movlenas. Sesabamisad, erTmaneTs upirispirdeba, erTi
mxriv, ideaTa, xolo, meore mxriv, fizikuri, materialur saganTa samyaro.
pirveli maTgani WeSmaritad arsebuli, anu àrsebulad arsebulia~, xolo meore
– moCvenebiTi, araarsebiTi. ideaTa sauflo uxilavi, ucvleli, maradiuli da
srulyofilia, xolo materialuri samyaro – xiluli, cvalebadi, warmavali da
arasrulyofili.
platonis Tanaxmad, idea sagnisa da movlenis arsebobis mizezi, logikuri sa-
fuZveli da mizania. idea ganapirobebs sagnis ama Tu im niSan-Tvisebas, mis xasiaTs,
maSasadame, aris misi e. w. `formaluri mizezi~. garda amisa, idea aris àrseba~,
romlis srulyofilebisaken warumateblad, magram mainc miiltvis sagani. aqedan
gamomdinare, idea e. w. `finalur mizezadac~ gvevlineba.
idea arsebulis dedani, pirvelsaxea, movlena ki – misi aCrdili. idea aris ara
zogadi (universali), romelic mJRavndeba kerZoTi, aramed igi warmogvidgeba
rogorc ideali, standarti, sazRvari, romelsac calkeuli sagnebi eswrafvian,
magram mxolod uaxlovdebian. idea aris paradigma, nimuSi, srulyofili modeli,
romlis kopirebas warumateblad cdilobs kerZooba.
platonis filosofiur sistemaSi grZnobadi sagnebis mimarTeba ideasTan gai-
azreba rogorc mibaZva, mimesisi, iseve rogoc monawileoba, Tanaziaroba. maSasa-
dame, ideebi arian sagnebSi da maT aZleven TavianT xasiaTs. imavdroulad ideebi
arian ara grZnobad sagnebSi arasrulyofilad ganxorcielebulni, aramed arse-
boben maTgan damoukideblad. damoukideblad arsebuli, an saganSi (kerZoSi) war-
modgenili idea (zogadi) ganisazRvreba im damaxasiaTebeli niSniT, romelic mas
saganSi Seaqvs. idea arsebobs erTi da igive saxelis mqone saganTa yoveli jgu-
fisaTvis.
platoni gamoyofs rogorc transcendentur, ise e. w. imanentur ideebs, anu
imas, rac aris damaxasiaTebeli, niSandoblivi ama Tu im kerZosaTvis. mkvlevarTa
nawili imanenturi ideis cnebaSi xedavs Canasaxs aristoteles doqtrinisa ma-
teriis, ideisa da konkretuli, Sedgenili, sinTeturi sagnis Sesaxeb.
ideebi TanabarmniSvnelovanni rodi arian. isini erTgvar ierarqiasac ki qmnian.
ideaTa saTaveSi dgas erTi idea – sikeTe, romelsac sibrZnis, samarTlianobis, si-
mamacis, vaJkacobis, keTilgonierebisa da mSvenierebis ideebi ukavSirdebian. maT
qvemoT ganlagdebian sxva ideebi da amgvarad warmoiqmneba ideaTa piramida.
saganTa mizezis Ziebis sokrateseuli procesi platonis erT-erT dialogSi,
kerZod, `fedonSi~ moxseniebulia rogorc deuvtero~ plou`~. es ganmarteba dRemde
mwvave diskusiis sagania. am gamoTqmis interpretaciisas mkvlevarni eyrdnobian,
platoni 175
ZiriTadad, menandross, romlis Tanaxmad, deuvtero~ plou`~ sityvasityviT niSnavs

naosnobis dros niCbebis gamoyenebas qaris Sesustebisas (fr. 241), xolo `fedonis~
SemTxvevaSi igi metaforulad gulisxmobs miznis miRwevis ufro nel da rTul,
Sromatevad process. mizani ki sokratesaTvis aris saganTa mizezis povna, rac
ideaTa saSualebiT xorcieldeba.
`parmenidesSi~ Tavad platonma eWvqveS daayena Tavisi ideebis Teoria. rogorc
Cans, igi Tavad xedavda, rom misi moZRvrebis mixedviT ver xerxdeboda erTisa da
simravlis, arsisa da ararsis, `raimesa~ da `sxvis~, e. i. ideebisa da grZnobadi
sagnebis mimarTebis problemis gadawyveta. mogvianebiT, platonis moswavlem,
aristotelem Tavisi `metafizikis~ pirveli wignis mecxre Tavi da mecamete wignis
meoTxe-mexuTe Tavebi swored Tavisi pedagogis ideaTa Teoriis kritikas miuZ-
Rvna.
ideaTa Teorias ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba platonis m o Z R v r e b a
x e l o v n e b a z e. mis Tanaxmad, mSveniereba arsebobs TavisTavad, rogorc mara-
diuli idea. materialuri obieqtebi, grZnobadi sagnebi xdebian mSvenieri
swored mSvenierebis ideasTan ziarebiT. xelovnebas mSvenierebis samsaxuri da
misi asaxva marTebs. xelovnebis nimuSis Seqmna niSnavs mSvenierebis ideis gamosax-
vas erT konkretul, materialur, grZnobad saxeSi. es ki, platonis Tanaxmad, mibaZ-
vis mibaZvaa. xelovani baZavs grZnobad sagans, romelic, Tavis mxriv, baZavs ideas.
swored amitom, platonis moZRvreba xelovnebis Sesaxeb gvevlineba mibaZvis, anu
mimesisis Teoriad.
imavdroulad, platonis Tanaxmad, verc swavla, verc srulyofilebisaken
ltolva da verc mimbaZveloba adamians WeSmarit xelovanad ver aqcevs, Tu igi
Sepyrobili ar iqna mSvenierebis ideiT, Tu mas aRmafrena ar daeufla, romlis
wyalobiTac mSveniereba da ritmi ibadeba.
platonis Tanaxmad, poeti da, zogadad, xelovani Semoqmedia mSvenieri nawar-
moebisa, romelSic ganxorcielebulia siyvaruli mSvenierebisadmi TavisTavad
(`nadimi~), magram idealur saxelmwifoSi poetebs araferi esaqmebaT. vinaidan po-
eti mibaZviT saqmianobas eweva, igi WeSmaritebasaa mowyvetili, adamianis garTo-
bas emsaxureba da ara mis zneobriv srulyofas. poeturi nawarmoebebi miuRebe-
lia rogorc formiT, ise SinaarsiT. poeti sulis cud mxares avarjiSebs da ga-
naviTarebs, goniT nawils asustebs da amdablebs, xolo saxelmwifoSi qvena
grZnobani da siamovnebani ki ar unda batonobdes, aramed – kanoni da goneba.
platonis e p i s t e m o l o g i a, a n u c o d n i s a T u S e m e c n e b i s
T e o r i a ganuyoflad ukavSirdeba misi msoflmxedvelobis sxva aspeqtebs: su-
lisa da sxeulis dualizms, ideaTa Teorias, moZRvrebas arsze, rac ideebisa da
grZnobadi samyaros dapirispirebas gulisxmobs (`Teetetosi~, `fedoni~, `menoni~,
`fedrosi~).
platoni uaryofs grZnobadi codnis WeSmaritebas, aRiarebs Semecnebas cne-
biTi azrovnebiT da miiCnevs, rom suls cnebebi, anu WeSmariti codna Tandayo-
lili aqvs. amgvarad, filosofosi safuZvels uyris e. w. nativizms, Tandayoli-
lobis Teorias. mis Tanaxmad, WeSmariti codna mTlianad Tandayolilia, Se-
mecneba ki ubralod misi gamovlenis procesia. igi, faqtobrivad, ukve arsebuli
codnis gaxseneba, mogonebaa, rasac platoni anamnesiss uwodebs.
suli eswrafvis codnis SeZenas, ufro sworad, mis gamovlenas. anu suli
cdilobs, amaRldes grZnobadi codnidan cnebamde, grZnobadi sagnidan ideamde. am
swrafvas ki platoni eross, filosofiur, anu codnisa da sibrZnis siyvaruls
miawers. swored amitom, mSvenierebisa da sikeTis trfobas platonur, anu
idealur siyvaruls uwodeben.
platoni Semecnebis, WeSmariti codnis miRebis meTodad dialeqtikas miiCnevs.
es aris xelovneba, romlis wyalobiTac azrovnebaSi winaaRmdegobrivis gziT
176 platoni
arawinaaRmdegobrivi dgindeba. vinaidan Semecnebis procesi cnebebiT xor-

cieldeba, dialeqtika cnebaTa àRmoCenis~, `dabadebis~ xelovnebaa.
dialeqtika azrovnebis saSualebiT uaryofs kerZos, grZnobads da amgvarad
adis zogadamde, pirvelarsamde. dialeqtikur meTodSi gamoiyofa: epagoge anu
induqcia – kerZodan zogadze gadasvla; sinagoge anu gaerTianebis momenti – cne-
baTa gaerTianeba ufro zogad cnebaSi, gvarSi; dieresisi anu gayofis momenti –
gvarSi Semaval cnebaTa saxeebis CamoTvla srulad, anu cnebis gayofa; daSvebis
anu hipoTeturi gamokvlevis momenti – daSveba saZiebeli cnebis aRmoCenis mizniT,
agreTve antinomiuris anu sawinaaRmdegos daSvebiT dapirispirebulTa sa-
fuZvlis kvleva.
iTvleba, rom gansakuTrebuli ostatobiTa da srulyofilebiT Tavis
dialeqtikur meTods platoni `parmenidessa~ da `sofistSi~ iyenebs.
p l a t o n i s k o s m o l o g i u r i S e x e d u l e b e b i yvelaze Tanmimdev-
rulad `timeosSia~ gadmocemuli. filosofosis Tanaxmad, kosmosi sferosebria.
centrSi moqceulia dedamiwa, mis irgvliv ki moZravi ciuri sferoebi, planetebi
da maTze mimagrebuli uZravi varskvlavebi warmogvidgeba.
grZnobadi samyaro oTxi elementisgan, miwis, wylis, haerisa da cecxlisgan
Sedgeba. isini àrarsebul~, anu WeSmarit arss moklebul, ganusazRvrel, boro-
tebis safuZvel materias qmnian. bunebis Semqmnel Zalas platoni demiurgoss, Se-
moqmeds anu RmerTs uwodebs. buneba warmoiqmneba ideebis samyarosadmi msgavse-
biT. amdenad, buneba da misi Semadgeneli sagnebi maradiuli, WeSmaritad arse-
buli ideebis aslebi da aCrdilebia. ideebsa da sagnebs Soris damoukidebel ar-
sTa saxiT moqmedeben ricxvebi, romelTac saerTo aqvT ideebTanac da sagnebTanac.
aristoteles Tanaxmad, platoni `grZnobad sagnebsa da ideebs Soris aTavsebda
maTematikur obieqtebs, romlebic gansxvavdebian grZnobadi sagnebisgan imiT, rom
arian maradiulni da ucvlelni da ideebisgan imiT, rom arian bevrni, erTmaneTis
msgavsni, maSin roca idea TavisTavSi aris yovelTvis erTaderTi~ (`metafizika~,
98b14-18).
platonis mixedviT, arsebobs demiurgosis igiveobrivi msoflio suli, ro-
melic samyaroSi moZraobis wyarod, sicocxlisa da qmedebis mizezad gvevlineba.
adamianis organizmSi suli sxeuls amoZravebs, xolo kosmosis mamoZravebeli
Zala msoflio sulia.
platonis kosmologia anTropomorfistulia, vinaidan samyaro, adamianis
kvalobaze, maradiuli, ucvleli sulisa da warmavali, cvalebadi sxeulis erTo-
bad warmogvidgeba. kosmosi saganTa gonivruli wesrigis Sedegi, arsisa da arar-
sis erTianobaa.
platonis Tanaxmad, kosmosi aris erTaderTi da arsebulTagan yvelaze sru-
lyofili, am srulyofilebis mizezi ki RmerTia. amgvarad, berZeni moazrovne
filosofiis istoriaSi pirvelad gvTavazobs RmerTis arsebobis damasabuTebel
arguments.
zneobriobisa da saTnoebis qadageba platonis mTel Semoqmedebas laitmoti-
vad gasdevs. saTnoeba sibrZnesTan da WeSmaritebis wvdomasTan gaigivdeba. indi-
vidualuri eTikis sakiTxebs platoni `filebosSi~ ganixilavs, socialuri eTikis
Teorias ki – `saxelmwifoSi~. misi e T i k u r i d a p o l i t i k u r i m o Z -
R v r e b a erTmaneTisgan ganuyofelia. filosofosi yovelnairad cdilobs, rom
individualuri saTnoeba da sazogadoebrivi samarTlianoba erTmaneTTan Seax-
amos. erTi mxriv, platoni acxadebs, rom qalaqis politikur cxovrebaSi
monawileoba adamians aiZulebs, rom an zneobriv faseulobebze Tqvas uari, an Ta-
vis eTikur principebs Seewiros (àpologia~). meore mxriv, filosofosi saTnoe-
bas swored politikur konteqstSi ganixilavs da mas saxelmwifos Sesaxeb Tavis
platoni 177
moZRvrebas ukavSirebs, saxelmwifo wyobilebisa da sxvadasxva saTnoebaTa erTo-

bas idealad warmogvidgens (`saxelmwifo~).
platonis Tanaxmad, saxelmwifo oTxi socialuri fenis – miwaTmoqmedTa,
xelosanTa, mcvelTa da mmarTvelTa – urTierTmimarTebas emyareba. isini yovelT-
vis harmoniulad da erTmaneTTan SeTanxmebulad ver moqmedeben, ris gamoc marT-
vis cudi da kargi formebi arsebobs. `saxelmwifosa~ da `politikosSi~ platoni
Svidi tipis saxelmwifo wyobilebis Sesaxeb gvesaubreba da yvelaze srulyofi-
lad aristokratul respublikasa da monarqias miiCnevs, damaxinjebulad da mi-
uReblad – timokratias, oligarqias, demokratiasa da tiranias, anu pativmoy-
vareTa, mdidarTa, xalxisa da erTis absolutur mmarTvelobas. adamianTa
idealuri Tanacxovreba ki, platonis azriT, saxelmwifosa da kanonmdeblobaze
maRla dgas, xolo idealuri mmarTvelni gonieri adamianebi, brZenni da filoso-
fosni arian.
platonma Tavis dialogebSi idealuri saxelmwifo warmogvidgina, romelic
sazogado sakuTrebas, axalgazrda Taobis sazogadoebriv aRzrdas, harmoniasa
da samarTlianobas efuZneboda, magram mogvianebiT Tavadve aRiara, rom es
mxolod ocneba, ganuxorcielebeli idea, utopia iyo.
platoni Tavisi Teoriis praqtikaSi danergvasac cdilobda. man mravali weli
Sealia Tavis ganuxorcielebel ocnebas. uamravi sirTulis, dabrkolebisa da se-
riozuli gansacdelis miuxedavad, didi riskis fasad, samjer ewvia sirakusas da
Zal-Rone ar dauSurebia, rom siciliis tirania ganaTlebul monarqiad eqcia, ma-
gram amaod. filosofosis Zalisxmevam nayofi ver gamoiRo.
Tu `saxelmwifoSi~ platoni jer kidev uSvebda samarTliani saxelmwifos
arsebobas, ufro gviandel dialogebSi mas ukve kronosis mmarTvelobis xanas
(`politikosi~), odesRac arsebul da msoflio kataklizmebis Sedegad gamqral
idealur saxelmwifoebs ukavSirebda (`timeosi~, `kritiasi~). vin icis, ramdenjer
daubrundnen evropeli moazrovneebi idealuri saxelmwifos platonur ideas,
magram ocneba ocnebad rCeba.
rodesac platonis Semoqmedebas ganvixilavT, gverds ver avuvliT im mZlavr
m i T o l o g i u r n a k a d s, romelic mis memkvidreobaSi Zalumad iCens Tavs.
Tavis SemoqmedebiT principebs platoni arc miTologiasTan mimarTebaSi Ra-
latobs. kerZod, erTi mxriv, igi eyrdnoba tradicias, anu safuZvlad iRebs ukve
arsebul da aRiarebul miTologiur gadmocemebs, xolo, meore mxriv, Tavisi
mxatvruli Tu filosofiuri Canafiqris Sesabamisad maT transformirebas
axdens. filosofosi ukve arsebuli miTologiuri gadmocemebis gadamuSavebiT
qmnis originalur miTebs, romelTac miTosis tradiciuli formiT gvTavazobs,
magram maTSi yovelTvis igrZnoba platonis individualuri xelwera.
platonis miTebSi aris fantaziac, gamonagonic, tradiciuli rwmenac da gark-
veuli Teoriuli codnac, im droisaTvis arsebuli mecnieruli monacemebic.
miTis saSualebiT platons logikuri azrovnebidan mistikis sferoSi gadavye-
varT. gvixsnis sulier Tvals, radgan WeSmariteba mxolod mSrali logikuri op-
eraciebiT ar Seimecneba. miTi xSirad wamogvidgeba ama Tu im dialogis filo-
sofiuri problematikis sailustracio masalad, racionaluri msjelobis ira-
cionalur eqod, filosofosis argumentaciis damxmare masalad, mis mxardam-
Werad.
garda amisa, platonis dialogebSi gadmocemuli miTebi zogjer am nawar-
moebTa emociuri zemoqmedebis Zalas ganapirobeben, rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, ise
mxatvruli formis TvalsazrisiT.
platoni sxvadasxva miTologiur saxeebsac xSirad mimarTavs da, Cveulebriv,
isini acocxleben da alamazeben Txrobas. mas ufro gamomsaxvels, amaRelvebelsa
da STambeWdavs xdian. organulad Tavsdebian azris logikur mdinarebaSi da ara-
178 platoni
sodes gvevlinebian ufunqcio, garegnul samkaulad. isini Rrma simboloebadac

SeiZleba miviCnioT, romelTac Znelad Tu gavmijnavT obieqtur-ontologiuri
msjelobisagan.
rac Seexeba platonisa da misterialuri religiebis urTierTmimarTebas,
kvlevam cxadyo, rom, erTi mxriv, platonis qmnilebebi xels uwyobs religiis is-
toriis Seswavlas, xolo, meore mxriv, Tavad religiis istoria platonis Semo-
qmedebis ukeT gaazrebis saSualebas gvaZlevs.
berZnuli religiis mkvlevarni sxva avtorTa cnobebisa da arqeologiuri ma-
salis garda, Zalian xSirad platonis memkvidreobasac eyrdnobian, radgan
filosofosi klasikur saberZneTSi misterialur religiaTa Teoriuli sa-
fuZvlebis karg codnas amJRavnebs. ZiriTadad, `gorgiasi~, `menoni~, `kratilosi~,
`fedoni~, `nadimi~, `fedrosi~, `timeosi~, `saxelmwifo~ da, nawilobriv, sxva dia-
logebic saintereso da xSirad unikalur informacias awvdian Zveli berZnuli
religiis mkvlevars.
platonis nawarmoebebSi reliefurad warmoCnda orfizmis, piTagoreizmisa da
dionises kultis sxvadasxva aspeqtebi, sulis ukvdavebisa da metemfsiqozis idea,
sikvdilis Semdgomi cxovrebis rwmena, ganwmendisa da xeldasxmis ritualebi, mis-
teriebi – maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli saiqio netarebis molodiniTa da imediT, dai-
monis cneba Tu kerZo kultebTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi.
da bolos, aRsaniSnavia, rom misterialur religiur praqtikasa da mdidar
religiur leqsikas platoni mimarTavs filosofiuri cxovrebis wesisa da
filosofosis raobis gansazRvrisaTvis, ris demonstrirebasac axdens sokrates
ukanaskneli saaTebis saTanado aRweriT (`fedoni~).
platonis literaturuli memkvidreobis erT-erTi Rirseba isicaa, rom masSi
poeturoba da m a R a l m x a t v r u l o b a harmoniulad erwymis filosofiuri
msjelobis siRrmesa da sirTules. konstruqciul-logikuri azrovnebis ab-
straqtuloba materialur-grZnobad suraTovnebas exameba.
platonis dialogebi, Cveulebriv, ar aris erTi konkretuli Janris far-
glebSi moqceuli nawarmoebebi. isini warmogvidgebian filosofiur dialogad,
daZabul diskusiad, romelic xorcSesxmulia sxvadasxva JanrisaTvis niSando-
blivi literaturuli xerxebis saSualebiT, rac SeiZleba aixsnas, erTi mxriv,
zogadad filosofiuri dialogis literaturuli wyaroebis mravalferovne-
biT, xolo, meore mxriv, Tavad platonis araordinaluri mwerluri TvisebebiT.
xSirad saubroben platonis dialogTa dramatizmis Sesaxeb da, saerTod, unda
iTqvas, rom am moazrovnisa da berZnuli dramis urTierTmimarTeba sakmaod
rTuli da araerTgvarovani, SeiZleba iTqvas, winaaRmdegobrivic kia. filoso-
fosi, erTi mxriv, zogadad poeziisa da kerZod dramis aSkara mowinaaRmdeged
gvevlineba, magram, meore mxriv, platonis qmnilebebSi misTvis `miuRebeli~ Janri-
saTvis damaxasiaTebel araerT detals gamohyofen. problemis sirTulesa da di-
lemurobas ganapirobebs platonis dialogebSi moZiebuli masalis ambivalen-
turoba.
unda iTqvas, rom paradoqsuloba platonis memkvidreobis erT-erT maxasiaTe-
bladac iTvleba: èrTi mxriv, igi werilobiTi formis winaaRmdegia da, meore
mxriv, mdidar, sworedac rom werilobiT memkvidreobas gvitovebs; akritikebs
xelovnebasa da ritorikas da amave dros srulyofil oratorad da Semoqmedad
gvevlineba; qmnis idealuri saxelmwifos models da aqve daamatebs, rom es
praqtikulad ganuxorcielebelia; acxadebs, rom suli, an samyaros Semoqmedi ad-
amianuri gonebiT Seucnobelia, rom misi aRwera mxolod SedarebebiT SeiZleba
da paralelurad qmnis iseT saxeebs, romlebic gavlenas axdenen Semdgomi perio-
dis moazrovneTa mTel Taobebze~ (r. rezerfordi).
platoni 179
platonis qmnilebaTa dramatuloba ZvelTaganve SeuniSnavT. jer kidev plu-

tarqosi werda, rom `platonis dramatul dialogTagan yvelaze martivebs bavS-
vebi swavlobdnen da zepiradac ambobdnen; amave dros moqmed pirTa xasiaTs, xmas,
pozas, warmoTqmuli sityvebis Sesabamis ganwyobilebas asaxierebdnen~.
platonis dialogebisa da dramis urTierTmimarTebis zogad suraTs odnav
utrirebulad, magram reliefurad warmogvidgens erT-erTi mkvlevari, j. ari-
eti. misi TqmiT, `Tu Cven platonis dialogebis klasifikacia gvsurs, `prota-
gorasi~ SeiZleba warmovidginoT rogorc komedia, èvTidemosi~ da `kratilosi~
– rogorc farsi. `fedoni~ tragediaa da masze gulisSemZvreli berZen poetebs
araferi SeuqmniaT. `saxelmwifo~ ufro Cvens filosofiur romanebs hgavs – ma-
galiTad, Tomas manis `jadosnur mTas~ da goeTes `fausts~. l. kuperis Sefasebi-
Tac, àpologia~, `kritoni~ da `fedoni~ Zalian hgvanan tragikul trilogias.
rac Seexeba platonis weris maneras, igi zedmiwevniT sadaa da daxvewili, mety-
veleba mkafioa da lakonuri. v. asmusis SefasebiT, platonis ena moqnilia, ga-
momsaxveli, gamWvirvale, amasTanave zusti da xatovani, rac mxatvruli xerxebis
zomieri gamoyenebiT miiRweva. imavdroulad, platonisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia
`stiliT TamaSi~. mwerlis stili da metyveleba xSirad icvleba Txrobis obi-
eqtidan gamomdinare.
platonis dialogebi maqsimaluradaa gantvirTuli efeqturi, magram zogjer
myvirala gamomsaxvelobiTi saSualebebisagan da swored amitom amaRlebuloba
aq maRalfardovnebaSi ar gadadis. mxatvrul saSualebaTa siWarbe daamZimebda
mis nawarmoebebs, xelovnur bariersa da distancias Seuqmnida mkiTxvels. sisa-
daviT, daxvewilobiTa da simsubuqiT platonis dialogebi ufro advilad
mkvidrdeba CvenSi.
cnobilia, rom Txrobis daZabul da emociur intonacias platoni sxvadasxva
mwerluri xerxiT da maT Soris oratoruli xelovnebis saidumloebaTa codniT
aRwevs.
dialogis saSualebiT filosofiuri sakiTxebis ganxilvas platoni ri-
torikis ZiriTad wesebs umorCilebs. gvaqvs Sesavali anu Temis dasabuTeba (exor-
dium), misi gavrcoba (narratio) da daskvna (conclusio). xSiria sxvadasxvagvari ritori-
kuli xerxebi – frazaTa emociuri da azrobrivi ganmeorebani Tu dazustebani,
winamaval TezisebTan dabruneba Tu sakiTxidan lirikuli gadaxveva.
ritorikul figuraTagan platoni sakmaod xSirad iyenebs antiTezas, romelic
sxvadasxva struqturul doneze vlindeba, leqsikuri safexuri iqneba es,
gramatikuli Tu kompoziciuri, rac situaciebis aRwerasa da saxeebis agebis
principebs gulisxmobs.
platoni xSirad mimarTavs enleqsiss anu uaryofas. mosaubres (Cveulebriv,
sokrates) jer winaaRmdegobamde mihyavs oponentis Tezisi, romelic, rogorc
wesi, sayovelTaod miRebuli azria da, bolos, sapirispiro daskvnas akeTebinebs.
yvelaferi es xdeba kategoriulobisa da mentoruli tonis gareSe.
sxvadasxva oratorul xerxs platoni mimarTavs ara logikis saWiroebisaTvis,
aramed msjelobis procesSi msmenelebze emociuri zemoqmedebis moxdenis, gark-
veuli debulebis aqcentirebis mizniT. am TvalsazrisiT xSirad gamoiyeneba erTi
azris sxvadasxva ritorikuli variaciebi.
oratoruli xelovnebis kvalobaze platoni sagangebo yuradRebas uTmobda
frazis JReradobas, `mis materialur faqturas~. sagangebod arCevda leqsikur
masalas, mimarTavda aliteraciebsa da kalamburebs, sityvisa da bgeris TamaSs,
rac SeiZleba CaiTvalos rogorc platonis literaturuli geniis aracnobier
gamovlinebad, ise savsebiT cnobierad gamoyenebul xerxad.
neitralizacia opoziciisa `poeturi ena – filosofiuri ena~ ar aris yvela
drois konstanta. igi icvleba epoqidan epoqaSi. filosofiuri metyveleba gark-
180 platoni
veul periodSi Tavis Tavze iRebs amocanebs, romlebsac sxva epoqaSi itvirTebs
poeturi metyveleba da piriqiT. rac Seexeba platons, erTi mxriv, poeturi da,
meore mxriv, filosofiuri ena misi dialogebis Tanabaruflebiani komponentebia.
Tavisi niWis, fantaziisa da alRos saSualebiT platoni sxvadasxva poetur Tu
oratorul xerxs ganumeorebel xiblsa da axlebur mizandasaxulobas aniWebs.
amave dros, platonis yoveli mwerluri xerxi aris filosofiuri azris ukeT
gadmocemis saSualeba.
platoni uaRresad popularuli iyo rogorc antikur, ise gviandel moazrov-
neTa Soris da man udidesi gavlena moaxdina rogorc elinisturi, ise Sua sau-
kuneebis da axali drois evropuli filosofiis ganviTarebaze. ori aTasi wlis
manZilze mudmivad da sul sxvadasxvagvari kuTxiT iazrebdnen platonis Semo-
qmedebas da mis mravalgvar interpretacias gvTavazobdnen.
antikuri epoqis platonikosebi da neoplatonikosebi am berZen moazrovneSi
`RvTaebriv moZRvars~ xedavdnen, Sua saukuneebis moazrovneebi – qristianuli
msoflaRqmis winamorbeds da mas gansakuTrebul pativs miagebdnen `timeosisa~ da
`menonis~ SeqmnisaTvis. aRsaniSnavia, rom Sua saukuneebSi platonis moZRvrebas
iyenebdnen rogorc qristianuli, ise iudeuri da magometanuri religiebis
dasabuTebisaTvis. isini warmarTobas erTob uaryofiTad afasebdnen, magram
platonis naazrevSi maT izidavda ara warmarTuli poliTeizmi, aramed samyaros
erTiani Semoqmedi, demiurgosi.
aRorZinebis epoqaSi `nadimisa~ da `saxelmwifos~ avtori fasdeboda rogorc
idealuri siyvarulis mqadagebeli da politikuri utopiis Semqmneli. XIX-XX
saukuneebSi platoni warmogvidgeboda germanuli klasikuri filosofiis su-
liskveTebiT gamsWvalul idealistad, neokantianelad Tu eqsistencialistad.
kanti, hegeli, Selingi, saerTod, axali da uaxlesi idealizmis warmomadgenlebi
swored platonis memkvidreobas eyrdnobodnen.
da bolos, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom kacobriobis mentaluri evolucia bevrwilad
swored am berZenma moazrovnem gansazRvra. `platonis filosofiuri sistema iyo
mTeli winamorbedi filosofiuri moZraobis dasrulebac da is safuZvelic, ro-
melzec ganviTarda xalxTa Semdgomi sulieri cxovreba~ (a. giliarovi).
Txzulebebi: ìoni~, `laqesi~, `lisisi~, àpologia~, èvTifroni~, `qarmidesi~,

`meneqsenosi~, `didi hipiasi~, `mcire hipiasi~, `protagorasi~, `kritoni~,
`kleitofoni~, `Teagesi~, àlkibiadesi~, èriqsiasi~, `hiparqosi~, `gorgiasi~,
`menoni~, èvTidemosi~, `Teetetosi~, `fedoni~, `saxelmwifo~, `nadimi~,
`fedrosi~, `timeosi~, `kritiasi~, `kratilosi~, `parmenidesi~, `sofisti~,
`politikosi~, `filebosi~, `kanonebi~, 13 werili.
aristotele 181
aristotele
(Zv. w. 384-322 ww.)
`filosofia iwyeba gakvirvebiT da sruldeba...

ufro didi gakvirvebiT~
aristotele
aristotele daibada TrakiaSi, qalaq stagiraSi (es qalaqi dResac arsebobs),

ris gamoc mas xSirad antikur da Sua saukuneebis literaturaSi `stagirelad~
moixseneben. igi iyo makedoneli mefis amintas II-is eqimis, nikomaqosis Svili. 17
wlis aristotele gaeSura aTens, sadac gaxda platonis akademiis mowafe. oci
wlis manZilze igi swavlobda akademiaSi, romelic mxolod platonis gar-
dacvalebis Semdeg datova. ar aris savaraudo, rom aristoteles raime radi-
kaluri msoflmxedvelobiTi konfliqti hqonoda platonTan manamde, sanam is
akademiaSi swavlobda da garkveuli periodi amis merec. cota xnis Semdeg pla-
tonis gardacvalebidan aristotele mas aseT xotbas asxams: ùRirsebs misi Seqe-
bis uflebac ki ar aqvT; man (platonma) aCvena Tavisi cxovrebiTa da moZRvrebiT
rogor SeiZleba iyo erTdroulad bednieric da keTilic~. aristotele aRar
darCa aTenSi, sadac akademiis axali lideri gaxda spevsiposi, aramed wavida
troadis qalaq asosSi, sadac daafuZna akademiis filiali. asosSi igi dauax-
lovda mmarTvel hermiass, xolo misi ZmiSvili da Svilobili, piTiasi, colad
moiyvana. ukve asosSi muSaobisas aristotele aviTarebs sakuTar damoukidebel
filosofiur ideebs, romlebic aRar Tavsdebian akademiis swavlebis CarCoebSi.
albaT am periods asaxavs cnobili frTiani gamoTqma, romelsac aristoteles
miaweren: `platoni Cemi megobaria, magram ufro didi megobaria WeSmariteba~.
Zv. w. 343-2 wlebSi aristotele moiwvia filipe II makedonelma, raTa aRezarda
misi cameti wlis Svili aleqsandre. aristotele makedoniaSi darCa aleqsandres
gamefebamde, Zv.w. 336-5 wlebSi. mas didi gavlena unda hqonoda axalgazrda
aleqsandreze, rac am ukanasknels cxovrebis bolomde gahyva. cnobilia aleqsan-
dres werili, romelic man aristoteles miswera sparseTis kampaniidan. sxvaTa So-
ris, am werilSi aleqsandre sayvedurobs Tavis maswavlebels, rom man gamoaqveyna
is filosofiuri doqtrinebi, romlebic mxolod filosofosTa viwro, ezo-
Teruli wrisaTvis unda yofiliyo gankuTvnili. Tavis mxriv, aristotele (ro-
melic miuxedavad aleqsandres axleburi kosmopolituri xedvebisa, mainc tra-
diciuli berZeni darCa viwro-polisuri politikuri gagebebiT) ar amarTlebda
Tavisi mowafis tendencias, waeSala zRvari `barbarosebsa~ da elinebs Soris.
182 aristotele
makedoniuri wlebis Semdeg aristotele savaraudod dabrunda Tavis mSob-

liur stagiraSi, romelic aleqsandrem Tavisi maswavleblis pativsacemad xe-
laxla ganaSena.
Zv.w. 335-4 wlebSi aristotele dabrunda aTenSi, sadac daaarsa sakuTari sko-
la, radgan Tavisi ukve sakmaod originaluri filosofiuri Sexedulebebi ar
aZlevda mas saSualebas, dabruneboda platonis akademias. axali skola mdeba-
reobda qalaqis Crdilo-aRmosavleTiT, likeionSi, apolon likeosis taZris si-
axloves. ar iyo SemTxveviTi, rom filosofosebi Tavis skolebs RmerTebis an
gmirebis (akademosic, saidanac momdinareobs sityva akademia, RvTiur rangSi ayva-
nili berZeni gmiri iyo) saxelebs ukavSirebdnen: filosofosoba, Teoretikosoba
xom yvelaze RvTaebriv saqmianobad iTvleboda adamianisTvis; TviT sityva `Teo-
riac~ amas aRniSnavs: `xedavde RmerTebs~ anda `xedavde RvTaebrivad~ (berZn.
`Teos~ – RmerTi da òrao~ – vxedav). aristotelem Tavisi skola miuZRvna muzebs.
skolas sxvanairad uwodebdnen peripatoss, xolo mis wevrebs peripatetikosebs,
rac asaxavs im tradicias, rom moswavleebi da maswavleblebi seirnobdnen
(berZnulad `peripate~-obdnen) likeionis baRSi da ase msjelobdnen filo-
sofiur ideebze. sainteresoa, rom TviT sityva `skola~ momdinareobs erT-erTi
umniSvnelovanesi aristoteleseuli gagebidan `sqole~, rac niSnavs `mocaleobas~
– anu mecnierebebisa da filosofiisTvis aucilebelia `mocaleoba~; es termini
Cven rusTavelisgan gvaxsovs da mijnurobas ukavSirdeba; kavSiri ar aris
SemTxveviTi: filosofiac xom `sibrZnis trfialebad~ SeiZleba iTargmnos.
aristoteles skolas hyavda maswavleblebi, hqonda biblioTeka, leqciebi
regularulad tardeboda.
Zv.w. 323 wels aleqsandre gardaicvala. aTenSi daiwyo reaqcia makedonelTa
batonobis winaaRmdeg, rac aristotelesac, rogorc aleqsandresTan daaxlove-
bul pirs, Seexo. mas, iseve rogorc sokrates, brali dasdes àraRvTismosaobaSi~
(àsebia~). aristotelem, misive sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ìxsna aTenelebi meore
danaSaulisagan filosofiis winaaRmdeg~ da, sokratesagan gansxvavebiT, datova
aTeni. man darCenili cxovreba gaatara Tavisi dedis mamulSi, evboas qalaq
qalkisSi, sadac avadmyofobiT gardaicvala Zv. w. 322 wels.
aristoteles Txzulebebi or nawilad iyofa: 1. egzoTeruli (èkdedomenoi
logoi~), anu gareSe publikisTvis `gacemuli naSromebi~ da 2. pedagogiuri anu
ezoTeruli naSromebi, romlebic gankuTvnili iyo likeionis studentebis viwro
wrisaTvis, ZiriTadad isini swored saleqcio Canawerebs, konspeqtebs war-
moadgenen (albaT SeuZlebelia daadgino, es Tavad maswavleblis konspeqtebi iyo,
Tu studentebis saleqcio Canawerebi). aristoteles pirveli tipis Sromebi dia-
logis saxiT iyo dawerili, platonis dialogebis msgavsad, da literaturul
momxiblvelobas ar iyvnen moklebulni; maT stils maRal Sefasebas aZlevda cice-
roni. am naSromebma Cvenamde, samwuxarod, ver moaRwies. rac Seexeba meore tipis
naSromebs, maTi vrceli korpusia Semonaxuli. es aristoteles ganasxvavebs pla-
tonisagan, vinaidan platonis SemTxvevaSi piriqiTaa: SemorCa mxolod egzoTer-
uli, farTo publikisTvis gankuTvnili naSromebi – dialogebi – xolo Sida wri-
saTvis dawerili teqstebi daikarga. amiT aixsneba is, rom gansxvavebiT platonis
nawarmoebebisagan, aristoteles teqstebi ufro mkacrad mecnierulia: Segnebuli
terminTSemoqmedeba da terminebis sizustis dacva ufro Tanmimdevrulad aris
ganxorcielebuli; samagierod isini moklebulia platonis nawarmoebebis mxat-
vrul-ritorikul simdidres. aristoteles es ezoTeruli naSromebi pirvelad
gamoaqveyna andronikos rodoselma (Zv.w. 60-50 wlebi).
aristoteles memkvidreobas savaraudod sam periodad yofen. pirvel periods
miakuTvneben im naSromebs, romlebSic aSkaraa platonis gavlena; maTSi aristote-
le srulad iziarebs Tavisi maswavleblis im ideebsac, romlebsac SemdgomSi
aristotele 183
daupirispirda (magaliTad, sulis da ideebis Teoriis Sesaxeb). meore periodis

naSromebSi platonis gavlena isev mniSnvnelovania, magram ukve Cans aristoteles
kritikuli damokidebulebac akademiis tradiciasTan; am periods miakuTvneben,
magaliTad, mis naSroms `filosofiis Sesaxeb~. mesame periodis naSromebs
akavSireben aristoteles likeionSi moRvaweobis periodTan. maTSi ukve aSkaraa
aristoteles sakuTari, idiosinkretuli meTodi, originaluri midgoma
filosofiisadmi. ZiriTadi rac ganasxvavebs mas platonisagan meTodologiuri
TvalsazrisiT, aris is, rom aristotele xiluli samyaros, fizikuri realobis
Seswavlas aucilebel safuZvlad miiCnevs filosofiisTvis. amdenad, igi arnaxul
Zalisxmevas mimarTavs bunebis, fizikuri samyaros mecnieruli klasifikaciisaT-
vis. empiriul kvlevas masTan gacilebiT didi yuradReba eqceoda, vidre pla-
tonis akademiaSi. es aristoteles aaxlovebs Tanamedrove mecnierebasTan. ra Tqma
unda, fizikuri realobis Seswavla ar iyo filosofiis `kenwero~ – es ukanask-
neli aristotelesTvis, iseve rogorc platonisTvis, iyo uxilavi, meta-fizikuri
samyaros Wvreta, magram fizika, empiriuli kvleva iyo aucilebeli fesvi, romel-
zedac Semdgomi, ufro maRali codna unda amozrdiliyo. sapirispirod, platon-
isaTvis fizikuri samyaro, rogorc cvalebadi da daudgromeli, ar iyo
filosofiuri Semecnebis sagani, ramdenadac, misi azriT, myari codna mxolod
imazea SesaZlebeli, rac Tavad myari da ucvlelia – anu maradiuli ideebi. goeTe
aristoteles filosofias moxdenilad adarebda piramidas, romelic zecisken
safexurebiT miiwevs miwaze damyarebuli vrceli saZirkvelidan, xolo platonis
filosofias obelisks anda cecxlis als, romelic miwidan pirdapir zecaSia
atyorcnili gradaciebis gareSe.
aristoteles bolo `likeionuri~ periodis teqstebs Tematikis mixedviT ase
yofen:
a) logikuri xasiaTis naSromebi
b) naSromebi fizikis Sesaxeb (anu naturaluri filosofia)
g) metafizika (rac, erTis mxriv, niSnavs `fizikis mere~ da gamoxatavs aristo-
teles skolis kurikulumSi am Temis Semdgomobas empiriuli samyaros swavle-
basTan SedarebiT; meores mxriv, ki niSnavs `fizikis miRmiers~, anu imas, rom igi
exeba aramaterialur sagnebs, umTavresad ki _ Tavad uxilav RmerTs)
d) eTika da politika
e) esTetika, istoria da literatura.
aristotele SeiZleba CaiTvalos logikis, rogorc samecniero disciplinis,
fuZemdeblad. aristotelem Seqmna formalur-Teoriuli logika, anu man
ganixila logika da misi wesebi TavisTavad, mowyvetilad yovelgvari ontolo-
giuri datvirTvisagan. Tumca Secdoma iqneba imis mtkiceba, rom azrovnebis for-
mebis, logikuri wesebis aRmoCena aristotelesTan saboloo jamSi damoukide-
beli iyo realobis Secnobis amocanisagan. mas logikuri wesebi sWirdeboda
rogorc instrumenti filosofiisTvis, realobis SecnobisaTvis da ara rogorc
TviTmkmari disciplina, rogorc es aris dRes. logikis arsi aris silogizmSi,
anu `msjelobaSi, rodesac raRac winadadebebi (wanamZRvrebi) winaswar aris
gacxadebuli, da am winaswari gancxadebebidan logikuri aucileblobiT gamom-
dinareobs sxva gancxadeba (daskvna), rac manamde ar iyo Tqmuli~. aseTi msjelo-
bisas aucilebelia or winadadebas raRac akavSirebdes erTmaneTTan, es
makavSirebeli ki aris saSuali termini (`to meson~). magaliTad, am or winadade-
baSi 1. `yvela CogburTeli sportsmenia~ da 2. àndre agassi CogburTelia~ saSu-
ali termini aris `CogburTeli~; am saSualis meSveobiT logikuri aucileblo-
biT viRebT axal, aqamde arTqmul winadadebas: àndre agassi sportsmenia~.
aristotele silogizmis sam formas asxvavebda:
184 aristotele
saSuali termini (b) subieqtia pirvel wanamZRvarSi da Semasmeneli (predikati)

meoreSi: mag. Tu b aris c da a aris b da maSin a aris c (zemo SemTxveva agassize).
saSuali termini Semasmenelia orive wanamZRvarSi: Tu a aris b da c ar aris b,
maSin c ar aris a. mag. yvela Tevzi wyalSi cxovrobs; Jirafi wyalSi ar cxovrobs;
maSasadame: Jirafi Tevzi ar aris.
saSuali termini subieqtia orive wanamZRvarSi: Tu b aris a da b aris c, maSin a
aris c. mag. yvela yvavi Savia; yvela yvavi frinvelia; daskvna: zogi frinveli Savia.
es aris deduqciis, anu aucileblobiTi gamomdinareobis meTodi.
ra Tqma unda, aristotele iazrebda imas, rom wanamZRvrebi TavisTavad
moiTxovda damtkicebas. magram, Tu yvela wanamZRvars dasabuTebas davuwyebT, ma-
Sin mivalT e.w. `mankier usasrulobamde~. maSasadame, aristotele miiCnevda, rom
nebismieri logikuri msjelobisaTvis saWiroa winaswari, a priori principebis Se-
muSaveba, romlebsac viRebT ukve ara deduqciiT, aramed winaswari intuiciiT.
erTi aseTi a priori principia kontradiqciis principi, anu is, rom Tu or wi-
nadadebaSi erT-erTi amtkicebs imas, rasac meore uaryofs, ar SeiZleba orive wi-
nadadeba marTali iyos, aramed erTi iqneba marTali, meore mcdari. aseve, silo-
gizmis umTavresi wanamZRvrebi aristotelesTvis efuZnebian ara deduqcias, ara-
med induqcias, anu dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebul codnas. magaliTad, wanamZRvari
`yvela yvavi Savia~ ar efuZneba raime silogizms, aramed empiriul dakvirvebas,
rom TeTri yvavi jer aravis unaxavs.
logika, rogorc vTqviT, aris aristotelesTvis instrumenti samyaros Secno-
bisaTvis. rogoria aristoteles danaxuli samyaros suraTi? aristoteles
samyaro iyofa or nawilad: mTvarisqveSa samyaro, sadac yvelaferi ibadeba da
ixrwneba, da ase dausruleblad, da mTvariszeda samyaro, sadac aris maradiuli
materialuri sxeulebi – planetebi, TiToeuli sakuTari sferoTi, xolo sul
maRla, varskvlavebis sfero: anu, rogorc ZvelqarTulad uwodebdnen `cTo-
milni~ (planetac modis zmnidan `planaomai~ – `vcdebi~) da ùcTomelni~ –
varskvlavebi. ratom ase? imitom, rom empiriuli dakvirvebiT planetebis moZ-
raoba met cvalebadobas aCvenebs, zogi maTgani, magaliTad marsi, raRac ucnaur
manevrebsac akeTebs caze, maSin, rodesac varskvlavebi ucvlelni rCebian; xolo
rac metad aris ucvleli, miT metad aris RvTaebrivi.
mTvarisqveSa samyaro Sedgeba oTxi stiqiisagan: cecxlis, wylis, haerisa da mi-
wisagan, xolo ciuri sxeulebi Sedgebian sxva, ufro maRali elementis – eTerisa-
gan (e.w. `kvintesencia~ anu mexuTe elementi). samyaros centrSi aris dedamiwa da
swored mis garSemo brunaven planetaruli sferoebi. xiluli samyaros es su-
raTi ZiriTadi iyo Sua saukuneebis filosofiaSi, manamde, sanam kopernikma da
galileom axleburi xedva ar wamoayenes.
aristotele gaemijna platonis Teorias materialuri samyarosagan damou-
kideblad arsebuli ideebis Sesaxeb. misTvis ideebi (aristotele iyenebs termin
`formas~ (`morfes~) ufro, vidre ìdeas~) gancalkevebulad ar arseboben, aramed
arian materiaSi, aZleven materias gansazRvrulobas. aristoteles filosofias
`hilemorfizmsac~ uwodeben, anu materiisa (hile) da formis (morfe) erToblio-
bis filosofias. forma misTvis aris materiis Tviseba. am TvisebebSi aristotele
ganasxvavebda i) arsebiT Tvisebebs, anu iseT Tvisebebs, romlebic gansazRvraven ama
Tu im realobis fundamentur raobas, rac aucileblad gansazRvravs am realobas
da uromlisodac es realoba veRar iarsebebs mocemuli saxeliT; da ii) SemTxveviT
Tvisebebs, romlebic SeiZleba icvlebodes ise, rom TviT realoba amiT Tavis
fundamentur xasiaTs da saxelis ganmsazRvrel Tvisebebs ar icvlides. magali-
Tad, amoburculoba cxviris aucilebeli, arsebiTi Tvisebaa, ise rom, Tu Tviseba
àmoburculobas~ gavauqmebT, maSin gauqmdeba TviT cxviric; samagierod Tviseba
`TeTri~ mxolod SemTxveviTi Tvisebaa da igi SeiZleba icvlebodes (magaliTad,
aristotele 185
mzis moqmedebis Sedegad wiTelSi gadavides) ise, rom TviT `cxvirobas~ araferi
daakldeba. kidev rom gavimeoroT, aristotelesTvis Tvisebebi ar arseboben Ta-
visTavad, materiis gareSe. magaliTad, universaluri cxenobis idea ar aris ze-
caSi arsebuli realoba, romelSic miwieri cxeni monawileobs, platonis Te-
oriis msgavsad, aramed igi mxolod mentaluri konstruqciaa, romelsac adamiani
agebs empiriuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze: naxavs mraval cxens da gamoyofs
maTSi arsebiT Tvisebebs, rac gansazRvravs maT `cxenobas~ da ara maT `bukefal~-
obas (aleqsandres cxenis saxeli) an `lurja~-obas (arsenas cxenis saxeli). es ka-
maTi platonsa da aristoteles Soris gagrZelda Sua saukuneebis evropul
filosofiaSic: erT banakSi iyvnen nominalistebi, romlebsac aristoteles
msgavsad universaliebi (`cxenoba~, `magidoba~ a.S.) miaCndaT mentalur konstru-
qciebad, da meore banakSi realistebi, romlebsac miaCndaT, rom universaliebi
obieqturad, Tumca uxilavad, arseboben materiisagan damoukideblad.
aristotele mivida yovelgvar formas da Tvisebas moklebuli pirveladi ma-
teriis (berZn. `prote hile~; laT. materia prima) gaazrebamde: pirveladi materia
aris sruli potenciuroba, romelsac SeuZlia miiRos nebismieri forma. forma
aris aqtualizacia materiis potenciisa. potenciis aqtualizacia, anu SesaZle-
blobis realizacia aris erT-erTi umTavresi aspeqti aristoteles filosofi-
aSi.
filosofia gulisxmobs mizezTa Seswavlas. anu, filosofia aris ara mxolod
empiriul realobaze dakvirveba da misi aRwera, aramed SekiTxvebis dasma Tu
`ratom xdeba ase?~ `raa mizezi?~ da am SekiTxvebiT aRmoCena axali ramis, iseTis,
rac Tavad empiriul dakvirvebaSi araa mza saxiT mocemuli. mizezebs Soris aris-
totele ganarCevda oTx ZiriTads: materialurs, moqmedebiTs, formalurs da
saboloos. martivi magaliTisTvis, rkina da xe arian xistariani danis materi-
aluri mizezebi; xelosani, romelic maT aZlevs Sesabamis formas, aris moqmedeb-
iTi mizezi, xolo mis gonebaSi arsebuli forma, ris mixedviTac igi warmarTavs
Tavis zemoqmedebas materiaze, aris formaluri mizezi; rac Seexeba saboloo
mizezs, es iqneba Wra, radgan danis saboloo daniSnuleba Wraa. zogjer Znelia
mkafiod gamijno formaluri da saboloo mizezebi aristotelesTan. yvela arse-
bas aqvs potenciis aqtualobad qcevis sakuTari gza, sakuTari daniSnuleba,
berZnulad `telos~-i. aristoteles cnobili termini èn-teleqia~ niSnavs, rom
sagani asrulebs Tavis daniSnulebas, aris Tavis `telosSi~. magaliTad, cecxlis
bunebrivi enteleqiaa midiodes zeviT, kaklis Teslis – amovides kaklis xed da
moisxas kaklebi, Tvalis enteleqiaa xedva, planetis enteleqiaa moZraobdes
wriulad, raTa ganmeorebadobiT da ciklurobiT mibaZos ucvlel maradisobas.
amdenad, moZraobebi bunebaSi, aristotelesaTvis, ar aris SemTxveviTi, aramed
teleologiuri, mizanmimarTuli.
aristotele daakvirda moZraobebis bunebas da SeniSna, rom yvelaferi rac
moZraobs, moZraobs raRac sxva moZravis meSveobiT. magram ase mivalT kvlav mank-
ier usasrulobamde. maS ra unda iyos is, rac amoZravebs sxvebs da TviTon rCeba
uZravi? aseTi ram aristotelesTvis aris RmerTi (`kinoun akinetos~ – uZravi ma-
moZravebeli), igi aris mTeli samyaros moZraobis formaluri da saboloo mize-
zi. ramdenadac materiam ar SeiZleba sxva rame aamoZravos, Tuki igi Tavad ar amo-
Zravdeba da ramdenadac pirveli mizezi amoZravebs ise, rom TviT uZravad rCeba,
maSasadame pirveli mizezi aris aramaterialuri, sufTa forma. ai, es erTaderTi
formaa aristotelesTvis materiisagan mocilebuli – Tavad RmerTi, uZravi ma-
moZravebeli. amiT, arsebiTad, isic platoniviT obieqturi idealisti rCeba.
Tumca, platonis miTologiuri demiurgosisagan gansxvavebiT, aristoteles
RmerTi ar aris samyaros Semqmneli, an winaswar mocemuli qaosis momwesrigebeli,
aramed ukve mzad arsebuli samyaros mamoZravebeli mizezi. samyaro maradiulad
186 aristotele
da ucvlelad aris mocemuli, iseve rogorc misi mamoZravebeli RmerTi. samyaro

ar Seqmnila, igi rogorc mTlianoba, RmerTis Tanamaradiulia. arsebebi,
cxovelebis da mcenareebis saxeobebi maradiulad aseTebi iyo. aristoteles am
Sexedulebas, romelic ZiriTadad miiRes neoplatonikosebma, SemdgomSi mkveT-
rad daupirispirdnen qristianebi Tavisi ideiT samyaros ex nihilo anu arafrisgan
Seqmnis Sesaxeb.
aristoteles RmerTi aris goneba, romelic fiqrobs sakuTar fiqrs (`noesis
noeseos~ – fiqris fiqri) da ar aris mimarTuli samyarosaken, ase vTqvaT, àr
zrunavs~ samyaroze. rom warmovidginoT, Tu rogor amoZravebs samyaros RmerTi,
SeiZleba moviyvanoT magaliTad Seyvarebulis `moZraoba~, miswrafeba sayvareli
adamianisadmi, rodesac es ukanaskneli SeiZleba arc amCnevdes mas.
sainteresoa, ra damokidebuleba aris RvTiur gonebasa da adamianis gonebas
Soris? aristotelesTan cxadi pasuxi amaze ar aris, rac sxvadasxva interpre-
taciis safuZvels iZleva. aristotelesTvis adamianis suli ar aris damoukide-
beli adamianis sxeulisagan, aramed, rogorc nebismieri forma, warmoadgens am
sxeulis enteleqias, anu sxeulis potenciis aqtualizacias. magaliTad, yuris
aqtualizaciaa smena, Tvalis – xedva, cxviris – ynosva a.S., anu es Tvisebebi imanen-
turad dakavSirebulni arian sxeulTan da maT gareSe ar arseboben. imis sailus-
traciod, rom sxeuli da misi Tviseba ganuyoflebi arian, aristoteles moyavs
amdagvari magaliTebi: Cven rom gavzardoT sxeulze zemoqmedebis intensivoba,
magaliTad zedmetad kaSkaSa Suqi mivanaToT Tvals, an gemis sayvirs mivadoT
yuri – aseT dros daziandeba da ganadgurdeba rogorc grZnobis aRqmis organo,
ise is Tviseba, romelic mas axasiaTebda (kaci dabrmavdeba an dayruvdeba). magram,
fiqrobs aristotele, aris adamianSi erTi Tviseba, erTi funqcia, rodesac am
funqciis intensivobis gazrdiT ar ziandeba materialuri sxeuli da es Tvisebaa
azrovneba. azrovnebis intensifikacia, gansxvavebiT Suqisa da xmis intensifi-
kaciisagan ar iwvevs raimes dazianebas adamianSi. maSasadame, aristotele akeTebs
daskvnas, rom swored es, goneba, aris adamianSi aramaterialuri da RvTiuri. ma-
gram aris Tu ara es goneba individualuri? anu, adamiani rom warmovidginoT
oTaxad, aris Tu ara goneba am oTaxis naTurasaviT, misi ganuyofeli nawili, Tu
igi ufro hgavs mzis Suqs, romelic ar ekuTvnis oTaxs, aramed sarkmelidan Se-
modis da garedan anaTebs mas? aristotele albaT ufro meore Sexedulebisken
ixreba, rodesac ambobs, rom `goneba sarkmelidan (berZn. `TuraTen~) Semodis~. es
Zalian mniSvnelovani sakiTxia adamianis mokvdavoba-ukvdavobis TvalsazrisiT:
Tu goneba, romelic erTaderTia ukvdavi da aramaterialuri adamianSi, ar aris
adamianis piradi goneba, aramed RvTiuri gonebis moqmedebaa masSi, maSin adamiani
gamodis mokvdavi. magram, Tuki piriqiT, es goneba aris individualuri, maSin ga-
modis, rom adamianSi aris Tavisi sakuTari iseTi ram, rac ar mokvdeba sxeulTan
erTad. am kiTxvaze mkafio pasuxi ar aris aristoteles teqstebSi, amitom misi in-
terpretatorebi rogorc Zvelad, ise axlac gansxvavebul poziciebze dganan.
didi laTini Teologi, sqolastikis mwvervali Toma aqvineli, rogorc aristo-
teles `naTlia~, aqristianebs Tavis warmarT maswavlebels da individualuri,
ukvdavi inteleqtebis Sexedulebas amyarebs.
aristoteles eTika efuZneba realobis miseul teleologiur xedvas. adamian-
sac, misi azriT, aqvs sakuTari telosi, rac aris Rirseuli cxovreba, siqveleebis
an saTnoebebis SeZena. es ki SeuZlebelia azrovnebis gareSe. emocia arc Rirsebaa
da arc mankiereba. Cven ar gvadanaSauleben imisTvis, rom gagviCnda brazis gancda,
aramed imisTvis, rom ar movTokeT igi da ar davumorCileT gonebas. Tu gonebis
moqmedeba aristotelesTan identuria RmerTis moqmedebasTan, maSin pirdapir
SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom mankiereba aris rodesac emociuri impulsebi ar emor-
Cileba RmerTs. maSasadame, SeuZlebelia Rirseba arCevanis gareSe. rogorc aris-
aristotele 187
totele ambobs: `Rirsebebi gamomdinareobs arCevanidan, an SeuZlebelni arian ar-

Cevanis gareSe~. aseve Rirsebad ar SeiZleba CaiTvalos Cveni bunebrivi monacemebi,
aramed is, Tu rogor viyenebT am monacemebs. maSasadame, Rirseba ar aris monacemi,
aramed Cvevis (berZn. èTos~) gamomuSaveba, rac miiRweva ZalisxmeviT. aristo-
telesTvis is ki ar aris Rirseuli, vinc erTxel Caidens Rirseul saqciels, ara-
med is, vinc gamudmebuli ZalisxmeviT Rirseul qcevas sakuTar CveulebaSi
gadazrdis, sakuTari xasiaTis nawilad aqcevs. eTosi, saidanac modis sityva eTika,
xom swored xasiaTs, qcevis maneras aRniSnavs. Rirseba aristotelesTvis da-
kavSirebulia oqros Sualedis povnasTan ukiduresobebs Soris. magaliTad
guluxvobis Rirseba aris oqros Sualedi mflangvelobasa da siZunwes Soris,
anda vaJkacobis Rirseba aris oqros Sualedi ugunur riskianobas/TavzexelaRe-
bulobasa da simxdales Soris. anu Rirseba aris Sualedi naklsa da gadaWarbebas
Soris. platonisagan gansxvavebiT, romlis eTikuri Teoria ukiduresad in-
teleqtualizirebuli iyo (kerZod, platoni miiCnevda, rom adamianma Tuki icis
ra aris keTili, mas araferi dauSlis gaakeTos kidec igi, da rom ukeTurobis
mizezi mxoloddamxolod ucodinrobaa), aristotele daakvirda adamianis nebis
sisustesac, rac misi moraluri Teoriis realisturobaze metyvelebs: anu, ada-
mianma SeiZleba icodes ra aris keTili, magram susti nebis gamo (berZn. àkrasia~ –
sisuste) mainc ar akeTos is. eTika da politika organul kavSirSia aristo-
telesTan, radganac adamiani misTvis pirvel rigSi aris `politikuri cocxali
arseba~ (berZn. `zoon politikon~), rac niSnavs, rom Rirseuli adamiani unda iyos
sakuTari sazogadoebis (polisis) aqtiuri wevri; is vinc ar aris Rirseuli mo-
qalaqe, ar asrulebs Tavis bunebriv, adamianur daniSnulebas, wydeba Tavis te-
loss.
am mimoxilvis daskvniT nawils davuTmobT aristoteles Sexedulebebs poezi-
aze, kerZod berZnul dramaze.
Tavisi Sexedulebebi poeziis raobaze aristoteles Camoyalibebuli aqvs naS-
romSi `poetika~. es aris pirveli sistematuri samecniero naSromi poeturi
xelovnebis raobis Sesaxeb. manamdeli msjelobebi am Temaze, platonTan an isok-
ratesTan, aris SedarebiT fragmentuli da usistemo. aristotele Seecada
saxeobebisa da gvarebis mixedviT klasifikaciis meSveobiT Caetarebina poeturi
xelovnebis analizi, raTa aRmoeCina am xelovnebis anu `teqnes~ raoba. misi azriT,
poeturi xelovnebis safuZvelSi devs realobis `mibaZva~ (berZn. `mimesisi~). Tu
platonTan es `mibaZva~ uaryofiTad aris Sefasebuli, ramdenadac ar asaxavs
realobas adeqvaturad, iseTad rogoric is sinamdvileSi aris, aristotelesTan,
piriqiT, `mimesisi~ yuradRebis centrSia da poeturi xelovnebis Rirsebas gan-
sazRvravs. aristoteles azriT, swored mibaZviTaa, rom adamianebi iReben pirve-
lad Semecnebas da amisgan sixaruls ganicdian. im faqtidan, rom adamianebi TviT
sazizRari cxovelebis gamosaxulebebis yurebisas siamovnebas iReben, aristo-
telem daaskvna, rom es siamovneba gamowveulia msgavsebis aRmoCenis, Semecnebis
sixarulidan. amdenad, baZvisas msgavsebis aRmoCena aristotelesTvis SemecnebiTi,
logikuri aqtia, romelic pasuxobs adamianis bunebriv moTxovnilebas – gaigos,
Seimecnos realoba (aristoteles `metafizika~ swored am grandiozuli fraziT
iwyeba: `yvela adamians, Tavisi bunebidan gamomdinare, aqvs swrafva Semecnebisken~).
platonisagan gansxvavebiT, aristotele naklebad uyurebs poezias rogorc
eqstatur, ara inteleqtismier da mxolod grZnobisken mimarTul sagans, romel-
sac qmnian dionisurad Sepyrobili, STagonebaSi myofi poetebi. misTvis poezia
rogorc poetis, ise misi auditoriis mxridan, aris inteleqtualur-SemecnebiTi
aqti da efuZneba adamianis Tandayolil (`sumfuton~ – `Tan-Sebunebebul~) Tvise-
bas – mibaZos realobas.
188 aristotele
aristotelem Camoayaliba im moTxovnaTa sia, romelTa dacvac aucilebelia

poeturi xelovnebis nimuSis Sesaqmnelad. `poetikis~ Cvenamde moRweul nawilSi
ZiriTadi yuradReba eTmoba tragedias da Cvenc masze gavamaxvilebT yuradRebas.
tragediis SemTxvevaSi aucilebelia poetisaTvis mibaZvis sagani iyos seriozuli,
dasrulebuli moqmedeba; mibaZvis saSualeba – mxatvrulad mimzidveli, damatk-
bobeli sityva; mibaZva unda moxdes ara Txrobis saxiT, rogorc es aris eposSi,
aramed moqmedebis, dramis (berZn. `dramein~ – moqmedeba) saxiT. tragediis mizani
aris gamoiwvios mayurebelSi da msmenelSi eldis (SiSis) da TanagZnobis emociebi
da am gziT Seqmnas masSi ganwmendis, `kaTarsisis~ SegrZneba. seriozuli moqmede-
bis nimuSebad, romlebsac unda mibaZos poetma, aristetele asaxelebda miTolo-
giur siuJetebs. magaliTad, klitemnestras mier sakuTari qmris, agamemnonis
mkvleloba da Semdeg orestesis mier dedis, klitemnestras SurisZiebiTi mkvle-
loba. poets ar aqvs ufleba Secvalos miTis siuJeti, anu ar SeuZlia, magaliTad,
gamoiyvanos iseTi klitemnestra, romelic ar klavs qmars, an iseTi oidiposi, ro-
melic ar irTavs colad sakuTar dedas, magram man unda SeZlos mxatvrulad daa-
muSavos mocemuli siuJeti. aq eZleva mis originalobas gasaqani.
tragikuli nawarmoebi unda warmoadgendes erT mTlianobas, romelic mkafiod
gansazRvruli nawilebisagan Sedgeba. tragedia, rogorc realobis mibaZva, imave
teleologiur, anu enteleqiur sqemaSia Casmuli, rogorc bunebis obieqtebi:
rogorc xes aqvs Tavisi ganviTarebis mizez-Sedegobrivad dakavSirebuli sta-
diebi Teslidan zrdasrul xemde, ise tragediasac aqvs mizez-Sedegobrivad da-
kavSirebuli nawilebi, saboloo miznamde – mayurebelSi eldisa da sibralulis
gamowvevamde, da, amis Sedegad, kaTarsisamde. is nawili, romlis amogdebac ar iw-
vevs mTelis darRvevas, ar aris mizez-Sedegobriobis jaWvis mdgeni, amdenad arc
ekuTvnis organulad mTels da misi amoRebac arafers daaklebs tragedias. mTli-
anobaSi: nawilebis mowesrigebulobaSi da maT organul erTianobaSi xedavda
aristotele mxatvruli nawarmoebis silamazes (`to kalon~).
tragediis Semadgenel nawilebs Soris umniSvnelovanesia `peripetia~ – anu
erTi mdgomareobidan ucabedi cvaleba sxva mdgomareobamde: magaliTad, rodesac
macne gaamJRavnebs oidiposis warmomavlobis saidumlos, da is igebs, rom saku-
Tari mama mouklavs da deda ki colad SeurTavs, mTeli moqmedeba icvleba, anu
ganicdis peripetias. tragediis meore umniSvnelovanesi mdgenia `cnoba~/“gamJ-
Ravneba~ (ànagnorisis~), anu umecrebis mdgomareobidan gadasvla gagebamde, Se-
mecnebamde, rac Tavis mxriv iwvevs siyvarulidan siZulvilze gadasvlas, an
piriqiT. magaliTad, medeas mier iasonis gadawyvetilebis gageba, an iasonis mier
medeas sazareli qmedebis gageba. zogjer, rogorc es aris oidiposis SemTxvevaSi,
peripetia da anagnorisisi erTmaneTs emTxveva. msgavsi SemTxvevebi, aristoteles
azriT, aRmoCenis yvelaze efeqtur formas warmoadgens. swored amas mohyveba
tragikuli efeqti, rac iwvevs sibralulisa da eldis gancdebs.
aristotele ganasxvavebs mxatvrul realobas istoriuli realobisagan da
pirvels garkveul upiratesobas aniWebs meoresTan SedarebiT. igi ambobs, rom
poezia ùfro filosofiuri da ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre istoria, radgan igi
(poezia) Seexeba zogadobebs, xolo istoria erTeul xdomilebebs~. marTlac, is-
toria mogviTxrobs, Tu ra gaakeTa ama Tu im kacma, mag. alkibiadesma, ama Tu im
dros, maSin roca poeti gveubneba, Tu zogadad ama da am xasiaTis, Tvisebebis ada-
miani ras gaakeTebs aucileblad anda savaraudod ama Tu im SemTxvevaSi. anu poeti
asaxavs ara imas, rac moxda, aramed imas, rac SesaZlebelia (èikos~) an aucilebe-
lia (ànagkaios~) rom moxdes. personaJis xasiaTisa da misi qmedebebis Sesatyviso-
bis principi daculi unda iyos tragediaSic. zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, poe-
turi gamonagoni, ase vTqvaT, `tyuili~, SesaZlebelia ufro adekvaturad as-
axavdes fsiqologiur realobas, vidre realuri istoriuli faqtebi, ramde-
aristotele 189
nadac poetis mier personaJis qmedebis aRweras Tavis Singanani logika aqvs,
Tavisi zogadi mizan-Sedegobrioba, romelsac SemTxveviTi movlenebi ar
abrkolebs. anu poeti ufro filosofiuria vidre istorikosi, ramdenadac igi
wvdeba Sesabamisobis zogad princips da ar asaxavs erTeul xdomilebas, romelic
realobaSi ki moxda, magram SemTxveviTi movlenebis gamo masSi Sinagani logika da
Sesabamisobis principi ar ganxorcielebula.
aristotele exeba poeturi enis, gamosaxvis formebis sakiTxsac: rogori unda
iyos tragediis ena? aristotelesTvis, mas unda axasiaTebdes keTilSobileba
(`semnotes~), uCveuloba, ucxooba (`qsenikon~), rac msmenelSi gansakuTrebul
efeqts iwvevs. gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas igi aniWebs metaforebs, ramdenadac
isini ormag efeqts iwveven: akvirveben msmenels, da aniWeben mas msgavsebis aRmoCe-
nis siamovnebas. swored metaforebSi xedavda aristotele poetisaTvis Tavisi
originalobis gamoCenis saukeTeso saSualebas: `mxolod amas ver gadmoiRebs [po-
eti] sxvisgan; es (e.i. metaforis mofiqreba) aris niSani mxolod sakuTari niWisa –
marTlac, kargad rom gadmosce azri metaforiT, unda SegeZlos sagnebs Soris
msgavsebis aRmoCena~.
aristotele dramis istoriis sakiTxsac exeba. misi azriT, tragedia momdi-
nareobs dionises sadidebeli ritualebidan, diTirambis momRerlebis improvi-
zaciebidan, maSin rodesac komedia momdinareobs falikuri simRerebis momRer-
lebis improvizaciebidan.
`poetikis~ meore wigni, rogorc Cans, Seexeboda `kaTarsisis~ bunebis analizs
da aseve, komedias, magram samwuxarod am nawilma Cvenamde ver moaRwia. aristo-
teles `poetikis~ es dakarguli nawili da misi SesaZlo saxifaTo mniSvneloba
Sua saukuneebis kaTolikuri eklesiisTvis Seadgens cnobili italieli mwerali-
mediaevistis umberto ekos bestseleris `vardis saxelis~ mTavar Temas.
bolos vityviT, rom saqarTveloSi aristotele ukve Sua-saukuneebSi didi
popularobiT sargeblobda. misi logikuri naSromebi, ioane damaskeliseul
gadamuSavebaSi, orjer iyo naTargmni meTerTmete-meTormete saukuneebSi efrem
mciresa da arsen iyalToelis mier. udidesi qarTveli filosofosi ioane
petriwi, miuxedavad Tavisi platonisturi poziciisa da aristoteles zogi ide-
isadmi kritikuli damokidebulebisa, filosofosofas àristotelobas~ uwo-
debda (`mewada mearistotelura~); arc aris gasakviri: petriwisTvis xom filo-
sofosoba, iseve rogorc stagirelisTvis, adamianis saukeTeso moRvaweoba, ada-
mianis umSvenieresi mizanswrafva iyo, da iqneb bednier damTxvevaze metia saxeli
àristotele~-s etimologia: àriston~-“saukeTeso~; `telos~-“mizani~,
`daniSnuleba~.
Txzulebebi:
logikuri xasiaTis Sromebi: kategoriebi (terminTa 10 klasifikacia);
ganmartebis Sesaxeb (winadadebebi, WeSmariteba, modalobebi); winare
analitika (silogisturi logika); Semdgomi analitika (mecnieruli meTodi
da silogizmi); `topika~ (efeqturi argumentis Camoyalibebis da kamaTis
wesebi); sofisturi uaryofebi (araformaluri logikuri cTomilebebi).
fizikuri xasiaTis Sromebi: fizika (ganixilavs cvlilebas, moZraobas,
cariel sivrces, dros); cis Sesaxeb (cis struqtura, dedamiwa, stiqiebi);
warmoSobis Sesaxeb; meteorologia (kometebis warmoSoba, amindi, bunebrivi
katastrofebi).
fsiqologiuri xasiaTis Sromebi: sulis Sesaxeb (ganixilavs sulis Tvisebebs,
grZnobebs, gonebas, warmodgenas); mexsierebis, gaxsenebis, sizmrebis da
winaswarmetyvelebis Sesaxeb
190 aristotele
naSromebi bunebis istoriaze: cxovelebis istoria (fizikuri/fsiqikuri

Tvisebebi, Cvevebi); cxovelebis nawilebis Sbesaxeb;. cxovelebis moZraobis
Sesaxeb; cxovelebis gadaadgilebis Sesaxeb; cxovelebis warmoSobis Sesaxeb;.
mcire traqtatebi; problemebi
filosofiuri Sromebi: metafizika (arsi, mizezi forma, potenciuroba); ni-
komaqes eTika (suli, bedniereba, saTnoeba, megobroba); evdemosis eTika; didi
eTika; politika (saukeTeso saxelmwifoebi, konstituciebi, revoluciebi);
ritorika (sasamarTlo da politikuri debatebis elementebi); poetika (tra-
gedia, epikuri poezia)
demosTenesi 191
demosTenesi
(Zv. w-is 384_ 322 ww.)
udidesi oratori, eladis damoukideblobisaTvis mebrZoli, samSoblos

mxsnelad aRiarebuli da samSoblos saxeliTve sikvdilmisjili demosTenesi
antikuri epoqis erT-erTi gamorCeuli figuraa. sikvdilis Semdeg demosTeness
brinjaos qandakeba daudges da epitafiac uZRvnes: `Zalac sibrZnisdari rom
gqonoda, demosTenes, eladaSi ver iboginebda makedoneli aresi~.
demosTenesi daibada aTenSi. mamamisi, saxelad demosTenesi, sakmaod SeZlebuli
kaci yofila. momavali oratori 7 wlisa iyo, rodesac mama gardaecvala. meurveebma
misi qonebis ganiaveba daiwyes. rogorc Cans, ar moelodnen, rom fizikurad susti da
enablu ymawvili maT seriozul winaaRmdegobas gauwevda. demosTenesis biografebis
cnobiT, man safuZvliani ganaTleba miiRo da kargad gaiwafa ritorikaSi.
srulwlovani rom gaxda (18 wlisa), demosTenesma kuTvnili qonebis dabruneba
moindoma. aTenis kanonebis mixedviT, sasamarTlo procesze momCivanic da
mopasuxec Tavad unda warmdgariyvnen. rogorc Cans, am gamouvalma mdgomareobam
misca pirveli biZgi demosTeness, rom oratori gamxdariyo. es sasamarTlo
procesi 5 weliwads gagrZelda. man 5 sityva warmoTqva meurveTa winaaRmdeg.
demosTenesma procesi ki moigo, magram qonebis mxolod mcire nawili daibruna.
samagierod, igi Tavis ZalebSi darwmunda, saxeli moipova da daiwyo logogra-
fosoba (anu advokatoba, klientebisTvis sasamarTloze warmosaTqmeli sityvebis
wera). demosTenesis sasamarTlo sityvebis zusti raodenoba ucnobia; misi
saxeliT Cvenamde moaRwia 42 sityvam, Tumca zogi maTganis avtoroba saeWvoa.
saadvokato saqmianoba demosTeness ar akmayofilebda. mas surda gamxdariyo poli-
tikuri moRvawe. amisTvis sakmarisi ar iyo kabineturi saqmianoba. politikosi saja-
rod unda gamosuliyo daaxloebiT 6 aTasi adamianis winaSe. auditoriis yuradRebis
misapyrobad orators sWirdeboda Zlieri xma, metyvelebis rafinirebuli xelovneba;
rac mTavaria, qveynis sagareo da saSinao politikis yvela niuansis codna (finansebi,
samxedro saqme da a. S.). mokled, oratorebi iyvnen saxelmwifo moRvaweebi, romlebsac
oficialurad aranairi Tanamdeboba ar ekavaT. isini monawileobdnen saxalxo krebebsa
da e. w. `xuTasis sabWoze~ gamarTul debatebSi, xelisuflebas sTavazobdnen
winadadebebs, proeqtebs. Tu ar moewonebodaT oratoris kompetenturoba, azri, sau-
bris manera, msmenelebs SeeZloT daecinaT, eyviraT, gaeZevebinaT gamomsvleli. Tavisi
moRvaweobis dasawyisSi demosTenessac mouvida msgavsi marcxi. plutarqosi mog-
viTxrobs: rodesac demosTenesi pirvelad gamovida xalxis winaSe, mas xmauriTa da si-
ciliT Sexvdnen; garda imisa, rom susti xma hqonda, gaugebrad, bundovnad da nawyvet-
nawyvetad laparakobda, sunTqva ar hyofnida. meoredac scada, magram isev kraxi gani-
cada. rogorc gadmogvcemen, gawbilebul demosTeness Sexvda Tavisi megobari msaxiobi
da rodesac misi gasaWiri Seityo, SesTavaza, warmoeTqva romelime nawyveti evripides
192 demosTenesi
an sofokles nebismieri tragediidan. man waikiTxa erTi nawyveti. msaxiobma igive nawy-
veti Tavad Seasrula da demosTenesi mixvda, ramdenad mniSvnelovania oratorisaTvis
sityvis warmoTqmis xelovneba. amis Semdeg demosTenesma moawyo miwisqveSa oTaxi (zogi
gadmocemiT, zRvispira gamoqvabuli) metyvelebis xelovnebaSi dasaostateblad. iq igi
yoveldRe muSaobda. xSirad Tav-ybis cal mxares iparsavda, raTa cdunebas ar daeZlia
da sazogadoebaSi gasvla ar mondomeboda. zogjer zRvis piras gadioda, pirSi ken-
Webs iyrida da cdilobda, garkveviT xmamaRla elaparaka ise, rom zRvis xmauri dae-
fara. xandaxan sirbiliT adioda mTaze Tan leqsebs an sityvebs warmoTqvamda, raTa
sunTqvis varjiSebi Caetarebina. sarkis win amuSavebda manerebs. usazRvro SromiTa da
nebisyofiT demosTenesma mizans miaRwia _ susti aRnagobisa da metyvelebis defeqtis
mqone adamiani udides oratorad iqca.
zustad ar viciT, rodis daiwyo demosTenesis gamosvlebi saxalxo krebebze.
rogorc Cans, igi am dros 30 wels gadacilebuli iyo. cnobilia, rom oratori
arasdros gamodioda moumzadeblad, eridebida eqspromtebs da amaze Tavisi mo-
sazrebac hqonda: adamiani, romelic emzadeba sityvis warmoTqmisaTvis, demo-
kratiis megobaria imitom, rom samzadisi pativiscemis dasturia.
pirveli sajaro sityva, romelmac demosTeness warmateba moutana, iyo `sim-
moriebis Sesaxeb~. simmoriebSi erTiandebodnen mdidari moqalaqeebi, romelTac
evalebodaT xarjebis gaReba flotis mSeneblobisaTvis, lirikuli da
dramatuli sanaxaobebis dadgmebis ganxorcielebisa da gimnastikuri Sejibrebe-
bis mowyobisaTvis. Tu adre SeZlebuli berZnebi am saqmisaTvis Tanxebs siamovne-
biT da ulaparakod ixdidnen, IV s-Si yvela cdilobda, Tavi aeridebina zedmeti
xarjebisaTvis. Zv. w. 354 wels aTenSi xma dairxa, rom sparseTi kvlav Tavdasxmisa-
Tvis emzadeboda. demosTenesma mouwoda Tanamoqalaqeebs, aRedginaT simmoriebis
tradicia. man daasabuTa, rom saWiroa flotisa da jaris gaZliereba. marTalia,
demosTenesis sityva moiwones, magram mas Sedegi ar mohyolia.
imisaTvis, rom ukeT gaviazroT demosTenesis politikuri moRvaweobis mni-
Svneloba, mokled mimovixiloT imdroindeli saberZneTis viTareba. Zv. w. IV s-is sa-
berZneTi Zalian gansxvavdeboda V s-is eladisagan. ganelda is suliskveTeba, rac
damaxasiaTebeli iyo wina epoqisaTvis. rogorc cnobilia, politika gadajaWvulia
ekonomikasa da sazogadoebriv moralze. es kargad icoda demosTenesma. samwuxarod,
imasac xedavda, rom elada TavdaRmarTisken mieqaneboda, amitom Tavis sityvebSi samive
faqtorze _ politikaze, moralsa da ekonomikaze _ Tanabrad amaxvilebda yuradRebas.
igi ukompromisod amxelda qveynis politikur cxovrebaSi gadadgmul yvela mcdar
nabijs. erT-erTi morigi avantiura iyo e. w. `wminda omi~, romelic centralur sa-
berZneTSi daiwyo da male eladis didi nawili moicva (es omi wamoiwyo Tebem fokisis
winaaRmdeg. omi Zv. w. 355-346 ww. gagrZelda). erTmaneTTan dapirispirebuli mxareebi
daxmarebas qveynis gareTac eZebdnen. ucxo qveynebis wargzavnilebi amRvreul wyalSi
iWerdnen rogorc msxvil, ise wvril `Tevzebs~. berZnul polisebSi momxreebi gamouC-
ndnen rogorc sparselebs, ise _ makedonelebs. amasobaSi gauaresda qveynis ekonomi-
kuri mdgomareoba. didi Tanxebi ixarjeboda daqiravebuli jaris Senaxvaze. aman xaz-
inis dacarieleba gamoiwvia. mokavSireebi aTens fuls aRar uxdidnen. dazaralda vaW-
roba, daeca mewarmeoba, xelosnoba. wvrili miwaTmoqmedebi TavianT mamulebs yidid-
nen. samagierod gamdidrdnen isini, romlebmac kargad auRes alRo Seqmnil viTarebas.
mdidari da maRali sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis mqone adamianebi sakuTari keTil-
dReobis SenarCunebis mizniT mzad iyvnen, piri SeekraT aSkara mtrebTanac ki. keTil-
dReobis sanacvlod Tmobdnen Tavisuflebas. demosTenesi maT moRalateebs uwodebs,
moralur degradacias ki gadamdeb sens adarebs (XVIII, XIX). demosTenesi Tavis sityvebSi
xSirad amxelda qveynis gamyidvelebs; igi ar erideboda konkretuli pirebisa da faqte-
bis gamoaSkaravebas.
demosTenesi 193
demosTenesis politikuri moRvaweoba gansakuTrebiT gaaqtiurda Zv. w-is 352-1

ww. am droidan iwyeba misi dapirispireba filipe makedonelTan. oriod sityviT
davaxasiaToT demosTenesis mTavari politikuri samizne _ filipe makedoneli.
saberZneTis CrdiloeTiT, makedoniaSi, imTaviTve sxvadasxva warmoSobis tomebi
cxovrobdnen. iqaur mefeebs TavianTi gvari argoseli heraklidebisgan gamo-
hyavdaT da berZnul kulturaSi integracias cdilobdnen. makedonelTa mTavari
saqmianoba iyo omi, nadiroba, mesaqonleoba. Zv. w-is 360 (an 359w.) makedoniis mefe
gaxda filipe II. man siymawvile TebeSi gaatara da kargad icnobda saberZneTis
polisebis mdgomareobas. gamefebis Semdeg filipem Seqmna Zlieri armia. man is-
argebla saberZneTis kuTxeebis Sida dapirispirebiT (am dros mimdinareobda
`mokavSireTa~ omebi) da daipyro ramdenime qalaqi Trakiis sanapiroze. male ela-
daSi mdgomareoba ufro gamwvavda da daiwyo e. w. `wminda omi~. Tebem dasaxmare-
blad filipes uxmo. man daamarcxa fokiselTa daqiravebuli armia da TesaliaSi
damkvidrda. filipe axla ukve marjve moments eloda gadamwyveti moqmedebisaT-
vis. es viTareba berZnebmac gaiazres da makedonelebs winaaRmdegoba gauwies.
filipe iZulebuli gaxda ukan daexia, magram Tavis ganzraxvaze xeli ar auRia.
bosforisa da helespontosis gakontrolebis mizniT, man ramdenime qalaqze mii-
tana ieriSi, ramac aTenelebi SeaSina da daafiqra. saqme isaa, rom elada ZiriTa-
dad Savi zRvidan maragdeboda puriT. swored am periodSi gamodis demosTenesi
sityviT filipes winaaRmdeg. am gamosvlas mohyva cnobili sityvebi, romelTac
`filipikosebs~ uwodeben.
`filipikosebi~ 2 jgufad iyofa: pirvelSi Sedis I `filipikosi~ (aq Camo-
yalibebulia demosTenesis samoqmedo programa) da sami òlinTosuri~ sityva. es
sityvebi warmoiTqva Zv. w-is 346 w-is zavamde. meore jgufSi Sedis: `zavis Sesaxeb~
(V), `meore filipikosi~ (X), `halonesosis Sesaxeb~ (VII), `filipes werilis pasuxad~
(XI). `filipikosebs~ akuTvneben `filipes werils~ (XII). sul 12 `filipikosia~.
pirveli `filipikosis~ warmoTqmisTanave demosTenesi antimakedonuri partiis
erT-erTi aqtiuri warmomadgeneli gaxda. saberZneTSi filipes bevri momxre
hyavda. isini mSvidobisa da saberZneTis momavali keTildReobis egidiT gamodi-
odnen. cnobilia, rom filipem bevri aTeneli saCuqrebiTa da dapirebebiT gadai-
bira. demosTenesi afrTxilebda Tanamoqalaqeebs, rom Tavisuflebis dakargvas-
Tan erTad aTeni gamoemSvidobeboda berZnuli civilizaciis umTavres
monapovars _ demokratiul wyobas. demosTeness didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda, rom
sami mTavari problema gadaewyvita: 1.sanaxaobebisTvis gamiznuli Tanxa saomari
saWiroebisTvis gamoeyenebinaT, 2. SeZlebul aTenelebs saxsrebi gaeRoT saxelmwi-
fos saWiroebebisaTvis 3. aTenel moqalaqeebs piradad mieRoT monawileoba
omebSi da mxolod daqiravebulTa imedze ar yofiliyvnen.
Tavdapirvelad demosTenesi marto iyo, magram TandaTan mis garSemo Semoikri-
ba gundi, romelic cnobili gaxda antimakedonuri partiis (Tu dajgufebis) sax-
eliT. maTi mizani iyo, Tvali aexilaT berZenTaTvis da moewodebinaT aqtiuri mo-
qmedebebisaken.
rogorc aRvniSneT, `filipikosebSi~ Sedis e. w. òlinTosuri~ sityvebic. olin-
Tosi, makedoniis mosazRvre qalaqi, adre filipes mokavSire iyo; magram droTa ganmav-
lobaSi olinToselebi daSordnen filipes, romelmac maTi dasja gadawyvita. olin-
Tosma daxmarebisaTvis aTens mimarTa. swored amasTan dakavSirebiT warmoTqva
demosTenesma Tavisi cnobili sami sityva. am sityvebiT man moiTxova, rom aTeni dax-
mareboda olinToss da Tavisi mosazreba ase daasabuTa: filipesTan Sebma garduvalia;
amitom, sjobs omi vawarmooT ara atikis miwaze, aramed mis farglebs gareT. rac Se-
exeba xarjebs, SeiZleba gamoviyenoT sanaxaobebis fondisTvis gankuTvnili saxsrebi.
aTenma es Sansi ar gamoiyena. marTalia, erTxel 30 xomaldi gaugzavniaT, meored _ 18,
magram es sakmarisi ar aRmoCnda. olinTosi RalatiT daeca (348w.). aman aTenelebze
194 demosTenesi
mZime STabeWdileba moaxdina; daiwyo antimakedonuri koaliciis Seqmna, magram araf-

eri gamovida. aTenidan gaigzavna aTkaciani elCoba filipesTan samSvidobo mola-
parakebisaTvis. am delegaciaSi iyvnen demosTenesi da misi mudmivi oponenti _ esqinesi.
Zv. w.-is 346 w. daido e. w. `filokratesis zavi~. demosTeness ar sjeroda filipes
keTili zraxvebisa da gamudmebiT afrTxilebda Tanamoqalaqeebs amis Sesaxeb.
II `filipikosi~ demosTenesma warmoTqva spartidan dabrunebis Semdeg (Zv. w-is
344 w.). demosTeness miaCnda, rom esqinesi filipes mier iyo mosyiduli. es azria
gatarebuli sityvaSi àrakeTilsindisieri elCobis Sesaxeb~.
nuTu saberZneTis polisebi filipeSi ver xedaven saerTo mters? moaxerxeben
Tu ara isini mis winaaRmdeg gaerTianebas? es aris III `filipikosis~ mTavari Tema.
es sityva yvelaze gamorCeulia demosTenesis sityvebs Soris.
rogor politikas eweva filipe? mSvidobas icavs, Tu ibrZvis? amaze filipes
sityvebiT ki ar unda vimsjeloT, aramed faqtebiT. igi gamoucxadebel oms awar-
moebs. SeiZleba zogs eCveneba, rom safrTxe Sorsaa, magram ase ar aris. Tqven unda
gZuldeT is oratorebi, romlebic filipes sasargeblod laparakoben, _ ambobda
demosTenesi. `Tqven sityvis Tavisuflebas imdenad sayovelTao monapovrad miiC-
nevT yvelasTvis, vinc saxelmwifoSi cxovrobs, rom mas azogadebT ucxoelebzec
da monebzec. CvenSi xSirad naxavT monebs, romlebic bevrad ufro Tavisuflad
gamoTqvamen TavianT azrebs, vidre moqalaqeni zogierT qveyanaSi; magram krebe-
bidan ki igi (Tavisufali sityva) sruliad gandevneT. amis Sedegad, saxalxo kre-
bebze ifxorebiT da pirferobaSi CaefaliT, radgan mxolod maameblur sityvebs
ismenT. rogorc ki iwyeba sirTuleebi da jeri saqmeze midgeba, udides safrTxeSi
aRmoCndebiT xolme. Tu migaCniaT, rom axlac asea saqme, maSin me araferi maqvs
saTqmeli, magram Tu Tqvenive sasikeTod moisurvebT, mousminoT sityvas
yovelgvari Selamazebis gareSe, maSin mzad var vilaparako. maSinac, rodesac
saqme Zalian cudadaa da bevri araferi eSveleba, mainc aris SesaZlebloba, rom
yvelaferi waRma Setrialdes, Tu geqnebaT survili, aRasruloT Tqveni vali.
SeiZleba moulodnelia, rasac axla vityvi, magram es simarTlea: yvelaze cudi,
rac Cven warsulSi movitoveT, SeiZleba ukeTesi momavlis sawindari gaxdes. ras
vgulisxmob? ai, ras: Tu axla saqme cudad midis, amis mizezi isaa, rom Tqven ar ga-
akeTeT is, rac gevalebodaT _ mciredic ki, bevrze rom araferi vTqvaT. Tqven rom
yvelaferi gagekeTebinaT, rac saWiro iyo, saqme aqamde ar mividoda; maSin gamos-
worebis imedic ar unda gvqonoda. sinamdvileSi filipem gaimarjva Tqvens usul-
gulobasa da ganusjelobaze, saxelmwifo mas ar daumarcxebia. Tqven ki ar damar-
cxdiT, aramed xelic ar gaginZreviaT~ (IX, 3-5).
am sityvis wakiTxvis Semdeg filipes uTqvams: `me rom demosTenesisTvis momes-
mina, mas mivcemdi xmas Cem winaaRmdeg brZolaSi~.
demosTenesis sityvam nayofi gamoiRo. aTenelebma gagzavnes elCebi elinur
polisebTan mosalaparakeblad da gasaerTianeblad. despanebs Soris iyo demo-
sTeesic. politikaSi aqtiuri saqmianobisa da aTenelTa winaSe didi damsaxu-
rebisaTvis gadawyvites, demosTenesi oqros gvirgviniT daejildoebinaT. aqti-
urma propagandam Sedegi gamoiRo: rodesac filipem gadakveTa saberZneTis
sazRvari, mas Tebec ganudga. Tavidan iRbali elinTa mxares iyo, magram Zv. w-is 338
w. qeroneasTan berZnebi damarcxdnen. am brZolaSi demosTenesic monawileobda.
Zv. w-is 336 w. mokles filipe makedoneli. demosTenesi xalxis winaSe sadResas-
waulo gvirgviniT wardga miuxedavad imisa, rom 7 dRis win qaliSvili dakrZala.
antimakedonuri partia zeimobda, magram sixaruli naadrevi aRmoCnda. taxtze
avida aleqsandre. man CaaxSo makedonelTa sawinaaRmdego amboxebebi da aTenelTa-
gan moiTxova filipes 10 yvelaze dauZinebeli mteri; maT Soris, ra Tqma unda,
demosTenesic. maSin berZnebma es moTxovna ar Seasrules, magram orators aTenis
datoveba mainc mouxda. gzad mimavals ramdenime Zveli mteri Sexvedria. maT
demosTenesi 195
moikiTxes, fuli misces da urCies, saiT wasuliyo. demosTeness amaze uTqvams:

rogor davtovo qalaqi, sadac mtrebi iseTebi arian, rom sxvagan aseT megobreb-
sac ver ipovi.
amasobaSi aleqsandre makedoneli gamarjvebas gamarjvebaze zeimobda. makedon-
uri partia welSi gaimarTa. demosTenesis mowinaaRmdegeebma gadawyvites, ganeaxle-
binaT gadadebuli sasamarTlo procesi, romelzec demosTenesisTvis oqros
gvirgvinis gadacemis kanonierebis sakiTxi unda ganexilaT. erTmaneTs kvlav Seebnen
demosTenesi da esqinesi. demosTenesma warmoTqva cnobili sityva `gvirgvinis Ses-
axeb~. struqturulad es sityva, sxva sityvebis msgavsad, iyofa 4 nawilad: Sesavali,
mosamzadebeli nawili, mTavari nawili da epilogi. `gvirgvinis Sesaxeb~ sasamarTlo
sityvebs miekuTvneba, magram mas Zalian didi sazogadoebrivi da politikuri
mniSvneloba aqvs. formalurad, am sityviT demosTenesi icavs ktesifons, romelmac
Zv. w-is 337 w. jer sabWoze, Semdeg saxalxo krebaze Seitana winadadeba – samSoblos
winaSe gaweuli RvawlisaTvis demosTenesis oqros gvirgviniT dajildoebis Sesaxeb.
makedonurma partiam gaaprotesta ktesifonis proeqti. esqinesma brali dasdo
demosTeness ramdenime kanonis darRvevaSi. am braldebaTa gamo demosTeness sakmaod
didi jarima unda gadaexada. garkveuli mizezebis gamo procesi ramdenime wliT
gadaido, magram mainc Sedga filipes gardacvalebis Semdeg. marTalia, process
politikuri simZafre aRar hqonda, radgan arc filipe iyo cocxali, arc gvirgvini
gadauciaT demosTenesisaTvis, magram igi mainc Sedga. demosTenesma warmoTqva
sityva, romelSic Tanmimdevrulad Camoayaliba Tavisi partiis politikuri kredo
da miznebi. man amxila esqinesi (da, Sesabamisad, makedonuri partia) rogorc qveynis
moRalate. esqinesi damarcxda da iZulebuli gaxda, rodosze gadaxvewiliyo.
demosTenesi ki, ufro metad dafasebuli, TiTqmis yvela saxelmwifo saqmes xelmZRva-
nelobda. rodoselebs esqinesisaTvis uTxoviaT, warmoeTqva Tavisi sityva. rom mous-
meniaT, aRfrTovanebulan da ukiTxavT, rogor ver moige es procesio?! esqiness ki
uTqvams: Tqven ar gagikvirdebodaT, demosTenesis pasuxi rom mogesminaT Cems sity-
vazeo. demosTenesis sityvas `gvirgvinis Sesaxeb~ Zalian maRal Sefasebas aZlevdnen
ciceroni, dion halikarnaseli, kvintilianusi. am sityvis ramdenime epizodi mWevr-
metyvelebis Cinebul nimuSebadaa miCneuli: magaliTad, aTenelTa SiSi, rodesac maT
Seityves, rom filipe fokisSi SeiWra (169-179), wmida omis dawyebis Sesaxeb (141-159),
oratoris Zalebis Sedareba filipes ZalebTan (234-239) da sxva. movixmobT frag-
ments sityvis finalidan: àTenelebo, yovel wesier moqalaqes ori Tviseba unda ax-
asiaTebdes.... SeZlebisdagvarad aubas mxari Tavisi saxelmwifos swrafvas znekeTi-
lobisa da pirvelobisaken; yovelgvar pirobebsa da viTarebaSi iyos misi erTguli.
es ukanaskneli kacs bunebiT mieniWeba, Zalaufleba da Zliereba ki sxva garemoebebiT.
rogorc darwmundiT, me mudamJams erTguli viyavi. Tavadve gansajeT: arc maSin,
rodesac Cems gadacemas moiTxovdnen (igulisxmeba mtrisTvis, makedonelTaTvis), arc
maSin, rodesac maSinebdnen, arc maSin, rodesac dapirebebiT mTaflavdnen, arc maSin,
rodesac es wyeulebi veluri mxecebiviT momisies, me TqvenTvis ar miRalatia. diax! me
Tavidanve avirCie politikuri moRvawis pirdapiri da samarTliani gza _ Cemi sam-
Soblos Rirsebis, Zlierebisa da keTili saxelis dacva... me arasodes gamovdivar
moedanze gabrwyinebuli da mozeime saxiT sxvebis (mtris) warmatebiT gaxarebuli;
arc zeaweuli marjveniT vulocav saamo ambavs (gamarjvebas) imaT, romelnic, Cemi
azriT, am saqcielis Sesaxeb auwyeben visac jer ars. arc Cveni saxelmwifos warmate-
bis ambebi momismenia gulisxeTqviT ... TavCaqindruls, rogorc am uwmindurebs, rom-
lebic dascinian Cvens qveyanas (TiTqos am saqcieliT sakuTar Tavs ar dascinodnen).
isini gamudmebiT sxvis mxares iyurebian. ganadideben imas, rac sxvaTa Zlierebas
aZlevs xels bedkruli berZnebis xarjze. isini amtkiceben, rom maradJams aseTi vi-
Tareba unda SevinarCunoT~ (321-324).
196 demosTenesi
aleqsandres aRmosavluri (induri) eqspediciisas makedonuri partiis aqti-

uroba minelda, magram es moCvenebiTi simSvide iyo. 325_4 wels konfliqti isev
gamwvavda. demosTeness brali dasdes didi raodenobiT Tanxis miTvisebaSi. mas sa-
samarTloze jarima daakisres. demosTeness ar SeeZlo am Tanxis gadaxda, amitom
daapatimres, magram cixidan male gaiqca. 323 wels gardaicvala aleqsandre make-
doneli. am cnobam berZnebi gaamxneva. aTeni cdilobda sxva polisebis mimxrobas
saerToberZnuli ajanyebis mosawyobad makedoniis winaaRmdeg. demosTenesi Tavisi
nebiT SeuerTda elCebs, romlebic peloponesosisken gaemarTnen. igi aqtiurad
mouwodebda amboxebisaken. Tavidan antimakedonuri omi warmatebiT mimdinareobda,
magram Zv. w-is 322 w. mokavSireebi damarcxdnen. aTeni iZulebuli gaxda, zavi eTxova.
zavis pirobebi Zalian mZime iyo. makedonelebma moiTxoves im oratorebis gadacema,
romlebic berZnebs makedonelebis winaaRmdeg aqezebdnen. `damnaSaveebi~ qalaqidan
gaiqcnen. saxalxo krebam maT dauswreblad gamoutana sikvdilis ganaCeni, ga-
mocxadda Zebna. demosTenesi Tavs afarebda poseidonis taZars pa-tara kunZul
kalavriaze. mas miakvlies da taZridan gamosvla mosTxoves. demosTenesma iTxova
dro anderZis dasawerad. man aiRo lerwami, romelsac kalmad iyenebda da iqidan
sawamlavi gamowova. ase daiRupa didi patrioti da mWevrmetyveli.
demosTenesi suliT xorcamde demokrati iyo. misi azriT, WeSmariti saxelm-
wifo demokratiuli unda iyos. es ar niSnavs, rom igi ver xedavda calkeul mank-
ierebebs. demosTenesis azriT, saxelmwifos mTavari burjia kanonebi da sa-
samarTlo. es ori instituti SeubRalavad unda daicvas qveyanam. moZvelebuli
kanonebi axliT unda Seicvalos. TiToeuli moqalaqe unda irjebodes qveynis
keTildReobisaTvis. saWiroa mudmivi zrunva samxedro Zlierebis SesanarCuneb-
lad. moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgeblobis yvelaze TvalsaCino dasturia gadasaxa-
debis patiosani da drouli gadaxda. demosTenesis azriT, aTeni unda iyos ga-
ranti wonasworobisa. man unda daicvas sustebi ZlierTagan. elada unda iyos da-
moukidebeli. Tavad ar unda daiwyos omi, magram, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Rir-
seuli pasuxi unda gasces mters.
saukuneebis gadasaxedidan demosTenesis brZola Tavisuflebisa da demok-
ratiuli RirebulebebisaTvis erTaderT Sefasebas imsaxurebs _ igi antikuri de-
mokratiis yvelaze Rirseuli saxea. Tumca mis TanamedroveTa erTi nawili ase ar
fiqrobda, radgan demosTenesis mxurvale mowodebebs makedonelTa winaaRmdeg
berZenTa ramdenime mZime marcxi mohyva: I filipesTan Setakebisas qeroneaSi, II
aleqsandres mier Tebes aoxreba, III aleqsandres nacvalis mier berZenTa patrio-
tuli moZraobis sisxlSi CaxrCoba. iqneb marTali iyo demosTenesi, rodesac am-
bobda: bedovlaToba berZenTa bedisweraao (XVIII, 214).
demosTenesi werda atikur dialeqtze. igi ar iyenebda arqaizmebs, ar amZimebda
frazas zedmeti poeturi tropebiT, ar qmnida neologizmebs.
Txzulebebi: demosTeness 61 sityva miewereba, romelTagan mas mxolod

naxevari Tu ekuTvnis. politikuri sityvebi: `Sesavali politikuri
sityvebisaTvis~, `werilebi~, `filipikosebi~, òlinTosuri sityvebi~,
`mSvidobis Sesaxeb~, `halonesosis Sesaxeb~, `xersonesis saqmeebis Taobaze~,
`saxsrebis ganawilebis Sesaxeb~, `simmoriebis Sesaxeb~, `rodoselTa
Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb~, `megalopoliselTa Sesaxeb~, àleqsandresTan
molaparakebis Sesaxeb~, `ktesifonis dasacavad, gvirgvinis Sesaxeb~,
`danaSaulebrivi elCobis Taobaze~. sasamarTloze warmosaTqmel
sityvaTagan ramdenimes davasaxelebT: àndrotionis winaaRmdeg _ kanonebis
darRvevis Taobaze~, `timokratesis winaaRmdeg~, àfobosis winaaRmdeg~,
`formionis dasacavad~, `stefanosis dasacavad _ crumowmeobis Sesaxeb~.
elinisturi periodi
berZnuli literaturis Semdegi periodi Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi aRiniSneba

rogorc elinisturi. Tavad termini elinisturi germaneli mecnieris – i. g. dro-
izenis (1808-1884) Semdeg aRniSnavs periods, romelic iwyeba aleqsandre makedone-
lis laSqrobebidan da mTavrdeba Zv. w. I saukuneSi, rodesac daeca ukanaskneli
elinisturi saxelmwifo. aleqsandre makedonelis mier ganxorcielebuli laS-
qrobebis Sedegad Zalze didi kulturul-enobrivi da politikur-socialuri
sivrce warmoiqmna, romelic msoflio saxelmwifos Seqmnis ideis realizaciis Se-
degi iyo. Tumca im formiT, rogorc aleqsandre makedonels esaxeboda, es saxel-
mwifo ver Sedga. mTels teritoriaze makedoniidan da saberZneTidan moyolebu-
li vidre centraluri aziis CaTvliT, faqtobrivad, dominanturi xdeba berZnu-
li ena da literatura. elinistur saxelmwifoebSi didi filologiuri centre-
bi warmoiqmna, romlebic intensiur literaturul muSaobas eweodnen, emsaxure-
bodnen ara marto elinisturi epoqis berZnuli mwerlobis Seswavlisa da kriti-
kuli gamocemis saqmes, aramed xels uwyobdnen Tavad elinistur samyaroSi axali
literaturuli procesebis aRmocenebas. Tuki zogadad movindomebT am epoqis
mwerlobis daxasiaTebas, SeiZleba Semdegi iTqvas: man SeinarCuna yvela arsebiTi
Janri, romelzedac zemoT gvqonda msjeloba, Tumca amis paralelurad warmoiq-
mna calkeuli literaturuli formebi, romlebic tradiciuli Janrebis garkve-
ul modifikacias warmoadgenda.
aleqsandriel filologTa da saerTod elinisturi epoqis mweralTa winaSe
savsebiT bunebrivad wamoiWra sakiTxebi: rogori unda yofiliyo maTi mimarTeba
elinuri epoqis udidesi literaturuli memkvidreobisadmi, ra gza unda aerCiaT
maT am memkvidreobis SemoqmedebiTad aTvisebis procesSi: gayolodnen im gzas,
romelic maT genialurma berZenma winamorbedebma dausaxes TiToeuli Janris gan-
viTarebaSi, Tu garkveulad dapirispirebodnen maT TavianTi SemoqmedebiT. ara-
vin davobda imaze, rom literaturis sferoSi maTi winamorbedebi udidesi avto-
ritetebi iyvnen, rom maTi Semoqmedeba Taobidan Taobas unda gadascemoda, magram
sadavo iyo is, Tu Tavad elinisturi epoqis mwerlebs rogor da raSi SeeZloT
gamoemJRavnebinaT novatoroba. am SemTxvevaSi literaturaSi ikveTeba ori ten-
dencia: 1. ukve arsebulis SenarCunebisa da mis farglebSi ganviTarebis axali gze-
bis monaxvis; 2. novatorobis, tradiciasTan aSkara dapirispirebiT axali forme-
bisa da gamosaxvis axali saSualebebis Ziebis.
ramdenadac bevr rames elinisturi literaturidan Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, Zne-
lia imis mTeli masStabiT warmodgena, Tu rogor mimdinareobda am epoqaSi lite-
raturuli procesi. da mainc, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom tradiciisadmi damokidebule-
bis miuxedavad, mwerlebs erTi saerTo Tviseba aerTianebdaT: mxatvrul Semoqmede-
baSi e. w. mecnieruli interesis rac SeiZleba Warbad Semotana, informaciis xved-
riTi wonis gazrdisaken ltolva da nebsiT Tu uneblieT uaris Tqma im harmoniaze,
rac elinuri epoqis literaturas axasiaTebda. es savsebiT gasagebia, Tuki gaviTva-
liswinebT, rom elinisturi samyaros mkiTxveli, romlisTvisac berZnuli ena iyo

literaturasTan ziarebis saSualeba, eTnikurad sakmaod Wreli da ganviTarebis
TvalsazrisiT araerTgvarovani iyo da mas uTuod esaWiroeboda bevri ramis swav-
la, mecnieruli xasiaTis informaciis miReba imisaTvis, rom gaego is, rac arqauli
Tu klasikuri epoqis berZenisaTvis sruliad naTeli iyo.
Tavdapirvelad SevexoT im Janrebs, romlebzedac ukve visaubreT.
elinistur samyaroSi erT-erT yvelaze mniSvnelovan Janrad rCeboda eposi.
elinisturi epoqis poetTa winaSe ukve savsebiT Camoyalibebuli saxe hqonda epi-
kur poeziaSi homerosisa da hesiodes tradiciebis safuZvelze Seqmnil sxvadas-
xva mimarTulebebs.
pirveli seriozuli literaturul-Teoriuli xasiaTis kamaTi e. w. siuJeturi
eposis SemqmnelTa kalimaqossa (Zv.w. 325-245) da apolonios rodosels (daaxl.
300-246) Soris warmoiSva.
farTo gasaqani mieca epikuri formiT didaqtikuri informaciis gadmocemas.
es savsebiT Seesabameboda elinisturi epoqis sazogadoebis ltolvas mecnieruli
Tu e. w. saswavlo informaciisaken. magaliTad SeiZleboda dagvesaxelebina ara-
tosis (daaxl. Zv. w. 310/300-250) `fainomena~ (`ciuri movlenebi~).
elinisturi epoqis sulidan gamomdinare, savsebiT bunebrivia, rom naratiuli
eposis garda mniSvnelovani yuradReba daeTmo e. w. katalogisebur eposs, sadac po-
etis interesi mimarTulia ara raRac erTi fabulis, erTi ambis gadmocemisaken,
aramed mravali ambis erT nawarmoebSi Tavmoyrisaken. amis naTeli nimuSia: hermesia-
naqsis `leontioni~ _ elegiuri formiT gadmocemuli ubeduri dasasrulis mqone
ambebi, fanoklesis èrotesi an kaloi~ _ elegiuri distiqebiT gamarTuli lamazi
biWebis ambebi, nikandrosis `heteroiumena~ (`gardasaxvebi~), romelic, faqtobri-
vad, ovidiusis `metamorfozebis~ erTgvar prototips warmoadgenda da a. S.
elinistur literaturaSi uTuod gansakuTrebul movlenas warmoadgens Te-
okritosi (Zv. w. III saukunis pirveli naxevari).
elinisturi epoqis intensiuri dramatuli cxovrebidan Cvenamde, arsebiTad,
mxolod saxelebma moaRwies. am mxriv sainteresoa likofronis (Zv. w. III saukune)
àleqsandra~, romelSic, rogorc Cans, sainteresod iyo Sezavebuli dramatuli
da epikuri stili.
rasakvirvelia, elinisturma dramaturgiam yvelaze did warmatebas axal ati-
kur dramaSi miaRwia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom axali atikuri komedia am Janris ganvi-
Tarebis logikur Sedegs warmoadgens da, albaT, imis erTgvar nimuSs, Tu rogor
SeiZleba sul raRac ori saukunis ganmavlobaSi komedias transformaciis is gza
gaevlo, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada politikuri Zveli atikuri komediidan
migveRo axali atikuri komedia. mis Sesaxeb Cveni codna didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
sakmaod SezRuduli iyo da daskvnebs, ZiriTadad, romael komediografosTa pie-
sebis gaTvaliswinebiT vakeTebdiT, romlebic farTod iyenebdnen axali atikuri
komediis warmomadgenlebis piesebs sakuTari nawarmoebebis prototipebad. XIX
saukunis miwurulidan papirologiuri aRmoCenebis Sedegad TandaTan farTovde-
ba Cveni codna axali atikuri komediis udidesi warmomadgenlis, menandrosis (Zv.
w. 342/1-293/0) Sesaxeb.
dramebTan erTad yuradRebas ipyrobs e. w. paradramatuli poezia. am SemTxve-
vaSi igulisxmeba mcire dramatuli an kvazidramatuli formebi, romelnic saub-
rebiT, anekdotebis, mimiambebis saSualebiT gadmogvcemen garkveul scenebs, seri-
ozuls Tu araseriozuls, saxalisos Tu sxvadasxva STabeWdilebis aRmZvrels. ma-
galiTad, cnobili iyo maqonis `xeirai~ (anekdotebi), romlis 470-mde iamburi
trimetriT gamarTuli striqoni Semogvinaxa aTeneosma (daaxl. ax. w. 200) Tavis
`deipnosofistaiSi~ (`sofistebis nadimi~). herodasi (herondasi) (Zv. w. III saukunis
pirveli naxevari) warmatebiT agrZelebs am xaziT moRvaweobas. papirologiuri
aRmoCenebis Sedegad moRweuli misi mimiambebi sul sxvadasxva xasiaTis scenebs

warmogvidgenen adamianTa yoveldRiuri cxovrebidan.
uaRresad didi popularobiT sargeblobda elinistur epoqaSi epigramatuli
Janri. Tuki klasikur epoqaSi epigramebi ama Tu im JanrSi momuSave poetisaTvis
mxolod misi Semoqmedebis erTgvar `damatebas~ warmoadgenda, am periodSi Cnde-
bian poetebi, romelTa SemoqmedebaSic epigrama dominantur funqcias iZens. swo-
red amitom berZnuli epigramebis krebuli e. w. Anthologia Palatina esoden uxvad Sei-
cavs elinisturi epoqis epigramatistebis: meleagros gadarelis, asklepiades sa-
moselis, leonidas tarentelis da sxvaTa epigramebs.
rogorc ukve aRiniSna, elinistur epoqaSi gansakuTrebiT ganviTarda mecnie-
reba, warmoiqmna cnobili mimarTulebebi filosofiur azrovnebaSi: a) epikure-
izmi, romelic epikuros (epikure) samoselis (Zv.w. 341-270) saxelTan aris dakavSi-
rebuli. misi arsi iyo adamianebis gaTavisufleba SiSisagan da maTi mimarTva Si-
nagani simSvidis, usafrTxoebisa da damoukideblobisaken; b) stoelTa filoso-
fia anu stoicizmi, romlis fuZemdebeli iyo Zenoni (Zv.w. 335-262 da romelmac
ganviTarebis sami faza ganvlo (Zveli, saSualo da axali). stoikosebis azriT,
umaRlesi mizani aris pirovnebis afeqtebisagan dacla da sakuTari Tavis mTlia-
nad gaTavisufleba e.w. garegnuli `sikeTeebisagan~, romelnic veraviTar SemTxve-
vaSi ver miiyvanen adamians bednierebamde; g) skepticizmi, romelic paronma (Zv.w.
365-275) daafuZna. skeptikosebma ukiduresobamde ganaviTares sokrates WeSmari-
tebis Ziebis meTodi da eWvqveS daayenes miRebuli dogmebi, filosofiuri skole-
bis warmomadgenelTa Sexedulebebi.
e.w. dargobrivi mecniereba ukve klasikur periodSi gamoeyo filosofiasa da
istoriografias. hipokrates (daaxl. Zv.w. 460-370), Tanamedrove medicinis mamis
saxeliT Cvenamde araerTma naSromma moaRwia. maTematikis, bunebismetyvelebis,
enaTmecnierebis, litmcodneobis sferoSi yuradRebas ipyrobs piTagorelTa,
platonis, aristoteles da sxv. Sromebi. elinistur epoqaSi moxda mecnierebis
dargebis ufro mkafiod gamoyofa erTmaneTisagan. faqtobrivad, aRmocenda fi-
lologia, rogorc mecnierebis damoukidebeli sfero. mravalricxovan filo-
logs Soris gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnon: Zenodotosi (daaxl. Zv.w. 325-260), ka-
limaqosi (Zv.w. 310-240), eratosTenesi (Zv.w. 284-203), antikurobis udidesi filo-
logi aristofane bizantioneli (daaxl. Zv.w. 257-180), aristarqosi (Zv.w. 217-145/3),
amoniosi (Zv.w. II s.). maT da sxva filologebma saocrad masStaburi samuSao Caata-
res, romlis moculoba dResac, kompiuterebisa da informatikis epoqaSi, WeSma-
rit gakvirvebas ivwevs. dRes, rodesac mecniers ama Tu im mniSvnelovani Zveli av-
toris kritikuli gamocema did miRwevad eTvleba, TiTqmis daujerebelia, rom
CamoTvlili filologebidan TiToeulma ganaxorciela mravali berZeni mwerlis
kritikuli gamocema, Seqmna araerTi monografia da, faqtobrivad, antikurobas
Semounaxa ukidegano elinuri mwerloba, xolo Semdgom epoqebs Seuqmna, Tundac
SerCeviT, magram mainc, berZen avtorTa teqstebis sistematuri gadaweris SesaZ-
lebloba.
maTematikis sferoSi ganuzomelia evklidesis (daaxl. Zv.w. 300) èlementebis~
mniSvneloba, romelic praqtikulad dRemde maTematikaSi erT-erT fundamentur
saxelmZRvanelod iTvleba. meqanikis sferoSi TvalsaCinoa arqimedesis (Zv.w. 287-
212) miRwevebi. did maTematikosTa jgufs miekuTvneba apoloniosi (Zv.w. 200).
geografiul mecnierebaSi gamoirCeodnen: ukve moxseniebuli eratosTenesi Ta-
visi `geografikaTi~ da, albaT, pirveli msoflio rukiT, geografiaSi elinizmi-
dan romauli batonobis epoqaze gardamaval periodSi iqmneba strabonis (Zv.w. 64
_ ax.w. 20) `geografia~, romelic moicavs im droisaTvis cnobil mTel msoflios.
astronomiis sferoSi berZnebis mniSvnelovan warmatebad unda miviCnioT Cvens
orbitaze arsebuli planetebis moZraobaze dakvirvebis Sedegad miRebuli das-
kvnebi. gansakuTrebiT TvalsaCinoa aristarqos samoselis mier wamoyenebuli

Tvalsazrisi, rom Cveni sistema heliocentristulia, mis SuaSi aris mze.
hipokrates mimdevrebma medicina sakmaod win wawies anatomiisa da qirurgiis
mimarTulebiT. teqnikis sferoSi, antikur sazogadoebaSi monuri Sromis gamoye-
neba maincdamainc did gasaqans ar aZlevda axal aRmoCenebs. a.m. filonis mier or-
Tqlis manqanis funqcionirebis principTa aRmoCenam teqnikaSi ver moaxdina revo-
lucia da mxolod marionetebis TeatrSi Tojinebis asaTamaSeblad iqna gamoyene-
buli.
elinisturi epoqa antikuri literaturisaTvis imiT aris niSandoblivi, rom
igi antikur samyaroSi arsebiTad zRvars udebs berZnulenovani literaturis
monopoliur mdgomareobas. am epoqaSi antikur romSic sakmaod intensiurad iwy-
ebs ganviTarebas literaturuli procesi laTinur enaze. swored amitom elinis-
turi epoqis mecnierTa, istorikosTa da geografosTa TvalsawierSi gacilebiT
ufro masStaburad eqceva msoflio, vidre es winamavali istorikosebis Txzule-
bebSi gvqonda. arsebiTad, ixsneba elinuri epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli dapiris-
pireba: elini _ barbarosi da sxvadasxva regionebs Soris urTierTobebis axali
sistema yalibdeba. am mxriv kidev erTi mniSvnelovani movlena iyo romis imperiis
warmoqmna, romelmac, arsebiTad, politikurad daiqvemdebara mTeli maSindeli
msoflio da `gadaylapa~ elinisturi samyaro. marTalia, berZnulenovanma saxel-
mwifoebma dakarges politikuri damoukidebloba, magram maT SeinarCunes mxat-
vruli kulturisa da literaturis TviTmyofadoba. ufro metic, Tavad romael-
Ta aRiarebiT, marTalia, berZnuli samyaro politikurad roms daeqvemdebara,
magram kulturis TvalsazrisiT man daiqvemdebara mTeli romis imperia. am azrs
SesaniSnavad gamoxatavs romaeli poetis, horaciusis cnobili gamoTqma: `Graecia
capta ferum victorem cepit et artis intulit agresti Latio~ (Epistulae 2, 1, 156) – `dapyrobilma saber-
ZneTma daatyveva gauTleli (veluri) gamarjvebuli da Seitana xelovnebani sof-
lur latiumSi~. Sesabamisad, Zv. w. I aTaswleulidan berZnuli literaturis gan-
viTarebaSi axali periodi iwyeba.
kalimaqosi 201
kalimaqosi
(Zv. w. 310 _ 240 ww.)
igi yvelasTvis saocnebo aleqsandriis biblioTekaSi moRvaweobda; Sesaba-

misad, mTeli imdroindeli samyaros kulturuli cxovrebis epicentrSi iyo.
maZiebeli sulis, novatori, gemovnebiani, iumoris grZnobiT dajildoebuli
swavluli poeti _ aseTia Strixebi kalimaqosis portretisaTvis.
kalimaqosi daibada Crdilo afrikis sanapiro qalaq kireneSi. es qalaqi uZve-
les dros dauarsebiaT Teradan gamosul dorielebs. kalimaqosi iyo warCinebu-
li, magram gaRaribebuli ojaxidan. mas safuZvliani ganaTleba miuRia.
xelmokleobis gamo muSaoba daiwyo maswavleblad aleqsandriis maxlobeli erT-
erTi soflis skolaSi. paralelurad kerZo gakveTilebs atarebda ritorikaSi
da literaturul saqmianobas eweoda. misi mravalmxrivi codna da Sromismoyva-
reoba SeumCneveli ar darCa ama qveynis ZlierTaTvis. ptolemaios II filadel-
fosma kalimaqoss SesTavaza aleqsandriis biblioTekis erT-erTi xelmZRvanlis
Tanamdeboba. aman ganapiroba misi daaxloeba samefo karTan. marTalia, kalimaqosi
keTilad iyo ganwyobili ptolemaiosebis dinastiis mimarT, magram arasodes
yofila maamebeli mexotbe. misi Txzulebebidan Cans, rom sZulda pirferoba.
kalimaqosSi kargad Seerwya mecnieri da mwerali. aleqsandriis biblioTekaSi
moRvaweobisas mas Seuqmnia biblioTekis unikaluri wignTsacavis katalogi _ e. w.
`f i r f i t e b i~ (pivnake~) 120 wignad. am `firfitebSi~ kalimaqosma Tavi mouyara
mweralTa biografiebs da maTi Txzulebebis mokle Sinaarsebs. garda mwerlebis
kritikul-bibliografiuli cnobebisa, naSromSi Sevida saberZneTis sxvadasxva
mxareebis, qalaqebis, kunZulebis, mdinareebis, qarebis, Citebis, Tevzebis, saocari
movlenebis aRwera. `firfitebis~ Sedgenisas kalimaqosi eyrdnoboda biblioTe-
kis mravalricxovan TanamSromelTa bejiT Sromas; Tavadac misabaZi mondomebiT
iRvwoda da yvelas magaliTs aZlevda. `firfitebi~ iyo Taviseburi enciklopedia;
mas fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba hqonda istorikosebisa da filologebisaTvis. am
mecnierulma naSromma garkveuli gavlena iqonia kalimaqosis literaturul
moRvaweobazec; mas xSirad moixsenieben `swavlul poetad~. swored es `swav-
luloba~ aris aleqsandriel literatorTa erT-erTi damaxasiaTebeli niSani.
svidas leqsikonis mixedviT, kalimaqosi iyo 800-ze meti wignis avtori, romel-
Tagan Cvenamde moaRwia misma `mizezebma~ (fragmentulad), `hekales~ fragmentebma,
epigramebma, iambebma, himnebma. miuxedavad Tematuri mravalferovnebisa, am Txzu-
lebebs msWvalavs erTi saerTo suliskveTeba. saqme isaa, rom kalimaqosi, axali
mimarTulebis damamkvidreblad iTvleba berZnul literaturaSi. Zv. w-is III s-Si
erTmaneTs daupirispirda literatorTa ori dajgufeba. kalimaqosis azriT,
monumenturi, vrceli epikuri Txzulebebis weris dro wavida. poeturi nawar-
202 kalimaqosi
moebi formiTac da mizandasaxulobiTac Tanamedrove epoqis suliskveTebas unda

exmianebodes. kalimaqosi mcire formis eposis _ e p i l i o n i s momxrea. am
literaturuli paeqrobis detalebis aRdgena axla Wirs, magram cnobilia, rom
kalimaqoss daupirispirda misi erT-erTi uniWieresi mowafe da TanamSromeli _
apolonios rodoseli. apoloniosi, maswavleblisgan gansxvavebiT, mxars uWerda
vrceli epikuri Janrebis aRorZinebas. literaturul sakiTxebze dawyebuli
diskusia mwvave dapirispirebaSi da bolos mtrobaSi gadaizarda. apoloniosi
iZulebuli gaxda, daetovebina aleqsandria da rodosze gadasaxlebuliyo.
kalimaqosis Txzulebebis mTel rig gamonaTqvamebSi igrZnoba polemikuri
suliskveTebis kvali. zogjer mwerali Zalian mkveTrad gamoxatavs Tavis
uaryofiT damokidebulebas calkeuli mwerlebis Semoqmedebisadmi. rbilad rom
vTqvaT, mas ar moswons `kiklikuri poemebi~ da cdilobs, ar iaros Zvelebis mier
gakvaluli gzebiT:
`mZuls kiklikuri leqsi, viT gza, umravlesobas
rom daatarebs aqeT-iqiT, aseve satrfoc
ucxoTa trfials rom ar iklebs Saraxvetia ....
yvela wyarodan wyals ar davlev...~1
ramdenime SemorCenil epigramaSi kalimaqosi akritikebs im droisaTvis popu-
larul Txzulebebs, magaliTad, kreofilosis èqaliis aRebas~(6). swored kali-
maqoss ekuTvnis cnobili gamonaTqvami: ` didi wigni didi borotebaa~. am sity-
vebSi kargad Cans poetis erTguleba mcire formis Txzulebebisadmi.
`m i z e z e b i~ (Ai[tia) _ poema, romelic Sedgeboda 4 wignisagan (TiToSi 700-
800 taepi Sedioda). es yofila kalimaqosis yvelaze mniSvnelovani literaturu-
li naSromi. `mizezebSi~ moTxrobili iyo religiuri kultebis, adaTebis, dReo-
bebis, gasarTobebis, qalaqebis, wminda adgilebis warmoSobaze. es ar iyo re-
ligiur siZveleTa mSrali CamonaTvali. mas SeiZleba vuwodoT galeqsili nov-
elebis krebuli. maTSi aSkarad Cans poetis pozicia. kalimaqosi am TxzulebaSi
mkiTxvels ar uambobda ukve cnobil da mravalgzis gadamRerebul ambebs. igi
axal informacias agrovebda aleqsandriis wignsacavidan da folkloruli
wyaroebidan. es poeturi legendebi erTmaneTisagan damoukidebelia da Tema-
turad _ Wreli. isini erT krebulSi gaerTianebulni arian erTi mizniT _ axsnan
im religiuri adaTebis, ritualebis warmoSobis mizezebi (etiologia), romle-
bic poetis TanamedroveTaTvis ukve gaugebaria.
`mizezebi~ iwyeboda SesavliT; CvenTvis cnobilia Sesavlis 40 taepi. am frag-
mentSi kalimaqosi ekamaTeba Tavis oponentebs, romlebic mas ukiJineben, ratom ar
dawera vrceli sagmiro epopea. poeti maT telqinebs (borot demonebs), uxeSebsa da
Surianebs uwodebs. kalimaqosi asabuTebs mcire zomis TxzulebaTa upiratesobas:
`marTalia, Cemi leqsi moklea, magram gana qalRmerT demetres saCuqari _ puris
TavTavi, ufro Zvirfasi araa, vidre maRali muxebi? poeziis RmerTi apoloni aseT
rCevas gvaZlevs: RmerTebs zvaraki msuqani SevwiroT, leqsi ki _ kenari. moeride
farTo gaTelil gzebs, sakuTari gziT iare, Tundac is viwro iyos~. mecnierTa az-
riT, Txzulebis es nawili kalimaqosma xandazmulobaSi dawera.
amave Txzulebis prologis sxva fragmentSi poeti, tradiciulad, mimarTavs
muzebs. kalimaqosi mogviTxrobs, rogor aRmoCnda sizmarSi helikonze, rogor
ewvien mas muzebi, romlebmac STaagones poemebis Seqmna. es antikur mwerlobaSi
kargad nacnobi xerxia (movigonoT Tundac hesiodes poemebi), magram winamorbed-
Tagan gansxvavebiT, kalimaqosis TxzulebaSi muzebTan urTierToba ar wydeba
mTeli poemis manZilze. isini xSirad stumroben poetTan, raTa upasuxon mis kiTx-
1
kalimaqosi, epigramebi, Targm. T. kalatozisa, helikoni, Zveli berZnuli lirika, Seadgina da
gamosacemad moamzada n. toniam, Tb., 2002, gv. 202.
kalimaqosi 203
vebs da axal-axali istoriebi uambon. magaliTad, erT-erT SemorCenil frag-

mentSi aRwerilia sadResawaulo sadili erTi cnobili aTenelis saxlSi, ro-
melic ukve didi xania, aleqsandriaSi cxovrobs. igi aqac ar iviwyebs mSobliuri
polisis tradiciebs da marTavs Zvelebur aTenur dResaswaulebs. erT-erT aseT
nadimze kalimaqosis gverdiT aRmoCnda kaci kunZul ikosidan; poeti dainteresda,
ratom scemen mis kunZulze Tayvans mirmidonelTa mefes pelevss; nuTu kunZ-
ulelebs rame naTesaoba an megobroba hqondaT fTiasTan, pelevsis qveyanasTan?
papirusi aq wydeba. samwuxarod, Cven ar viciT pasuxi am kiTxvaze. sxva fragmentSi
ambavs yveba TviT apoloni, romelic xsnis, rogor gaCnda misi sakulto gamosax-
uleba k. delosze.
`mizezebis~ Cvenamde moRweul yvelaze vrcel (80 taepian) fragmentSi moTxro-
bilia keosuri legenda akontiosisa da kidipes siyvarulis Sesaxeb. ambis dasawyi-
si dakargulia, magram misi aRdgena SeiZleba sxva wyaroebidan (ovidiusis `heroi-
debisa~ da ax. w-is V s-is epistolograf aristenetes mixedviT). es ambavi ase moxda:
kikladebis erT-erT kunZul keosze cxovrobda mdidari da cnobili ymawvili
akontiosi. meore kunZul naqsosze _ mzeTunaxavi kidipe. erTxel isini Tan gahyvnen
TavianT mSoblebs k. delosze, sadac artemisis dResaswauli imarTeboda. akon-
tioss moewona kidipe; man vaSlze amokawra sityvebi: `vficav artemiss, rom akon-
tioss gavyvebi colad.~ kidipem aiRo masTan migorebuli vaSli da zed wawerili
sityvebi xmamaRla waikiTxa. dResaswaulis Semdeg yvela Sin dabrunda. cota xanSi
mamam kidipes saqmro aurCia da qorwilisTvis moemzada. qorwilis dRes kidipe
avad gaxda, amitom zeimi gadaido. sapatarZlo rom gamokeTda, isev dainiSna qor-
wili, magram igive ganmeorda. ase moxda mesamedac. Sewuxebuli mama delfos samis-
nos ewvia am ucnauri movlenis mizezis gasagebad. samisnoSi mas uTxres: kidipes
fici aqvs dadebuli, rom akontiosis coli unda gaxdeso. fici unda aRsruldes,
Torem RmerTis risxva ar agcdebaTo. kidipe mamas yvelaferSi gamoutyda. sxva ra
gza iyo?! keosze maxarobeli gagzavnes da akontiosi Camoiyvanes. bednieri qor-
wilic gadaixades. akontiosi da kidipe keoselTa didebuli modgmis mamamTavrebi
gaxdnen.
am fragmentSi erTi adaTic aisaxa: naqsosze patarZals gaTxovebis wina Rames
patara biWTan awvendnen. am tradicias saintereso axsna aqvs: rogorc Cans, adreul
epoqaSi kikladebze nebadarTuli iyo qalisa da mamakacis kavSiri qorwinebamde. po-
etis azriT, kikladelTa es tradicia efuZneba gadmocemas zevsisa da heras qorwine-
bamdel kavSirze. istoriul epoqaSi amgvari urTierToba aikrZala, magram simbo-
lurad, Zveli adaTis dasacavad, dedofals qorwilis wina Rames patara biWs
Cauwvendnen sawolSi.
am martiv moTxrobaSi aris rac gvianberZnuli romanisTvis damaxasiaTebeli
elementebi. sainteresoa isic, rom aq Txrobis centrSi dgas qali da misi gancde-
bi.
Cven ar viciT `mizezebis~ sxva wignebis Sinaarsi. zogi varaudis mixedviT, I
wignSi gadmocemuli iyo linosisa da koroibosis ambavi; meoreSi _ argonavtebi-
sa, mesameSi _ kidipes da akontiosis, meoTxeSi _ delfines da apolonisa. es gad-
mocemebi SedarebiT naklebad iyo damuSavebuli; isini erTmaneTTan arafriT
iyvnen dakavSirebulni. zogi varaudiT, am TxzulebaSi 40-ze metma miTma da gad-
mocemam moiyara Tavi. isini yovelTvis ar iyvnen gankuTvnilni romelime adaTis
asaxsnelad. sakmaod Tavisufali iyo Txrobis stili; aq romantikuli istoriebi
enacvleboda mecnierul gansjas. rogorc Cans, es iyo epilionebis krebuli, rom-
lebic garkveul didaqtikur mizans isaxavda (hesiodes msgavsad). `mizezebi~ daw-
erilia elegiuri distiqiT. es kidev erTxel miuTiTebs imaze, rom miuxedavad
hesiodesTan sulieri naTesaobisa, kalimaqosi arc mas mihyveba brmad. poeti miiC-
nevas, rom mis saTqmels elegiuri distiqi ufro Seesabameba.
204 kalimaqosi
`h e k a l e~ daqtiluri hegzametriT dawerili epilionia. savaraudod, igi

`mizezebis~ paralelurad Seiqmna da imTaviTve axali literaturuli skolis
manifestad iqca.
Sinaarsi: erTxel axalgazrda ufliswuli Tesevsi gaemarTa maraTonis veli-
saken, romelsac veluri xari aCanagebda. es xari heraklem Camoiyvana kretidan mik-
enSi da iq Tavisuflad gauSva. male xari atikis savargulebs SeeCvia. Tesevsma misi
daWera gadawyvita. RamiT saSineli Tavsxma daiwyo da ufliswulma erT qoxs Sea-
fara Tavi. moxucma diasaxlisma hekalem axalgazrda gulRiad miiRo; rogorc
SeeZlo, gaumaspinZlda da moasvena. moxucma zevss locviT mimarTa da SesTxova,
daxmareboda ymawvil kacs; aRTqmac daudo, rom gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi zevss
xars Seswiravda. Tesevssac urCia, rom xaris daWeramde msxverpli Seewira
zevsisTvis. rogorc Cans, man sxva darigebac misca ufliswuls. dilas dam-
Svidobebisas Tesevsi hekales Sehpirda, rom Tu mSvidobiT dabrundeboda, zevss
xars Seswiravda. Tesevsma maraTonis xari daiWira da ukan mobrunebulma hekales-
Tan Seiara, magram igi cocxali aRar daxvda. madlobis niSnad gmirma hekales
kulti daawesa. yovel wels daTqmul dros mezobeli soflebidan ikribeboda
xalxi da msxverpls swiravda zevs-hekaloss.
es siuJeti Seivso papirusebisa da sxvadasxva literaturuli wyaroebis Seje-
rebiT. am TxzulebaSi Cvens yuradRebas ipyrobs mwerlis mxatvruli ostatoba.
igi aRwers mimzidvel Tesevsis garegnobas; mis mier daWeril xars saSinel
urCxulad warmogvidgens; aRwerilia xalxis zeimi, romelic gmiris gamarjveban
gamoiwvia. am TxrobaSi ramdenime saintereso etiologiuri ambavicaa CarTuli:
hekales qoxSi 2 Citi laparakobs; beberi yvavi romeliRac Cits uyveba aTenis leg-
endaruli warsulis epizodebs. erT-erTia kekrofsis asulebis ambavi. gogonebma
daarRvies aTenasTvis micemuli piroba da Caixedes qalRmerTis mier mibarebul
kalaTSi, romelSic erexTeioni (gvelbavSvi) iwva. amave fragmentSia moTxrobili,
rogor gabrazda apoloni yvavze, romelmac koronisis Ralatis ambavi auwya. mo-
saubre Citebs mxolod gamTeniisas CaeZinaT, magram gariJraJze bu mofrinda, ro-
melmac maT Zili ar acala. mwerali ostaturad aRwers axalgaRviZebul qalaqs.
saintereso isaa, rom aq Citebi ki ar aRviZeben qalaqs, aramed, piriqiT.
marTalia, `hekale~ dawerilia hegzametriT da siuJetic miTosuria, magram
eposis antikuri gagebidan gamomdinare, es Txzuleba ar Seesabameba eposs arc
SinaarsiT, arc zomiT. rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, `hekale~ tipuri epilionia. for-
malurad epilioni agrZelebs eposis tradicias, magram sinamdvileSi savsebiT
axal miznebs isaxavs. marTalia, mas mkiTxveli Soreul miTosur epoqaSi `gada-
hyavs~, magram epilionis personaJebs poetis Tanamedrove adamianis fsiqologia
miewerebaT. moxuc dedaberTan stumrobis epizodi folkloruli siuJetia.
saerTod, elinisturi xanis poetebisTvis, da maT Soris, kalimaqosisTvis damax-
asiaTebelia folkloruli motivebi. isini ganuwyvetliv akvirdebian cocxal
siZveleebs da warsulis gamoucnob gadmonaSTebs; cdiloben daiWiron
msgavseba-gansxvavebebi da axsnan maTi aRmocenebis mizezebi (ai[tion), amitom maTi
yuradReba ufro metad etiologiuri miTebisa da gadmocemebiskenaa mimar-
Tuli. xSirad etiologiuri ambavi `mecnieruli cnobis~ formas iRebs. magali-
Tad, `hekaleSi~ mTxrobeli yvavi ambobs, rom rodesac kekrofsis asulebis tra-
gedia datrialda, igi sruliad axalgazrda baxala iyo, axla ki ukve adamianTa
merve Taobas Seeswro. saqme isaa, rom miTografiuli gamoTvlebiT, egevsi (Te-
sevsis mama) atikis merve mefe iyo (zogi versiiT, Tesevsi iyo merve mefe). ase rom,
erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo detaliT, mwerali saintereso informacias awvdis
mkiTxvels.
ar aris gamoricxuli, rom `hekalec~ `mizezebSi~ Sedioda da mweralma Sem-
dgom igi calke gamoyo. cnobilia kalimaqosis ramdenime epilionis saTauri: ìos
kalimaqosi 205
mosvla~, àrgosis dasaxleba~, àrkadia~, `branqosi~, `galatea~, `glavkosi~. es

Txzulebebi sxvadasxva saleqso sazomiT yofila dawerili, amitom kalimaqosis
Txzulebebis ama Tu im JanrisTvis mikuTvneba mxolod sazomis mixedviT swori ar
aris.
`b e r e n i k e s n a w n a v i~ TxrobiTi elegiis nimuSia. 246 wels gamefda
ptolemaios III evergetosi. mas colad hyavda berenike, romelic aqtiurad
monawileobda saxelmwifo saqmeebSi. erTxel mefe salaSqrod wavida. berenikem
aRTqma dado, rom meuRlis gamarjvebis SemTxvevaSi igi Tavis nawnavs Seswiravda
afrodites. berenikem aRTqma Seasrula, nawnavi moiWra da arsinoes taZris
samsxverploze dado. meore dRes dedoflis nawnavi taZridan gaqra. sasaxlis as-
tronomma, kanonma, ganacxada, rom swored am dReebSi caze SeniSna axali
Tanavarskvlavedi; misi mtkicebiT, es iyo berenikes nawnavi, romelic RmerTebma
caze moaTavses. kalimaqosma Tavisi leqsi am Tanavarskvlaveds da mSvenier bereni-
kes uZRvna. poeti mas meoTxe qariss uwodebs. aSkaraa, rom kalimaqosi am Txzule-
biT gamoxatavs Tavis keTilganwyobas am samefo dinastiis mimarT. kalimaqosis
`berenikes nawnavs~ Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram igi laTinurad gadaakeTa cno-
bilma poetma katulusma. varaudoben, rom katulusis `berenikes nawnavi~ kali-
maqosis leqsis Targmania. leqsis berZnul fragmentSi laparakobs Tavad nawnavi,
igi wyevlis rkinis damamuSavebel xalibebs, romlebmac gamoigones Tmis mosaW-
reli instrumenti. nawnavs ar surs, darCes mnaTobebs Soris. igi ocnebobs im
droze, rodesac berenikes daubrundeba.
papirusebze aRmoCnda kalimaqosis leqsebi; saleqso sazomis mixedviT Txzule-
bebs ìambebi~ uwodes. moRweuli fragmentebi Seicaven ori ambis nawyvetebs: I
`bafiklesis Tasi~ II. `dafnisa da zeTisxilis dava~.
`bafiklesis Tasi~: arkadielma bafiklesma sikvdilis win Tavis vaJs daubara,
rom Zvirfasi Tasi gadaeca im brZenkacisaTvis, romelsac yvela aRiarebda pirvel
brZenad. vaJma Seasrula mamis davaleba da Tasi gadasca Taless. Talesma es Tasi
sxvas gadasca, romelsac igi ufro Wkvianad Tvlida, iman _ sxvas. ase moiara Tasma
ramdenime brZeni da isev Taless daubrunda, romelmac igi delfoel apolons
Seswira. es siuJeti kalimaqoss ar SeuTxzavs. man erT-erTi tradiciuli versia
gamoiyena.
`dafnisa da zeTisxilis davidan~ ufro vrceli fragmenti Semoinaxa. kali-
maqosis gadmocemiT, xeebis kamaTis ambavs lidieli berZnebi yvebodnen. dafna da
zeTisxili cdiloben TavianTi upiratesobis damtkicebas. am kamaTSi ostatura-
daa CarTuli poseidonisa da aTenas dava atikis dauflebis Taobaze. Zveli gad-
mocemiT, poseidonma atikelebs cxeni misca, aTenam _ zeTisxili. xalxs aTenas saCu-
qari ufro moewona.
kalimaqosis TxzulebaTagan srulad mxolod misma eqvsma h i m n m a moaRwia.
erTi SexedviT, poeti TiTqos agrZelebs homerosis `himnebis~ tradicias, magram
sinamdvileSi kalimaqosis pozicia sruliad gansxvavebulia. misi `himnebi~ ar
aris dawerili kultmsaxurebis Sesasruleblad. es iyo sakiTxavad gamiznuli
nawarmoebebi. yovel himnSi Cans poetis individualuri xedva. igi cdilobs, ga-
moavlinos Tavisi ganswavluloba da damokidebuleba aRwerili ambisadmi; Zalian
niSandoblivia iumori, romelic msWvalavs kalimaqosis am Txzulebebs.
sam himns: `himni zevsisadmi~, `himni kunZul deloss~, `himni apolons~, rogorc
Cans, politikuri elferi aqvs. meore sameuli: `himni artemiss~, `himni demetres~,
`himni aTenas ganbanvisadmi~ Tavisi mxatvruli daniSnulebiT axlosaa epilion
`hekalesTan~. am himnebSi kargad gamoCnda avtoris skepticizmi da arareligi-
uroba. kalimaqosisaTvis ucxoa gulubryvilo religiuri rwmena da mistikuri
ganwyobilebebi. mas ainteresebs xalxuri adaT-wesebi da warmodgenebi ara re-
ligiuri, aramed mxatvruli aspeqtiT.
206 kalimaqosi
`himni zevsisadmi~ yvelaze moklea (96 taepi). poeti yveba sad da rogor dai-
bada zevsi. igi irCevs naklebad popularul versias, romlis mixedviT, mexTa-
mtyorcneli arkadiaSi iSva. aRwerilia reas faruli mSobiaroba; igi kronosisa-
gan malavs bolo Svils . es gadmocema poetma iumoriT Seaferada. Zalauflebis
xelSi Cagdebis Semdeg zevsi uflebebis gayofas Seudga. poeti aqac aratra-
diciul Tvalsazriss gvTavazobs:
èh, ar yvebian marTals Zvelni poetni srulad.
maTis sityvidan Cans, rom samemkvidreo wili
samive kronids Turme unda rgeboda tolad...
kenWis sayrelad aqcevs vinme olimps an hadess,
Tu ar savsebiT briyvi, radgan kenWisyra mxolod
maSin egebis, roca gansxvavebaa mcire
amosarCevTa Soris...~1
poetis azriT, RmerTebma damsaxurebis mixedviT miiRes yvelaferi da ara ken-
WisyriT. zevsi uzenaesia da misgan modian mefeebi. aq kalimaqosi eTanxmeba Tavis
sayvarel poets, hesiodes, romelic ambobs, rom `mefeebi zevsisgan arian~. magram
arc mefeebi arian erTnairad dajildoebulni, zogni metad gamoarCia uzenaesma
RvTaebam. gamorCeulTa Soris poeti moixseniebs ptolemaios filadelfoss, ro-
melic uZlieresi mefea; igi rasac dilas Caifiqrebs, saRamosTvis aRasrulebs
kidec.
kunZul delosisadmi miZRvnil himnSi poeti ganadidebs deloss _ saerTo-
berZnul siwmindes da am kunZulTan dakavSirebul sakralur legendas ptol-
emaiosebis samefo saxlTan akavSirebs. kalimaqosma apolonis dabadebis ambavSic
ramdenime axali fsiqologiuri elementi Seitana.
`himni apolonisadmi~ iwyeba religiuri dResaswaulis suraTis aRweriT. po-
eti mimarTavs apolonis taZarSi Sekrebil vaJTa gunds. Semdeg iwyeba uSualod
himni, romelSic Tanmimdevruladaa CamoTvlili apolonis RvTaebrivi funqciebi;
igi aris mSvildosanTa, poetTa, winaswarmetyvelTa, eqimTa, mwyemsTa mfarveli. am
funqciebs poeti amatebs qalaqebis mfarvelobas. apoloni qalaquri kulturis
damcvelia. swored apolonis wyalobiT aRmocenda kalimaqosis mSobliuri
qalaqi kirene. Semdeg poeti laparakobs kirenes miTosur warsulze da yveba,
rogor Seuyvarda apolons mis pativsacemad gamarTul ferxulSi Cabmuli erT-
erTi nimfa. avtori ostaturad gadadis ambidan ambavze da mkiTxvels eubneba, rom
doriuli qalaqi kirene swored apolonis nebiT ekuTvnis ptolemaiosebs.
`himnSi artemisisadmi~ kargad gamovlinda kalimaqosisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iu-
mori. aq moTxrobilia, rogor zis 9 wlis artemisi mamis muxlebze da sTxovs mas,
aCuqos mSvild-isari, Tan cdilobs, miswvdes zevsis wverebs. himnSi aRwerilia ar-
temisis RvTaebrivi saWurvlis damzadeba da misi pirveli nadiroba. am himnSi Zalian
bevri informaciaa da kargad Cans ganswavluli avtoris xelwera.
`himni demetres~ iwyeba religiuri dResaswaulis aRweriT, romelSic mxolod
qalebi monawileoben. himnis ZiriTadi nawili eTmoba erisixTonis codvisa da
misi Sedegis moTxrobas. erisixTonma ganarisxa qalRmerTi da mwaredac
daisaja.SimSilis dauokebeli surviliT Sepyrobilma erisixTonma, tradiciuli
versiiT, bolos sauTari sxeuli SeWama. kalimaqosis mixedviT, igi glaxaki gaxda
da yovelgvar nayar-nuyars miirTmevda. poeti am miTosur-zRaprul fabulas
moralistur elfers aZlevs.
`himnSi aTenas ganbanisadmi~ moTxrobilia, rogor daabrmava qalRmerTma
tiresiasi, romelmac, misda savalalod, ixila aTena banaobisas. es himni sxvebisgan
gansxvavebiT, dawerilia elegiuri sazomiT.
1
kalimaqosi, Targm. T. kalatozisa, ibid. 198.
kalimaqosi 207
kalimaqosis poezia aleqsandriuli literaturis gvirgvinia. misi da apolo-

nios rodoselis paeqroba ki literaturis Teoriis, kritikis, da zogadad,
filologiis ganviTarebis sayuradRebo etapis dasturi.
Txzulebebi: `firfitebi~, `mizezebi~,

`hekale~, epigramebi, iambebi, himnebi.
208 apolonios rodoseli
apolonios rodoseli
(daaxl. Zv.w. 295-215)
aleqsandriis saxelganTqmuli wignTsacavis biblioTekari, momavali mefis,

ptolemaios III evargetosis aRmzrdeli, Tavisi epoqis erT-erTi uganaTlebulesi
kaci, araerTi mxatvruli Tu samecniero naSromis avtori apolonios rodoseli
Zv.w. III saukuneSi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda. warmoSobiT igi aleqsandriidan (an
navkratisidan) unda yofiliyo, `rodoseli~ ki zedwodebad mogvianebiT miiRo,
mas Semdeg, rac samSoblodan gadaxvewili k. rodosze dasaxlda. mainc ram aiZula
saxelovani moRvawe daetovebina samSoblo da TavSesafari ucxo mxareSi eZebna?
amasTan dakavSirebiT cnobebi ZiriTadad oqsirinqosis erT-erT papiruss,
biografiuli xasiaTis or Txulebas (e.w. Vita) da svidas leqsikons eyrdnoba:
apoloniosi da misi maswavlebeli, kalimaqosi, TiTqosda ver SeTanxmdnen imis
Taobaze, ramdenad dasaSvebi iyo elinistur epoqaSi homerosis suliT
gamsWvaluli eposis Seqmna. kalimaqosis azriT, sagmiro eposis epoqa dam-
Tavrebuli iyo da amieridan poets naklebad cnobili siuJetebi unda
daemuSavebina, mcire zomis nawarmoebi Seeqmna da leqsis maRalmxatvrulobisTvi-
sac meti yuradReba daeTmo. apoloniosma mainc Seqmna didi epikuri tilo,
oRondac is sagmiro eposis sulisaTvis sruliad ucxo, arabunebrivi, Taname-
droveobis Sesatyvisi elementebiT Seavso. zogierTi bundovani cnobis mixedviT,
apoloniosis poemam aleqsandriaSi gamoZaxili ar hpova. poemas kalimaqosi da
misi wrec kritikiT Sexvda. swored aman aiZula apoloniosi, uari eTqva aleq-
sandriis biblioTekis winamZRolobaze da aleqsandria daetovebina.
Tumca Tanamedrove mecnierebi kalimaqosisa da apoloniosis SemoqmedebaSi
mraval paralelze miuTiTeben da fiqroben, rom es abaTilebs mosazrebas
maswavleblisa da moswavles Soris literaturul-esTetikuri safuZvelze raime
qiSpis arsebobis Sesaxeb. rogorc Cans, apoloniosis aleqsandriidan
gadasaxlebis mizezi sxvaganaa saZiebeli. ase iyo Tu ise, daaxloebiT Zv.w. 270
wlisTvis apoloniosi k. rodosze gadasaxlda da aq à r g o n a v t i k i s~ axali
redaqcia Seqmna an SesaZloa, sulac, daasrula poema.
apoloniosis biografiis amsaxveli cnobebi bundovania da winaaRmdegobrivi,
magram udavoa, rom igi Tavisi drois erT-erTi yvelaze ganswavluli poeti iyo
da nayofierad moRvaweobda samecniero asparezzec. mas Seuqmnia e p i g r a m e b i,
poema `k a n o b o s i~, romelSic aRwerili yofila serapisis taZari egvipteSi,
hegzametriT gamarTuli mcire zomis poemebi, e.w. e p i l i o n e b i, navratisis,
aleqsandriis, rodosis, knidosis daarsebis Sesaxeb. apolonios rodosels
poeturi moRvaweoba mogvianebiT dauwyia da amas win mwignobruli saqmianoba uZ-
Rvoda. mis kalams unda ekuTvnodes Txzuleba homerosis Sesaxeb (`Z e n o d o -
t o s i s w i n a a R m d e g~), aseve naSromebi a r q i l o q o s i s, h e s i o d e s,
a n t i m a q o s k o l o f o n e l i s S e s a x e b. am TxzulebaTagan calkeuli
striqonebiRa Tu aris SemorCenili, sruli saxiT ki erTaderTma àrgonavtikam~
moaRwia, daqtiluri hegzametriT gmarTulma sagmiro eposma, romelic 4 wig-
nisagan Sedgeba da mTlianobaSi 5835 saleqso striqons moicavs.
antikur miTologiaSi arsebobs araerTi Tqmuleba calkeul gmirobaTa
Sesaxeb, Tumca mxolod oTxs Tu gamovarCevT iseTs, romelmac erTad Sehyara
mTeli eladis rCeuli gmirebi, raTa samaradisad ukvdaveyoT sakuTari saxeli.
amgvar ambavTa rigs ganekuTvneba Tqmuleba troas omis Sesaxeb, Tebes winaaRmdeg
SvidTa laSqrobaze, kalidonur taxze nadirobis ambavi da Tqmuleba
argonavtebze. qronologiurad am TqmulebaTa Soris argonavtTa laSqrobis
ambavi uZvelesia da daaxloebiT Zv.w. XIV saukunis ambebs unda asaxavdes.
swored am Tqmulebis safuZvlian damuSavebas warmoadgens apolonios ro-
doseli poema, romelic homerosis Semdeg erTaderTi srulad moRweuli
berZnulenovani eposia da amave dros, erTaderTi srulad moRweuli antikuri
poema homerosidan vergiliusamde.
poema, romelic oTx Tavad iyofa (mniSvnelovania, rom amgvari dayofa Tavad
avtors ekuTvnis!), SeiZleba, Tavis mxriv, srturqturulad or Tanabar nawilad
davyoT (TiToeul maTganSi or-ori simRera erTiandeba). orive nawili erTgvari
SesavliT (prooemium) iwyeba. amgvari kompoziciuri dayofa gasagebi gaxdeba, Tuki
gaviTvaliswinebT, rom apolonios rodoselis mizans warmoadgenda aRewera
rogorc gmirebis kolxeTSi laSqroba, aseve samSobloSi dabruneba. rogorc
Cans, apolonioss surda qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT gadmoeca laSqrobasTan
dakavSirebuli yvela movlena da Seeqmna raRac ìliadasa~ da òdiseas~ nazavis
msgavsi.
I s i m R e r a: apolonisadmi mimarTvis Semdeg moTxrobilia winaistoria,
romelic uZRvoda argonavtTa laSqrobas. mefe peliass uwinaswarmetyveles, rom
mas daRupavda is, vinc cali qalamniT movidoda. iasons, romelic mdinareze gada-
dioda, cali sandali mdinareSi daekarga. rogorc ki nadimze misuli iasoni
ixila, peliasma mis dasaRupad Soreuli laSqroba ganizraxa. laSqrobaSi
monawileobis misaRebad mTeli eladidan saxelganTqmuli gmirebi Seiyarnen.
swored maTi CamoTvliT iwyeba poema. yvela argonavti, sul 55 gmiri, RvTaebrivi
STamomavlobis iyo. Seswires msxverpli, evedrnen RmerTebs da xomaldi zRvaSi
CauSves. gzad sami zRva edoT, samive ucnobi. naosnebi gascdnen pelasgTa qveyanas,
gaiares pelionis kldeebi, sepiadis koncxi da kunZul lemnoss miadgnen, ukaco
kunZuls. lemnoselma kacebma colebi SeiZules da xasebi gaiCines, amitomac
colebma qmrebi amoxoces. qalebis mier mipatiJebuli gmirebi lemnosze
Seyovndnen, vidre heraklem maT laSqrobis sanukvari mizani ar Seaxsena. argonav-
tebma im Rames helespontosSi Secures. aq gmiri herakle dakarges, romelic wya-
roze wasuli hilasis saZebrad gaeSura. herakles mTeli Rame elodnen, diliT ki
àrgom~ gza ganagZo.
I I s i m R e r a: xomaldi biTviniis sanapiros miadga. aq berbrikosTa mefe Sem-
oxvdaT, romelic yvela mosuls muSti-krivSi iwvevda. argonavtTagan po-
lidevkesi gamovida da amikoss Tavis qala Caumtvria. argonavtebs SeCereba
TrakiaSic elodaT. aq isini usinaTlo finevss Sexvdenen. finevss harpiebi
sdevdnen. boreadebma harpiebi gandevnes. madlierma grZneulma naosnebs RmerTe-
bis neba amcno da urCia, rogor daeRwiaT Tavi faTerakebisTvis. gmirebi ukve Sav
zRvas misdgomodnen, magram jer moxetiale kldeebSi unda gaecuraT. àrgom~
mSvidobianad gacura da simplegadebi samudamod gaCerdnen. xomaldma mraval
ucnob kunZuls Cauara: calmkerda amorZalebs, mWedel xalibebs, urcxv mo-
sinikebs... dabolos, kavkasioni gamoCnda, promeTes kvnesa moisma, xelmarcxniv ki
aias qalaqi kÂtaia iyo.
210 apolonios rodoseli
I I I s i m R e r a: heram da aTenam, romlebmac kargad uwyodnen rom mTavari

gansacdeli gmirebs swored aq elodaT, daxmarebisTvis afrodites mimarTes.
eross, mis vaJs, kolxTa mefis asulisTvis iasonis siyvaruli unda STaenerga,
raTa is gmirs daxmareboda. erosi zeciur baRSi ganimedess eTamaSeboda da
cuRlutobda. afroditem daxmarebis sanacvlod saTamaSo SesTavaza _ oqros
burTi, romliTac odesRac patara zevsi erToboda. roca erosi kolxidaSi
mifrinda, argonavtebi ukve aietis sasaxleSi Sediodnen. aieti stumrebs
gamoegeba, mefes ukan asulic mohyveboda. erosma mSvildi mozida da isari medeas
gulSi daumizna. `[medeas] arseba dabneulobam Seipyro, [erosma] ki maRalWeriani
sasaxlis Tavs kiskisiT gaduqrola. aliviT iwvoda isari qalwulis mkerdSi~ (III,
1
248-286). iasonma mefes oqros sawmisis dabruneba mosTxova. aietma ki daavala, spi-
lenZisCliqebiani cecxlismfrqveveli xarebi uRelSi Seeba da aresis velze
drakonis kbilebi daeTesa, saidanac meomrebi amoizrdebodnen. Tuki davalebas
Seasrulebda, sawmisi berZnebs ergebodaT. iasons medea daexmara. is, mravali bal-
axis mcodne, hekates qurumi iyo. rodesac argonavtebma daxmarebisTvis mefis
asuls miakiTxes, is Zilgatexili, fiqrebs miscemoda: mamis Ralatic aSinebda da
mSvenieri stumris daRupvac. medeam iasons `promeTes wamali~ gadasca. `Sen
saqorwino TalamosSi Cvens sarecels daamSveneb da Cvens siyvaruls veRaraferi
daarRvevs~ (III, 1128-30) _ Sehfica sanacvlod iasonma. jado-balaxiT dazelilma
gmirma, medeasgan darigebulma, iolad Seaba xarebi uRelSi, kbilebi daTesa da
iqidan aRmocenebuli goliaTebic daamarcxa. aieti Tavzardacemuli iyo.
I V s i m R e r a: medeas guli avs ugrZnobda. amitomac RamiT iasoni aresis
wminda WalaSi waiyvana, sadac muxaze Camokidebul sawmiss drakoni darajobda.
qalma SelocvebiTa da jado-balaxiT drakoni miaZina da iasons sawmisi moatace-
bina. berZnebi medeasTan erTad àrgoTi~ gaiqcnen. mdevars saTaveSi afsirtosi Ca-
udga, medeas Zma. afsirtosi berZnebs miewia, gza mouWra da medeas dabruneba mo-
sTxova. medeam afsirtosi iasons aakuwina. am sazareli codvis gamo RmerTebma
àrgos~ araerTi gansacdeli mouvlines, sanam kirkem, aietis dam, isini codvisgan
ar ganwminda. argonavtebma didxans ixetiales, Cauares eolosis kunZuls, skilasa
da qaribdiss, sirenebs da rodesac feakebs miadgnen, aq isev kolxi mdevari wamo-
ewiaT. maSin feakebis mefem brZnulad gadawyvita: Tuki medea aietis gamoqceuli
asulia, is kolxebs ekuTvnis, xolo Tu iasonis kanonieri colia _ iasons. feakebis
kunZulze iasonma medeaze iqorwina da argonavtebma gza ganagrZes. mSobliur na-
pirebamde cotaRa rCeboda, magram berZnebs kidev erTi gansacdeli elodaT. sa-
Sinelma avdarma xomaldi cxra dRe axetiala. kidev didxans imogzures argonav-
tebma, gamoiares kreta, Tera, egina da rogorc iqna, miadgnen mSobliur napirebs.
aseTia àrgonavtikis~ siuJeturi qarga, romelic kargad aris cnobili mkiTx-
velisTvis, radganac mravali popularuli miTis damuSavebis Sedegia. apolonios
rodoseli uxvad iyenebs homerosiseul mxatvrul xerxebs (epiTetebs, Sedare-
bebs), xSir SemTxvevaSi ki pirdapir hbaZavs ìliadasa~ da òdiseas~. magram àrgo-
navtika~, homerosis eposTagan gansxvavebiT, ar aris Sinaganad Sekruli, mTliani
nawarmoebi. saganTa da movlenaTa dawvrilebiTi aRwera, geografiul-eTnogra-
fiuli detalebi, mwignobruli pasaJebi aleqsandriuli epoqis suliskveTebas
asaxavs da xSirad Znelad wasakiTxsac ki xdis poemas. Tumca àrgonavtikaSi~ aris
mniSvnelovani siaxlec. apolonioss, romlisTvisac miTi ukve desakralizebulia,
garkveuli fsiqologizmic Semoaqvs. medeas trfobisa da sulieri peripetiebis
amsaxveli scena sakvanZo epizodia, saidanac iwyeba gardatexa moqmedebis ganvi-
TarebaSi. apoloniosi iyo pirveli epikosi poeti, vinc moqmedebis ganviTareba
siyvarulis motivs daayrdno. swored am tipis novaciebma Cauyara safuZveli Sem-
1
aq da SemdgomSi Targmani ak. uruSaZisa.
dgomSi berZnuli romanis ganviTarebas. mTlianobaSi apolonios rodoselis Se-

moqmedebaSi sami mniSvnelovani siaxle ikveTeba: erosis gadamwyveti mniSvneloba,
fsiqologiuri procesebis analizi da axali tipis susti, aqcentirebulad ara-
heroikuli gmiris koncefcia (swored aseTad gvevlineba iasoni). poemaSi, ro-
melic araTanabarad aris dawerili, mravali mosawyeni mwignobruli detalis
gverdiT, gvxvdeba imgvari Strixebic, romlebic poemas ganumeorebel sicincx-
ales aniWebs. magaliTad, ase gaielvebs I simReraSi Cvili aqilevsi, romelic mze-
riT acilebs argonavtebs, aseTia Tundac erosisa da ganimedesis TamaSis scena III
simReraSi da iseTi wvrilmani, rogoric globusismagvari oqros burTia, rom-
liTac odesRac patara zevsi erToboda... Tumca, albaT, swored zemoT CamoT-
vlili novaciebi gansazRvravs àrgonavtikis~ mniSvnelovnebas.
antikuri literaturis Seswavlisas yovelTvis ibadeba kiTxva: mainc riT aris
esa Tu is Txzuleba fasdaudebeli Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis _ rogorc is-
toriul-werilobiTi wyaro, Tu rogorc maRalmxatvruli teqsti?
àrgonavtika~ orive moTxovnas pasuxobs. apoloniosis poema maRalmxatvruli
Txzulebacaa (gansakuTrebiT III simRera) da umniSvnelovanesi werilobiTi wyaroc
siZveleTmcodneobis TiTqmis yvela dargisTvis. ar SeiZleba ar aRiniSnos, rom
argonavtebis marSruti srulad pirvelad rodoselTan aisaxa. gansakuTrebiT
mniSvnelovania igi qarTvel mkvlevarTaTvis, radganac umniSvnelovanes cnobebs
Seicavs Zveli qarTveluri tomebis (xalibebis, mosinikebis, tiberenebis), anti-
kuri saqarTvelos geografiuli punqtebis Sesaxeb. Tavisi epoqis erT-erT yve-
laze ganswavlul avtorTan xSirad argonavtebTan dakavSirebuli sruliad
gansxvavebuli miTologiuri informaciis amokiTxvac xerxdeba.
gadmocema, TiTqosda aleqsandriaSi poemas warmateba ar hqonia, rogorc Cans,
gadaWarbebulia. ukve antikur epoqaSi mwignobrebma poemas araerTi sqolioni
daurTes. apolonios rodoselis poemam mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina òrfi-
kul argonavtikaze~. aseve iseT poetebze, rogorebic iyvnen vergiliusi (sava-
raudod, èneidaSi~ didosa da eneasis epizodi swored apoloniosis paradigmis
mixedviT aigo) da ovidiusi. àrgonavtika~ maleve iTargmna romSi (Zv.w. Is-Si
terencius varo atacinusis mier). apolonios rodoselis poemis Tavisufal in-
terpretacias warmoadgens valerius flakusis àrgonavtikac~ (ax.w. Is.). ro-
doselis Semoqmedebas kargad icnobdnen Zvel saqarTveloSic. amas adasturebs
Tundac is faqti, rom poemas Tavis TxzulebebSi iyeneben eqvTime aToneli, efrem
mcire, ioane xelaSvili da Teimuraz batoniSvili. apolonios rodoselma gamo-
Zaxili hpova axal drois literaturaSic, magaliTad, franc grilparcerisa da
rasinis SemoqmedebaSi.
marTalia, apolonios rodoseli ver Seedreba homerosis masStabebs, magram
igi argonavtTa Temis umniSvnelovanesi sistematizatoria da argonavtebis
laSqrobasTan dakavSirebuli ama Tu im motivis damuSavebisas mTeli Semdegdro-
indeli literatura, rogorc models, sored mis poemas emyareba.
poema: àrgonavtika~
212 Teokritosi
Teokritosi
(Zv.w. III s.)
Zv.w. III saukune aleqsandriuli poeziis didebis xanad aris Seracxuli antikur
literaturaSi. elinistur monarqiebSi aRmocenebuli es poezia berZnuli sazo-
gadoebis kulturuli elitis kuTvnilebad iqca. misi Semoqmedi poetebi, Zveli
berZnuli literaturis mcodneni da damfasebelni, TavianT filologiur Ziebebs
aleqsandriis muzeumSi moRvaweobasac usadagebdnen. isini TavianT e.w. `ganswav-
lulobaze~ akeTebdnen aqcents da lamobdnen iseTi Zveli formebisa da siuJete-
bis aRorZinebas, romelTa Taobazec sazogadoebas naklebi informacia hqonda.
Sesabamisad, maTi qmnilebebi ganaTlebuli sazogadoebis viwro wreze iyo gaT-
vlili.
aleqsandriuli poeziis erT-erTi ubrwyinvalesi warmomadgenlis, Teokrito-
sis damsaxurebad msoflio literaturaSi pastoraluri poeziis calke Janrad
Camoyalibeba iTvleba. masve miaweren lirikuli poeziis epikuri Janris tyveobi-
sagan gaTavisuflebas da umaRlesi poeturi xelovnebis warmoCenis gamo `mcire
Janris homerossac~ uwodeben.
zusti biografiuli cnobebi Teokritosis Taobaze ar mogvepoveba. misi qmni-
lebebidan da Zv.w. I saukuniT daTariRebuli erTi epigramidan (romelic misive
Txzulebebis korpusSia CarTuli, epigrama 22) cnobilia, rom igi sirakuseli
praqsagorasisa da `saxelovani filines~ vaJi iyo. Tavad Teokritosi sirakusas
gansakuTrebuli siTboTi moixseniebs: `Cveni qalaqi qveynis gulia, kunZulis sia-
maye da saxelovan vaJkacTa sayudaria~ (idilia XXVIII). poeti Zv.w. 305 an 300 wels
unda dabadebuliyo. misi gardacvalebis zusti TariRi ucnobia. Teokritosis
Semoqmedebis adreul periods miekuTvneba hieron umcrosisadmi miZRvnili enko-
mioni (idilia XVI). am idiliaSi hieroni mxolod mTavarsardlad moixsenieba. igi
siciliuri sirakusas taxtze Zv.w. 269 wels aRzevda. manamde ZalauflebisaTvis
ibrZoda da Cans, poetebisaTvis ar ecala. amitom Teokritosis cxovrebis Semdgo-
mi periodi kunZul kossa da aleqsandrias ukavSirdeba: kosze igi dauaxlovda
ptolemaios pirvelis karze moRvawe poetTa jgufs, xolo aleqsandriaSi moipova
is, rasac eswrafoda mSobliur sirakusaSi: man sasaxlis karze daiwyo moRvaweo-
ba. amjerad misi mfarvelebi Seiqnen mefe ptolemaios meore da dedofali arsi-
noe, romelTac niWieri poeti mraval saxotbo sityvebs miuZRvnis.
is siaxle, rac elinisturma literaturam SesTavaza mkiTxvels _ bunebis emo-
ciuri SegrZneba, sevdiani siyvarulis poezia, intimuri grZnobebis gamxelisaken
swrafva, ubralo adamianebisa da cxovrebiseuli wvrilmanebis wina planze wamo-
weva _ niWierad aisaxa Teokritosis SemoqmedebaSi. igi, iseve rogorc sxva aleq-
sandrieli poetebi, kargad icnobda Zvel literaturas. mas SeeZlo ewera sxva-
dasxva dialeqtze _ doriulze, ioniurze, eoliurze, magram arasodes ucdia
Teokritosi 213
warmoeCina Tavisi `ganswavluloba~ sxvaTa msgavsad. poet kalimaqosTan erTad igi

kicxavs `homerosis mimbaZvelebs~ da qadagebs, rom grZnobaTa axleburi warmosax-
visTvis axal, mcire formaTa mignebaa aucilebeli.
Teokritosis mier SemoTavazebul e.w. àxal formebs~ mogvianebiT ìdiliebi~
ewoda. poetis gardacvalebisTanave misi qmnilebebi daviwyebas mieca. mxolod
orasi wlis Semdeg, Zv.w. I saukuneSi, gramatikosma artemidorosma da misma vaJma
Seagroves am aleqsandrieli poetis Txzulebebi da erT krebulad gamosces saTa-
uriT ìdiliebi~. unda aRiniSnos, rom Tavad termini èidyllion~ Zvel berZnulSi
ramdenime mniSvnelobiT gvxvdeba, ufro xSirad _ `momcro simReris~ gagebiT. is
specifikuri mniSvneloba, rac am terminma mogvianebiT SeiZina (`mSvidi, uzrunve-
li cxovreba~) swored Teokritosis qmnilebaTa ganwyobilebis anareklia.
Teokritosis literaturuli memkvidreoba ar aris mdidari: 33 idilia da 27
epigrama (maT Soris ramdenime qmnilebis avtoroba eWvs iwvevs). mkvlevarni am mem-
kvidreobas ase hyofen: 12 bukolikuri idilia, 4 _ mimosi, 9 _ epilioni, 4 _ liri-
kuli leqsi, 2 _ enkomioni (xotba), 2 _ miZRvna, 1 _ figuraluri leqsi, erTic frag-
menti. am qmnilebaTa umetesoba dawerilia daqtiluri heqsametriT, romelSic
gvxvdeba e.w. `bukolikuri cezura~ (diaresisi IV muxlis Semdeg). avtoris ena sada
da ubraloa. igi Cveulebriv sasaubro enas uaxlovdeba.
rogorc aRvniSneT, Teokritosis literaturul-istoriuli mniSvneloba mis-
ma mwyemsurma, bukolikurma (bukolos-xarTamwyemsi) leqsebma gansazRvres. pastora-
luri Janri berZnul folklorSi iRebs saTaves. antikuri wyaroebi gvawvdian
cnobebs mwyemsTa zne-Cveulebebze, maT zeimebsa Tu simRerebze. Teokritosis sam-
Soblo sicilia da peloponesosis zogierTi mxare bukolikur simReraTa umniS-
vnelovanes centrebad iTvleboda odiTganve. amitom mis idiliebSi dadasture-
buli agonebi mwyemsur simReraTa tipiur struqturas warmogvidgenen: ori
mwyemsi, romlebmac ganizraxes simRerebiT erTmaneTTan gajibreba, irCevs msajs,
romelic gansazRvravs agonis wess, igi acxadebs gamarjvebulis saxelsac. samwyem-
so da masTan axlos mdgom samonadireo folklors Tavisi miTebi hqonda, hyavda
sakuTari gmirebic. isini, umeteswilad ganuxorcielebeli siyvarulis gamo ad-
reul asakSi kvdebodnen, raTa Semdeg wyaroebad, mcenareebad Tu kldeebad gar-
dasaxuliyvnen. ganuxorcielebel siyvaruls Tan mravali Sedegi sdevda: metrfe
gmiri (qali Tu kaci) xan adamianTagan moSorebiT tyeSi gaiWreboda da monadiris
an mwyemsis xvedrs sjerdeboda; igi xan Tavad ebrZoda sakuTar Tavs, raTa sasiyva-
rulo vneba daeZlia, xanac romelime RvTaebis rCeuli xdeboda. imxanad gansakuT-
rebuli popularobiT sargeblobda da mraval variantad iyo cnobili ambavi ax-
algazrda, mSvenier Wabuk dafnisze, romelic samwyemso simReraTa miTosur fu-
Zemdeblad iTvleba.
mgosani-mwyemsis folkloruli saxe aleqsandrielma poetebma gamoiyenes ro-
gorc niRabi, raTa ialaRebis mSvidi peizaJis fonze sakuTari emociebi warmoesa-
xaT. Teokritosis SemoqmedebisaTvis niSandoblivia is, rom mis idiliaTa gmiri-
mwyemsebi Tavdaviwyebamde ar midian; grZnobaTa warmosaxvis sentimentalur
stils mis qmnilebebSi xSirad enacvleba ironiuli stili; yofiT momentebsa da
crurwmenebze saubrisas ki TvalSi sacemia parodiulobac, romelsac esodeni ni-
WierebiTa da gadauWarbebeli zomierebiT gvTavazobs avtori.
Teokritosis bukolikebi es aris scenebi (antikuri terminologiiT _ mimose-
bi), sadac mwyemsebi saubroben, ejibrebian erTmaneTs, gvimxelen TavianT gancdebs
da a.S. xSirad aseTi scenebi dialoguria, gvxvdeba monologebic. moqmedeba ume-
teswilad mimdinareobs siciliaze an samxreT italiaSi. poeti xSirad ironiu-
lia. ase magaliTad, IX idilia saxelwodebiT `kiklopi~ gvamcnobs polifemosis
siyvarulis ambavs. homerosis poemebidan cnobilia, rom es kiklopic mwyemsia. igi
214 Teokritosi
uimedod aris Seyvarebuli nimfa galateaze da Tavis sasiyvarulo vnebas imiT io-
kebs, rom zRvis napirze Camomjdari umReris satrfos.
Semzaravi Sesaxedaobis kiklopi metrfes rolSi, ra Tqma unda, sasaciloa, mag-
ram axal TemaTa SemosaTavazeblad poets axali saxeebi Semoaqvs, ZiriTadad iro-
niuli, Tumca iseTi, rom mkiTxvelis TanagrZnoba gamoiwvios:
`mivxvdi, lamazo qalwulo, mivxvdi, ratomac gamirbi _
radganac es gabanjgvluli orive warbi mTel Sublze
erTi yuridan meore yuramde gadamWimvia,
Tvalic erTi maqvs, cxviric ki _ tuCebze datyepebuli.
xom aseTi var, magram me as cxvarsac vwyemsav da vwveli
da iseT rZes vsvam, rom imas qveynad rZe ar Seedreba...~1
Semdeg polifemosi CamoTvlis Tavis simdidres, imas, riTac mwyemsebi amayoben
da dasZens:
`Sen CemTan erTad atare Rameze tkbili Rameni!
maS, amden rames, miTxari, zRva da talRebi sjobia?~
(str. 44-45)
simReris Zalam sasowrkveTili polifemosi daamSvida.
pirvel idilias (`T i r s i s i~) mwyemsuri cxovrebis ufro amaRlebul sfero-
Si gadavyevarT. qmnileba mecxvare Tirsisisa da Txis mwyemsis dialogiT iwyeba. es
ukanaskneli sTxovs Tirsiss imReros rame:
`Seni simRera sjobia, mecxvarev, Seni simRera
TviT nakadulis mRerasac, kldeze rom Camorakrakebs...~
(str. 7-8)
da Tirsisic mReris dafnisis ambavs. es idilia saSejibro tipis pastoralia.
igi tipiuria da masSi vxvdebiT yvela im motivs, rac samwyemso leqsebSia dadas-
turebuli: damSvidobeba cxovelebTan, nacnob adgilebTan, axloblebTan da a.S.
simReraSi aqcentirebulia dafnisis miTis naklebad cnobili momenti, kerZod,
Seyvarebuli mwyemsis sicocxlis bolo wuTebi. gawafuli mkiTxvelis Tvali am
idiliaSi egzistencializmis niSnebsac SeamCnevs: siyvarulis uarmyofeli dafni-
si kvdeba, mas eTxovebian tyis binadarni, Sinauri cxovelebi, hermesi, memrowlee-
bi, priaposi. dafnisi dums. mxolod Suris maZiebeli kiprisis (afrodites) gamo-
Cenaze iRviZebs masSi winaaRmdegobis grZnoba:
`kipris Se saginebelo! kipris, Se mtero mokvdavTa!
ras mamcnob axla? rom CemTvis yvela mze Caesveneba?
eross tanjviT da wamebiT Cahyavs hadesSi dafnisi!~
(str. 101-103)
scenaSi, romelsac literaturaTmcodneni `dafnisis vnebebs~ uwodeben, Teok-
ritosis lirizmi tragikul Zalas aRwevs: poetma nayofierebasTan dakavSirebu-
li Zveli miTosi mtrulad ganwyobili RvTaebisa da adamianuri sulis orTab-
rZolad gardasaxa da am konfliqts sazeimo mwuxarebis, sasowarkveTisa da sabe-
diswero sarkazmis mniSvneloba mianiWa.
adamianur vnebaTa warmoCenaSi Teokritosi ubadloa. Tumca aranaklebi osta-
tobiT aRwers igi bunebis suraTebsac. polisuri periodis literaturaSi gare-
momcveli bunebisadmi interess naklebad amJRavnebdnen lirikosebi da Tu zogi-
erT fragmentSi mainc gvxvdeba bunebis suraTi, is mxolod poetur gancdaTa war-
moCenis fons qmnis (magaliTad, sapfo, fr. 96 lp). elinisturi xanis poetebi ki uf-
ro dinamiurad aRiqvamen samyaros; bunebis wiaRSi yofna maT grZnobebsa da gan-
1
Teokritosis idiliebis qarTuli Targmani ekuTvnis d. bedianiZes. ix. wignSi: helikoni.
Teokritosi 215
wyobilebebze damamSvideblad moqmedebs. amitom isini warmogvidgenen boroban

xeebs, romelTa CrdilSic mirakrakebs magrilebeli wyaro, sadac SeiZleba Tavis
Sefareba zafxulis xvatSi; maT Tvalsa da suls xiblaven yvavilebi, mwvane min-
dvrebi, Citebi, WriWinebi, vels Sefenili jogebi Tu farebi da sxva. poetebi gan-
sakuTrebuli mokrZalebiT moixsenieben soflis RmerTebis salocavebs _ aseTia
ìdiliuri peizaJis~ umTavresi elementebi. Teokritosis idiliebSi warmodgeni-
lia mziT gasxivosnebuli velebic, frinvelTa galobiT avsebuli Walebic, droe-
biT garindebuli midamoc da Cumi zRvac (`d i o s k u r e b i~). mxolod aseTi bu-
nebis wiaRSia SesaZlebeli sulieri simSvidis mopoveba.
sofluri idiliis gverdiT Teokritosis leqsebSi qalaquri scenebic gvxvde-
ba, sadac monawileoben dabali fenis moqalaqeni. am TvalsazrisiT yuradRebas
ipyrobs idilia `s i r a k u s e l i q a l e b i~ anu `qalebi adonisis dResaswaul-
ze~. misi Sinaarsi aseTia: aleqsandriaSi, ptolemaiosTa sasaxleSi afrodite da
adonisi ganisveneben mdidrulad morTul sarecelze. cnobismoyvare qalaqelebs
ufleba miecaT, ixilon es didebuli sanaxaoba da amitomac brbo uwyvetad moe-
marTeba sasaxlisaken. maT Soris poeti gamoarCevs or qalbatons da msubuqi
StrixebiT, yovelgvari sarkazmis gareSe gvixatavs maT: Civili moaxleebze, qmreb-
ze, saubari kabebze, moxvedra zedaxoraSi, ayal-mayali, urTierTdaxmareba... yove-
live amas cocxlad da uSualod aRwers Teokritosi. qalebi xan iRlebian, xan da-
Sinebulni Canan, xanac aRfrTovanebulni da am bunebriv, Cveulebriv situaciaSi
poets mefe ptolemaiosis xotba Semoaqvs. es xotba kidev ufro mZlavrad gaismis
adonisisadmi miZRvnil himnSi, romelsac momRerali qali mReris sasaxleSi. am sa-
zeimo suraTs prozauli dasasruli aqvs. erT-erT qals axsendeba, rom mis abezar
qmars sauzme unda miarTvas da rom Sin dabrunebis droa ukve.
Tu ganxilul idiliaSi sirakusel qalebs msubuqi ironiiT xatavs poeti,
`j a d o q r e b S i~ imave socialuri fenis warmomadgenel qals maRali lirizmiT
amkobs. es monodrama dawerilia aRsarebis formiT. misi mTavari gmiria sakuTari
vnebis msxverplad qceuli simaiTa. igi Seyvarebulma miatova da axla, Ramis mdu-
marebaSi magiuri wesisgebis aRsrulebiT gulissworis dabrunebas lamobs. am ri-
tualSi monawileobs iunqsi, TiTbris Cituna, romelic cecxlis alze mbrunav
borbals aris gamobmuli. misdami mimarTva refreniviT ismis idiliaSi:
àha, TviT zRvac ki gaCumda da TviT qarebic gaCumdnen;
Cemi guli ki boboqrobs, guls ki javri ar asvenebs.
misTvis viwvi da vidagvi, vinc qalwuleba wamarTva
da ubeduri damtova colad moyvanis magier.
iunqs, ibrune, Cems saxlSi Sen daabrune is kaci!~
(str. 33-37)
simaiTa moaxlesac uSvebs da mxolodSTenili, mTvaris Suqze Tavis sabediswe-
ro siyvaruls ixsenebs. yofiToba da crurwmena, bunebasTan siaxlove, sasiyvaru-
lo gancda, zogierTi miTosuri saxelis xseneba _ yovelive es erT mTlian suraTs
qmnis, romelic mkiTxvelze STambeWdavad moqmedebs.
Teokritosis qmnilebaTa umTavresi Rirseba is aris, rom isini cocxal sura-
Tebad ixatebian mkiTxvelis Tvalwin. poeti ki ar aRwers Tavis gmirebs, ki ar yveba
maT Tavgadasavlebs, aramed warmoadgens maT yvelaze ufro sakraluri gancdebi-
sa da vnebebis Jams. imavdroulad maT xasiaTebSi aqcentirebulia ara imdenad in-
dividualuri, ramdenadac tipiuri Strixebi: mwyemsebis da daqiravebuli msaxu-
rebis, jariskacebis, uqnara moqalaqeebis, TviTkmayofili diasaxlisebis, bediT
ganawyenebuli qaliSvilebis Tu heterebis saxeebs Teokritosi warmoaCens maTive
saubrebiTa da saqcieliT. poeti am dabali socialuri fenis adamianebisadmi Ta-
nagrZnobiT aris ganmsWvaluli. es yvela leqsSi Cans. avtori ar malavs, rom mis
gmirebs umZimT cxovreba, magram arasodes aZlevs Tavs imis uflebas, asaubros
216 Teokritosi
isini maTi bedis Secvlis SesaZleblobaze. TeokritosTan arsad dasturdeba ub-

ralo adamianTa an mSvidi cxovrebis gaidealeba. magram ubralo mokvdavTa si-
cocxliT tkbobam da bunebis wiaRSi netarebam mis SemoqmedebaSi TandaTan idea-
lis saxe miiRo. Teokritosis poeziis es Tavisebureba daedo kidec safuZvlad
termin ìdilias~ Tanamedrove gagebas.
lirika: idiliebi, epigramebi.

menandrosi 217
menandrosi
(Zv. w. 342 –292/291ww.)
àxali atikuri komediis varskvlavi~, `yvelasTvis cnobili~ berZeni komedio-

grafosi menandrosi aleqsisis, saSualo atikuri komediis poetis axlo naTesavi,
daibada aTenSi; likeionSi Teofrastosis leqciebs usmenda, aTeneli moqalaqisa-
Tvis aucilebel samxedro movaleobas momaval filosofos epikuresTan erTad
ixdida, romlis Sexedulebebs, rogorc misi Semoqmedeba gviCvenebs, SemdgomSi
iziarebda kidec.
21 wlisa iyo, roca pirvelad scada Tavis Zalebi dramaturgiaSi da pirvel
gamarjvebasac miaRwia, Tumca ufro sando unda iyos cnoba, rom pirveli
gamarjveba leneebze 316 wels, momdevno wels ki did dionisiebze izeima.
axlo megobroba makedoniis mmarTvelobis momxre aTenel filosofossa da
saxelmwifo moRvawe demetrios faleronelTan lamis sicocxlis fasad daujda,
devnisagan Tavi Zlivs daixsna; rogorc Cans, amis Semdeg miiwvia egviptis mefe
ptolemaiosma TavisTan aleqsandriaSi, elinizirebul aRmosavleTSi, sadac am
droisaTvis berZnuli kulturis erT-erTma centrma gadainacvla.
poetma ar miiRo mopatiJeba da wynarad cxovrobda Tavis mamul pireosSi,
sadac 52 wlisa `curaobisas wyalSi daixrCo, berZnebma mas cnobili elegiebi,
kalimaqosma ki epigrama miuZRvna~ (ovidiusi, ìbisi~, 591).
aTenelebma pireosidan aTenisken mimaval gzaze mas kenotafi aRumarTes. misi
sikvdilis Semdeg aTenis dionises TeatrSi Zegli daudges, hermaze ki igi
homerosTan erTad gamosaxes.
antikurobaSi gavrcelebuli legendis Tanaxmad, menandrosi ganaTlebul het-
era glikerasTan cxovrobda, romelic Tu piesebis daweraSi ara, dadgmaSi mainc
exmareboda. erTxel Turme Zalian gaubrazebia glikera: komediografos file-
mons Tavis Seyvarebul heteresaTvis mSvenieri uwodebia, menandross sapasuxod
uTqvams, arcerTi patiosani araao.
menandrosis mravalricxovani, 108 piesidan Cvenamde 106 an 105 – is saTaurma,
sruli saxiT mxolod erTma komediam `diskolosi~ da piesebis – ~Tmamokvecili~,
~samediatoro sasamarTlo~, `samoseli qali~, ~SeZulebuli~, ` fari~, `miwis muSa~,
òrjer motyuebuli~, `gmiri~, `Serisxuli~, `kiTaristi~, `karTageneli~, `mliqv-
neli~, `sikioneli~, `moCveneba~ _ mniSvnelovanma da sxva umniSvnelo fragmentebma
moaRwia. menandrosis saxeliT cnobilia erTstriqoniani `gnomebis~ popularuli
krebuli.
menandrosi xelaxla XIX-XX ss-is mijnaze daibada, roca misi komediebis frag-
mentebi aRmoCnda; erTaderTi srulad SemorCenili komedia `diskolosi~ ki
pirvelad XX saukunis 60-ian wlebSi gamoqveynda.
218 menandrosi
menandrosis piesebis fragmentebis aRmoCena dResac ar wydeba, 2003 wels vati-

kanis biblioTekaSi aRmoCnda menandrosis teqstis 200 striqoni, romelic IX sau-
kuneSi gamouyenebia siriel monazons da teqstis zemoT qristianuli qadageba
dauweria.
`T m a m o k v e c i l i~. erTi SeZlebuli, pativcemuli moqalaqis patekosis
meuRle mSobiarobas gadahyva, darCa tyupi qal-vaJi. sxva ubedurebamac uwia, ga-
Ratakda, rogorc ambobs: `bevria bedisTvis arasasurveli saqme~ da mamam bavSvebi
gamosacnob niSnebTan erTad upatronod daagdo. gogona glikera Raribma qalma
gazarda, vaJi mosqioni ki – mdidarma. glikera gaizarda da korinToeli meomris,
polemonis sayvareli gaxda; polemonma mosqionze ieWviana da glikeras nawnavi
moaWra. Seuracxyofili glikera (nawnavis moWra did sircxvilad iTvleboda)
mosqionis dedobilis saxlSi gadavida sacxovreblad.
polemoni cremls Rvris, Tavis mokvlaze fiqrobs, glikeras mamasTan Sexvedra
aSinebs.
glikeraze Seyvarebuli polemoni qalTan mosalaparakeblad megobar patekoss
agzavnis. saubrisas irkveva, rom glikera da mosqioni patekosis Svilebi arian, e.i.
Tavisufali moqalaqeebi.
yvelferi mSvidobianad mTavrdeba: glikera apatiebs polemons wyenas da co-
lad mihyveba.
`s a m e d i a t o r o s a s a m a r T l o~. mdidari ymawvili qarisiosi aTens
tovebs da saqmeebis mosagvareblad midis. amasobaSi ki mis meuRle pamfiles
uCndeba bavSvi, romelsac ZiZas amosacnob niSnebTan erTad gadaagdebinebs.
Sindabrunebuli qarisiosi am ambavs igebs, pamfiles miatovebs da hetera habro-
tononTan gadadis dros satareblad.
tyeSi dagdebul bavSvs mona daosi poulobs da mas meore monas, siriskoss uT-
mobs. bavSvis nivTebis gayofaze ki ver rigdebian da mediatorobas pamfiles mamas
smikrines sTxoven. nivTebis meSveobiT irkveva, rom bavSvis mama qarisiosia, dedis
vinaobis dadgenaSi ki hetera habrotononi exmarebaT, romelsac kargad axsovs
artemis tavropolelis dResaswaulze qarisiosis mier Seuracxyofili pamfile.
qarisiosi ganicdis, rom masac igive codva awevs, rasac cols ver patiobs: ~is, de-
moni, ucodveli, pativis mZebneli, sikeTisa da sircxvilis gamrkvevi, waubilwavi
cxovrebaSi, kargad momeqca da Cemze ki axia, ase mimiTiTa: adamiano,
samgziswyeulo, didad yoyoCob da ybedob, ver gadagitania Seni colis uneblie
codva? me TviTon dagimtkiceb, rom Senac aseve Sescode!~ (str. 910 – 916).
keTilSobili hetera Tavisuflebas iRebs, qarisiosi sakuTari Svilis dedas,
pamfiles ubrundeba, miuxedavad imisa, rom qalis axlad gamoCenili mama, smikri-
nesi winaaRmdegia: `Seni qmari daRupulia, masTan erTad Senc daiRupebi~.
`S e Z u l e b u l i~. sxva saTauriTac `Traso~ gvxvdeba. piesis araerTgzis da-
mowmeba jer kidev imperiis xanaSi am komediis da, saerTod, menandrosis popu-
larobaze unda miuTiTebdes. teqsti dazianebulia, magram Sinaarsis aRdgena
mainc xerxdeba.
meomar Trasos uyvars Tavisi tyve gogona krateia, ar surs batonis ufleba ga-
moiyenos da igi ZaliT daimorCilos, tyve gogonas TanagrZnobas elodeba.
krateias ki Traso Tavisi Zmis mkvleli hgonia da misi saxelis gagonebac ki ar
surs. imedgadawuruli meomari Tavis mokvlaze fiqrobs, magram mona getasi xels
uSlis, fexdafex dasdevs, iaraRs umalavs. krateia mamas poulobs, aRmoCndeba,
rom Tavisufali moqalaqea.
demeasi winaaRmdegia krateiasa da Trasos qorwinebisa, isic meomars adana-
Saulebs Svilis mkvlelobaSi; komediis bolos igi colad ayolebs Tavis qaliS-
vils kacs, romelic mxolod Traso SeiZleba iyos. komedia tradiciuli qorwi-
liT mTavrdeba.
menandrosi 219
efeqtebiT savse komedia. roca mona getasi SeamCnevs, rom monologs viRac us-
mens, dramatul Txrobaze gadadis. es maxvilgonivruli gadasvla qmnis daxvewili
komizmis efeqtTa mTel kaskads, romelic menandrosis dramatuli teqnikis sru-
lyofilebas mowmobs.
`SeZulebulSi~, iseve rogorc menandrosis sxva komediebSi, konfliqtis Seqm-
nasa da gadaWraSi Cans menandrosis niWi da gemovneba. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia
mTavari moqmedi piris Trasos xasiaTis yovelmxrivi gaxsnis ubadlo ostatoba.
elinistur literaturaSi Znelia moiZebnos TrasosaviT mgrZnobiare, Rrma
sulieri gancdebis mqone Seyvarebuli meomris saxe.
`f a r i~. komediis naxevar teqstze meti SemogvrCa.
piesa iwyeba mona daosis gamosvliT, romelsac omSi daRupuli Tavisi batonis
kleostaratosis fari moaqvs. mas tyveebi nadavliT mohyvebian. daosisa da kleo-
stratosis ufrosi biZis smikrines dialogidan vigebT, rom kleostratosi
daosis nadavliT Sin gamougzavnia. daosi mxolod meoTxe dRes brundeba Tavis
patronTan, magram Tvalwin Semzaravi suraTi warmoudgeba – brZolis veli
mofenilia damaxinjebuli, gasiebuli gvamebiT, romelTac kaci veRar gaarCevs,
daosi upatronod dagdebul nacnob fars SeniSnavs da Tavis patrons daRupulad
miiCnevs, magram sinamdvileSi kleostratosi cocxalia.
kleostratosis da umcrosma biZam, qerestratosma Seikedla. qerestratosi
Tavis colTan, qaliSvilsa da ger qereasTan erTad smikrines mezoblad cxov-
robs. gogona qereass unda wahyves colad, magram Zmis nadavlis miRebis Semdeg
gamdidrebul gogonas SerTvas xarbi biZa smikrine moisurvebs (berZnuli
memkvidreobis wesiT, upatronod darCenilis meurveoba ufros biZas ekisreba).
II moqmedebaSi erTmaneTs ejaxeba ori gansxvavebuli xasiaTis Zma. smikrine,
romlis mxarezec kanonia, daJinebiT iswrafvis gogona SeirTos colad. qere-
stratosi ki axalgazrdebis uflebisa da adamianuri gadawyvetilebis dacvas
cdilobs, magram uSedegod. qereasi da qerestratosi sasowarkveTilebaSi arian
Cavardnilebi. mona daosi urCevs maT, qerestratosis sikvdili moigonon, qere-
stratosis qaliSvilma ki, rogorc mdidarma memkvidrem, miityuos xarbi smikrine.
maSin smikrine kleostratosis das siamovnebiT dauTmobs sxvas, e.i. qereass. va-
raudi marTldeba. modis yalb doriuul daleqtze molaparake cru eqimi da qer-
estratoss mkvdrad acxadebs. smikrine ankess wamoegeba da kleostratosis das
qereas uTmobs. brundeba kleostratosic da, rogorc Cans, yvelaferi kargad
mTavrdeba. komediis dasasruls ori wyvilia warmodgenili – kleostratosi da
qerestratosis qaliSvili da qereasi da Sindabrunebulis da.
am komediam gansakuTrebiT cxadad warmogviCina menandrosiseuli Semoqmedebis
mravalferovneba. aq pirvelad gvxvdeba menandrosis komediebisaTvis uCveulo
uaryofiTi personaJi, gamousworebeli aramzada smikrine. aRsaniSnavia agreTve
`farSi~ gamoyvanil monaTa mkveTrad diferencirebuli saxeebi, romlebmac Sem-
dgomi ganviTareba hpoves molieris, goldonis, bomarSes komediebSi.
`s a m o s e l i q a l i~. mdidar demeass samosel hetera qrisisisagan eyoleba
bavSvi, romelic male iRupeba. qrisiss demeasis Svilobilis mosqionisa da mezo-
bel gogona plangos ukanonod Sobili Cvili ahyavs gasazrdelad, raTa axal-
gazrdebs mamebis risxva aacilos Tavidan. mamebi ki am dros pontos arian samog-
zaurod da iq Svilebis qorwinebaze Tanxmdebian. aTens dabrunebuli demeasi
bavSvis mamad Tvlis Tavs, magram SemTxveviT `didi ubedureba atydeba Tavs~,
igebs, rom bavSvis mama mosqionia. ganrisxebuli demeasi qrisiss, `kaxpa, wyeul ada-
mians~ adanaSaulebs Tavisi Svilobilis SecdenaSi, mosqioni ki qrisisis msxver-
plia, radgan `bevr ugunurebas Caadeninebs Sumi Rvino da axalgazrdoba, roca
maT axlos aRmoCndeba avismzraxveli~(str. 340-342), am SemTxvevaSi `mSvenieri
samoseli qali~ da `damnaSave~ qrisiss, qals, romelic uyvars, romelic `ZonZebSi~
220 menandrosi
gaxveuli movida masTan da romelic fufunebaSi acxovra, romlisTvisac is `yve-

laferi iyo~, bavSvTan erTad Sinidan aZevebs. maT mezobeli nikeratosi, plangos
mama Seikedlebs.
magram axla nikeratosi xdeba gaugebrobis msxverpli, ver axerxebs Tavis
ojaxis areulobaSi garkvevas, Civis, rom ùcnaurma niSanma~ qorwilis Tadarigi
auria, gamogdebulma SeaSfoTa misi ojaxis qalebi. nikeratosi gamomgdebTan, de-
measTan apirebs saqmis gasarkvevad wasvlas, magram gzad xvdeba mosqioni, romelic
mouTmenlad elodeba qorwils da romelmac araferi icis mis ojaxSi datriale-
buli ùcnauri usiamovnebisa~. demeasTan nikeratoss mosqionic mihyveba ambis
gasagebad, magram aq komikuri qui pro quo-s wyalobiT ufro metad ireva yvelaferi
da moqmedi pirebic sul ufro da ufro ixlarTebian gaugebrobaSi, romlis gamo
moqmedeba CixSi eqceva. yvela darwmunebulia Tavis simarTleSi da amave dros
yvela cdeba.
mosqioni demeass simarTles umxels, demeasi eWvobs, eSinia ar motyuvdes da am
simarTlis raime dasturs elis da isic aRar ayovnebs. nikeratosi SeSlili gamo-
vardeba Sinidan, roca dainaxavs, rom misi qaliSvili bavSvs ZuZus awovebs. de-
measi irwmunebs simarTles da sinanuli eufleba àr mogiyenebia CemTvis
Seuracxyofa, mosqion, me ki SenSi eWvi Sevitane~ (str. 537-538). demeasma simarTle
Seityo da damSvidda, axla nikeratosis reaqciaRa adardebs mxolod, am ùxeSi
adamianis, skoresmoyvare, rqiani xasiaTisa~. demeasis Sexedulebas nikeratosze
amarTlebs TviT nikeratosis saqcieli. nikeratosi `sakuTari xeliT~ apirebs
`gauswordes~ qrisiss. demeasi, romelmac ar icis, `vin ras gaakeTebs aseTi
ubedurebisas~, ganizraxavs simarTle gaumxilos nikeratoss da arwmunebs, rom
momxdari RvTis saqmea; aseve hpirdeba, rom mosqioni SeirTavs nikeratosis qaliS-
vils da mamebi kvlav agrZeleben qorwilisaTvis mzadebas.
komediis TavSi dawyebuli saqorwino samzadisi met-naklebi dabrkolebebis
gadalaxvis Semdeg gvardeba. obieqturad araferi uSlis komedias, aq daesvas
wertili. Janris specifika moiTxovs ~hefi ends~, yovelgvari gaugebrobisa da
gaurkvevlobis moxsnas, moqmedi pirebis urTierTobaSi sabolood garkveul da-
mokidebulebasa da harmoniis damyarebas. magram bolo moqmedebaSi mamobilis eW-
viT Rrmad Seuracxyofili mosqioni, romelsac demeasma aseTi simdable daswama,
moisurvebs mamobils bodiSi moaxdevinos da omSi wasvlis cru samzadiss iwyebs;
~rom arc araraobad, arc sruliad mdablad me ar gamovCnde, aramed mxolod
sityviT, Tu sxva arafriT, msurs demeasi SevaSino, vetyvi – mivdivar. momavalSi
metad momifrTxildeba. ar momeqceva usamarTlod, roca naxavs, rom es sasx-
vaTaSorisod ar gadamaqvs~ (str. 633-638).
CixSi moqceuli moqmedeba kvlav mTavari gmiris, demeasis pirovnul Tvisebebs:
Zlier nebisyofas, sulgrZelobasa da gonierebas gamohyavs. komediis konfliqtis
mTavar matarebel mama-Svils Soris aRdgeba is harmoniuli, keTilganwyobili
damokidebuleba, romelic komediis dasawyisSive kamertoniviT tons aZlevs Sem-
dgom msvlelobas; komediis dasawyisSive mosqioni ase warmogvidgens demeass: `ga-
movirCeodi xelgaSlilobiT, mamobili CemTvis aSenebda ZaRlebs, cxenebs; Se-
meZlo gaWirvebul megobrebs davxmarebodi. misiT viyavi adamiani. mec mivagebdi
Tavazian keTilganwyobas. viyavi mokrZalebuli~ (str. 14-18). unda aRiniSnos, rom
ara marto Janris specifika, aramed menandrosis gmirebis gamorCeuli humanuro-
baca da sikeTec warmarTavs moqmedebas hefi-endisaken.
rogorc Cans (teqsti dazianebulia), yvelaferi mSvidobianad mTavrdeba da
komedias tradiciuli qorwili agvirgvinebs.
komedia `samoseli qali~ xasiaTebis komediaa, yvela garTulebisa da areulo-
bis mizezi moqmed pirTa kontrastuli xasiaTebi, gulaxdilobis winaSe SiSi da
naCqarevi daskvnebia.
menandrosi 221
`d i s k o l o s i~. piesa iwyeba panis gamosvliT, romelic gvamcnobs ukve momx-

dar ambavs: àm mamulSi cxovrobs erTi uJmuri da axirebuli kaci, xalxi ar uy-
vars. `xalxio~ vambob? karga xnisam moiyara da cxovrebaSi tkbili sityva aravis-
Tan dascdenia, aravis gamolaparakebia Cems, panis garda, ase Tu ise mezobeli
var. amas ki, vici, maSinve nanobs da miuxedavad amisa, aseTi xasiaTis kacma coli
SeirTo.
axlad daqvrivebuli qali xelze darCenili patara biWiT. yvelas moZule, uxa-
siaTo moxucma knemonma colad SeirTo vaJiSviliani qvrivi, magram verc mas
Seegua. qaliSvilis dabadebis Semdeg qvrivi iZulebuli gaxda gadasuliyo
knemonis mezoblad mdgar saxlSi vaJsa da monasTan erTad, yvelafriT ukmayo-
filo knemoni ki darCa qaliSvilisa da misi gadiis anabara~ (str. 4-15). pani aqve
aRniSnavs knemonis qaliSvilis saTnoebas da ar malavs, rom man Seaxvedra sanadi-
rod wamosuli mdidari vaJi sostratosi qaliSvils da Seyvarebuli ymawvili
adgils veRar poulobs.
prologSi RmerTi, menandrosis sxva piesebisagan gansxvavebiT, arafers ambobs
mosalodnel ambebze. amrigad, pirvelad, ramdenadac CvenTvisaa cnobili, menan-
drosis mayurebelma ar icis, rogor ganviTardeba moqmedeba, menandross ki
SesaZlebloba eZleva sruliad uCveulo efeqtebi gamoiyenos. da marTlac, axali
atikuri komediis standartul ganviTarebas miCveuli mayurebeli, menandrosis
dramaturgiuli niWis wyalobiT moulodnelobis winaSe dgeba.
sostratosis mier knemonTan gagzavnili mona nacemi brundeba. axla mayurebeli
saqmis mogvarebas aseT ambebSi gamocdil parasit qereasagan moelis àseT saqmeSi
sostratos, swori ara myavs. Tu romelime megobars hetera uyvardeba, maSinve vi-
taceb, Tavbrus vaxvev, vuCiCxineb, bevrs ar veloliavebi: mTavaria, gagimarTlos.
dayovneba xom aZlierebs siyvaruls, swrafad mogvarebuli ki swrafadve qreba.
Tu Tavisufal qaliSvilTan qorwinebaze midga saqme, maSin sxvanairad viqcevi: ga-
movikiTxav mis Camomavlobas, SeZlebas, xasiaTs. megobars xom cxovrebis bolomde
ise vemaxsovrebi, rogoradac saqmes movugvareb~ (str. 61-70). magram moxucis kuSti
xasiaTiT daSinebuli parasiti saqmes xvalisaTvis gadadebs, `xval~ ki komedias
ara aqvs da parasiti, yvela aqamde cnobil piesaSi ymawvilis, mTavari gmiris damx-
mare, samudamod tovebs scenas.
sostratossac da mayurebelsac mxolod moxerxebuli mona getas imediRa rCe-
baT, magram igi sostratosis dedas wahyolia morigi msxverplSewirvisTvis. ga-
mouval mdgomareobaSi Cavardnili sostratosi moulodnelad ecnoba qaliS-
vilis Zmas gorgiass da axla misgan moelis daxmarebas, magram moxucs veravin eka-
reba. da aq xdeba axali komediisaTvis ara marto moulodneli, aramed uCveulo
gardasaxvac. knemonis yuradRebis misaqcevad qalaqeli sostratosi moicvams
cxvris tyavs da mindorSi gadis samuSaod. mayurebels am Sexvedris didi imedi
aqvs, magram igi kvlav tyuvdeba. knemoni gareT ar gamodis da sostratosi sul
amaod idgams welebze fexs.
mxolod SemTxveva gamouCndeba sostratoss damxmared – `xalxno, vficav deme-
tres, asklepiossa da sxva RmerTebs, Cems sicocxleSi ar minaxavs, rom adamiani ase
droulad damxrCvaliyos. sasiamovno SemTxvevaa~ (str. 666-669). igi gorgiasTan
erTad WaSi Cavardnil knemons gadaarCens. nirwamxdari moxuci xvdeba marto
cxovrebis uazrobas: ~Cans, kacs marto gasaWiri Tu aswavlis Wkuas~ (str. 699-700)
da sTxovs gers, gorgiass dedasTan erTad masTan gadmovides sacxovreblad, ai-
Ros qonebis naxevari, naxevari ki das gaatanos mziTvad da gaaTxovos. yvelaferi
mSvidobianad mTavrdeba. sostratosi Txoulobs knemonis qaliSvils, Tavis das ki
gorgiasze aTxovebs.
komediis finali warmoadgens knemonis `gamasxaravebis~ scenas. Sin marto dar-
Cenil knemons mona getasi da mzareuli ar asveneben, sTxoven qvabs, jams, xaliCas,
222 menandrosi
gadasafarebels da Tavgabezrebul moxucs bolos samlocveloSi Seyvanazec ki

iTanxmeben. komedia mTavrdeba CiraRdnebiani, gvirgvinebiani procesiiTa da
qalRmerTisadmi gamarjvebis TxovniT: `rogorc ki iWirveuleb, isev CagigdebT
xelSi, icode, ar dagindobT Sen maSin. o, gamogvitanos vinmem gvirgvinebi,
CiraRdnebi. es aiRe. ase. erTad gavixaroT, rogorc ixileT, davamarcxeT kuSti
moxuci, erTxmad dascxeT taSi, ymawvilebo, bavSvebo, mamakacebo, dae, sicilis
moyvaruli, keTilSobili qalwuli nike mudam gvfaravdes~ (str. 965-970).
menandrosis am komediaSi gvsvdeba axali atikuri komediisaTvis sruliad
uCveulo niSnebi. ase magaliTad, qaliSvili, aratradiciulad, Tavisufali
aTenelia, cxovrobs mamasTan da monawileobasac ki iRebs moqmedebaSi. aseve axa-
lia vaJis damoukidebelad moqmedeba tradiciuli damxmareebis – monisa da para-
sitis gareSe. yvelaze sainteresoa komediis prologi, saidanac mayurebeli ver
igebs piesis Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb da moulodneloba xdeba komizmis um-
niSvnelovanesi wyaro. menandrosi ostaturad xlarTavs intrigis qsels, riTac
moqmedebis Tanmimdevrobasa da erTianobas aRwevs.
komediis saTauris `diskolosi~ gadmoTargmna dakavSirebulia mTel rig
siZneleebTan, radgan Targmani `braziani~, àutaneli~, àdamianTmoZule~, `buz-
Runa~ ver gamoxatavs berZnuli saTauris arss. diskolosi saxeobaa adamiani
zRarbis, romelic mudam mzadaa susxiani TavdacvisaTvis. kacTmoZule, mobuz-
Rune, martoxela, axirebuli kacis saxes, romelic Tavis Tavsa da sxvebsac
sicocxles umwarebs, hyavs Tavisi literaturuli winapari. ukve Zvel komediebSi,
ase mag., friniqosis `monotropos~- Si gvxvdeba gandegilis saxe. antifanosis ko-
media `timoni~ ki gvafiqrebinebs, rom knemonis xasiaTis zogierTi Strixi ti-
monisagan unda modiodes. magram knemoni menandrosis sakuTari qmnilebaa: `samgzis
ubeduri. ras cxovrobs. namdvilad atikeli glexia. ebrZvis kldeebs, sadac salbi
da urci xarobs. gaWirveba bevri unaxavs, sikeTe ki ara~ (str. 603 – 606).
knemonis xasiaTi Cvens Tvalwin viTardeba. uJmuri, xarbi atikeli glexi ko-
mediis damaTavrebel `gamasxaravebis~ scenaSi motexili, dajabnili, sibralulis
aRmZvreli moxuciRaa. WaSi Cavardnis Semdeg gardatexa xdeba knemonis xasiaTSi.
mas ubrundeba adamianebisadmi rwmena, lmobieri xdeba ojaxis wevrebis mimarT,
aRar uSlis xels axalgazrdebis bednierebas. knemons Tvali aexila, mixvda Tavis
Secdomas, magram savsebiT mainc ar Seicvala. igi isev is knemonia Tavisi jiuti me-
Ti. esaa mxolod, winaaRmdegobis gawevis unari daekarga. mas isev marto darCena
surs, erTgul msaxursac ki icilebs Tavidan da isic iZulebulia daemorCilos
knemonis Seudrekel xasiaTs.
`diskolosi~ erTi xasiaTis komediaa, yvelaze srulyofilad aq knemonis kacT-
moZule saxea gaxsnili – `gana orgzis bednieri ar iyo persevsi, frTebi rom Seisxa
da kaciSvils ar xvdeboda dedamiwaze, anda qvad rom aqcevda yvela Tavis Semwuxe-
bels. neta mec SemeZlos es, maSin qveynad qvis qandakebebze meti araferi iqneboda~
(str. 153 –157). rac Seexeba sostratossa da gorgiass, isini ritoruli pirebi ufro
arian, vidre namdvili xasiaTebi. ufro srulad, damajereblad, TiTqosda erTi
SexedviT sruliad umniSvnelo detalebSi mJRavndeba meorexarisxovani personaJe-
bis didi simarTliT daxatuli saxeebi. ase magaliTad: mdidari, usaqmuri cru-
morwmune sostratosis deda, matyuara parasiti (`puris maxloblad myofs~ niSnavs)
qereasi, trabaxa mzareuli sikoni, romelsac miaCnia, rom: `Txovnis xelovneba Cemi
mogonilia. qalaqSi uTvalav kacs vemsaxurebi, maT mezoblebs vawuxeb, yvelasagan
raRac WurWels viReb. roca rames iTxov, qlesa unda iyo: Tu moxucma gaaRo kari. im-
wamsve `mamas~ an `mamilos~ vuwodeb, Tu dedaberma – `dedilos~, Tu Suaxnis qalma –
`qurums~ Tu msaxurma – `Zvirfasos~ (str. 489 – 496).
`diskolosidan~ irkveva, rom menandrosisTvis ucxo ara yofila groteski, bu-
fonada. knemonis `gamasxaravebis~ scena satirul-karikaturuli xasiaTisaa da
menandrosi 223
musikis akompanimentis TanxlebiTa da cekviT sruldeba. am axali atikuri ko-

mediisaTvis pirvelad damowmebul uCveulo movlenas misi mimdevari romaeli
plavtusi SemdgomSi xSirad gamoiyenebs.
`diskolosi~ axali atikuri komediis Zalze Tamami eqsperimentia, romelmac
mSvenivrad gauZlo gamocdas da gamarjvebac ki izeima 316 wels leneebze, dioni-
ses sapativcemulod gamarTul zeimze.
menandrosis piesebi, aristofanes politikuri komediisagan gansxvavebiT,
yofiTi dramebia, romelTa cxovrebasTan siaxlove jer kidev berZenma filolo-
gosma aristofane bizantionelma (Zv.w. 257-180) SeniSna: ò, menandros Tu cxovre-
bav, romeli romels baZavT?~.
menandrosis komediebSi gamoyenebuli motivebi klasikurma tragediam, gansa-
kuTrebiT ki evripidem Seamzada, calkeuli scenebi evripides agonis STamomav-
lad unda CaiTvalos; aseve didia evripides gavlena menandrosis siuJetebsa da
intrigaze, prologebze, eqspoziciaze, moqmedebis warmarTvaze, sentenciebis sim-
ravleze. dadgmis pirobiTobiT, mayureblisadmi uSualo mimarTviT, intrigis
marcvlebiT, standartuli tipebiTa da saxeebiT, motivebiT, gundisa da prolo-
gis xasiaTiT ki menandrosis piesebi aristofanesa da saSualo atikuri komediis-
ganaa davalebuli: `vidre mona gaiZveraa, mama uguloa, maWankali arafris maqnisi,
siyvarulis mxevali ki alersiani, menandrosic cocxalia (ovidiusi, `trfobani~, I,
15, str. 17 -18).
menandrosis yvelaze didi damsaxureba tip – kliSeebis (`baqia meomari~, `cru
mecnieri~, anu `Sarlatani eqimi~, `berikaci~, `mTvrali dedakaci~, `masxara~ da a.S.)
axali SinaarsiT gamdidreba, gaRrmaveba, `gaproblemuroba~, gahumanurebaa. kome-
diografosi adamianis sulieri wyobis TaviseburebebiT interesdeba, sulis
siRrmeebSi wvdomis faqiz ostatobas avlens da, Sesabamisad, martiv, jer kidev
Seqspiris xasiaTebidan Zalian daSorebul literaturul xasiaTs qmnis. misi
ostatoba, rogorc yvela gamorCeuli niWis adamianis, garkveul CarCoebSi
uCveulobis, gansakuTrebulobis miRweviT ganisazRvra.
`tipebis~ kliSeTa moxsna da amgvari personaJebisaTvis xasiaTiseuli
`sicocxlis STaberva~ ukve menandrosamde kerZod, aristofanem (gansakuTrebiT
ki mis or, Cvenamde moRweulTagan ukanasknel komediaSi) SeZlo. ase rom, am kome-
diografosamdec tradiciul tipebs ukve saxe hqondaT Secvlili. rac Seexeba ax-
ali atikuri komediis yvelaze didi warmomadgenlis komediebs, aq e.w. `tipolo-
gia~ misi personaJis koncefciaze, romelic menandross Camoyalibebuli hqonda,
garkveul gavlenas axdenda. menandrosis personaJi swored tip-kliSeebis gav-
leniT ama Tu im tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli erTi ZiriTadi niSnis garSemo ukve
xasiaTis sisrulisaTvis aucilebel niSanTa simravlis Tavmoyras gulisxmobda.
menandrosis komediebis, misi piesebis fragmentebisa da sxvadasxva avtorTan da-
mowmebuli citatebis Seswavla gvarwmunebs, rom menandross personaJis gark-
veuli koncefcia aqvs. upirveles yovlisa, TvalSisacemia, rom am avtoris Semo-
qmedebisaTvis ucxoa e.w. aSkarad uaryofiTi personaJebi. es miT ufro sak-
virvelia, rom menandrosis komedia garkveulwilad warmoadgens ara mxolod
berZnuli klasikuri tragediis, aramed Zveli atikuri komediis memkvidresac da
es ukanaskneli, rogorc cnobilia, icnobs personaJis aSkarad uaryofiT asaxvas.
Zvel atikur komedias axasiaTebs pirovnuli Tavdasxma ara mxolod realurad
arsebul adamianebze, aramed RmerTebsa da gmirebzec, ris Sedegadac misTvis
ucxo ar aris aSkarad uaryofiTi personaJebi.
amave dros menandrosi gaurbis aSkarad `dadebiTi~ personaJebis gamoyvanasac
scenaze, misi poeturi mzera mimarTulia, ase vTqvaT, `saSualo~ personaJisadmi,
romelic dramatul situaciaSi avlens garkveul gadaxras rogorc ùaryofiTi~,
ise `dadebiTi~ mimarTulebiT.
224 menandrosi
am `saSualosadmi~ interesi ki garda menandrosisdroindeli socialur-

politikuri mdgomareobiT ganpirobebuli movlenebisa, saZiebelia agreTve
winaelinisturi filosofiis eTikur tendenciebSi da albaT, upirveles yovlisa,
aristoteles `saSualosadmi~ upiratesobis miniWebaSi; e.i. menandrosis gmirebi,
aristoteles formulirebas rom davesesxoT, xelovanTa mier asaxul àrc
ukeTesi da arc uaresi~ moqmedi pirebia, aramed ìseTebia, rogoric varT Cven~,
romlebic cxovroben ise, rogorc SeuZliaT da ara ise, rogorc unda; adamianebi
Tavisi sisusteebiT, SecdomebiT, ubedurebiTa da amave dros adamianurobis amayi
TviTSegnebiT (`ra momxiblavia adamiani, rodesac is namdvili adamiania~), gamor-
Ceuli humanurobiT, adamianis gonierebis, sikeTis, patiosnebis, simarTlisa da
megobrobis madlis rwmeniT.
menandrosis komediebis mTavari mamoZravebeli, sulis STamberavi Zala siyva-
rulia `naTeli menandrosi yvela Tavis komediaSi siyvarulze laparakobs~
(ovidiusi, `naRvliani simRerebi~, II, 369 -370) da misgan gamomdinare konfliqtebia,
sadac elinisturi xanis udidesi RvTaeba `SemTxveva~, misi yovlismomcveli
Zalaufleba, Seucnobeli, brma, arakanonzomieri, cvalebadi, moulodneli mo-
qmedebebi mniSvnelovan rols TamaSobs.
amasTanave aRsaniSnavia, rom menandrosisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania adamianis
xasiaTi, Sinagani Tvisebebi, romliTac SeiZleba daiZlios SemTxvevis Zal-
mosileba. adamianis Sinagani Tvisebebis, bunebis, xasiaTis mniSvnelovani roli
menandrosis personaJis koncefciis qvakuTxedia. adamianisaTvis xasiaTia misi
RmerTi, zedamxedveli, bednierebisa da ubedurebis mizezi, damRupvelic, amSene-
belic da moqmedebis warmmarTvelic. menandross miaCnia, rom miuxedavad erTi
bunebisa, TiToeul adamians Tavisi gansakuTrebuli xasiaTi aqvs, romelic Tan-
dayolilia da Sesabamisad, ucvlelia; Seadare berZeni filosofosis heraklites
gamoTqma àdamianis bedi misi xasiaTia~.
miuxedavad imisa, rom menandross aqvs maradiulad keTili RmerTis koncefcia,
adamianis srulyofil sikeTes, misi azriT, es keTili RmerTic ver gansazRvravs:
adamianebi mainc ibadebian kargi da cudi xasiaTiT. unda iTqvas, rom msgavsi mo-
sazreba sakuTriv menandrosis originalur msjelobas ar warmoadgens, igi saer-
Toa, rogorc Cans, mTeli axali atikuri komediisaTvis, yovel SemTxvevaSi msgavsi
msjelobebi uxvadaa gabneuli menandrosis Tanamokalme filemonisa da difilo-
sis fragmentebSi. unda gaviTvaliswinoT, rom menandrosi dainteresebulia per-
sonaJis xasiaTis im elementiT _ arCevaniT, romelic ukve aristoteles gamoyo-
fili hqonda rogorc mTavari. ùbedurebasa da usamarTlobas Soris erTi
gansxvavebaa: pirveli SemTxvevis nebiT xdeba, meore ki `sakuTari arCevaniT~ (frg.
359). sakuTar saqcielze pasuxismgebloba ki, garkveuli gagebiT, gansazRvravs
personaJis xasiaTs.
`cxovrebis sarkis~, ase uwodebda ciceroni menandross, humanizmi (àdamiani
var, Sevcdi; araferia gasakviri~), adamianis siZlieris rwmena (`Secdoma yvelas
mosdis ganurCevlad, Secdomis gamosworeba yvelas ki ara, gamorCeuls SeuZlia~),
zneobiTa da adamianurobiT da ara socialuri kuTvnilebiT kacis Sefaseba da,
Sesabamisad, monis Tavisufalis gverdiT dayeneba, batonze ufro Wkvianadac da
zogjer mis megobradac gamoyvana, adamianSi adamianuris Zebna Semdgom saukuneeb-
sac humanizmis magaliTad gahyva: àse mgonia, TiToeuli adamiani, bednieri Tu
ubeduri, raRac zRvars aRwevs da TiToeuls raRac bedis cvlileba elis. bed-
nierad mcxovrebs manam umarTlebs, vidre SeuZlia xvedrs dasjerdes da
usamarTloba ar Caidinos. magram bednierebiT galaRebuls ukeTurobisaken rom
wascdes fexi, maSin yvelaferi ukuRma Semoutrialdeba, upovarT ki, Tu cuds
arafers Caidenen da Rirseulad damorCildebian beds, uTuod daudgebaT dro,
roca ukeTesi xvedri ergebaT. amitom, nurc Sen daamyareb did imeds Sens sim-
menandrosi 225
didreze da nurc Cven, Raribebs agvigdeb abuCad, raTa yovelma Senma mnaxvelma
bednierebis Rirsad CagTvalos~ (`diskolosi~, str. 272 – 288).
menandrosis komediebis mTavr gmirTa individualuri Taviseburebebi ostatu-
rad agebuli, zedmiwevniT motivirebuli da moulodneli cvlilebebiT mdidari
moqmedebis momdinareobas gansazRvravs da ara piruku, moqmedebis momdinareoba
gmirTa individualurobas. Sesabamisad, gmirTa individualurobas menadrosis
piesebSi mniSvnelovani funqcia – komediis konfliqtisa da moqmedebis mimdina-
reobis ZiriTadi warmarTva akisria. es dramaturgi ostaturad unacvlebs erT-
maneTs gansakuTrebiT daZabul da specifikurad komikur scenebs, rac mas saSua-
lebas aZlevs didi siswrafiT cvalos intonacia da komediisTvis manamade arnaxu-
li dinamizmi mianiWos moqmedebas. menandrosis piesebSi zogierTi scena Sereul
tragikomikur xasiaTs atarebs da Soreulad enaTesaveba axali epoqis dramas.
menandrosis erTiani poeturi ena gansazRvravs berZeni komediografosis
TviTmyofadobas. jer kidev plutarqosi aRniSnavda, rom menandrosis gmirebis
metyveleba gansxvavebiT aristofanesagan srul SesatyvisobaSia nebismier
xasiaTTan. plutarqosi aristofanesTan menandrosis daxvewili enisa da stilis
Sedarebisas aSkara upiratesobas menandross aniWebda (moraliebi, 853).
`cxovrebisaTvis cxovrebis damnaxveli~ (markus maniliusi, àstronomia~, V,
str. 471-477) menandrosis xasiTebis gaxsnis ostatobam, brwyinvale dramatur-
giulma teqnikam, daxvewilma komizma da stilma, humanurobam misi mimdevrebis,
plavtusisa da terenciusis meSveobiT evropuli komediis ganviTarebasa da Sem-
degdroindel dramaturgebze (Seqspiri, molieri, lesingi) didi gavlena
moaxdina.
Tanamedroveni mas naklebad aRiarebdnen da dRes CvenTvis TiTqmis sruliad
ucnob komediografoss filemons aniWebdnen upiratesobas. Tavad menandrosi ki
Tavis Semoqmedebaze maRali azrisa iyo: erTxel menandross filemonisTvis uT-
qvams: `miTxari, filemon, ara grcxvenia, roca mamarcxeb?~.
drom ki kvintilianusis simarTleSi dagvarwmuna: `zogi adamiani menandrosis
msgavsad (romelmac miuxedavad mravalricxovani piesebisa, mxolod rvajer
izeima gamarjveba), STamomavalTa mier ufro dafasebulia, vidre Tanamedrovee-
bis mier~.
menandrosi miekuTvneba im arc Tu mravalricxovan xelovanTa ricxvs, romlis
saxeli, TiTqmis 2000 welia nacnobia ganaTlebuli qarTveli mkiTxvelisaTvis.
menandrosi `menandres moSahires~ saxeliT IX s-is bizantieli istorikosis,
giorgi amartolis Txzulebis, `qronografis~ qarTul TargmanSi gvxvdeba. Zvel
qarTul mwerlobaSi menandrosi aseve moxseniebulia rogorc `simReriT mwer-
ali~. pavles pirvel epistoleSi korinTelTa mimarT menandrosis komedia `Tais-
idan~ moyvanili erTi striqoni qarTuli teqstis nusxebSi prozadaa war-
modgenili da amasTanave originalis azric damaxinjebulia, Tumca giorgi mTaw-
mindelisa da efrem mcireseul redaqciis nusxebSi Targmani zustadaa Sesrule-
buli originalis iamburi ganawilebis Semcveli sazomiT ~gaxrwnian wesTa
keTilTa zraxvani borotni~.
Semdgomdroindel qarTul mwrlobaSi menandrosis saxeli da misi Svidi
brZnuli gamonaTqvami damowmebulia 1749 wels saqarTvelos mefe baqaris brZane-
biT daweril `wigni samecnieroSi~. menandrosis Sesaxeb cnobebs gvawvdis revaz
yorCibaSis mier rusulidan Targmnili Txzuleba `panTeoni, anu cxovreba gamoCe-
nil moRvaweTa~. menandross axsenebs cnobili moRvawe da moazrovne platon
ioseliani pirveli qarTveli komediografosis giorgi erisTavis piesa `gayri-
saTvis~ daweril winasityvaobaSi (1850w.).
antikuri samyaros sxva avtorebTan erTad menandrosi moxseniebulia `vinme
mesxis~ xelnawerebSi. Zvel da axal qarTul samecniero literaturaSi komedio-
226 menandrosi
grafosis, romlis saxelsac homerosisa da platonis gverdiT warmoTqvamdnen

(`gana homerosis poeziaze, platonisa da sxva sokratuli dialogebsa da menan-
drosis piesebze ukeT vinme gamoxatavs adamians?~), Semoqmedebis yvela mxares –
komediebsa da gnomebsac icnobdnen.
komediebi: erTaderTi srulad SemorCenili `diskolosi~ da met – naklebad

mniSvnelovani fragmentebi: ~Tmamokvecili~, ~samediatoro sasamarTlo~,
`samoseli qali~, ~SeZulebuli~, ` fari~, `miwis muSa~, òrjer motyuebuli~,
`gmiri~, `Serisxuli~, `kiTaristi~, `karTageneli~, `mliqvneli~, `sikioneli~,
`moCveneba~. menandrosis saxeliT moRweuli erTstriqoniani `gnomebis
krebuli.
romauli batonobis anu keisrebis

epoqis berZnuli literatura
romauli batonobis anu keisrebis epoqis berZnuli literatura ganviTarebis

sakmaod araordinarul suraTs gviCvenebs. faqtobrivad, am epoqaSi erT politi-
kur organizmad gaerTianebul romaul imperiaSi ori sruluflebiani salite-
raturo ena Tanaarsebobda. berZeni avtorebi am epoqaSi sakmaod xSirad berZnu-
lad weren romis kulturasa da istoriasTan dakavSirebul Txzulebebs. ber-
Znul enas iyenebs araerTi romaeli moRvawe, risi klasikuri magaliTic aris mar-
kus avreliusis (ax. w. 121-180) `fiqrebi~. yovelive amasTan erTad gasaTvaliswinebe-
lia isic, rom axali welTaRricxvis dasawyisidan antikuri kulturis wiaRSi aR-
mocenda axali qristianuli ideologia, romelmac mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi ga-
moiwvia Zveli samyaros ganviTarebaSi. Seiqmna literatura, romelsac qristia-
nuls vuwodebT. imdenad mWidro iyo kavSiri romaul da berZnul literaturas
Soris, rom xSir SemTxvevaSi cnebebi berZnuli literatura da romauli litera-
tura, sakmaod pirobiTad gamoiyeneba da am SemTxvevaSi aRiniSneba mxolod is, Tu
ra enaze aris Seqmnili esa Tu is nawarmoebi. gansakuTrebiT sagrZnobi gaxda ur-
TierTobis es procesi gvianantikur epoqaSi, rodesac aRmosavleTiT roms TiT-
qmis mTlianad berZnulenovani mosaxleobis farglebSi moqceuli konstantinopo-
lisi uwevs metoqeobas. da mainc, ver vityviT, rom am epoqaSi literaturis rome-
lime CvenTvis cnobilma Janrma: eposma, lirikam, dramam saberZneTSi mniSvnelovani
aRmavloba ganicada, Tumca TiToeuli maTgani agrZelebda arsebobas.
Tuki movindomebT, Zalze mokled davaxasiaToT am periodis berZnuli lite-
ratura, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom misTvis niSandoblivi iyo klasicisturi da ati-
cisturi tendenciebis SenarCunebisaken ltolva, ramac saintereso gamovlena
hpova ax. w. I-III saukuneebSi ritorikuli Janris sagrZnob gaaqtiurebaSi, rac ukve
antikuri epoqis moRvawem, filostratosma (daaxl. ax. w. 170-245) aRniSna terminiT
`meore sofistika~.
pirveli berZeni avtori, romelic am periodis dasawyisSi moRvaweobda da
romlis istoriamac Cvenamde srulad moaRwia, aris dionisios halikarnaseli
(Zv. w. I s.). mas aseve Seuqmnia mravali Txzuleba, maT Soris, Zvel ritorTa Taobaze,
Tukididesis stilistikisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb.
sakmaod sainteresoa e. w. fsevdo-longinosis (savaraudod, ax. w. I saukune) mSve-
nieri literaturul-esTetikuri traqtati àmaRlebulis Sesaxeb~.
ritorikis Teoriisa da praqtikis ganviTarebisaTvis mniSvnelovani iyo minu-
kianosis, hermogenesis, dion pruselis anu qrisostomosis, favorinusis, elius
aristidesis moRvaweoba. II-III saukuneTa cnobili avtori, zemoT ukve xsenebuli
moRvawe, filostratosi cnobili iyo Tavisi àpolonios tianelis cxovrebiT~
da mSvenieri TxzulebiT `suraTebi~, romelSic metwilad aRwerilia antikuro-
baSi Seqmnili miTologiuri Sinaarsis Semcveli xelovnebis nimuSebi.
e. w. TavSesaqcevi literaturis sferos SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT lukianos samo-
satelis (daaxl. ax. w. 120-180 wlis Semdeg) brwyinvale satiruli Txzulebebi. yu-
radRebas iqcevs epistolografiuli Janris avtorTa Semoqmedeba. gansakuTrebiT
sainteresoa e.w. fiqtiuri werilebis tradiciis gagrZeleba, romelsac rogorc

berZnul, aseve romaul literaturaSi adreve Caeyara safuZveli. am mxriv gamoir-
Ceva alkifroni (daaxl. ax.w. 200).
da mainc, Tuki wminda literaturuli TvalsazrisiT mivudgebiT am epoqis
berZnul mwerlobas, erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi monapovari aris axali Janri,
romelsac ganmazogadebeli saxeli mxolod axal evropaSi mieca _ es aris romani.
am Janris aRmoceneba saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi mzaddeboda saberZneTSi, magram
misi Camoyalibeba Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis mijnidan iwyeba.1 gansakuTre-
biT cnobilia aqilevs tatiosis (ax. w. II s.) `levkipesa da klitofonis ambavi~, lon-
gosis (ax. w. II s.) `dafnisi da qloe~, iambliqosis (ax. w. II s.) `babiloniaka~, qsenofon
efeselis (ax. w. II-III ss.) èfesiaka~, qaritonis (ax.w. I-II ss.) `qereasi da kaliroe~, he-
liodorosis (ax. w. III an IV s.) èTiopika~. antikurma romanma, eposisagan gansxvave-
biT, naratiuli formiT mxatvruli informaciis gadmocemisaTvis prozauli gza
airCia, xolo Tematika ki, ZiriTadad, aramiTologiuri, sasiyvarulo-avantiu-
ristuli, saTavgadasavlo fabulebiT Semofargla. sazogadoebis interess sxva-
dasxva xasiaTis ambebis krebulebis mimarT mSvenivrad gamoxatavs aTeneosis na-
warmoebi `deipnosofistai~ da gansakuTrebiT elianusi (daaxl. ax. w. 170-230)
`Wrel-Wreli ambebi~.
gansakuTrebul simaRles aRwevs istoriografia arianosis, apianosis, kasius
dios, herodianosis TxzulebebSi.
berZnul samyaroSi sakmaod adre iwyebs ganviTarebas biografiuli litera-
tura. iwereboda sxvadasxva mwerlebis, moRvaweebis biografiebi, magram am Janrma
Tavis umaRles ganviTarebas plutarqosis (daaxl. ax. w. 45-120 wlis Semdeg) `para-
lelur biografiebSi~ miaRwia.
biografiuli tradicia saintereso gardatexas povebs e. w. biografiul roma-
nebSic. am mxriv cnobili iyo filostratosis mier apolonios tianelis, antiku-
robis cnobili figuris, romanis formiT dawerili cxovreba. gansakuTrebiT po-
pularuli xdeba aleqsandre makedonelTan dakavSirebuli romanuli literatu-
ris mTeli seria, romelsac àleqsandres romanis~ saxeliT vicnobT.
e. w. antikvaruli literaturis brwyinvale nimuSia pavsaniasis (daaxl. ax. w.
160-230) èladis aRweriloba~, romelSic unikaluri informacia aris Semonaxuli
Zveli eladisa da misi Zeglebis Tu lokaluri Tqmulebebisa da kultebis Sesaxeb.
sakmaod mravalferovania am periodis filosofia, magram igi, ZiriTadad, kla-
sikur da elinistur epoqaSi Camoyalibebuli filosofiuri sistemebis ganviTa-
rebas Tu interpretacias gvTavazobs da, arcTu iSviaTad, gamoirCeva Tavisi ek-
leqtizmiT. filosofiuri azrovnebis sferoSi im droisaTvis mimdinare proce-
sebis Sesaxeb sakmaod naTel warmodgenas gviqmnis plutarqosis naSromebis kre-
buli `moralia~, romelic aerTianebs filosofiuri, didaqtikuri da Teoriuli
xasiaTis Txzulebebs.
antikuri warmarTuli filosofiis ganviTarebis ukanasknel mniSvnelovan eta-
pad SeiZleba miviCnioT neoplatonizmi. mis fuZemdeblad iTvleba plotinosi
(ax.w. 205-270), an, SesaZloa, misi maswavlebeli amoniosi (ax.w. 175-242). neoplatoni-
kosebis ZiriTadi amocana iyo platonis moZRvrebis ganviTareba da ganmarteba,
Tumca es mimarTuleba Camoyalibda rogorc damoukidebeli filosofiuri moZR-
vrebis sistema.
iudeuri samyarodan TandaTan SemoRwevas iwyebs literatura, romelic gar-
kveuli periodis Semdeg Zalze mniSvnelovani gardatexis safuZveli xdeba. eli-
nisturi epoqis aleqsandriaSi moxda pirvelad bibliis berZnulad Targmna da
1
romanis amgvar winamorbedebad SeiZleba miviCnioT hekateos abderelis (an teoselis) (Zv. w.
300 wlis farglebSi) e. w. eTnikuri utopia `hiperboreelTa Sesaxeb~, evhemerosis (daaxl.
Zv. w. 340-260 ww.) `wminda warwera~ da sxv.
ase warmoiqmna `septuaginta~. berZnul literaturaSi iudeuri tradiciebis

mniSvnelovan dammkvidreblebad iTvlebodnen filon aleqsandrieli (daaxl. Zv. w.
20/15 _ ax. w. 42 wlis Semdeg) da iosepos flaviosi (ax. w. 37/8 _ 100 wlis Semdeg), am
ukanasknelma saxeli gaiTqva Tavisi TxzulebebiT istoriografiis sferoSi.
amave periodSi xdeba ukve wmindad qristianuli literaturis formireba ber-
Znul enaze. cnobilia, rom sadRac ax.w. 50-58 wlebs Soris unda Seqmniliyo pavle mo-
ciqulis `werilebi~, romlebic qristianTa uZveles liturgikul, himnur da sar-
wmunoebriv fraza-formulebs Seicaven. 70-90 wlebs Soris unda momxdariyo ber-
Znul enaze axali aRTqmis wignebis: markozis, maTes, lukas, ioanes saxarebebis Seqmna.
amave periodidan eZleva gasaqani berZnulenovan apokaliptur literaturasac.
qristianuli literaturis aRmoceneba dakavSirebuli iyo saeklesio da religi-
uri cxovrebis mowesrigebis imgvar xasiaTsa da masStabebTan, romelic sruliad
ucxo iyo antikuri samyarosaTvis. bunebrivia, aman Tavad qristian avtorebSi gamo-
iwvia orTodoqsebsa da eretikosebs Soris garkveuli dapirispireba. aucilebeli
gaxda Zalze seriozuli polemika maTTanac, vinc qristianobas damcinavad uyurebda
da antikuri civilizaciis poziciebidan akritikebda. aman dasabami misca qristianu-
li apologeturi literaturis aRmocenebas. am epoqis ori umniSvnelovanesi avto-
ria klemens aleqsandrieli (daaxl. ax. w. 150 _ 215 wlamde) da origene (daaxl. ax. w. 185-
252), romelTac mravalricxovani mimdevrebi da mowafeebi hyavdaT da romelTac
Zalze bevri gaakeTes antikuri Rirebulebebis qristianuli TvalsazrisiT gakriti-
kebisa da qristianuli ideologiis dacvis mimarTulebiT.
amgvarad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom romauli batonobis epoqis pirvel saukuneebSi
berZnuli mwerloba warmogvidgeba, erTi mxriv, antikuri tradiciebis, principebis,
mxatvruli azrovnebis formebis erTgul damcvelad da ganmaviTareblad, xolo, me-
ore mxriv, im axali azrovnebis, ideologiis Tu mwerlobis safuZvlis Camyrelad,
romelic pirvelis srul opozicias warmoadgenda. swored amitom, rodesac vmsje-
lobT am epoqis antikur literaturaze, aucileblad unda gavmijnoT erTmaneTisa-
gan cnebis antikuri orgvari gageba: 1. arsobrivi da 2. istoriul-qronologiuri.
Tuki sakiTxs arsobrivi gagebiT mivudgebiT, antikur literaturad ver CaiTvleba
qristianuli literatura, radgan igi Tvisobrivad yovelive imis opozicias warmo-
adgens, rac berZnul-romauli literaturis antikur xasiaTs gansazRvravs. xolo
Tuki sakiTxs istoriul-qronologiuri TvalsazrisiT mivudgebiT, SeiZleba gadaW-
riT iTqvas, rom antikurobasTan aris dakavSirebuli qristianuli literaturis
aRmocenebac da ganviTarebac. TavisTavad is faqti, rom romSi principatis epoqis
aRmavlobis wlebSi berZnul enaze iqmneba axali aRTqma, amis TvalsaCino magaliTia.
Tuki axali welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi qristianoba, ZiriTadad, Tavisi ide-
ologiis rac SeiZleba farTod gavrcelebis da antikuri samyaros warmomadgenle-
bisagan Tavis dacvis mimarTulebiT viTardeboda, e. w. gvianantikurobis epoqaSi igi
sul ufro da ufro imyarebs poziciebs, sul ufro da ufro aSkara xdeba misi popu-
larobis masStabebi. xolo mas Semdeg, rac romis imperiaSi qristianoba legalize-
buli iqna, qristianuli da antikuri azrovnebis, mwerlobis ganviTarebam dramatu-
li xasiaTi miiRo ukanasknelisaTvis, Tumca es imas ar niSnavs, rom antikurma litera-
turam mTlianad daTmo Tavisi poziciebi. amas pirvel rigSi xels uSlida Tavad li-
teraturis arsis gaazreba. is, rac antikurobisaTvis iTvleboda mxatvrul litera-
turad, qristianobisaTvis iyo miuRebeli da, piriqiT, rac qristianobisaTvis iT-
vleboda WeSmarit mwerlobad, antikurobisaTvis iyo miuRebeli. TiTqos paradoq-
sulia, magram amgvari SeuTavsebloba mTeli gvianantikurobis ganmavlobaSi qmnida
imis safuZvels, rom am or literaturas Tanaearseba ara marto antikuri samyaros
farglebSi, aramed Zalze xSirad TviT erTi mwerlis SemoqmedebaSic.
230 plutarqosi
plutarqosi
(daaxl. 46-119 ww.)
plutarqosis moRvaweobis dros saberZneTi ukve romis provinciad iTvlebo-

da. evropel berZenTa damoukideblobis istoria maSin dasrulda, rodesac ro-
mis konsulma mumiusma, senatis sagangebo dadgenilebiT, korinTos gadawvis brZa-
neba gasca. es Zv.w. 146 wels moxda. romis Zalauflebis aRmavlobasTan erTad sa-
berZneTi ekonomiuri da kulturuli daqveiTebis gzas adga. es metwilad mis ev-
ropul nawils Seexo. gamonakliss warmoadgenda aTeni, sadac Tavmoyrili iyo Zi-
riTadi filosofiuri skolebi. igi warsulis ZeglebiT damSvenebul qalaq-muze-
umad iqca, romliskenac eSurebodnen ganaTlebis miRebis mosurne berZnebica da
romaelebic. swored aTenSi miiRo filosofiuri ganaTleba plutarqosma, Tumca
warmoSobiT beotiis patara qalaq qeroneadan iyo. mwerlis cxovrebis amsaxveli
suraTebi misive qmnilebebSia dadasturebuli. dabadebis TariRi zustad cnobi-
li ar aris. mkvlevarTa varaudiT, igi daaxloebiT ax.w. 46 wels unda dabadebu-
liyo warCinebuli qeroneelis ojaxSi. plutarqosi didi siyvaruliTa da pati-
viscemiT moixseniebs Tavis winaprebs, mamas _ avtobuloss, Zmebs _ lampriassa da
timons, meuRles _ timoqsenes, romlisganac oTxi vaJi da erTi qaliSvili SesZe-
nia.
jer kidev adreul asakSi ewvia plutarqosi aTens, sadac peripatetikosTa sko-
lis moZRvar amoniosis xelmZRvanelobiT daeufla filosofias (mas sxva maswav-
leblebic hyolia). momavali mwerali bevrs kiTxulobda da mogzaurobda. yofi-
la aleqsandriaSic. 90 wlis maxlobel xanebSi igi italiaSi gaemgzavra. romma mas
waruSleli STabeWdileba dautova. `rodesac italiasa da roms vewvie _ vkiTxu-
lobT mis `paralelur biografiebSi~ _ laTinuri enis Seswavlis dro ar mqonia
saxelmwifoebriv saqmeTa gamo, agreTve imitomac, rom vamecadinebdi mowafeebs
filosofiaSi. amitom, ukve Zalian gvian, xandazmulma daviwye laTinurenovan wig-
nTa kiTxva. gasaocari ram mWirda, magram merwmuneT, ar vigoneb: sityvebi ki ar mam-
cnobdnen faqtebs, aramed CemTvis nacnobi faqtebiT vigebdi sityvaTa mniSvnelo-
bebs. rac Seexeba laTinuri enis silamazes, mis moqnilobas, metaforulobas, har-
monias da yovelives, rac warmoTqmul azrs amSvenebs, maTi SegrZneba, mimaCnia, rom
sainteresocaa da saamoc. magram Seswavlaa rTuli. amas mxolod is SeZlebs, visac
bevri Tavisufali dro aqvs... da asakmac unda Seuwyos xeli~ (demosTenesi, II). plu-
tarqosis am aRiarebiT cxadi xdeba, rom man cudad icoda laTinuri, miuxedavad
imisa, rom imdroindeli msoflios dedaqalaqi araerTxel moinaxula. mas hyavda
megobrebi da Tayvanismcemlebi romSic, aTenSic, sxva qalaqebSic, Tumca mxolod
Tavis samSobloSi grZnobda Tavs bednierad, ufro zustad ki _ Tavis saxlSi, sa-
dac saSualeba eZleoda TavdaviwyebiT miscemoda sayvarel saqmes _ ekiTxa wignebi
da egrovebina masala literaturuli ZiebebisTvis. qeroneaSi plutarqosma da-
plutarqosi 231
arsa akademia, romelmac misi gardacvalebis Semdeg kidev asi weli iarseba. berZe-
ni moazrovnis keTilSobileba da Rvawli ar darCenila SeumCneveli: romanofi-
lur SexedulebaTa gamo man romis imperatorTa (traianusisa da hadrianusis) ke-
Tilganwyoba daimsaxura, ekava konsularisisa da provincia aqaias prokuratoris
sapatio Tanamdebobebi; Tanamoqalaqeebic xSirad aniWebdnen maRal wodebebs. da-
axloebiT 95 wels igi miiRes delfosel qurumTa kolegiaSic. qeroneasa da del-
fos mkvidrebma mas erToblivi Zegli daudges, qeroneas erT-erT taZarSi ki dRe-
sac inaxeba `plutarqosis marmarilos savarZeli~.
èlinuri aRorZinebis~ moRvaweTagan imxanad plutarqosi erTaderTi iyo e.w.
ZirZveli saberZneTis mkvidri. amitom Tu sxvaTaTvis èlinoba~ iyo mxolod kul-
turis gamomsaxveli cneba, igi TxemiT terfamde Tavad iyo elini; sxva Tu cdi-
lobda yofiliyo mwerali an filosofosi, plutarqosisTvis mTavari piruTvne-
li moqalaqis saxeli iyo. is literaturuli profesionalizmisaken ki ar iswra-
foda, klasikuri literaturuli stilis ganaxlebas ki ar lamobda, aramed li-
teraturisadmi klasikuri damokidebulebis aRorZineba surda. filosofiasa da
ritorikas mwerali Tavisi moqalaqeobrivi poziciis gamosavlenad iSveliebda,
filosofiis da ritorikis aRmavlobisTvis ki ar iRvwoda, aramed im moqalaqe-
obrivi grZnobis gamosafxizleblad, romelTac es mecnierebani unda esazrdoe-
binaT.
im dros, rodesac plutarqosi moRvaweobda, romSi elinofilur ganwyobile-
baTa momZlavreba SeigrZnoboda. gaRaribebis gzaze mdgar berZnul saxelmwifo-
ebs Zalamokrefili imperia daxmarebis xels uwvdida. yovelive es ki moralist
mwerals imperatoruli reJimis farglebSi polisuri kulturis aRdgenis imeds
uRvivebda. swored es cxovrebiseuli pozicia gansazRvravda mis filosofiur da
literaturul mrwamss.
plutarqosi arc filosofosad Tvlida Tavs da arc oratorad; is zneobrivi
kategoriebis SecnobiT iyo dainteresebuli; mas moralisturi filosofia izi-
davda, Tumca misi optimisturi bunebisaTvis miuRebeli iyo am filosofiis opo-
ziciuri rigorizmi; mwerali stoikosTa, kinikosTa da epikureelTa ironiisgan
icavda yofiT tradiciebs, radgan realoba misTvis yovelgvar filosofiur do-
qtrinaze Zvirfasi iyo. cxovrobda ra provinciuli ganmartoebiT, plutarqosi
bevrs kiTxulobda da bevrs werda. mis TxzulebaTa antikuri xanis nusxaSi 227 na-
warmoebia dasaxelebuli.1 maTgan 150-ma moaRwia Cvenamde. am veeberTela litera-
turul memkvidreobas or kategoriad hyofen aseTi saxelwodebebiT: `m o r a -
l i e b i~ da `b i o g r a f i e b i~.
`moraliebis~ Tematika mravalferovania. es saTauri aerTianebs filosofiu-
ri, religiuri, pedagogikuri, politikuri, fsiqologiuri, musikaluri, lite-
raturuli da sxva xasiaTis traqtatebs eTikuri Tematikis dominirebiT (`riT
gansxvavdeba fariseveli megobrebisgan~, `moCvenebiTi simorcxvisaTvis~, `Surisa
da siZulvilisTvis~ da sxva). am ciklSi gamoirCeva TxzulebaTa ori jgufi, rome-
lic mwerlismieri samyaros or sferos ukavSirdeba: ojaxs (`ZmaTa siyvarulis-
Tvis~, `SvilTa siyvarulisTvis~, `saqorwino rCevani~ da sxva) da poliss (`poli-
tikuri rCevani~, `xandazmuli da saxelmwifo saqmeebi~ da sxva). `moraliebSi~ ga-
erTianebuli traqtatebi uzarmazar informacias Seicaven. maTSi iribi Txrobi-
Ta Tu pirdapiri citirebiT gardasul saukuneTa istoriuli Tu filosofiuri
produqcia uxvad aris warmodgenili. plutarqosi, marTalia, sakuTar Tavs pla-
tonis skolas miakuTvnebs, magram sinamdvileSi religiiTa da moraliT daintere-
sebuli ekleqtikosia ufro, vidre filosofiis Teoretikosi. Tavisi religiuri
1
am nusxis Sedgena miewereba plutarqosis vaJs, lampriass. svidas leqsikonSi aRniSnulia:
`lampriasma, qeroneeli plutarqosis Zem, Seadgina nusxa im wignebisa, romlebic mamamisma
SeTxza~. svidas am cnobas zogi mecnieri arasarwmunod miiCnevs.
232 plutarqosi
azrovnebiT man win gauswro dros da gvianantikur msoflaRqmas safuZveli gaum-

zada. igi saubrobs erT, samarTlian RmerTzec, sulis ukvdavebazec, bediswera-
zec, keTil da borot demonTa ierarqiazec, RmerTTa da kacTa Soris Suamavleb-
zec. sxvadasxva rangis RvTaebriv ZalTa am sistemaSi RmerTebis berZnul panTeon-
Tan erTad aRmosavluric moiazreba. plutarqosi cdilobs, aaRorZinos rwmena
orakulisadmi, upirveles yovlisa ki delfos samisnos orakulisadmi, visi quru-
mic Tavad iyo. WeSmariti religiurobis gamo Zveli qristiani mamebi mas `naxev-
radqristian~ mwerlad Tvlidnen.
plutarqosis eTika, avtoriseuli humanizmiTa da filanTropizmiT daRdasmu-
li, winamorbed filosofosTagan aris nasesxebi. moralisti mwerali ar gaurbis
misTvis miuRebel àTeist-epikurelTa~ Tu sxva filosofosTa naazrevze msje-
lobas, Tumca cdilobs Taviseburad Sealamazos yovlad umsgavso movlenebic ki.
misi msoflaRqmis es Semrigebluri ekleqtizmi vlindeba Txrobis xasiaTSic, ro-
melic keTilganwyobiT gamoirCeva: marTalia, plutarqosi zogan zedmetad sity-
vauxvia, zogan sakiTxTa garTulebasac Tavs aridebs, magram yovelTvis interesiT
ikiTxeba. misi msjeloba gajerebulia mxiaruli ambebiT, istoriuli wiaRsvle-
biT, poeturi amonaridebiT, maxvilgonivruli dakvirvebebiT. igi erTis mxriv ag-
rZelebs elinisturi filosofiuri prozis tradiciebs, meores mxriv ki Txrobis
ritorikul manerasac iTvaliswinebs.
plutarqosi moralistia maSinac, rodesac literaturul sakiTxebze msje-
lobs (`rogor ikiTxon ymawvilebma poezia~), maSinac, rodesac istoriul movle-
nebs aanalizebs (`herodotosis mzakvrobisaTvis~) da maSinac, rodesac Teologi-
as exeba (sami `delfouri~ dialogi, `sokrates RvTaebrivi sulisaTvis~, ìsisisa
da osirisis Taobaze~).
plutarqosis SemoqmedebiTi mravalferovneba misi qmnilebebis formaTa mra-
valferovnebazec aisaxa. biografiuli da moralisturi Janrebis gverdiT masTan
vkiTxulobT dialogsac (filosofiuri sja-baasiT `nadimis~ stilSi), noveleb-
sac (`qalTa gmirobani~), filosofiur werilebsac (`saqorwino rCevani~, `meuR-
lis sanugeSeblad~) da sxva. aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom am Janrobriv formaTa spe-
cifika plutarqossTan Sesustebulia. ufro metic: mis dialogebSi aRar Seig-
rZnoba Txrobis is dinamiuroba, rac esoden niSandoblivia platoniseuli dia-
logebisaTvis. `sufruli sakiTxebi~ platonis `nadimis~ msgavsad erT Temas ki ar
exeba, aramed mravals: iq Tanameinaxeni erTnairi paTosiT msjeloben imazec, Tu
`ratom Tvrebian ase iolad xandazmulni~ da imazec, Tu `ratom Tqva platonma,
rom RmerTi mudam swavlobs geometrias~. swored amitom plutarqosis qmnileba-
Ta Janruli specifikis gasazRvra rTulia. `moraliebs~ Tavisi literaturuli
formiT saSualedo adgili uWiravT tradiciul filosofiur diatribasa da
ritorikas Soris: plutarqosi samoZRvrosa da TavSesaqcevs oqros SualediT
aerTianebs. am niSniT gamoirCeva igi berZen mweralTa galereaSi.
Tanamedrove samyarosaTvis plutarqosi mniSvnelovania ara imdenad `moralie-
biT~, ramdenadac `biografiebiT~. `Bioi Paralleloi~ mas 110-115 wlebSi unda Seeqmna, ma-
Sin, rodesac ukve saxelmoxveWili mwerali iyo. wignSi warmodgenilia antikuri
samyaros ormocdaaTi moRvawis cxovrebis aRweriloba. maT Soris ormocdaeqvsi
biografia wyvileulia (sul 23 wyvili). zogierT maTgans Tan axlavs daskvniTi
xasiaTis Sedareba, anu sinkrisisi (`SeTanasworeba~). bolo oTx TxzulebaSi aRwe-
rilia im moRvaweTa cxovreba, romelTac, albaT, plutarqosma paralelebi ver
mouZebna.
biografiuli Janris literatura aleqsandriuli xanidan moyolebuli didi
popularobiT sargeblobda. sakmarisia gavixsenoT qsenofoni (Zv.w. IVs. `kirope-
dia~, àgesilaosi~), kornelius neposi (Zv.w. Is. `katilinas SeTqmuleba~) da sxva, sa-
dac saxelovan moRvaweTa cxovrebis SeTanasworeba Cveulebrivi literaturuli
plutarqosi 233
xerxia. maTgan gansxvavebiT plutarqosma xasiaTis biografia Seqmna da amiT lite-

raturul portrets daudo dasabami. igi erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebs ìstoriasa~
da `cxovrebas~. aleqsandre makedonelisa da iulius keisris biografiaTa Sesa-
valSi mwerali mkiTxvels afrTxilebs: `me cxovrebasa vwer da ara istorias. diad
ambebSi yovelTvis cxadad rodi Cans sikeTe Tu mankiereba; erTi patara saqme, er-
Ti sityva, an moswrebuli Tqma xSirad ufro naTlad amJRavnebs adamianis xasiaTs
(èTos~), vidre sisxlismRvreli brZolebi, didZali jaris sardloba da qalaqTa
garemocvani. viT mxatvari axerxebs xolme adamianis msgavsebis gansaxierebas Tva-
lebisa da saxis gamometyvelebis saSualebiT, xolo sxeulis danarCen nawils im-
den yuradRebas aRar aqcevs, radgan gamometyveleba yvelaze ufro metad amJRav-
nebs adamianis Taviseburebas, ise mec, neba momeciT, Rrmad Cavwvde am pirovnebaTa
sulier samyaros da TiToeuli maTganis cxovreba amisda mixedviT avsaxo~.1
moralisturi literaturis gamocdilebas plutarqosi `biografiebSic~ iye-
nebs. amas, ra Tqma unda, Tan sdevs Janruli cvlilebebic. antikuri biografiis
tradiciuli sqema-rubrikebad daxarisxebuli cnobebi ama Tu im gmiris cxovre-
biseul movlenebsa da xasiaTis Tvisebebze (rasac gvTavazobs plutarqosis um-
crosi Tanamedrove svetoniusi `keisrebSi~) avtoriseul Txrobas rom araTana-
mimdevruls xdis _ plutarqosTan ugulebelyofilia. igi biografias wers ara
rogorc ganaTlebuli faqtografosi, aramed, rogorc moralisti. amitomac,
upirveles yovlisa, gamoyofs Tavisi gmiris zneobrivi saxis umTavres Tvisebebs,
xolo Semdeg am RerZze logikuri TanamimdevrobiT alagebs mTel masalas. das-
rulebuli saxiT es aris zneobrivi wiaR-svlebiT Sesrulebuli fsiqologiuri
etiudi, sadac avtoriseuli Txroba logikuri da Tanmimdevrulia. xSirad plu-
tarqosi sakuTari ganzogadebebiT erTveba am TxrobaSi, yuradRebas gvimaxvilebs
Tavisi gmiris siqveleze, patriotizmze, Tavisuflebis siyvarulsa da sxva sasiqa-
dulo grZnobebze.
moralisti mwerali keTilSobil gmirTa galereiT ar ifargleba. misi seriis
uZlieresi nawilia demetrios poliorketesisa da antoniusis biografiebi, sa-
dac avtori SeniSnavs: `didi bunebis adamianebisaTvis niSandoblivi iyo ara mxo-
lod didi sikeTe, aramed didi mankierebac~.
plutarqosi ar cdilobs iyos istoriografosi. xasiaTebis Cvenebisas igi xSi-
rad subieqturia da arc istoriul movlenebs afasebs obieqturad. magram, amisda
miuxedavad, misi Txzulebebi fasdaudebeli wyaroa JamTaaRmwerebisTvis. maTSi
moipoveba saqarTvelos Zveli istoriis amsaxveli yuradsaRebi cnobebic.2
eTikurobam, fsiqologizmma, maRalmxatvrulobam, enis sisadavem da ubraloe-
bam didad gansazRvres plutarqosis nawarmoebTa popularoba. jer kidev Zvele-
bi aRiarebdnen maT saukeTeso qmnilebebad. Tanamedroveobam ki xalisiT daadas-
tura es aRiareba. bizantiur epoqaSi berZen moralists didad afasebdnen ganaT-
lebulobisa da azrovnebis keTilSobilebisaTvis. cnobilia, rom Sua saukuneeb-
Si monastrebis kedlebs Sefarebuli axalgazrdebi wmindanTa cxovrebis teqstis
ydaSi Casmul `paralelur biografiebs~ didi interesiT kiTxulobdnen. swored
1
plutarqosis `biografiebis~ arasruli Targmani qarTul enaze pirvelad 1957 wels gamosca
prof. ak. uruSaZem. 1975 wels `msoflio literaturis biblioTekis~ seriiT ganmeorda es ga-
mocema saTauriT `rCeuli biografiebi~ (mas daemata ramdenime biografia). 1987 wels Tsu
`berZnul-laTinuri biblioTekis~ seriiT prof. ak. uruSaZem gamosca `rCeul biografiaTa~ II
tomi, romlis winasityvaobaSic gvamcnobda, rom ganzraxuli hqonda Zveli berZeni mwerlis
am Txzulebis dasruleba, rac ar dascalda. amonaridebs plutarqosis qmnilebebidan gTa-
vazobT prof. ak. uruSaZis Targmanebis mixedviT.
2
am cnobaTa mimoxilva ix. wignSi: plutarqe, rCeuli paraleluri biografiebi. Zveli berZnu-
lidan Targmna, Sesavali werili da ganmartebebi daurTo akaki uruSaZem. Tbilisi, 1957, gv.
XV da 285-289. Sdr. T.yauxCiSvili, saqarTvelos istoriis Zveli berZnuli wyaroebi; Tbi-
lisi, gv. 175-184.
234 plutarqosi
aman ganapiroba is, rom plutarqosis Txzulebebma esoden kargad moaRwies Cvenam-
de. XIV saukunidan es qmnilebebi dasavleT evropamac Seiyvara. erTnairi gatace-
biT ecnobodnen maT humanistebi (erazmusi, rable) Tu reformaciis beladebi
(monteni, ruso), filosofosebi Tu literatorebi. `biografiebi~ Seqspiris,
kornelis, rasinis da sxva mweralTa Semoqmedebis wyarod iqca. XVII saukunidan mo-
yolebuli dRemde msoflios mraval qveyanaSi iwereba saxelovan adamianTa `cxov-
rebani~ berZeni moralistis mier SemoTavazebuli e.w. fsiqologiuri portretis
sqemiT.
plutarqossa da mis Txzulebebs Zveli qarTuli mwerlobac icnobda. aRsaniS-
navia, rom Tamar mefis pirveli istoriografosi, ìstoria-azmanis~ avtori moix-
seniebs plutarqoss da mis àleqsandre makedonels~. igi Tamar mefeze ambobs:
`romlisa SesxmaÁ Ãams homirosisa mier. rabam igi adida sityuaÁ aleqsandresadmi
plutarxos zemommaRvlelman istoriaTa mwerlobasa Sina ÂelmwifeTa Semasxme-
lobisasa.~1
`paraleluri biografiebis~ pirveli qarTulenovani Targmani niko dadianis
davalebiT rusuli enidan Seusrulebia mRvdels, iase garsevaniSvils. es Targma-
ni saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis k. kekeliZis saxelobis xelnawerTa insti-
tutSia daculi. xelnawers minaweric axlavs: `vinaidan ganmecada margeoba da
sitkbo plutarxosis didTa mamaTa cxovrebis aRwerisa, aRviZar surviliT gar-
dmocemad Cuensa zeda enasa, sargod sayvarelisa Cemisa mamulisa... (n.dadiani).2
oci saukunis win `mamulis sargod~ dawerili es qmnileba dResac ar kargavs
Tavis samoZRvro Tvisebebs, radganac mkiTxvels Zvelebis sibrZnes STaagonebs:
`saWiroa ukeTesisken miviswrafodeT... Cveni goneba iseT saganTa Wvreta-aRqmisken
unda warmavrToT, romlebic alaReben mas da Cveuli sikeTisaken uxmoben. es sagne-
bi ki uzenaesi siqvelisgan warmomdgar im saqmeebSia, romlebic gadmocemaTa wya-
lobiT mibaZvis mgznebare survilsa da xaliss gvinergaven~ (periklesi, 1).
prozauli Txzulebebi: `paraleluri biografiebi~; `moraliebi~.
1
ìstoria da azmani SaravandedTani~: mariamiseuli qarTlis cxovreba, gv. 363, k. kekeliZis
gamocema, Tbilisi, 1941. gv. 54.
2
xelnaweri S 256-289: `plutarxosisni SeTanasworviTni cxovreba-aRwerani didebulTa
mamakacTani~. ix. agreTve xelnaweri H 1422.
lukianosi 235
lukianosi
(120-192)
„wyeuli lukianosi, RvTismgmobeli, gamousworebeli moqilike~, – msgavs

minawerebs xSirad vxvdebiT lukianosis TxzulebaTa Cvenamde moRweul uZveles
xelnawerebze.
rigiT mkiTxvelTa mier gamoTqmuli es, rbilad rom vTqvaT, kritikuli STa-
beWdilebebi miemarTeba antikurobis cnobil orators, filosofossa da mwe-
rals, lukianos samosatels.
lukianosis mravalricxovani SemoqmedebiTi memkvidreoba (Cvenamde mwerlis
oTxmocamde naSromma moaRwia) ZiriTadad satirulia. mwerlis mier damkvidre-
buli stili saukuneTa manZilze did gavlenas axdenda satiruli Janris ganvi-
Tarebaze.
miuxedavad yvela droSi mwerlis didi popularobisa, lukianosis biografi-
aze misi Tanamedroveni arafers amboben. mwerlis ignorireba xdeba ritor
filostratosis (II-III s.s.) TxzulebaSi „sofistTa cxovrebani~, sadac yvelaze cno-
bil oratorTa biografiebia mocemuli. momdevno saukuneebSi moRvawe mwerlebi
TiTo-orola komentariT ifarglebian. magaliTad, laktanciusi (IV s.) lukianoss
uRvTo adamianad ixseniebs (I,9,8). patriarqi fotiosi (IX s.), romelic gamoirCeoda
erudiciiT, Sinagani kulturiT da zomierebiT, lukianoss mxolod stils
uwonebda, danarCeni ki, misi azriT, moklebuli iyo dadebiT idealebs.
mxolod X saukuneSi bizantieli gramatikosi svida Tavis cnobil leqsikonSi
gvTavazobs lukianosis biografias, Tumca winamorbedTa msgavsad, lukianoss
uaryofiTad axasiaTebs.
sayuradReboa, rom lukianoss mogvianebiT qomagebic gamouCndnen. maT rigSi,
upirveles yovlisa, frangi materialistebi da marqsizmis klasikosebi aRmoCnd-
nen. f. engelsis azriT, „erT-erT saukeTeso wyaros pirveli qristianebis Sesaxeb
warmoadgens lukianos samosateli, klasikuri saberZneTis volteri, igi Tanabari
skeptikurobiT uyurebda yovelgvar religiur crumorwmuneobas...“
lukianosis aTeizmSi eWvis Setana verc meoce saukunem SesZlo, Tumca lukiano-
sis biografiis zogierTi pasaJi, gansakuTrebiT ki misi damokidebuleba
mSobliur samosatasTan, mwerlis arareligiurobis eWvqveS dayenebis realur
safuZvels qmnis.
lukianosis, misi Txzulebebis mimarT urTierTgamomricxavi Sexedulebebis
arseboba, pirvel rigSi naTelyofs mwerlis Semoqmedebis araordinalurobas.
araordinaluria Tavad lukianosis biografiac, romelic yvelaze srulad
misive TxzulebebSia mocemuli („s i z m r e b i a n u l u k i a n o s i s c x o v -
r e b a~, „o r j e r d a d a n a S a u l e b u l i~ da sxv.).
236 lukianosi
dabadebula lukianosi samosataSi, siriis erT patara qalaqSi, daaxloebiT

ax.w. 120 wels. samosata mdinare evfratis saTaveebTan iyo ganlagebuli, siriis
ukidures CrdiloeT olqSi, administraciul centr komagenes miwaze. qalaqi
mcire aziidan sparseTisken mimaval savaWro gzaze mdebareobda da mis cixe-
simagreSi romauli garnizoni ganTavsebuliyo.
lukianosi amayobda sakuTari siriuli warmomavlobiT da nawarmoebebSi
xSirad miuTiTebda Tavis erovnebaze („m e T e v z e~, 19, „o r j e r d a d a n a -
S a u l e b u l i~, 14, 15, 34 da sxv.). lukianosis Txzuleba „s a m S o b l o s q e b a~
nazi siyvaruliTaa gamTbari: „sityva „mamuli~ yvela sityvaze mTavari da ax-
lobelia, radgan CvenTvis igi mamaze ufro mSobliuria~.
mniSvnelovania, rom lukianosma bavSvobaSi mxolod mSobliuri arameuli
icoda. skolaSi berZnuli enis Seswavlas gulmodgined Seudga da igi imdenad
srulyofilad aiTvisa, rom mogvianebiT misi nawarmoebebi imperiis yvela
kuTxeSi Tanabrad gasagebi aRmoCnda.
muyaiTi ymawvili bavSvobidanve Sromas iyo Cveuli – mSoblebma patara lukia-
nosi xelobis Sesaswavlad moqandake biZas, dedis Zmas, miabares. erTxel lu-
kianoss biZis saxelosnoSi Zvirfasi qvis fila SemTxveviT daemtvra da amisTvis
sastikad scemes.
acremlebuli lukianosi Sin gaiqca da gadawyvita arasdros dabruneboda
biZis xelobas.
lukianosi ritorikis seriozul swavlas iwyebs da ioniaSi miemgzavreba, sa-
dac efesosa da smirnaSi cnobili sofistebis: skopelianosis da polemonis
leqciebs usmenda. mogvianebiT igi, safiqrebelia, sxva filosofosebsac gaecno,
magaliTad, herodes atikussa da lolianoss.
ritorikisa da iurisprudenciis Seswavlis Semdeg lukianosi antioqiaSi ad-
vokatad iwyebs muSaobas, magram warumateblobis gamo sasamarTlo karieras Tavs
anebebs da moxetiale oratoris cxovrebas irCevs.
am saqmianobam lukianosi sakmaod warmatebul da SeZlebul adamianad aqcia. man
moiara mcire aziis, saberZneTis, makedoniis, italiis da galiis qalaqebi. galiaSi
man erTxans sakmaod cnobili maswavleblis saxels moixveWa da ritorikis kaTed-
ris xelmZRvaneli gaxda. lukianosi romis imperiis megapolisSic Cadis. gzadagza
igi qalaqTa RirSesaniSnaobebsac ecnoba, muSaobs biblioTekebSi, safuZvlianad
eufleba filosofias.
ritorikidan filosofiaze gadasvla lukianosma TandaTanobiT ganaxor-
ciela. filosofiiT igi pirvelad ocdaxuTi wlis asakSi dainteresda („hermoti-
mosi~, 24). saubrebma platonikos nigrinosTan, romelic man romSi gaicno,
sabolood daarwmuna igi filosofiis upiratesobaSi.
ormoci wlis asakSi lukianosi mTlianad uRrmavdeba filosofias, Tumca
„profesionali brZeni~ mxolod samocian wlebSi, aTenSi dabrunebisas xdeba.
parTiasTan omma lukianoss siriaSi mouswro. egviptidan samSoblosken mi-
mavali 163 w. antioqiaSi Cerdeba („g a m o s a x u l e b a n i~, „g a m o s a x u l e b a -
T a d a s a c a v a d~) da pantomimiTa da baletiT aRtacebuli wers dialogs
„c e k v i s S e s a x e b~. amave periodSi qmnis igi nawarmoebs „sirieli RmerT-
qalis Sesaxeb~.
lukianosi sofisturi didebis SaravandediT mosili brundeba Sin, samosa-
taSi, sadac warmoTqvams sityvas „m a m u l i s q e b a ~ da bavSvobis mogonebebiT
gamTbar „s i z m r e b s~.
parTiasTan omis dasrulebis Semdeg, 164 da 165 wlebis mijnaze lukianosi col-
SvilTan da mSoblebTan erTad saberZneTSi brundeba. gzad igi kapadokias,
paflagonias da Savi zRvis sanapiros gaivlis. erT-erT zRvispira qalaqSi igi
asklepiosis qurum aleqsandres gaicnobs, romlis yalTabandobas Tamamad amxels.
lukianosi 237
amiT ganrisxebuli qurumi gemis kapitans lukianosis mokvlas daukveTs. SeTqmu-

leba gamoaSkaravdeba da lukianosi mogvianebiT aleqsandres pamflets miuZRvnis
(„aleqsandre anu crumisani~ (180 w.)).
xomaldzeve gaicnobs lukianosi peregrinoss (protevss), kinikos winaswarmety-
vels, romelsac igi ganmeorebiT olimpiur TamaSebze Sexvdeba, sadac protevsi –
imJamad qristianobis qomagi _ cecxlSi gadaeSveba da Tavs daiwvavs. pamfletSi
„p e r e g r i n o s i s s i k v d i l z e~ lukianosi satirul ferebSi aRgviwers
mis gardacvalebas. am nawarmoebma yvela drois qristian moRvaweTa aRSfoTeba da
lukianosis gmoba gamoiwvia.
amave periodSi lukianosi qmnis sirieli iambliqosis gavleniT saTavgadasav-
lo nawarmoebs „m a r T a l i i s t o r i e b i~, sadac aRwers fantastikur mog-
zaurobas, romelic sviftis „guliveris mogzaurobas~ mogvagonebs.
ukve xandazmuli lukianosi aleqsandriaSi saxldeba, sadac imperator komo-
dusis davalebiT mniSvnelovani sasamarTlo moxelis funqciebs asrulebs.
rogorc Cans, am Tanamdebobamac sasurveli keTildReoba ar moutana mwerals,
romelic kvlav daubrunda moxetiale oratoris saqmianobas. amaze mogviTxrobs
misi gviandeli Txzulebebi: „h e r a k l e~, „b a k q o s i s S e s a x e b~, „h e r o -
d o t o s i~, „q a r v i s S e s a x e b~ da a. S.
gardaicvala lukianos samosateli 192 w.
lukianosis Semoqmedeba parodiul-satirulia. pamfletebis garda, mis kalams
ritorikuli dialogebi, epigramebi da, rogorc fiqroben, ori parodiuli
drama ekuTvnis („i n i k r i s i~, „f e x s w r a f i~).
mwerlis ritorikuli proza, rogorc adreuli (165 wlamde), ise gviandeli (180
w. Semdeg) e.w. „meore sofistikis~ gavlenas ganicdis. Tumca lukianosi, sakuTari
niWierebis wyalobiT, arRvevs am skolis standartebsa da banalurobas, Seaqvs ra
nacnob JanrebSi realizmis elementebi. lukianosi ufro Sorsac midis – mis
wminda ritorikul TxzulebebSi sofistikis parodirebacaa warmodgenili
(„b u z i s q e b a~, „tiranis mkvleli~, „x m o v n e b i s s a s a m a r T l o~).
patara citata lukianosis cnobili traqtatidan „buzis qeba~ naTelyofs
mwerlis satirul damokidebulebas sofistikis skolis Temebisa da xerxebis mi-
marT. lukianosi buzs ritorikis yvela wesis dacviT asxams xotbas: „buzis frena
es sruliad gansakuTrebuli ramaa: masSi sinatifisa da Tavdajerebulobis sao-
cari nazavia, sahaero sivrcis TvisebaTa dawvrilebiTi codna, magram esec ki co-
taa: buzi ubralod ki ar dafrinavs, aramed Taviseburi simReris TanxlebiT. sim-
Rerisa, romelic ar hgavs koRos Semawuxebel wuils, arc futkris bzuils, arc
krazanis muqariT aRsavse zuzuns. buzis simReraze SeiZleba iTqvas, rom is imde-
nadve melodiuri da nazia, ramdenadac fleitis JReradoba sayviris da dafdafis
xmasTan SedarebiT~.
lukianosi, sofistebis msgavsad, nimuSad ZvelatikosTa Txzulebebs iyenebda
(Tukididesi, platoni, evripide, aristofane, lisiasi, demosTenesi, isokratesi),
Tumca klasikosTa mibaZvas mxolod stiluri mimesisis doneze ar miiCnevda sak-
marisad. „aris ori ram, rac adamians ZaluZs SeiZinos Zvelebisagan, – werda
lukianosi, – unari saTanado saubrisa da moqmedebisa, ukeTesisken swrafvisa
uaresisTvis Tavis aridebiT~ („u v i c i s w i n a a R m d e g~, 17).
lukianosis dros moduri gaxldaT leqsikuri arqaizmebiTa da raritetebiT
Tavis mowoneba. e. w. „hiperatikistebi~, romlebic leqsikonebSi TavCargulebi
arqauli frazeologizmebsa da sityvebs agrovebdnen da sakuTar gamosvlebs
maTi meSveobiT sruliad gaugebars xdidnen, lukianosis dacinvis morigi
obieqtebi xdebian. es iyo xalxi „gaugebari da ucnauri gamonaTqvamebiT, romle-
bic aTasSi erTxel Tu gamouyenebiaT Zvelebur mwerlebs~ („m W e v r m e t y -
238 lukianosi
v e l e b i s m a s w a v l e b e l i~, 17), „isini hgavdnen imqveynidan gamosulebs,

miTiuri droebis majlajunebs~ (iqve, 10).
ena, lukianosis azriT, unda iyos „naTeli da ganaTlebuli adamianisTvis
Sesaferisi, iseTi, romliTac SesaZlebeli iqneboda azris gadmocema~ („r o g o r
u n d a d a i w e r o s i s t o r i a~, 43).
lukianosi rogorc sofisti SesaniSnavad erkveva „meore sofistikis~ sust
wertilebSi, amitomac misi parodia zustia da mwvave („m W e v r m e t y v e l e b i s
m a s w a v l e b e l i~) da misi cxovrebis im epizods Seesabameba, rodesac mwer-
alma „saestrado ritorikasTan~ kavSiri gawyvita (178 w.) am dialogSi mWevrmety-
velebis maswavlebeli damwyeb ritors uxsnis, rom swrafi warmatebis misaRwevad
„saWiroa moswavlem gamoiCinos uvicoba, Tavdajerebuloba, Tavxedoba da usir-
cxviloba. saWiroa xmamaRla yvirili, gamomwvevad Cacma, zviadi mixvra-moxvra da
paTetikuri Rriali~.
lukianosis Semoqmedeba imdenad zustad asaxavda aqtualur problemebs, rom
mecnierTa umetesobis azriT, mas antikurobis „Jurnalisti~, „feletonisti~
SeiZleba ewodos.
ritorikasTan urTierTobis gawyvetis Semdeg lukianosi sakuTar Janrs _
„satirul dialogs~ ayalibebs. lukianosi aerTebs filosofiur dialogs da ko-
medias. „Cemi Txzulebebi ori nawilisagan aris Sedgenili, – wers lukianosi, –
dialogisa da komediisagan~ („m W e v r m e t y v e l e b i s p r o m e T e~, 5). lu-
kianosi mkiTxvels sTavazobs „sazeimo ganwyobis miRma komikur sicils~ (iqve, 7).
Tavad dacinvaSi lukianosi cuds verafers xedavs. „dacinvidan cudi araferi
warmoiSoba, aramed, piriqiT, – Tavad sikeTe~ („m e T e v z e~, 14).
lukianosis dialogi mudmivad viTardeba. masSi formaluri siaxleebi Cndeba –
citatebi poeziidan, fantastikuri epizodebi, zRaprul-folkloruli moulod-
nelobebi. rogorc Cans, lukianosi aq kinikuri filosofosisa da mwerlis, meni-
posis (Zv. w. 330-260), gavlenas ganicdis, romlis Txzulebani man biblioTekaSi aR-
moaCina.
dialogSi „orjer dadanaSaulebuli~ personificirebuli dialogi uCivis
lukianoss, rom „man miusia viRac meniposi, Zveli kinikosi, avad myefavi~.
lukianosi literaturis ganviTarebis tradicias iTvaliswinebs da yalb
novatorobas aqilikebs. amasTan erTad, lukianosi Tavis novaciebsac amkvidrebs.
misi azriT, siaxle ara formalur cvlilebebSia, aramed ideologiur gardatex-
aSi.
Tuki lukianosamde miTi antikuri literaturis siuJetur xerxemals da
niadags warmoadgenda, lukianosTan igi mxatvruli saxeebis mxolod arsenals
qmnis da isic, sakmaod iSviaTad gamoyenebuls („k r o n o s i s T x z u l e b a n i~).
seriozulis da sasacilos gaerTianebis principi, kinikosTa skolis fuZem-
deblis antisTenosisa da diagenosis mier SemuSavebuli diatribes (kamaTis)
formaSia Camosxmuli. es Janri lukianosis zogierT TxzulebaSia gamoyenebuli
(„m w u x a r e b a z e~, „m s x v e r p l S e w i r v i s S e s a x e b~ da a. S.). es stili
epiqtetesTan, senekasa da plutarqosTanac dasturdeba.
ritorikasTan erTad lukianosis Semoqmedebaze filosofiamac moaxdina gav-
lena. misi dialogebi sxvadasxva filosofiuri mimdinareobis warmomadgenelTa
Teoriul kamaTs warmoadgens. xSirad aseTi kamaTi qaTmis msuqani naWris gamo
cema-tyepiT mTavrdeba („n a d i m i~).
lukianosis kritika ar warmoadgens ama Tu im filosofiuri mimdinareobis
arsis gaqilikebas. mwerlisTvis sulerTia, romeli moZRvrebis mimdevaria esa Tu
is filosofosi. lukianosis mTavar samiznes calkeuli pirovnebebis Tvisebebi
warmoadgens.
lukianosi 239
lukianosi obieqturobas eswrafvis. mwerali xom „uSiSari, mousyidveli, da-

moukidebeli, Tavisufali sityvis da WeSmaritebis msaxuri unda iyos („rogor
unda daiweros istoria~, 41).
vin arian isini, vis winaaRmdegac ibrZvis lukianosi? „mezizReba mkvexara
kacebi, religiuri misnebi, sicrue, yoyoCoba da aseTi jiSis da jilagis ada-
mianebi. isini imdenad bevrni arian... ormocdaaTi aTasi mteri~ („m e T e v z e~, 20).
am mtrebs konkretuli saxeebi aqvT: mliqvneli sofistebi: poluqsi („m W e v r -
m e t y v e l e b i s m a s w a v l e b e l i~, „keqsifanosi~), umecari da garyvnili
timarqosi („c r u m e c n i e r i~), ybedi lolianos efeseli (XXVIII epigrama), mdida-
ri uvici da wignebis koleqcioneri, romelic maT arc ki kiTxulobs („u v i c i s
w i n a a R m d e g~), warmarTi aleqsandre da qristiani cru misani peregrinosi,
crufilosofosebi („n a d i m i~, „m e T e v z e~, „o r j e r d a d a n a S a u l e -
b u l i~, „s i c o c x l e T a g a s a R e b a ~, „l t o l v i l i m o n e b i~ da a.S.).
rac Seexeba lukianosis megobrebs, isini uaryofen simdidres, didebas, Zalau-
flebas da pativs (kinikosi demonaqtosi, platonikosi nigrinosi, kelsiosi).
lukianosis simpaTiebi gamokveTili ar aris. zogierT dialogSi igi ki-
nikosebs uTanagrZnobs („R m e r T e b i s s a u b r e b i~, „d e m o n a q t o s i~,
„t i m o n i~, „m a m a l i~, „n a d i m i~), sxvagan epikureizmis elementebs iyenebs
(„R m e r T e b i s s a u b r e b i~, „t r a g i k u l i z e v s i~, „s a z R v a o s a u -
b r e b i~). amitomac Znelia ar daeTanxmo patriarq fotiosis Semdeg sityvebs: „
(lukianosi) arasodes gamoTqvams azrs imis Sesaxeb, ras eTayvaneba~.
arsebobs varaudi, rom lukianosis satiruli koncefciis CamoyalibebaSi
garkveuli roli misma warmomavlobamac Seasrula. sirieli WabukisaTvis, miu-
xedavad berZnul literaturasa da filosofiasTan ziarebisa, bolomde ucxo
darCa elinTa religiuri msoflaRqma. swored amitom mwerlis Tavdasxmebis yve-
laze xSiri obieqtebi berZeni RmerTebi arian („R m e r T e b i s s a u b r e b i~,
„t r a g i k u l i z e v s i~).
lukianosis RmerTebi SiSvlebi dganan mkiTxvelis winaSe rogorc aTena, af-
rodite da hera Wabuk parisis samsjavroze („R m e r T e b i s s a u b r e b i~, 20).
isini kamaToben, ilanZRebian, loToben, Cxuboben rogorc mawanwalebi da bazris
yomarbazebi. didebulebis kvarcxlbekidan Zirs Camosuli uzenaesi arsebebis
metyveleba da qmedeba SiSs ki ara, sicils iwvevs. yvelasTvis cnobili miTebi
lukianosis kalmis erTi mosmiT komikur situaciebad gardaiqmnebian. magaliTad,
zevsis mier dionises TeZodan Soba erTgan saseiro ambad gardaisaxeba:
„poseidoni: hermes, SeiZleba zevsis naxva?
hermesi: ar SeiZleba, hoseidonos...
poseidoni: rame xom ar SeemTxva? Seni sityvebi maSinebs.
hermesi: es iseTi ramea, Tqmac ki mrcxvenia... axlaxans imSobiara
(„RmerTebis saubrebi~ (9,1)).
lukianosis monaTxrobidan irkveva, rom apoloni yalTabanduri misnobiT did
qonebas ixveWs (16, 1), artemisi aqteons ZaRlebs imitom miusevs, rom man qalRmerTis
simaxinje dainaxa (16, 2), dionise loTi da qaliviT morTul-mokazmulia (18, 1), her-
mesi ki wvrilman jibgirobasac ar erideba (7, 3-4).
ratom midis lukianosi dinebis sawinaaRmdegod?
cxadia ara imitom, rom „xalxi gaecinebina~, rogorc amas berZeni sofisti ev-
napiosi wers („filosofosTa da sofistTa cxovreba~, 454).
arc is unda iyos mizezi, TiTqos lukianosisaTvis yvelaferi berZnuli miuRe-
belia.
lukianosi ganicdis, rom misi Tanamedrove epoqa sakmaod daSorda „oqros
xanas~, romliskenac adamiani unda iswrafodes~ („t r a g i k u l i z e v s i~; 19) da
„tyviis saukuneSi~ aRmoCnda. saSineli usamarTloba sufevs irgvliv. „patiosani
240 lukianosi
adamianebi ugulebelyofilni arian da siRaribeSi, avadmyofobasa da monobaSi

iRupebian, xolo yvelaze cudni da uvargisni, sargebloben ra pativiT da sim-
didriT, saukeTesoebze batonoben~.
lukianosi yvelafris miuxedavad optimistia, mas Zalas aZlevs momavali, ro-
melic adamianma Tavad unda Seqmnas: „iSrome, igulisxme momavali, were ukeTesad
momdevno TaobebisaTvis da maTgan elode jildos sakuTari SromisTvis~
(„r o g o r u n d a d a i w e r o s i s t o r i a~, 61).
lukianosis satiruli stili antikur literaturaSi sicocxles ganagrZobs
oinomaiosis, filonis, epiqtetesis, varos, horaciusis, senekas, petroniusis Semo-
qmedebaSi. prozisa da poeziis formobrivi sinTezi satirul JanrSi dRemde in-
arCunebs popularobas.
udavoa, rom es Serwyma antikur literaturis elinistur periodSi aRmosav-
luri gavlenis Sedegad ganxorcielda da am sinTezSi lukianosis Semoqmedebis
roli saetapo mniSvnelobisaa.
momdevno periodSi, kerZod, Sua saukuneebSi, mwerals miuxedavad ideo-
logiuri miuReblobisa, mravali mimbaZveli gamouCnda maTgan yvelaze cnobili
romis episkoposi grigol I (590-604 w.w.) iyo, romelmac dialogebis IV wignSi moy-
vanili „sicruis moyvaruli an neverosi~ lukianosis nawarmoebis mixedviT daw-
era.
bizantiur epoqaSi lukianosis satiris ZiriTad tendenciebs vxvdebiT
Teodore prodromosis SemoqmedebaSi. bizantieli satirikosis „poetTa da
politikosTa sicocxleTa gasaReba~. lukianosis cnobili Txzulebis „s i -
c o c x l e T a g a s a R e b i s ~ mixedviTaa Seqmnili.
lukianosis gavlenam aRorZinebis epoqasa da momdevno saukuneebSi ki ar
daiklo, aramed imata. lukianosis nawarmoebTa kvals vxvdebiT germaniaSi (roix-
lini, huteni, erazmus roterdameli, volteri, vilandi), inglisSi (svifti, Seq-
spiri), safrangeTSi (rable, ganmanaTleblebi), espaneTSi (servantesi), ruseTSi
(lomonosovi, gerceni, belinski).
Txzulebebi: àleqsandre anu crumisani~; ànaqarsisi anu tanvarjiSis

Sesaxeb~; àpologia~; `falarisi~; `qarvis anu gedebis Sesaxeb~; `samSoblos
qeba~; `sizmrebi anu lukianosis cxovreba~; `harmonidesi~;
`memkvidreobadakarguli~; `saxlis Sesaxeb~; `herodotosi anu aekiosi~;
`hipiosi anu abanoebi~; `buzis qeba~; `promeTe anu kavkasioni~; `RmerTebis
saubrebi~; `heteraTa dialogebi~; `sazRvao saubrebi~; `nigrinosi~;
`gamosaxulebani~; `gamosaxulebaTa dasacavad~; `toqsarisi anu megobroba~;
`parasiti anu imis Sesaxeb, rom sxvis xarjze cxovreba xelovnebaa~;
`mWermetyvelebis maswavlebeli~; `hermotimosi anu filosofiis arCevnis
Sesaxeb~; `mxilebuli zevsi~; `tragikuli zevsi~; `RmerTebis saubrebi~;
`meniposi anu mogzauroba miwisqveSeTSi~; ìkaromeniposi~; `qaroni anu
saubrebi mkvdarTa samefoSi~; `saturnaliebi~; `mimowera kronosTan~;
`sizrebi anu mamali~; `kinikosi~; `xmovanTa sasamarTlo~; `saubari
hesiodesTan~; `nikrisi~; àdamians, romelmac `mWevrmetyvelebis promeTe~
miwoda~; `crumecnieri anu Secdomebis Sesaxeb~; `cekvis Sesaxeb~; òri
siyvaruli~; `rogor unda daiweros istoria~; `timoni anu mizanTropi~;
`siriel RmerTqalze~; àstrologiis Sesaxeb~; `nadimi anu lapiTebi~;
`sicruis moyvaruli anu neverosi~; òrjer dadanaSaulebuli anu
samsjavro~; `sicocxleTa gasaReba~; meTevze anu mkvdreTiT aRmdgarni~;
`ltolvili monebi~; èvnuqi~; `lukiosi anu viri~;* peregrinosis sikvdilze~;
ìmis Sesaxeb, rom zedmeti ndobiT ar unda movekidoT ciliswamebas~; ùvics,
romelic bevr wigns iZenda~; `cru anu ras niSnavs damRupveli,
gamamarTlebeli werili~; `qeba demosTenoss~; `demonaqtosis biografia~;
`neroni anu isTmosis yelis gayvana~; `dionises Sesaxeb~; `wuxilis Sesaxeb~,
`msxverplSewirvis Sesaxeb~, `herakles Sesaxeb~.
alkifroni 241
alkifroni
(ax. w. II s.)
II saukunis cnobili oratori da filosofosi alkifroni pirveli avtoria, ro-

melmac fiqtiuri werilebi damoukidebel literaturul Janrad warmoadgina.
alkifronis „w e r i l e b m a~ mniSvnelovani gavlena moaxdina berZnuli epis-
toluri Janris ganviTarebaze. am nawarmoebma garkveulwilad gansazRvra bizan-
tiuri da evropuli ara mxolod epistolografiis, aramed novelis Tematika da
stili.
epistole gvxvdeba antikuri literaturis pirvelsave nimuSebSi. werili nax-
senebia „iliadaSi~ (VI, 168-169), mimoweris nimuSebi mocemulia: herodotosTan (III,
40), TukididesTan (I, 128, 129, 137) da sxva mwerlebTan. didaqtikuri da publi-
cisturi werilebi ekuTvnodaT: isokratess, platons, aristoteles, piTagoras.
epistoles formalur Camoyalibebas xeli ritorikam Seuwyo – SemuSavda epis-
tolografiis e.w. wesebi da Stampebi, Seiqmna sagangebo Teoriac, romelic de-
metrios faleronelis (Zv.w. 317-307 w.w.) TxzulebaSi „stilis Sesaxeb~ aris moce-
muli. am nawarmoebSi dawvrilebiTaa ganmartebuli rogor unda iwerebodes wer-
ili.
e.w. meore sofistikis xanis literaturaSi epistole qronologiurad da Te-
maturad or mimarTulebad Camoyalibda – esaa fiqtiuri literaturuli wer-
ilebi (alkifroni, filostratosi, elianusi) (II-III s.s.) da faqtobrivi mimowera
(libaniosi, simaqosi, iulianusi) (IV-V s.s.).
Tuki meore jgufis werilebi ganaTlebuli sazogadoebis namdvil gzavnilebs
warmoadgenda, fiqtiuri werilebi gansazRvruli xasiaTebis epistoluri
formiT asaxvisTvis iwereboda. misdevda ra elinisturi stilistikis mier gan-
sazRrul „martiv~ literaturul stils, fiqtiuri epistole yofiT Tematikas
asaxavda. fiqtiur werilebSi (ganskuTrebiT ki, e. w. ormxriv epistoleebSi) Tan-
daTan ikveTeboda siuJetis monaxazi, romelmac mogvianebiT epistoluri romanis
Janrad Camoyalibeba ganapiroba.
alkifronis Txzulebam sagrZnobi wvlili Seitana epistoluri romanis Jan-
rad CamoyalibebaSic.
mwerlis biografiidan TiTo-orola cnobaa moRweuli da, isic, gviandeli sauku-
neebis wyaroebSi. magaliTad, ioane cece (XII s.) moixseniebs mas „ritorad~ (qiliadebi,
VIII, 895), evstaTiosi (XII s.) – „atikistad~ (sqolioebi „iliadasTvis~ IX, 453).
arsebobs frTxili varaudi alkifronis siriul warmoSobaze. aRniSnuli mosaz-
reba efuZneba mis „werilebSi~ dacul monacemebs: adonisis dResaswaulze siriaSi (IV,
40), siriel vaWrebze (IV, II), qaliboniur Rvinosa (III, 37) da aqlemze (I, 20).
alkifronis „werilebi~ 123 fiqtiur epistoles Seicavs. „werilebi~ oTx Sina-
arsobriv jgufad iyofa: meTevzeTa, glexTa, parasitTa da heterebis werilebi.
242 alkifroni
alkifronis nawarmoebSi yuradRebas pirvel rigSi dasaTaurebis sakiTxi ipy-

robs. „werilebis~ saTaurebi novelebisas ufro hgavs, vidre Cveulebrivi epis-
toleebis tradiciul mimarTvebs. mag.: „kargi monadire cxovelTa damWers~ (I, 13);
„xeebis moyvaruli Tovlis metrfes~ (II, 8); „puriT mdidari Rvinis msmels~ (II, 14);
„drois daraji bostneulis mcvels~ (II, 14).
„werilebis~ I jgufi, meTevzeTa werilebi, 22 epistolesagan Sedgeba da, ro-
gorc es saTauridan Cans, meTevzeTa cxovrebaze mogviTxrobs. meTevzis tipaJi
Zalze popularuli iyo ara mxolod literaturaSi (Teokritosi, plavtusi,
„palatinuri anTologia~), aramed saxviT xelovnebaSi (elinisturi epoqis minia-
turuli qandakebebi). meTevzisTvis damaxasiaTebel Strixebad miiCneoda: siRa-
ribe, mwiri sakvebi, maTxovruli tansacmeli, stiqiis Zalebze damokidebuleba.
alkifronis yvela werili patara novelas warmoadgens, romelSic asaxulia
meTevzeTa urTierToba zRvasTan, sxva meTevzeebTan, sakuTari ojaxis wevrebTan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom meTevzeebi werilebSi mudmivad urTierToben sakuTari
wris adamianebTan, romlebTanac yoveldRiuri saqmianobiT arian dakavSire-
bulni, nawarmoebSi mosalodnel TemebTan erTad (Sroma, zRva da miwa rogorc
meTevzis masazrdoebeli Zala, simdidre da siRaribe), zogadadamianuri sakiTxe-
bicaa ganxiluli (sikvdili da sicocxle, siyvaruli, megobroba).
Sromis Tema ZiriTadia da meTevzeTa yvela werilSia warmodgenili. magali-
Tad, pirveli werili mogviTxrobs zRvaze gamodarebis sixarulze. Tevzi Tavad
ebmeba badeSi, mravali dRis avdari icvleba uxvi TevzWeriT. Tumca, zRva mainc
arasando megobaria, radgan „SeuZlebelia danayrde mravali dRis ganmavlobaSi
ise, rom qariSxlis ar SegeSindes~.
aqve zRvaze cxovrebis siZneleebzea saubari. „dRisiT mze gvwvavs, – wers hale-
nevsi kirtons, – RamiT ki sibneles sanaTurebiT vfantavT... da muclis amovseba
xSirad WinWriTa da wyalmcenareebiT gvixdeba~ (I, 2).
am gausaZlis yofas meTevzeebs megobroba umsubuqebs. Talasiosi Tavis mego-
bar pontioss, qalaqis mkvidrs, nadavls: Tevzs, moluskebs, niJarebs ugzavnis.
Talasioss niCbebi daemtvra da megobars sanacvlod saCuqars sTxovs. „megobrebs
Soris xom saCuqrebis gacvlaa miRebuli. vinc laRad da Tamamad sTxovs, is,
cxadia, varaudobs, rom megobrebs yvelaferi saerTo aqvT da Tavadac flobs
imas, rac megobrebs ekuTvniT~. (I, 7).
miuxedavad imisa, rom zRva arasando megobaria, mis gareSe cxovreba meTevzes
aRar ZaluZs. „CvenTvis, visac wylis napiras cxovreba gvergo wilad, – wers kefa-
losi pontiuss, – miwa sikvdilia rogorc napirze amoyrili TevzebisaTvis~ (I, 4).
Tavad zRva alkifronTan aRwerilia rogorc cocxali arseba, romelic yve-
lafers grZnobs da adamianTa beds gankargavs. Tumca bedi mraval gansacdels
umzadebs meTevzes, igi iol da uxv Semosavals mainc gaurbis, gansakuTrebiT,
Tuki es qurdobas ukavSirdeba. evkoliboss yaCaRebi Seamxanagebas sTavazoben, ma-
gram meTevze uarzea: „me ar ZalmiZs gavxde mkvleli da xelebi sisxliT SeviRebo,
zRvam xom isini bavSvobidan dRemde yovelgvari binZuri danaSaulisagan sufTad
Semominaxa~ (I, 8).
mZime yofis miuxedavad, meTevzeebi siyvarulisTvis gulgaxsnilni arian. sa-
gulisxmoa, rom maT Tavadac ukvirT, rom siyvaruli an trfoba ZaluZT. „Tavadac
ar vici, – wers avqeniosi armenioss, – rogor moxda, rom upovar meTevzes, ro-
melic lukmapurs Zlivs Soulobs, siyvaruli daatyda Tavs, Tanac ise, rom
mTlianad daiyro misi arseba... ase rom, viwvi, rogorc es mdidar da lamaz
Wabukebs sCveviaT~.
amavdroulad, meTevze cdilobs imis garkvevasac, ratomaa es grZnoba am xelo-
bis adamianisTvis bunebrivi: „siyvaruli, – wers Taloserosi evpolioss, – CvenT-
vis meTevzeTaTvis, Tandayolili grZnobaa. trfoba xom zRvis RvTaebis pirmSoa~.
alkifroni 243
meore wigni, romelic miwaTmoqmedTa werilebs warmoadgens, 39 epistoles

Seicavs. aq adresatebis sfero miwaTmoqmedTa socialuri jgufis miRma far-
Tovdeba. Cndebian: hetera, mona, parasiti...
meTevzeTa gzavnilebisagan gansxvavebiT, miwaTmoqmedTa werilebis Tema Se-
darebiT farToa da eZRvneba: Sromis, siRaribis, qalaqis da soflis urTierTo-
bis, bunebis mSvenierebis da siyvarulis Temebs.
glexis sanukvari ocneba, rogorc es misi sizmridan Cans, aris simdidre da
Tanamdeboba (II, 2), magram realoba stiqiasTan brZolaSi muxlCauxreli Sroma da
siRaribea (II, 4; II, 10). zogierTi glexi gamosavals saqmianobis SecvlaSi xedavs.
zogs, marTlac, umarTlebs da igi warmatebuli zRvaosani xdeba. „jobs bos-
foridan da propontidan ganZeuliT dabrunde, vidre atikis unayofo da pirquS
miwaze myofma SimSiliT aslokino~ (II, 4).
miwaTmoqmedTa werilebis erT-erTi motivi, qalaqis da soflis urTierTobaa.
am Temas II wignis rva werili eZRvneba.
qalaqi aRqmulia rogorc religiis dakninebis, mruSobis, uCveulo garyvnil
sanaxaobaTa, qeifisa da usaqmurobis adgili. qalaqis xseneba soflis mkvidrTa
zizRs iwvevs (II, 8; II, 14; II, 17; II, XXII).
qalaqi aiZulebs soflis mosaxles urTierToba hqondes misTvis ucxo da
gaugebar adamianebTan, magaliTad, filosofosebsa da sofistebTan. „Tavi daanebe
fexSiSvel da CamofleTil mkvexarebs, romlebic akademiasTan daeTrevian, maT xom
sasargeblo araferi gaukeTebiaT. isini mxolod gadaWarbebulad cnobismoy-
vareni da ciuri movlenebis SeswavliT zedmetad gatacebulni arian~ (II, 30).
„giJi sofistebis~ (II, 36) da kinikosebis gavlenis qveS moqceula evtidikosis
vaJi. „mas WuWyiani Tma da SeSlili Tvalebi aqvs, jvaloTi Semosila, mxarze
tomara mougdia, xelSi kombali uWiravs. fexSiSvelia da WuWyiani... mSoblebs ar
cnobs da ambobs, rom yvelaferi bunebidan da elementTa Serevidan iSva da ara
mSoblebisagan~ (II, 38).
Tavis mxriv, qalaquri cxovrebis motrfialec arsebobs, romelic miiCnevs, rom
„vinc qalaqi ar icis, saSinel da pirutyvul cxovrebas eweva~ (I, 27, 33).
siyvarulis Tema meTevzeTa werilebTan SedarebiT gacilebiT mokrZalebu-
ladaa warmodgenili. esaa sul 4 werili. isinic siuJeturad ukavSirdebian erT-
maneTs. siyvaruls umeteswilad tragikuli elferi dahkravs – ubeduri meuR-
leoba, batonisgan Seviwroebuli msaxuri qalis sasowarkveTileba, iZulebiTi
qorwineba (I, 35), kiTaristi qaliT moxibluli coliani mamakacis meuRlis tanjva
(I, 32).
„werilebis~ momdevno Tematuri jgufi – parasitebis werilebi yvelaze
mravalricxovania, sul – 42, Tumca kompoziciuri mravalferovnebiT ar ga-
moirCeva. yvela werili parazitebis mieraa dawerili da miemarTeba parasits.
swored am wignSi SeimCneva komediis gansakuTrebuli gavlenis kvali alki-
fronis Semoqmedebaze, mravladaa siuJeturi nasesxobanic.
parazitis gancdebi groteskul ferebSia gadawyvetili: „aRar SemiZlia mo-
qeifeebisagan Cemi abuCad agdebis atana, – Civis parasiti, – netamc CaZaRldnen
yvelani, magram ra movuxerxo Cems uZiro kuWs~.
momdevno jgufi werilebisa heteraTa gzavnilebs Seicavs, romlebic, mar-
Talia, Tematurad erTferovania, magram maTSi metia mimoweris magaliTebi (IV, 8;
IV, 9; IV, 12; IV, 18).
es saSualebas aZlevs avtors calkeuli personaJebi srulad daaxasiaTos. ase,
magaliTad, glikerasa da bakqilidesis mimoweris mixedviT vecnobiT „axali ko-
mediis varskvlav~ menandross rogorc gamousworebel meqalTanes (IV, 18; IV, 19).
rogorc alkifronis pirvel sam wignSi, aqac asaxulia am socialuri fenis
yoveldRiuri problemebi: „sayvarlebisagan fulis moTxovnisas arafers viRebT
244 alkifroni
da Tanac upatiosnebaSi gvadanaSauleben, imaSi, rom kavSirs mxolod fulis gam-

RebTan viWerT. umjobesi iqneboda, Cveni cxovrebis wesi Segvecvala, raTa CvenT-
visac agvecilebina davidaraba da maTTvisac, vinc CvenTan nacnobobas cdilobs~, –
wuxs erT-erTi hetera (IV, 18).
marTalia, alkifronis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb didi samecniero literatura
arsebobs, magram gamokvlevebis umetesoba warmoadgens teqstis calkeuli
adgilebis interpretacias an zogierTi pasaJis axleburi wakiTxvis mcdelobas.
gamokvlevaTa mxolod mcire nawili ganixilavs alkifronis Semoqmedebis Ziri-
Tad tendenciebs.
am ukanaskneli saxis naSromebSi erT-erT ZariTad sakiTxad ganixileba alki-
fronis nawarmoebis mimarTeba sxva TxzulebebTan. didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mec-
nierebi ikvlevdnen alkifronisa da lukianosis Semoqmedebis urTierTdamokide-
bulebis sakiTxebs. gamoTqmuli varaudebiT, sesxebis wyarod xan lukianosi, xan
alkifroni, xan mesame nawarmoebi saxeldeboda.
alkifronis nawarmoebs ukavSirebdnen longosis romansac. aq igulisxmeba
soflisa da qalaqis urTierTobis amsaxveli werilebis mimarTeba longosis
msoflmxedvelobasTan.
rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, alkifronis „werilebis~ oTxive wignSi didia axali
komediis gavlenis kvalic.
sayuradReboa pirvel rigSi is sakuTari saxelebi, romlebic xSirad meordeba
alkifronis werilebSi. isini axali atikuri komediidan aqvs mwerals nasesxebi
(qremetosi, glavkipe, qaroposi, strutionosi, egialevsi).
alkifronis TiToeuli werili siuJetis dasrulebulobiTa da dinamizmiT
miniaturul komedias mogvagonebs. aq mravladaa komediis Cveuli personaJebi:
Raribi meTevze, gulubryvilo glexi, xarbi mevaxSe, gulkeTili hetera, usaqmuri
paraziti, motyuebuli coli...
alkifronis „werilebis~ oTxive wignze didi gavlena moaxdina ritorikulma
prozam, romlis kvali kargad Cans epistoleTa Sesavalsa da daskvniT nawilebSi.
werilebi, rogorc wesi, pompezuri dasawyisiT gamoirCeva, mag.: „Sen, o, RvTaebav,
romelTanac wilnayari var! Sen, o, RvTaebav, visac Cemi patronoba gevaleba! rad
xar aseTi boroti da daundobeli. risTvis mdevni, ratom Semawyvile siRa-
ribesTan?!~ (IV, 4). ritorikuli sentenciurobiT xasiaTdeba werilTa dasas-
rulic: „qmedebis WeSmaritebis Segneba aCvilebs guls da adamianebs imedze nak-
leb Zalas rodi aZlevs~ (I, 20).
alkifronis Txzulebis mniSvnelovan stilistur elementad gvevlineba an-
dazebi, sentenciebi, xatovani Tqmebi, romlebic „werilebis~ enobriv qsovils
ufro feradovans xdis. Tumca, Tavad nawarmoebi stilurad isedac sakmaod ek-
leqturia. alkifronis nawarmoebis ena, mecnierTa TqmiT „Tan atikuria da Tan
mdabio, Tan poeturi da Tan prozauli, Tan daxvewili da Tan trivialuri, Tan
berZnuli da Tan naxevrad barbarosuli~.
alkifronis „werilebis~ Janrobrivi tendenciebi gviandel epoqaSi Rrmavdeba
da axal saxes iRebs elianusis „glexTa werilebSi~, romelic alkifronis `wer-
ilebis~ II jgufis variants warmoadgens, oRond, gacilebiT mwirs rogorc Si-
naarsobrivad, ise stilurad.
sabolood, alkifronis da misi mimdevrebis nawarmoebTa safuZvelze iqmneba
epistolaruli romani, romelic humanizmis epoqasa da XVIII saukuneSi damoukide-
bel Janrad yalibdeba.
romani `werilebi~.
longosi 245
longosi
(ax. w. II s.)
ukve xandazmuli goeTe ase axasiaTebda longosis romans „dafnisi da qloe~:

„es romani imdenad mSvenieria, rom am amaoebaTa amaoebaSi SeuZlebelia
xangrZlivad SevinarCunoT is zegavlena, romelsac igi Cvenze axdens. yoveli
xelaxali gadakiTxvisas gancvifreba gipyrobs... gemovneba, dasrulebuloba,
aRqmis sinatife aqcevs mas saukeTesod saukeTesoTa Soris, rac ki odesme Seqmnila
am JanrSi... imisaTvis, rom srulad iyos aRqmuli am prozauli poemis Rirseba,
mTeli wigni unda daiweros. da kidev: kargi iqneboda, yovel wels gadavikiTxoT
igi, raTa yovel jerze amovkriboT romanidan axal-axali sibrZne da xelaxla
davtkbeT nawarmoebis silamaziT~.
romanis avtoris, longosis biografia dResdReobiT ucnobia.
arsebobs azri, rom longosi, rogorc sakuTari saxeli, gadamweris Secdomis
Sedegadaa miRebuli. kerZod, „sityva, ambavi~ (Logo" – logos), damaxinjebis wya-
lobiT, ararsebul sakuTar saxelad „longosad~ (Loggo" – longos) gadaiqca.
Tumca, am Tvalsazrisis sawinaaRmdegod, dadasturebulia, rom kunZul les-
bosze, sadac longosis samijnuro roman „dafnisi da qloes~ moqmedeba vi-
Tardeba, erT-erT warweraSi naxsenebia vinme longosi, adgilobrivi taZris qu-
rumi, riTac naTeli xdeba, rom longosi, rogorc sakuTari saxeli, savsebiT
realuri yofila.
sadauri iyo longosi, Zneli saTqmelia. naklebdamajerebelia, rom igi kunZul
lesbosze, mitileneSi cxovrobda. am mosazrebis safuZvels Tavad nawarmoebi
qmnis. romanSi „m w y e m s u r i a m b a v i d a f n i s i s a d a q l o e s S e s a -
x e b~ kunZulisa da misi mTavari qalaqis asaxvisas mravali uzustobaa daSvebuli.
mcdaria calkeul geografiul punqtebs Soris manZili. klimatic ki longosis
romanSi kunZul lesbosisaTvis uCveulod mkacria.
nawarmoebis Seqmnis TariRi dResac mecnierTa Soris davas iwvevs. zogierTi
mkvlevari „dafnissa da qloes~ V saukuniT aTariRebs, zogierTi ki – II s-iT. mec-
nierTa umetesoba dRes am ukanasknel Tvalsazriss emxroba.
mkvlevarTa orWofoba ganpirobebuli iyo imiT, rom Tavad nawarmoebi da misi
Semdgomi xanis literatura ar Seicavs pirdapiri saxis miniSnebebs romanis daw-
eris zust TariRze. yvela daskvna, romelic Txzulebis avtors da romanis da-
TariRebas ukavSirdeba, efuZneba nawarmoebis teqstis analizs, rogorc enobriv-
stilur, ise mis siuJetur Taviseburebebs;
amitomac, Cvenc pirvel rigSi nawarmoebis Sinaarss gavecnoT.
romani oTxi wignisagan Sedgeba da SesavliT iwyeba.
avtori nadirobis dros k.lesbosze nimfaTa gamoqvabuls waawydeba. mRvimis
kedlebze sasiyvarulo scenebia asaxuli. avtori gadawyvets sityviT Seejibros
246 longosi
mxatvars da nawarmoebSi ganadidos: erosi, pani da mSvenieri nimfebi. mas imedi

aqvs, rom Seqmnis romans, romelic „avadmyofs gankurnavs, sevdians Seiwynarebs;
visac uyvarda, trfobas gaaxsenebs, visac – ara, mijnurobas aswavlis~.
am mcire Sesavlis Semdeg avtori mogviTxrobs ambavs ori axalgazrdis
urTierTltolvaze.
kunZul lesbosze qalaq mitilenes maxlobel sofelSi Txis mwyemsi lamoni
buCqnarSi axalSobils ipovis, romelsac Txa ZuZus awovebs. ori wlis Semdeg
mecxvare driasi nimfebis gamoqvabulSi Cvil gogonas miagnebs, romelsac cxvari
kvebavs. mpovnelebma orive bavSvis axlos Zvirfasi nivTebi aRmoaCines.
mwyemsebi aRsazrdelad miibareben bavSvebs im imediT, rom maT SemdgomSi
mSoblebs daubruneben. rodesac vaJs, dafniss, TxuTmeti weli usruldeba, xolo
gogonas, qloes, ki – cameti, aRmzrdelebi RmerTebis nebiT maT Txebis da cxvrebis
samwyemsurSi gaagzavnian.
erTxel dafnisi SemTxveviT ormoSi Cavardeba. qloe mwyems dorkonTan erTad
mas daexmareba. qloes da dafniss erTmaneTi SeuyvardebaT. qloe, Tavis mxriv,
mwyems dorkonsac uyvars.
dorkoni qloes mamobils, driass, qaliSvilis xels sTxovs. driasi mwyemss
uariT istumrebs. gamwarebuli dorkoni mglis qurqs moisxams da qaliSvilis ga-
tacebas cdilobs. qloes ZaRlebi daicaven. qloe da dafnisi Zlivs gadaarCenen
Seyvarebul mwyemss.
am dros sanapiroze tviroseli mekobreebi gamoCndebian, sasikvdilod daWrian
dorkons, garekaven mis faras da itaceben dafnissac. momakvdavi dorkoni qloes
Tavis salamurs gadascems. qloe salamurs Cahberavs da dorkonis fara xomaldi-
dan gadmoeSveba. mekobreTa xomaldi gadabrundeba, yaCaRebi daiRupebian. dafnisi
gadarCeba da qloesTan erTad dorkons miwas miabarebs.
dro gadis da mitileneli mwyemsebi da meTimneli axalgazrdebi SemTxveviT Seka-
maTdebian. es konfliqti oms daudebs saTaves. meTimnelebi aTi xomaldiT gaeSure-
bian mitilenes dasarbevad. isini garekaven dafnisis faras da qloes tyved Caigdeben.
dafniss nimfebi amxneveben, xolo pani gamtaceblebs panikur SiSs dascems.
SeZrwunebuli miTimnelebi faras ukan abruneben da qloesac aTavisufleben.
dafnisi qloes SerTvas gadawyvets, Tumca, siRaribis gamo igi amas ver bedavs.
nimfebi sizmrad moevlinebian dafniss da zRvis napiras wasvlas urCeven. dafnisi
iq fuliT savse qisas waawydeba. qisaSi sami aTasi drahmaa, meTimnelebis xomaldi-
dan dakarguli.
axla SeyvarebulTa qorwinebas win aRaraferi eRobeba, magram radgan dafnisi da
qloe ymebi arian, maT batonebis Tanxmobac esaWiroebaT. ojaxebi dafnisis mamobili
lamonis patronis, mitileneli warCinebuli dionosofanosis, Camosvlas elian.
sagangebod asufTaveben baRs, venaxs. qloes mier uaryofili boroti mezobeli
mwyemsi lampisi RamiT baR-venaxs aCanagebs. lamonis ojaxi sasowarkveTilia.
bedad, mamis Camosvlamde sofels batonis vaJi astilosi estumreba megobrebTan
erTad. astilosi daamSvidebs lamons da baR-venaxis dazianebas Tavad daibralebs.
dionisofanosi da misi meuRle kleariste sofelSi Camodian. dafnisis sila-
maziT maTi Tanmxlebi parasiti gnaToni moixibleba, romelsac surs vaJi qalaqSi
waiyvanos. lamoni Tavzardacemulia. igi cdilobs dafnisis gadarCenas da batons
misi povnis ambavs gaumxels, Zvirfas nivTebsac aCvenebs imas dasturad, rom daf-
nisi monadSobili ar aris. dionisofanosi nivTebs amoicnobs da aRmoCndeba, rom
dafnisi misi Svilia. Tavis droze bevri Svilis Senaxvis verSemZle warCinebuls
axalSobili tyeSi miutovebia. male mas qal-vaJi avadmyofobam daakargvina da
mxolod erTi vaJiRa darCa. male dionisofanosis droebiTi qonebrivi sidux-
Wirec warsuls Cabarda da igi kvlav gamdidrda.
longosi 247
mama-Svilis Sexvedris sixaruls lampisis mier qloes gataceba afermkTalebs – aq

moulodnelad Tavs gamoiCens parasiti gnaToni, romelic codvaTa gamosyidvas
cdilobs.
SeyvarebulTa qorwineba rom Seuferebeli ar yofiliyo (axla xom dafnisi
warCinebuli da mdidaria), driasi batons qloes povnis ambavsac mouTxrobs. di-
onisofanosi qorwinebaze Tanxmdeba da meqorwileni qalaqs miaSureben. iq erT-
erT nadimze isini miakvleven qloes mamas, mdidar megakles, romelsac siRaribem
Svili tyeSi daagdebina.
gaxarebuli mSoblebi Svilebs qorwils ara xmaurian qalaqSi, aramed soflad,
bunebis wiaRSi gadauxdian. yvelani soflis RvTaebebs madls uZRvnian Seyvare-
bulTa mfarvelobisaTvis.
longosis romani „dafnisi da qloe~ elinisturi periodis sxva samijnuro ro-
manebisagan pirvel rigSi moqmedebis ganviTarebis foniT gansxvavdeba. amis gamo
ewodeba mas „bukolikuri~ anu „mwyemsuri~ romani.
Tematuri principebiT longosi elinistiuri epoqis erT-erTi saukeTeso po-
etis, bukolikuri lirikis fuZemdeblis, Teokritosis, mimdevrad da mimbaZvelad
gvevlineba.
Zv.w. III saukunis poetis mier Janradqceuli es poezia, cxadia, droTa ganmavlo-
baSi icvlida formas da Sinaarss. Tuki Teokritosis nawarmoebTa ZiriTad
birTvs idiliuri scenebi warmoadgens, romelTa fonze mwyemsebis saubaria asax-
uli, longosisTvis siuJetis ganviTarebis mTavari xazi sasiyvarulo intrigas
efuZneba.
longosi eyrdnoba bukolikuri JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebel bunebis aRweri-
lobas, mTavar personaJebadac mwyemsebi hyavs gamoyvanili, magram avtori iyenebs
sxva formas (riTmul prozas) da am formas saTavgadasvlo Tematikis gaSlisaTvis
imarjvebs.
amgvarad, longosis romani mravali sakiTxiT gansxvavdeba Teokritosis nawar-
moebebisagan da amavdroulad, Tavis JanrSic gankerZoebiT dgas.
JanrisTvis niSandoblivi tradiciuli sqema longoss zedmiwevniT mkacrad ara
aqvs daculi. „dafnisisa da qloes~ siuJets aklia ramdenime mniSvnelovani rgoli
(RvTaebis risxva, qaliSvilis gardacvaleba da misi cocxlad dasaflaveba, monad
gayidva, sikvdiliT dasja da a.S.).
longosis romanSi Tavgadasavlis calkeul epizodebs erTmaneTTan mWidro
kavSiri ara aqvT. isini siyvarulis istoriaSi qaoturad iWrebian da aneleben
romanis dinamizms.
naTeli xdeba, rom romanSi „dafnisi da qloe~ siuJeti mTavar rols ar
TamaSobs. igi mxolod imisTvis aqvs momarjvebuli avtors, rom personaJTa erT-
maneTTan damokidebuleba da maTi gancdebi gamoavlinos.
longosisTvis mTavaria gmiri, misi fsiqologia, romelic warmoCndeba
monologebSi da ara gmiris saqcielSi, rogorc es sxva romanebSia.
longosis nawarmoebSi araviTar rols ar TamaSobs RvTaebis risxvac, ro-
melic Cveulebisamebr, romanebSi erT-erTi mTavari gmiris saqcieliTaa gamow-
veuli da gasdevs mTel nawarmoebs. amis sapirispirod, „dafnissa da qloeSi~ Sey-
varebulebi soflis RvTaebebis mfarvelobis qveS imyofebian – RvTaeba pani sas-
tikad sjis maT Seuracxmyofelebs.
rodesac qloes meTimnelebi itaceben, pani sizmrad evlineba maT meTaurs da
emuqreba: „o, borotmoqmedno, o, uRmerToebo! es ra gabedeT, ugunurebo?! omis
xmauriT aavseT soflis mxare, Cemi sauflo, waasxiT naxiri xarTa, fara cxvarTa da
TxaTa, romelzec me vzrunav. samsxverploTagan ganaSoreT qaliSvili, romlisga-
nac Tavad eross surs lamazi zRapari Seqmnas, ar SegrcxvaT im nimfebisac, rom-
248 longosi
lebic gimzerdnen da Tavad panisac. ver ixilavT meTimnoss, sanam aseTi nadavliT
micuravT...~ (II, 27).
amgvarad, mekobreebis farTod gavrcelebuli motivi aq Semotanilia mxolod
imisTvis, rom kidev erTxel Segvaxsenos mTavar personaJebze soflis RvTaebaTa
gansakuTrebuli zrunvis Sesaxeb.
mkvlelobisa Tu TviTmkvlelobis mcdeloba, romelic romanebisTvis e.w. gza-
auvleli Tematuri rgolia, longosTan Taviseburad aris gadawyvetili. garyvni-
li parasitisagan Tavdasaxsnelad dafniss TviTmkvleloba aqvs ganzraxuli, ma-
gram es kritikuli momenti moulodnelad gmirisTvis sasikeTod Semobrundeba.
dafnisi keTilSobili mSoblebis vaJi aRmoCndeba. igi airidebs sircxvilsac da
sikvdilsac.
sasamarTlo procesis aRwera, Tanmxlebi oratoruli gamosvlebiT, romelic
agrerigad axasiaTebs romanTa umetesobas, longosTan pirobiTadaa gadawyve-
tili. sasamarTlo aq Canacvlebulia sazogadoebrivi ganxilviT – mwyemsi file-
tosi maTimnelebis saCivars ismens dafnisze. Tumca, am e.w. ganxilvis dros mo-
pasuxeebi oratorobiT ar Camouvardebian sxva romanebis gmirebs, romlebic
oficialur samsjavroze brwyinaven ubadlo mWermetyvelebiT.
romanSi arc xangrZlivi mogzaurobis Temaa gaSlili, radgan avtorisTvis
grZnobaTa ganviTarebaa saintereso da avantiuristuli momentebi amisTvis
xelisSemSlel faqtorebad da arafris mimcem detalebad miaCnia.
yvelaze mniSvnelovani, rac longosis romans sxva romanebisagan gamoarCevs,
esaa soflisa da qalaqis dapirispirebis motivis Semotana. es Tema ucnobi rodia
sxva JanrebisaTvis. magaliTad, dion qrisostomosis samonadireo idiliaSi (or.VII,
65) jer kidev I saukuneSi am Temis literaturuli damuSaveba Cndeba. es sakiTxi
ganxilulia plinius umcrosTan, elianusTan, alkifronTan.
(vfiqrobT, am dapirispirebis Canasaxebi menandrosis „diskolosSia~ SesamCnevi
– pani, nimfebi, parasiti, qalaqeli vaJi da soflis mkvdiri qaliSvili komediis
mTavari personaJebi arian, Tumca es zerele konfliqti komediis finalSi
fermkTaldeba).
soflisa da qalaqis dapirispireba longoss personaJTa daxasiaTebaSi sakmaod
gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas iZens. dafnisi moridebuli da RvTismmosavi vaJia,
radgan igi umwikvlo bunebis Svilia da garemosTan harmoniul kavSirs ga-
nasaxierebs. aseTia qloec, romelic bunebis silamazes natifad aRiqvams da Ta-
vadac am mSvenierebasTan aris Serwymuli.
maTimneli qalaqelebi arafriT gansxvavdebian yaCaRebisagan da moZaladeebisa-
gan. qalaqeli parasiti garyvnili da Tavxedia. mas arc didgvarovani mitileneli
astilosi CamorCeba, romelic mzadaa yvela misi survili daakmayofilos.
Tumca isic unda iTqvas, rom personaJebi longoss erT sibrtyeze ar ganuxi-
lavs. igive paraziti gnaToni SemdegSi cdilobs dafnisis guli moigos da qloe
daixsnas. yaCaRi maTimnelebi RmerTebis nebas emorCilebian da naZarcvs ukan
abruneben. Tavis mxriv, arc soflis yvela binadaria keTilSobili da patiosani.
magaliTad, lamonis mezobeli mwyemsi lampisi jer baR-venaxs aCanagebs da Semdeg
qloes gatacebas cdilobs. mwyemsi dorkoni, romelic Tavdapirvelad ZaladobiT
fiqrobs qloes xelSi Cagdebas, sikvdilis win qaliSvils da dafniss daexmareba.
sainteresoa longosis erosTan damokidebulebis sakiTxic. sxva romanebSi siy-
varulis RvTaeba mTavar gmirTa tanjva-wamebiT aRsavse Tavgadasavlebis mizezi
xdeba. cxadia, longosis romanSi, sadac moxsnilia RvTaebis risxvis momenti,
afroditesa da erosis mimarT sayvedurs ar unda velodeT. ufro metic, erosi
yvela RmerTze aRmatebuladaa warmodgenili.
„iseTia misi Zala, rom zevsi mas ver gautoldeba. stiqiebze meufebs igi, ba-
tonobs mnaTobebze, iseTive RmerTebze rogoric Tavadaa... yvavilebi erosis Seqm-
longosi 249
nilia, xeebic... misi nebiT mdinareni mdinareben da qarebi qrian~ (II, 7). longosis
gmirebs erosTan ufro bunebrivi damokidebuleba aqvT. gansxvavebiT sxva romanTa
mTavari personaJebisagan, isini sakuTari umwikvlobis modarajeebad ar gvev-
linebian da xorciel tkbobas Ralatad ar aRiqvamen. magaliTad, dafniss siyva-
rulis xelovnebas mezoblis gogona likainione aziarebs.
longosis Txzulebis stilze did gavlenas axdens ritorika, e.w. meore
sofistika, romelic am periodisaTvis gansakuTrebul aRmavlobas ganicdis.
longosis ritorikuli pasaJebi e.w. „natifi stiliTaa~ gawyobili. peizaJebi (I, 9;
I, 23; III, 12; III, 22), miTologiuri CanarTebi (I, 27; II, 34; III, 23), erotikuli motivebi (III,
28), sizmrebi (I, 7; II, 23; II, 26-27; III, 27; IV, 34) am stilis ritorikuli wesebis dacvi-
Taa Sedgenili.
ritorikis gavlena gansakuTrebiT xasiaTebis Zerwvisas gamoixata. longosis
meorexarisxovani gmirebi moklebulni arian individualobas da naklebad
gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. am fonze dafnisi da qloe mkveTrad gamoirCevian
garSemomyofebisagan. es, upirveles yovlisa, maT RvTismmosaobasa da gulubry-
vilobaSi gamoixateba. es Tvisebebi umTavresad maT metyvelebaSi aisaxa – dafnisi
da qloes saubari ar Seicavs ritorikul xerxebs da sofistur wiaRsvlebs da
iseTive bunebrivia rogorc soflis mSvenieri buneba.
longosis romanis ena metad saintereso sinTezs warmoadgens arqauli da
Tanamedrove prozauli Txrobis stilisa. xelovnurobasTan erTad, romanis ena
gamoirCeva gamomsaxvelobiTa da sinatifiT.
monologebi da dialogebi, gansxvavebiT sxva romanebisagan, longoss gamo-
yenebuli aqvs gmiris dasaxasiaTeblad, misi individualuri iersaxis Sesaqmnelad.
aq mravaladaa antiTeza, ritorikuli SekiTxva. aseTia, magaliTad, monologi
qloesi, romelmac pirvelad igrZno erosis Zala (I, 14) an dafnisis emociuri ga-
monaTqvamebi (I, 18). zogierTi monologi da dialogi sasamarTlo sityvas hgavs,
rogorc, magaliTad, dafnisisa da dorkonisa. dafnisis dadanaSauleba meTim-
nelebs mxridan suazoriebisa da kontraversiebis moSveliebiT xorcieldeba.
longosis romanSi xSirad vxvdebiT poetur xerxebsac: aliteracias, sityvebiT
TamaSs da a.S. nawarmoebSi poeturi JanrisTvis niSandoblivi xerxebi harmoniu-
lad erwymis prozauli, TxrobiTi Janris Taviseburebebs. longosi sxvadasxva
ritorikul skolaTa kanonebs TviTmiznurad rodi iyenebs. mWermetyvelebisTvis
niSandoblivi xerxebiT romanisti esTetikur amocanebsac asrulebs.
miuxedavad imisa, rom longosi soflis cxovrebas, ubralo mwyemsebis yofas
asaxavs, misi nawarmoebi rafinirebuli mkiTxvelis moTxovnebs mTlianad iTvalis-
winebs. es Txzulebis daxvewilobiT da maRalmxatvrulobiTaa ganpirobebuli.
longosis romani Tanabrad Zvirfasi iyo rogorc misi Tanamedrove mkiTxveli-
saTvis, ise momdevno epoqis ganaTlebuli adamianebisaTvis.
XI saukuneSi misi popularoba imdenad didia, rom cnobili neoplatonikosi
miqael fselosi saWirod Tvlis gaafrTxilos axalgazrdebi, rom literaturis
kiTxva longosisa da aqilevs tatiosis romanebiT ki ar daiwyon, aramed ufro
seriozuli klasikuri nawarmoebebiT.
aRorZinebis epoqaSi es tendencia TiTqos iklebs, magram XVI saukuneSi lon-
gosis popularobis zrdam XVII-XVIII saukuneebis evropul pastoralur litera-
turaze udidesi gavlena moaxdina.
longosis romanma ara mxolod literaturaSi hpova asaxva. „dafnisis da
qloes~ siyvarulis istoriam ravelis baletSic gaagrZela sicocxle da evro-
puli kulturis ganuyofel nawilad iqca.
romani `dafnisi da qloe~.

250 aqilevs tatiosi
aqilevs tatiosi
(ax. w. II s.)
aqilevs tatioss ZvelberZnul romanistebs Soris sruliad gansakuTrebuli

adgili uWiravs. misi romani „a m b a v i l e v k i p e s a d a k l i t o f o n z e~,
romelic axalgazrdaTa samijnuro Tavgadasavals asaxavs, aSkara erotikulobis
miuxedavad, erT-erT yvelaze popularul sakiTxavad rCeboda bizantiur epoqaSi.
gansxvavebiT heliodorosisagan, romlis romans qristianuli interpretacia
mogvianebiT moeZebna, aqilevs tatiosis Txzuleba amgvari „gardasaxvisaTvis~
sababs namdvilad ar iZleoda, radgan nawarmoebi srulad daclili iyo
filosofiuri Tu moralisturi ideebisagan.
aqilevs tatiosis gansakuTrebuloba da am gansakuTrebulobis saidumlo
dResac gauxsnelia.
aqilevs tatios aleqsandrielis Sesaxeb sakmaod mcire cnobebia SemorCenili.
Zvel avtorebTan da mis romanSi „ambavi levkipesa da klitofonze~ mwerlis bi-
ografiul monacemebze pirdapiri saxis informacia ar aris daculi.
mxolod erTgan, svidas X saukunis leqsikonSi, naxsenebia vinme tatiosi, ro-
melic aleqsandrieli iyo da dawera samijnuro romani „ambavi levkipesa da kli-
tofonze~. svidas informaciiT, amave avtorma Seqmna Txzulebebi: „sferos Ses-
axeb~, „etimologiis Sesaxeb~ da „Sereuli istoria~. svida imasac aRniSnavs, rom
sicocxlis bolos aqilevsi episkoposad akurTxes.
cnoba aqilevs tatiosis gaqristianebis Sesaxeb mecnierTa azriT, simarTles ar
unda Seeferebodes. am mosazrebas mkvlevarni imiT asabuTeben, rom romanSi „am-
bavi levkipesa da klitofonze~ arsadaa qristianuli ideebi. Tumca, rogorc aRv-
niSneT, qristianul wreebSi Tavad avtoris mimarT gansakuTrebuli interesi
namdvilad arsebobda, risi mizezic dResdReobiT bolomde araa cnobili.
svidas mier naxseneb sxva TxzulebaTagan mxolod erTi – „s f e r o s S e s a -
x e b~ aris SemorCenili, Tumca, Znelia zustad iTqvas, rom igi namdvilad aqilevs
tatioss ekuTvnis, radgan stilurad es ori nawarmoebi sakmaod gansxvavebulia.
rac namdvilad sarwmuno Cans svidas leqsikonSi daculi informaciidan, aris
aqilevs tatiosis aleqsandieloba. es faqti dasturdeba romanSi moyvanili
aleqsandriis dawvrilebiTi aRwerilobidan (IV, 12). iqve aqilevs tatiosi egvip-
tis faunis Cveuli warmomadgenlebis Sesaxeb gvawvdis damajerebel cnobebs: esaa
niangi (IV, 19) da hipopotami (IV, 2).
Tavdapirvelad, romans „ambavi levkipesa da klitofonze~ ax.w. V saukuniT
aTariRebdnen, radgan Txzulebas museosis „hero da leandres~ adarebdnen da maT
Soris bevr saerTos poulobdnen.
aqilevs tatiosi 251
nawarmoebis daTariReba sruliad Seicvala papirusebis meSveobiT. aRmoCnda,

rom oqsininxis papirusebis tomSi gamoqveynebuli nimuSebi aqilevs tatiosis II
wignis nawyvetebs Seicavda da mecnierTa daskvniT, II saukuneSi iyo Seqmnili.
ufro zusti daTariRebis saSualebas iZleva nawarmoebis erT-erTi pasaJic.
aqilevs tatiosi romanSi saubrobs bizantielebze rogorc mxolod frakielTa
winaaRmdeg mebrZolebze (VII, 12) da arsad axsenebs katastrofas, romelic ax. w. 194
wels bizantiaSi moxda. es afiqrebinebs zogierT mkvlevars, rom aqilevs tatio-
sis Txzuleba ax. w. 194 wlamde unda iyos Seqmnili.
axalma daTariRebam mkvlevrebs tatiosis Sesaxeb azri Seacvlevina –
Tavdapirvelad iTvleboda, rom igi longossa da heliodoross baZavda, axla ki
mecnierebi tatiosis, qsenofonisa da qaritonis msgavsebaze alaparakdnen.
gavecnoT aqilevs tatiosis romanis „ambavi levkipesa da klitofonze~ Si-
naarss. nawarmoebi rva wignisagan Sedgeab.
bizantiaSi omia da levkipe, bizantieli strategosis qaliSvili, dedis Tanx-
lebiT tirosSi biZasTan miemgzavreba. aq igi gaicnobs klitofons, Tavis biZaS-
vils. axalgazrdebs erTmaneTi SeuyvardebaT. maTi saidumlo Sexvedrebi male
yvelasTvis cnobili gaxdeba da mSoblebis risxvis SiSiT Seyvarebulebi saxli-
dan garbian.
ltolvilebi zRviT miemgzavrebian da maTi gemi iZireba. axalgazrdebi gadar-
Cebian. isini isev daiqiraveben xomalds da amjerad mekobreebs Cauvardebian
xelSi.
sabolood, mijnurebi Tavs daixsnian da aleqsandriaSi Cadian. iq levkipes gai-
tacebs masze gamijnurebuli yaCaRi qeresi. klitofoni mas daedevneba da levkipes
sikvdiliT dasjas Seeswreba (es klitofonis CamosaSoreblad gamiznuli insce-
nireba iyo). Tavzardacemuli klitofoni dastiris Seyvarebuls. klitofoni
moewoneba axalgazrda, lamaz da mdidar qvrivs melites da daiTanxmebs vaJs gahy-
ves mas efesoSi. klitofoni Tavdapirvelad gaurbis melites, uaryofs mis siyva-
ruls. mogvianebiT, rwmundeba ra imaSi, rom levkipe gardaicvala, Tanxmdeba
qorwinebaze. magram moulodnelad efesoSi klitofoni melites erT-erT mona
qalSi levkipes amoicnobs. am moulodnelobas meore mosdevs – Sin brundeba Ter-
sandrosi, melites meuRle, romelic gardacvlili egonaT. Tersandrosi klito-
fons dilegSi amwyvdevs.
Tersandrosi moixibleba levkipeTi da mas sayvarlobas sTavazobs. sasowark-
veTili levkipe klitofons cixidan gaqcevaSi exmareba, magram vaJi kvlav xelSi
uvardeba Tersandross da xelmeored aRmoCndeba tyveobaSi.
Tersandrosi cdilobs, rom klitofons levkipeze sabolood xeli aaRebinos
da mzakvrul gegmas moifiqrebs – igi cixeSi patimrad erT mosyidul kacs Seag-
zavnis, romelic klitofons mouTxrobs, rom levkipe melites mier migzavnili
kacis xeliTaa mokluli. klitofoni sajarod melites adanaSaulebs. sikvdilis
surviliT Sepyrobili klitofoni sasamarTloze ganacxadebs, rom levkipes
mkvlelobis Tanamonawilea. samsjavro klitofons sasikvdilo ganaCens gamou-
tans, magram Tavdapirvelad mis wamebas iTxovs, raTa melite Tanamzraxvelad
daasaxelos. wminda elCobis gamoCena sostratosis meTaurobiT droebiT gadaar-
Cens klitofons. magram sasamarTlo mainc ganaxldeba. axla Tersandrosi
moiTxovs garyvnili ltolvili monis, levkipes, misTvis dabrunebas.
melites da levkipes patiosnebaze gamocdian. RvTaebis daxmarebiT yvelaferi
kargad sruldeba. Sercxvenili Tersandrosi garbis. romani levkipesa da klito-
fonis qorwiliT sruldeba.
rogorc es nawarmoebidan Cans, aqilevs tatiosi sargeblobs JanrisaTvis ni-
Sandoblivi siuJeturi sqemiT, romelsac samijnuro romanis kompoziciis asage-
bad iyenebs.
252 aqilevs tatiosi
gansxvavebiT qaritonis da qsenofon efeselis ufro adreuli romanebisagan,

romlebic kompoziciis simartiviT da trafaretuli sqemiT gamoirCevian, aqilevs
tatiosis romani garkveul Taviseburebebs avlens. mwerali tradiciul siu-
Jetebs Tavisuflad epyroba, zogierT kompoziciurad gacveTil rgols saerTod
ar iyenebs (mag., RvTaebis risxva), cvlis movlenaTa dadgenil mimdevrobasac.
marTalia, aqilevss romanisTvis niSandoblivi TiTqmis yvela motivi ucvle-
lad aqvs gamoyenebuli (yaCaRebi, cru sikvdili, monoba, gemis daRupva), magram am
siuJetur rgolebs mwerali axlebur Seferilobas aZlevs.
nawarmoebis dasawyisSive vxedavT sqemidan mniSvnelovan gadaxras. gmirebi erT-
maneTs RmerTebis dResaswaulze ki ar xvdebian, rogorc es romanTa umetesobaSia, ara-
med ojaxur, naklebsadResaswaulo da yofiT garemoSi. siyvaruli, romelic axal-
gazrdebs akavSirebs, viTardeba da kulminacias aRwevs erT WerqveS cxovrebiT.
erosi Seyvarebulebze ganrisxebuli araa, rogorc es romanebSi xSirad xdeba,
radgan orive satrfo Tayvans scems RvTaebas. Seyvarebulebi malaven sakuTar
grZnobebs sxvebis winaSe ara simorcxvis gamo (rogorc es qsenofonis gmirebs ax-
asiaTebT), aramed praqtikuli mosazrebebiT _ maT mosalodneli skandalis eS-
iniaT (klitofoni levkipesTan Sexvedris momentSi ukve daniSnuli iyo).
gansxvavebiT sxva romanebisagan, sadac msxverplSewirva saSinel gansacdelad
aris aRqmuli, aqilevs tatiosTan farsad iqceva. mona satirosi sxvadasxva xrikiT
axdens ritualis imitacias.
sagulisxmoa, rom romanTa fabulaSi erT-erTi yvelaze tragikuli momenti –
mTavari gmiri qalis damarxva da datireba – aqilevs tatiosTan metad Tavisebu-
radaa gadmocemuli. kerZod, es pasaJi meordeba samjer (!) da Tanac or SemTxvevaSi
warmoadgens gardacvalebis komikur inscenirebas, rac mTlianad aclis mas
tragikul elfers da parodiad aqcevs.
samarTlianadaa SeniSnuli, rom aqilevs tatiosis romani ufro metadaa miax-
loebuli komediasTan, vidre qsenofonis da qaristonis Txzulebebi, upirveles
yovlisa, Tavisi personaJebiT. magaliTad, aseTia moqnili da eSmaki mona sati-
rosi, romelic sayofacxovrebo komediis moqmed pirs ufro emsgavseba, vidre
satrfialo romanisa.
Tavad mTavari gmirebic sulac ar arian Semkobili im moraluri RirsebebiT,
riTac gamoirCevian qaritonisa da qsenofonis gmirebi (klitofonis da melites
urTierToba, kliniosis samijnuro gakveTilebi, moZalade qarmide, „Zaladobis
moyvaruli~ kalisTenosi). personaJTa amoraluroba zogjer keTilSobilebas-
Tanaa Serwymuli. magaliTad, melite, rodesac Seityobs, rom levkipe cocxalia,
Tavad exmareba klitofons SeuerTdes meuRles. es personaJic Soreulad mog-
vagonebs menandrosis „samediatoro sasamarTlos~ heteras, romelic amgvari
keTilSobiluri saqcielisaTvis Tavisuflebas moipovebs.
aqilevs tatiosis romanSi arsad Cans filosofiuri gamonaTqvamebi moralur
da eTikur sakiTxebze, samagierod, xSiria ritorikuli xasiaTis msjelobebi, ma-
galiTad, siyvarulis bunebasa da mrisxanebaze (VI, 19), brbos daundoblobaze (VI,
10), avadmyofobaze (I, 6) da a.S.
sainteresoa, rom aqilevs tatiosi romanSi Txrobas pirvel pirSi warmarTavs.
yvela Tavgadasavali, romelic gmirebs gadaxdaT, avtoris emociur WrilSia asaxuli.
klitofonisa da levkipes trfobis qarga mudmivad wydeba CarTuli siuJete-
biT. es CarTuli siuJetebi, rogorc es zemoTac aRvniSneT, moklebulia rTul
msjelobebs da mkiTxvelTa yuradRebis mipyrobas msubuqi TemebiT cdilobs (mag.
cremlebis gavlena qalebis garegnobaze da msgavsi).
aqvea mravali zRapari (feniqsze, spiloze, mcenareTa da cxovelTa Soris arse-
bul grZnobebze), miTi (qariklosze, filomeleze). mecnierTa azriT, es e. w. Ca-
aqilevs tatiosi 253
narTebi avtoris erudiciis demonstrirebas axdens da, amavdroulad, mTavari

Temis dinamikis Senelebas emsaxureba.
sruliad dasaSvebia vifiqroT, rom komediasTan siaxlove aqac iCens Tavs da es
pasaJebi romanSi parabazas funqciebsac asrulebs.
klasikuri da imdroindeli literaturis harmonizaciisken ltolva asaxulia
aqilevs tatiosis romanis enasa da stilze. nawarmoebSi mravladaa arqaizmebi,
romlebic Sexamebulia Tanamedrove leqsikur elementebTan.
raki „levkipesa da klitofonis~ Seqmnis TariRi „meore sofistikis~ periods
emTxveva, ritorikis gavlena nawarmoebze sakmaod mniSvnelovania. sainteresoa,
rom zogierTi xerxi, romelic meore sofistikisTvis iyo niSandoblivi, nawar-
moebSi gamoyenebulia ara mxolod sasamarTlo procesebze, rac ufro bunebrivi
iqneboda, aramed yofaSic, rac gmirTa Sinagani bunebis dasaxasiaTebladaa mo-
marjvebuli.
mWevrmetyvelebis sayuraRdebo magaliTs warmoadgens klitofonis aRsareba,
sadac igi levkipes Seyvarebis istorias aRwers: „rogorc ki davinaxe, myis
daviRupe, radgan isarze basria mSveniereba, romelic suls Tvalebidan
msWvalavs. – Tvalebi sasiyvarulo Wrilobis gzaa. ra ar vigrZeni erTdroulad:
aRtaceba, gancvifreba, krToma, sircxvili, siTamame! me aRtacebuli viyavi dide-
bulebiT, gancvifrebuli – silamaziT, SemkrTali – guliT. Tamamad vumzerdi,
mrcxvenoda sakuTari tyveobis. mTeli ZaliT vcdilobdi Tvalebi momewyvita
qaliSvilisTvis, magram maT ar surdaT morCileba. Tvalebi iyvnen, romlebic
miiswrafodnen misken, silamaziT bagiriT mizidulni, datyvevebulni da saboloo
gamarjveba maT darCaT (I, 4)~.
nawarmoebi stilurad sakmaod daxvewilia. masSi mravladaa gamoyenebuli
aliteracia, antiTeza, hiperbola da metafora, romlebic romanSi garkveuli ka-
nonzomierebebiT meordebian, qmnian ra personaJTa da movlenaTa daxasiaTebisas
e.w. „ganmeorebad adgilebs~ (topoi).
miuxedavad imisa, rom aqilevs tatiosis stili damuSavebuli da rafinirebulia,
personaJTa daxasiaTeba ar aris erT sibrtyeze gaSlili. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
romanis gmirebze vmsjelobT ara maTi qmedebebis mixedviT, rogorc es ufro
adreuli romanebisaTvis iyo niSandoblivi, aramed mxolod monologebisa da
dialogebis meSveobiT.
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, aqilevsis romani realizmis axal safexurze dgas, siu-
Jeti gacilebiT saintereso da avantiuristulia, intriga – garTulebuli da
aratrafaretuli, garkveuli moulodnelobebiT aRsavse.
yvela es mizezi ganapirobebda aqilevs tatiosis romanis „levkipesa da kli-
tofonis Sesaxeb~ did popularobas saberZneTis ganaTlebul da natif sa-
zogadoebaSi.
es saTavgadasavlo – samijnuro romani momdevno saukuneebSi erT-erT yvelaze
sayvarel sakiTxavs warmoadgenda. misi popularoba imdenad didi iyo, rom bizan-
tieli filosofosi miqael fselosi (XI s.) sagangebod urCevda axalgazrdobas,
rom aqilevs tatiosisa da longosis TxzulebebiT zedmetad ar gatacebuliyvnen
da ufro seriozul literaturas gacnobodnen. aqilevsis romanma sxva Zvel-
berZnul da antikur romanebTan erTad, didi gavlena moaxdina adreqristianul
hagiografiul nawarmoebebze.
Sua saukuneebSi ariostos da t. tasos poemebSi, aRorZinebis epoqaSi bokaCos
novelebSi, XVII saukunis frangul romanebSi naTlad Cans aqilevs tatiosis
Txzulebis kvali rogorc siuJetur qargaSi, ise stilsa da enaSi.
Txzulebebi: àmbavi levkipesa da klitofonze~, `sferos Sesaxeb~.

254 qaritoni
qaritoni
(ax. w. I s.)
qaritoni romanuli Janris erT-erTi fuZemdebelTagania. misi Txzuleba

momdevno periodis berZnuli romanebisTvis namdvil saxelmZRvanelod iqca.
nawarmoebma „q e r e s i s a d a k a l i r o e s S e s a x e b~, garkveulwilad
gansazRvra evropuli satrfialo romanis siuJeturi da stiluri mimarTulebe-
bic.
Tavad qaritonis Sesaxeb dazustebuli informacia ar mogvepoveba. cnobilia
mxolod, rom qaritoni, rogorc amas Tavad aRniSnavs, mcireazieli ritoris,
aTenagorasis, mdivani iyo. es cnoba mecnierulad arc dadasturebulia da arc
uaryofili.
qaritonis avtorobiT erTaderTi Txzulebaa moRweuli – romani „qeresisa da
kaliroes ambavi~.
nawarmoebis Seqmnis zusti TariRi ucnobia. mecnierebi didi xnis ganmavlobaSi
miiCnevdnen, rom qaritonis romani ax.w. V saukuneSi iyo Seqmnili; Tumca, ukanask-
neli aRmoCenebis wyalobiT papirologiaSi, rodesac nawarmoebis erTaderT XIV
saukunis xelnawers paraleluri teqsti daeZebna, am TariRma ax.w. I saukuneSi
gadainacvla.
egviptis q.Tebes maxloblad aRmoCenili papirusebi, romelTac qaritonis ro-
manis mniSvnelovani nawili Semoinaxes, ax.w. II-III saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli, rac
cxadyofs, rom „qeresisa da kaliroes ambavi~ erT-eTri yvelaze adreuli Zvel-
berZnuli (da, maSasadame, evropuli) romania.
nawarmoebi rva wignadaa dayofili da qal-vaJis siyvarulis ambavs eZRvneba.
mokled gadmovcemT mis Sinaarss.
hermokratoss, sirakusel strategoss da aTenelTa mZlevels, hyavda ula-
mazesi qaliSvili kaliroe.
Tavis mxriv, aqilevsis sadari mSvenierebiT gamoirCeoda sirakuseli war-
Cinebulis, hermokratosTan politikurad dapirispirebuli didebulis, aris-
tonis, vaJi qeresi.
erTxel afroditesadmi miZRvnil zeimze qal-vaJs erTmaneTi SeuyvardebaT.
qeresi mamas kaliroes colad SerTvis survils gaandobs da raki mSobeli wi-
naaRmdegia, avad gaxdeba. sirakusis mcxovrebni Seikribebian TeatrSi da hermok-
ratoss SeyvarebulTa daqorwinebis nebarTvas mosTxoven. hermokratosi
Tanxmdeba da ojaxebi qorwils gamarTaven.
kaliroes mier uaryofili xelismaZieblebi qeress gulSi eWvs CauTesaven da axa-
lgazrda vaJi „moRalate~ meuRles wixlis CartymiT sicocxles gamoasalmebs.
mTeli qalaqi daitirebs kaliroes. mas sagvareulo akldamaSi dakrZalaven da
samarxSi auracxel simdidres Caatanen.
qaritoni 255
es simdidre mekobreTa winamZRols, Terons, samarxis gaZarcvas gadaawyveti-

nebs. samarxSi yaCaRebs kaliroe cocxali daxvdebaT, romelsac, rogorc gairkva,
mxolod goni daukargavs. yaCaRebi qalis sarfianad gayidvas moiwadineben da aTen-
Si miletel dionisioss mihgvrian. aTeneli warCinebuli kaliroes colad SerT-
vas gadawyvets. kaliroe, grZnobs ra, rom qeresisgan orsuladaa, Svilis Rirseu-
lad aRzrdisaTvis qorwinebas Tanxmdeba.
amasobaSi qeresi aRmoaCens, rom kaliroe samarxSi araa da sirakuselebTan er-
Tad mis Zebnas iwyebs. gzad igi Terons gadaeyreba, romelic mas kaliroes adgil-
samyofels gaumxels.
qeresi da poliqarmosi, misi megobari, aTenSi Cadian. iq, dionisiosis msaxuris
xrikebiT, isini sparsel guSagebs tyved Cauvardebian: qeress da poliqarmoss
monebad gayidian kariaSi, sadac miTridates samflobeloSi amuSaveben.
kaliroes vaJi SeeZineba. gaxarebuli dionisiosi afrodites pativsacemad
zeims marTavs, romelzec kaliroe taZris qurumisgan Seityobs, rom mas qeresi
daeZebda. msaxuri imasac Seatyobinebs, rom qeresi xomaldis xanZris dros
daiRupa. dionisiosis rCeviT, kaliroem qeresis sazeimo dakrZalva gamarTa.
qeresi ki kariaSi monaTa uSedego gaqcevas xelmZRvanelobs. yvela ajanyebuli
sikvdiliT dasajes, mxolod poliqarmosi da qeresi gadarCebian, radgan sik-
vdilis win kaliroes saxels axseneben. SeTqmulebis axali monawilis gamoaSkara-
vebis mizniT, maT miTridates mihgvrian. miTridates kaliroes silamazis Sesaxeb
bevri smenoda da qeress daxmarebas SesTavazebs. misi rCeviT, qeresi meuRles wer-
ils miswers, romelic xelSi Cauvardeba dionisioss. aRSToTebuli dionisiosi,
romelic qeresis sikvdilSi darwmunebulia, miTridates kaliroes Secdenis
mcdelobaSi daadanaSaulebs da mas artaqserqsesTan, sparseTis mefesTan, uCiv-
lebs.
mefe qveSemrdomTa sasamarTlos babilonSi gamarTavs. sasamarTloze qeresic
wardgeba da kaliroec. artaqserqsesi kaliroes mSvenierebiT moixibleba da qa-
lis gulis monadirebas cdilobs.
am dros artaqserqses atyobineben, rom mis winaaRmdeg egviptelebi ajanydnen
da finikiaSi SeiWrnen.
mefe saomrad miemgzavreba. mis amalaSi dionisiosic aris da kaliroec. saso-
warkveTili qeresi ajanyebulebs miemxroba da navarqosad dainiSneba. qeresi
xelT igdebs xomalds, romelzec imyofebian kaliroe da artaqserqsesis meuRle
statira.
kaliroe da qeresi erTmaneTs Sexvdebian. isini sparseTis mefes tyveebs dau-
bruneben da Sin brundebian. kaliroe vaJs aRsazrdelad dionisioss utovebs,
xolo Tavad sirakuzSi brundeba da qeresTan erTad bednierad cxovrobs.
mecnierTa mier samarTlianad iyo SeniSnuli, rom nawarmoebis analizisaTvis
yvelaze mniSvnelovani momenti adreuli romanisa da istoriuli prozis ur-
TierTmimarTebis sakiTxia.
qaritonis romani, erTi SexedviT, namdvilad axlos dgas istoriuli Janris
berZnul prozasTan Semdegi niSnebiT:
1) nawarmoebis dasawyisi istoriuli Txzulebis tipur Sesavals warmoadgens –
„qariton afrodisieli, ritor aTenagorasis mdivani, giambobT erTi ambavs siy-
varulis, romelic sirakusSi moxda~ (I, 2).
2) nawarmoebSi naxsenebi arian: istoriuli pirebi (mag., sirakuseli strategosi
hermokratosi, romelmac Zv.w. 413 wels aTenis floti daamarcxa, sparseTis mefe
artaqserqsesi II), istoriuli realiebi (sirakuselTa da aTenelTa yoveldRiuri
cxovrebis amsaxveli detalebi, sparseTis samefo karis aRweriloba babilonSi),
omebi (tirosis aReba, siciliuri omi) da sxva.
256 qaritoni
3) nawarmoebSi Cans istoriuli TxzulebebisaTvis niSandoblivi patriotizmi.

qeresi egviptelTa laSqarSi ibrZvis, Tumca brZolis dawyebis win warmoTqvams
sityvas berZenTa gansakuTrebul mamacobaze (VII, 3), kaliroe, monad gayiduli
sirakuseli qali, silamaziTac da aRzrda-ganaTlebiTac aRemateba garSemomyo-
febs sparseTis karze da statiras, artaqserqsesis meuRles, berZenTa keTilSo-
bilebaze aalaparakebs (VIII, 3).
4) nawarmoebi elinisturi xanis istoriul TxzulebaTa stilisaTvis niSando-
blivi bednieri dasasruliT xasiaTdeba.
miuxedavad saistorio prozis nimuSebTan aSkara msgavsebisa, „qeresisa da ka-
liroes ambavi~ ar SeiZleba miviCnioT istoriul romanad, radgan es realiebi
fabulisTvis ZiriTadi araa. e.w. istoriuli epizodebi avtors TxrobisaTvis
mxolod garkveuli damajereblobis misaniWeblad aqvs gamoyenebuli. saomari mo-
qmedebebi gmiris mamacobis gamovlenis mxolod fons warmoadgens. istoriuli
pirebi, saxalxo krebebi, sasamarTloebi saxelmwifoebrivi mniSvnelobis saqmeebs
ki ar ganixilaven, aramed sasiyvarulo intrigas, SeyvarebulTa pirad cxovrebas-
Tan dakavSirebul problemebs.
romanis istoriuli foni rom mniSvnelovani araa nawarmoebisaTvis, Cans im
uzustobebidanac, romlebic mravladaa nawarmoebSi. kerZod, artaqserqsesi, ro-
melic Txzulebis erT-erTi centraluri figuraa, sparseTis taxtze istoriuli
wyaroebiT Zv. w. 405 wels avida, maSin, rodesac meore personaJi, hermokratosi,
qeresis mama, romelic romanSi mis Tanamedroved aris gamoyvanili, ukve gar-
dacvlili iyo. istoriuli romanisTvis niSandoblivi elementebis garda, qari-
toni TxzulebaSi dramatuli JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamomsaxvelobiTi
formebiTac sargeblobs. esaa, pirvel rigSi: monologi, dialogi, mimarTva, ro-
melsac avtori personaJTa fsiqologiuri portretis Seqmnisa da gamdidre-
bisaTvis iyenebs.
gansxvavebiT ufro gviandeli xanis romanebisagan, qaritonis monologebi mok-
lebulia ritorikul xerxebs da savarjiSoebs da mTlianad emociazea agebuli
(mag., kaliroes monologebi (I, 14) (VII, 6), (III, 3)).
„o verago silamazev, – ambobs kaliroe erT-erT monologSi, – yvela Cemi
ubedurebis mizezi Sena xar, Sens gamo momkles, monad gamyides, qeresis Semdeg
meored gavTxovdi, Sens gamove warvdeqi sasamarTlos winaSe~ (VI, 6).
mTavar gmirTa daxasiaTeba maqsimalurad realistur elementebiTaa
Sedgenili. romanis e.w. „tipur qargaSi~ CarTulia yofiTi, Seulamazebeli de-
talebi, romlebic gmirTa individualobas aaSkaraveben (kaliroes cemis epizodi,
kaliroes anagriSiani gaTxoveba, qeresis unebisyofoba, misi cvalebadi xasiaTi).
yvela es wvrilmani TandaTanobiT mTavar personaJebs cocxal adamianebad war-
moaCens da ara idealur TvisebebiT Semkul zeadamianebad.
mniSvnelovania, rom moqmed pirTa srulyofil asaxvasTan erTad, qaritoni e.w.
meore planis personaJTa daxasiaTebas aranaklebi gamomsaxvelobiT axerxebs.
didi damajereblobiTaa mocemuli meorexarisxovan gmirTa: dionisiosis, ar-
taqserqsesis, leonis, plangos, Teronis da sxvaTa fsiqologiuri portretebi.
qaritonis Txzulebis ena martivi da gasagebia, moklebulia Rrmaazrovan
miniSnebebs, romlebic mkiTxvelTa mxolod ganaTlebuli da elituri wrisTvis
SeiZleba yofiliyo gasagebi. amis gamo qaritoni gacilebiT uSualoa, vidre
elinisturi epoqis sxva romanistebi, romlebic xarks uxdidnen e.w. mecnierul
tendenciebs.
qaritonis romani enobrivad da stilurad klasikuri periodis literatu-
rasTan ufro metadaa miaxloebuli, vidre elinisturTan. romanSi bunebrivad
gamoiyureba citatebi „iliadadan~ (XVII, 22-24, I, 114) da „odiseadan~ (XVII, 486-487).
qaritoni 257
qaritonis sayvareli xerxi ironiaa. ironiis mwerali im kontrastis gadmo-

sacemad iyenebs, romelic iqmneba gmirebis realobasTan dapirispirebisas.
ironiis saukeTeso nimuSia yaCaR Teronisa da kaliroes urTierToba. Teroni,
romelsac kaliroes monad gayidva aqvs ganzraxuli, arwmunebs qals, rom igi mis-
dami keTilSobiluri grZnobebiTaa gamsWvaluli da surs mis momavalze iz-
runos. kaliroem SesaniSnavad icis Teronis namdvili zraxva da faruli ironiiT
mimarTavs: „madlobas gwirav, mzrunvelo mamav, adamianuri mopyrobisaTvis, dae,
yvela Tqvengans RmerTebma amisaTvis samagiero mogizRon~ (I, 13).
qaritonis gmirebisTvis arc sentimentaloba da gulubryvilobaa ucxo. yvela
es grZnoba mwerals emociaTa maqsimaluri eqspresiisaTvis aqvs gamoyenebuli.
Txzulebis agebaSi qaritoni gansxvavdeba sxva romanistebisagan. nawarmoebSi
araa warmodgenili SeyvarebulTa meore wyvili, rac siuJetis garTulebas ga-
moiwvevda. intriga erT Sinaarsobrivi xazis gaswvriv viTardeba da siuJetis
gaSla erTmaneTTan dakavSirebul epizodis monacvleobiT xdeba. TxzulebaSi
fantastikuri da daujerebeli arc erTi faqti araa moyvanili, rac egzom damax-
asiaTebelia romanisTvis zogadad. avtori gaurbis sofistur wiaRsvlebs da
crumecnierul msjelobebs, riTac romanistebi, Cveulebisamebr, mkiTxvelze STa-
beWdilebis moxdenas cdiloben.
qaritoni ZiriTad yuradRebas personaJTa fsiqologiur wvdomas da gmirTa
individualizacias uTmobs.
evropuli literatura qaritonis romans gvian gaecno. pirvelad igi 1750 wels
daibeWda, rodesac mkiTxveli ukve aRtacebuli iyo longosisa da heliodorosis
nawarmoebebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom qaritonis romani ar gamoirCeoda ornamen-
tulobiT da misi siuJeti maqsimalurad uaxlovdeboda realur faqtebs, evropam
jerovnad Seafasa qaritonis sada, msubuqi stili, misi gulubryvilo uSualoba.
marTalia, qaritonis romani istoriul da dramatul Janrebs gamomsaxvelo-
biTi xerxebiT ukavSirdeba, mwerali individualur gzas irCevs. romanisti saku-
Tar gmirebs moqmedebis srul Tavisuflebas aniWebs, nawarmoebs aqcevs cocxali
adamianebis samoqmedo arealad, aTavisuflebs maT sqematurobisgan da im
trafaretuli xerxebisagan, romlebic gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas iZendnen ufro
gviandeli avtorebis samijnuro romanebSi.
Txzulebebi: romani `qeresisa da kaliroes Sesaxeb~.

258 heliodorosi
heliodorosi
(III-IV s.s.)
heliodorosis romanma didi gavlena moaxdina rogorc antikuri xanis, ise Sua
saukuneebis, bizantiuri da evropuli romanis ganviTarebaze. „eTiopikam~ gark-
veuli roli Seasrula evropuli eposis CamoyalibebaSic. nawarmoebi XIX s-is 60-
ian wlebSi aRmoCenili papirusebis meSveobiT III-IV saukuneebiTaa daTariRebuli.
avtori am popularuli Txzulebisa Tavad gvecnoba nawarmoebis bolos: „am-
bavi ese gaasrula finikielma vaJma emesadan, heliosis STamomavalma helio-
dorosma, Teodosis Zem~ (X, 41).
mecnierTa Soris didi xnis ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobda dava avtoris saku-
Tari saxelis Sesaxeb. kerZod, bevri mkvlevari miiCnevda, rom avtoris saxeli
saeWvod emTxveoda eTiopiaSi RmerT heliosis gansakuTrebuli kultis arsebo-
bas da sakuTar saxels fsevdonimad aRiqvamda. am mosazrebas is mecnierebi ar
eTanxmebodnen, romlebic asabuTebdnen, rom es saxeli im epoqaSi sakmaod iyo
gavrcelebuli.
garda Tavad nawarmoebisa, heliodorosis biografiaze informacias sxvaganac
vxvdebiT. magaliTad, arsebobs cnoba, rom TiTqos sicocxlis bolos mwerali
gaqristianda da Teodosios didis epoqaSi (379-395 w.w.) episkoposi Seiqna (sok-
rate sqolastikosi, `saeklesio istoria~, V, 22).
XIV saukunis istorikosi, nikifore kalistosi, imasac gvatyobinebs, rom si-
nods, SeuniSnavs ra axalgazrdobaze „eTiopikis~ macdunebeli gavlena, helio-
dorosi arCevnis winaSe dauyenebia – an daewva sakuTari qmnileba an xeli aeRo
mRvdelmsaxurebaze. heliodoross, am cnobiT, episkoposoba dauTmia.
dResac bolomde sakamaToa, ramdenad SesaZlebelia virwmunoT heliodorosis
episkoposoba, radgan nawarmoebSi arsad Cans qristianuli ideebi.
ganvixiloT Sinaarsi romanisa, romelic urTierTgansxvavebuli ganmartebebis
saSualebas iZleva.
heliodorosis romanis sruli saTauria „e T i o p i k a a n u T e a g e n e -
s i s a d a q a r i k l e a s S e s a x e b~, romelic aTi wignisagan Sedgeba.
nawarmoebi yaCaRTa ori razmis nadavlisaTvis sisxliani brZoliT iwyeba. ga-
marjvebuli mekobreebi xomaldis ganZeulobasTan erTad ulamazes qal-vaJs xelT
igdeben. yaCaRTa winamZRoli Tiamisi qarikleas da Teageness berZen tyves, knemons,
miuCens (aq knemoni Tavis Tavgadasavals hyveba). Tiamiss qaliSvilis colad
SerTva surs. qariklea daWrili Teagenesis gadasarCenad mas sakuTar Zmad gaa-
saRebs da qorwinebaze daTanxmdeba (aq Tiamisi sakuTar cxovrebaze mogviTxrobs).
moulodnelad Tiamisis laSqars Tavs misi Zma, petosirisi daesxmeba. saSineli
areuloba atydeba.
heliodorosi 259
Teagenesi, knemoni da qariklea gaiqcevian. male maTi gzebi gaiyofa da knemons

moxuci egvipteli qurumi Semoxvdeba. qurumi kalasisisi qarikleas da Teageness
daeZebs. igi knemons qarikleasa da Teagenesis Tavgadasavals mouyveba. (gairkveva,
rom qariklea eTiopeli mefis Svilia. qaliSvili uCveulod Ria feris kaniT dai-
bada da SeSinebulma dedofalma persinem igi eTiopias gaarida. qarikleas iS-
vilebs delfos qurumi qariklosi. piTiur TamaSebze qariklea Teageness gaumi-
jnurdeba. isini erTad gaiqcevian delfodan. amasobaSi eTiopiis unayofod dar-
Cenili persine qaliSvilis Zebnas iwyebs da am mizniT kalasiriss gaagzavnis).
Tiamisis tyveobidan Tavdaxsnil Seyvarebulebs isev yaCaRebi daatusaReben.
qarikleas vaWari navsiklosi iyidis, xolo Teageness babilonSi agzavnian satrap
orondates monad. orondates meuRle arsakes Seuyvardeba lamazi Wabuki, ro-
melic mis grZnobebs uaryofs. Teageness cixeSi Casvamen.
amasobaSi qariklea da kalasirisi Cadian babilonSi, sadac maT bevri moulod-
neloba eliT. kalasirisi Sexvdeba Tavis vaJebs, qarikleas ki satusaRoSi Caagdeben,
sadac daxvdeba Teagenesi. qal-vaJs cecxlze dawvas miusjian, magram qarikleas
cecxli ar ekareba. xalxi moiTxovs maT gaTavisuflebas, magram samsjavro isev
grZeldeba.
am dros hidasposi, eTiopiis mefe, memfisSi SeiWreba. sparselebisgan Tavdaxsnil
Seyvarebulebs axla eTiopelebi epinikiebze msxverplSewirvisTvis amzadeben.
qariklea yvelas uCvenebs im nivTebs, romlebic mas dabadebidan Tan daaqvs. persine
icnobs qaliSvils. moulodnelad gamoCndeba qariklosic, qarikleas mamobili, ro-
melic qaliSvils daeZebs.
xalxi gmobs adamianTa msxverplSewirvas da qal-vaJs aTavisuflebs.
heliosisa da selenes qurumis tansacmelSi mosili Seyvarebulebi qorwinebis
wminda adaTs aRasruleben.
amrigad, rogorc es Sinaarsidan Cans, romani „Teagenesisa da qarikleas Sesaxeb~
gansakuTrebul siaxloves amJRavnebs aqilevs tatiosis nawarmoebTan.
am msgavsebas Tavidanve mieqca yuradReba jer kidev fotiosTan (biblioTeka, 87,
66, A ). erTxans, sanam heliodorosis romanis daTariRebas zustad daadgendnen, aras-
worad miiCneoda, rom heliodorosis erotikuli siuJeti seriozuli da
dramatulia, xolo misma mimbaZvelma aqilevsma es topika daamdabla da parodiis
sibrtyeze gadmoitana.
„eTiopikidan~ irkveva, rom heliodorosi gansakuTrebul pativs scemda berZnul
ganaTlebulobas da misTvis sityva „elini~ eTnikur termins ki ar warmoadgenda,
aramed – kulturuls.
swored amitom egviptel qurums avtori „elins~ uwodebs (IV, 17), xolo eTiopel
gimnosofistebs piTagorel brZenTa iers aZlevs (X).
heliodoross garkveuli kosmopolitizmic axasiaTebs. magaliTad, erTgan igi
homeross egviptelad ixseniebs (III, 14), rac zogierT mecniers afiqrebinebs, rom
heliodorosi elinizirebuli egvipteli iyo, romelic elinizms ganaTlebiT da ara
eTnikurad ukavSirdeboda.
Tumca, Tu am Tvalsazriss gaviziarebT, Zneli saTqmelia, ra ufro mZlavrobs
heliodorosis msoflaRqmaSi – „egvipteloba~ Tu „elinoba~.
zerele dakvirvebiTac „eTiopika~ sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba sxva berZnuli ro-
manebisagan. erotikul-avantiuristul masalasTan erTad, TxzulebaSi mravladaa
religiuri, miTologiuri, filosofiuri, moralisturi motivebi.
religiuri kuTxiT, heliodorosis mTel nawarmoebSi heliosis emesuri kultis
Tayvaniscemis elementebia warmodgenili.
marTali, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, nawarmoebSi arsad Cans qristianuli ideebi, ma-
gram isic gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom gansxvavebiT sxva ZvelberZnuli romanebisagan,
heliodorosis „eTiopika~ bizantiuri periodis mwerlobam qristianul WrilSi
260 heliodorosi
aRiqva. magaliTad, VII saukunis saeklesio moRvawe maqsime aRmsarebeli TxzulebaSi

„siyvarulis Sesaxeb~ RvTaebrivi siyvarulis interpretacias am warmarTuli ro-
manis teqstidan moyvanili moraluri sentenciis meSveobiT axdens. „eTiopikis~ per-
sonaJebi, bizantieli Teologebis azriT, garkveul religiur simboloebs ga-
nasaxierebdnen. kerZod, qariklea – suls da gonebas, qariklosi – praqtikul mo-
qmedebas, magiuri qva pentarbi, romelsac ganuyrelad Tan atarebs qariklea – RvTae-
briv SiSs.
filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT, heliodorosis nawarmoebSi naTlad Cans neopiTa-
goruli, neoplatonuri da sofisturi ideebi, rac aisaxa mistikis, okultizmis, um-
wikvloebis eTikis, religiuri ganmanaTleblobis principebis dacvaSi.
magaliTad, kalasirisi Teurgiuli sibrZnis mTeli Teorias gadmogvcems (III, 16),
umwikvloebis dacva nawarmoebis ZiriTadi ideaa (X, 8; VII, 9), xolo heliosisa da
apolonis mistikuri gaigiveba araerTxel dasturdeba TxzulebaSi (X, 36).
miuxedavad yvela am magaliTisa, personaJTa filosofiuri, religiuri Tu mor-
alisturi msjeloba doqtrinis saxiT araa warmodgenili. es elementebi nawarmoebis
siuJetSi imdroindeli ganaTlebuli sazogadoebis inteleqtualuri interesebis
dakmayofilebas emsaxureboda.
amas personaJTa qmedebebic adasturebs. magaliTad, kalasirisi, sibrZnisa da
mistikuri codnis mqadagebeli da Tavis TavSi matarebeli, saboloo jamSi mxolod
gaqnili egviptelia.
filosofiur-religiuri motivebi daqvemdebarebulni arian nawarmoebis Ziri-
Tad Temas – erotikul-samijnuro Tavgadasavals da es daqvemdebareba seriozuli
Tematikis ironiul saburvelSi gaxveviT gamoixateba.
romanis xasiaTi egzaltirebul paTossa da ironias Soris meryeobs da es bipo-
laruloba asaxulia nawarmoebis personaJebis Zerwvisas. magaliTad, qariklea, um-
weo qaliSvili, umwikvloebis da erTgulebis simbolo, amavdroulad, eSmaki da
TvalTmaqci adamiania – igi xSirad asaRebs Seyvarebuls sakuTar Zmad, Tanxmdeba
qorwinebaze, mouwodebs satrfos gaiziaros Teagenesze gamijnurebuli arsakes
sareceli. Tavis mxriv, Teagenesi, satrfos erTguli da mraval WirTa damTmeni,
saboloo jamSi unebisyofo, dabneuli da uunaro adamiania.
miuxedavad imisa, rom heliodorosi cdilobs originaloba gamoavlinos, gana-
Soros nawarmoebs gulubryvilobisa da sworxazobriobis ieri, igi mainc valde-
bulia misdios romanisTvis niSandobliv Stampebs. es ukanaskneli ki personaJTa sqe-
maturobas ganapirobebs.
personaJTa sqematuroba Zlierdeba maTi metyvelebis ritorikuli stiliT, ro-
melic meore sofistikis mier damuSavebul e.w. saskolo xerxebis mTeli mraval-
ferovnebiTaa warmodgenili. „yoveli dava da yoveli sasamarTlo, mefeo, ori saxis
mtkicebulebas scnobs: werilobiT dadasturebas da mowmeTa Cvenebebs, – ambobs
qariklea sasamarTloze, – erTsac da meoresac me warmogidgen, raTa dagimtkico,
rom me Seni Svili var. mowmed viZaxeb ara vinmes brbodan, aramed Tavad mosamarTles,
– vfiqrob, saukeTeso mtkicebuleba mosarCelesaTvis Tavad mosamarTlis aRiare-
baa...“
sagulisxmoa, rom personaJTagan sqematurobis sasargeblod xarki ufro metad
mTavarma personaJebma gaiRes, xolo meorexarisxovani gmirebi trafaretebisagan
TiTqmis sruliad Tavisuflebi aRmoCndnen. amitomac meorexarisxovani gmirebi met
portretul da fsiqologiur individualobas iCenen (kalasirisi, vaWari navsik-
losi, mebaduri tirenosi).
„eTiopika~ naTlad asaxavs im gavlenebs, romlebmac romanze sxva Janrebma iqonies.
aq mravladaa cnobili literaturul-miTologiuri motivebi. knemon-demenetes da
arsake-Teagenesis epizodebi sruliad gulaxdilad iyeneben miTs hipolitesa da
fedras Sesaxeb. mamis iniciativiT mowyobili qarikleas arSemdgari
heliodorosi 261
msxverplSewirva ki warmoadgens agamemnonis mier ifigenias msxverplSewirvis

imitacias.
„eTopikaSi~ aseve mravladaa reminiscencia berZnuli istoriografiidan da
sabunebismetyvelo literaturidan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom nawarmoebis yvela rgoli generalur xazs – samijnuro siu-
Jets – eqvemdebareba, „eTiopikidan~ SesaZlebelia mravali saintereso istoriuli
Tu geografiuli informacia amoikribos.
Tumca, Janris Taviseburebidan gamomdinare, Znelia, realiebi vuwodoT im isto-
riul anaqronizmebsa Tu „fantastikur~ geografias, rac „eTiopikisaTvisaa~ niSan-
doblivi.
magaliTad, „eTiopikaSi~, erTis mxriv, aRwerilia epoqa, rodesac egvipte Sedioda
sparseTis samefos SemadgenlobaSi da satrapis mier imarTeboda. e.i. Zv.w. 513-322
wlebSi, xolo, meores mxriv, naxsenebia epikurelTa baRi da Zegli aTenSi, romelTa
ageba am epoqas saukunenaxevriTaa daSorebuli. saboloo jamSi, herodotesTan aR-
werili eTiopia aRreulia elinisturi epoqis eTiopiasTan.
es ararealuri istoriuli garemo srul harmoniaSia romanis fantastikur
geografiul realiebTan. magaliTad, eTiopiis qalaqi siena, romlisTvisac sparse-
lebi da eTiopelebi ecilebian erTmanes, sinamdvileSi asuania an meroeed-dameri.
yovelive es adasturebs, rom heliodorosisTvis principuli mniSvneloba arc
istoriul garemos da arc geografiul konkretikas ara aqvs. mwerlis mier
SeTxzuli ambavi viTardeba pirobiT, naxevrad zRaprul-fantastikur sivrcesa da
droSi.
heliodorosis romans „eTiopika anu Teagenesisa da qarikleas Sesaxeb~ didi in-
teresiT ecnobodnen yvela epoqaSi. bizantiur epoqaSi mwerals mravali mimbaZveli
gamouCnda. evstaTios makrembolisi, Teodore prodromosi, nikita evgenianosi saku-
Tari romanebis gmirebis modelebad heliodorosis Teagenessa da qarikleas saxavd-
nen.
konstantinepolis dacemis Semdeg berZnuli xelnawerebiT konstantine laskarisi
florenciaSi miemarTeba. am wignebs Soris „eTiopikac~ aris. am xelnaweris mixedviT
erTmaneTis miyolebiT qveyndeba romanis rogorc beWduri gamocema (1534 w.), ise
Targmanebi: frangulad, italiurad, germanulad, laTinurad da inglisurad.
am Targmanebma heliodorosis romani evropaSi saocrad popularuli gaxada. ev-
ropuli saTavgadasavlo romanebi ukve „eTiopikis~ yaidaze iqmneba („induri is-
toria~, „kelturi istoria~, „negroponturi istoria~, „afrikuli istoria~, „azi-
uri istoria~, aleqsandre hardis piesa „eTiopika~, Jilmeris tragedia „Teagenesi~,
duSes lirikuli tragedia „Teagenesi da qariklea~ da sxv.).
am nawarmoebTa umetesoba literaturas ar SemorCa, magram maT helidorosis ro-
manis popularoba msoflio literaturis klasikosebis „yuramde miitanes~.
magaliTad, Seqspiris „meTormete Ramis~ ukanasknel moqmedebaSi gamoyenebulia
epizodi „eTiopikidan~, t. tasos „ganTavisuflebul ierusalimSi~ klarindas da-
badebis scena persines mier qarikleas Sobis epizodis analogiuradaa war-
modgenili. servantesis „don kixotSi~ persilesisa da sigizmundis istoria bevr
saerTos poulobs helidorosis romanTan. da bolos, aRniSvnis Rirsia fransua
rables ukvdavi romanis gmiri pantagrueli, romelic heliodorosis romans kiTx-
ulobs (Tumca, samarTlianoba moiTxovs aRiniSnos, rom mas „eTiopikis~ kiTxvisas
tkbilad CaeZineba).
axali drois romani, Tavis mxriv, heliododrosis Semoqmedebisgan bevriTaa da-
valebuli – dResac sakmaod popularulia im mxatvruli xerxebis mravalferovneba,
romelic heliodorosis romans Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisTvisac ganumeorebels xdis.
romani èTiopika anu Teagenesisa da qarikleas Sesaxeb“

262 qsenofon efeseli
qsenofon efeseli
(ax. w. II-III ss.)
qsenofon efeselis romani „e f e s u r i a m b a v i h a b r o k o m e s s a d a

a n T e i a z e~ Janris ganviTarebaSi saetapo Txzulebas warmoadgens. mwerali
romanis sqematuri SesaZleblobebis gafarToebas cdilobs, amdidrebs
nawarmoebis siuJets saTavgadasavlo elementebiT.
Tavad qsenofon efeselis biografiidan Zalze cota ram viciT.
rogorc misi saxelidan Cans, igi mcire aziis qalaq efesodan unda yofiliyo.
amaze metyvelebs is detalebic, romlebic romanSia mocemuli. magaliTad, igi
kargad icnobs qalaqs, zustad gansazRvravs manZils sxvadasxva RirSesaniSnav
adgils Soris, TviTmxilvelisaTvis niSandoblivi zedmiwevnobiT aRwers ar-
temisisadmi miZRvnil efesur zeimsac.
nawarmoebis Seqmnis zusti TariRi ucnobia, Tumca qsenofon efeselisa da
qaritonis nawarmoebTa Sedareba saSualebas gvaZlevs aTvlis wertilad ax.w. II
saukune vivaraudoT.
gavecnoT qsenofon efeselis romans „efesuri ambavi habrokomessa da anTei-
aze~, romelic 5 wignisagan Sedgeba.
efesos ori warCinebuli moqalaqis ojaxSi izrdeba 16 wlis habrokomesi da 14
wlis anTeia, romlebic Seudarebeli silamaziT brwyinaven.
vaJi erosis Zalas damcinavad uaryofs, riTac RvTaebis ganrisxebas iwvevs da
sasjelic ar daaxanebs. habrokomesi anTeias artemisis zeimze gadaeyreba da
TavdaviwyebiT Seiyvarebs. Tavis mxriv, anTeiasac Seuyvardeba habrokomesi. mor-
cxvi mijnurebi grZnobebs malaven da dardiT avad gaxdebian.
Svilebis mdgomareobiT SeSfoTebuli mSoblebi misans miakiTxaven da misgan
axalgazrdebis momavals Seityoben. gairkveva, rom qal-vaJi daqorwindeba, mra-
val gansacdels gadaitans da bolos bednierad icxovrebs.
raTa satrfoebma male gadalaxon yvela dabrkoleba da bedniereba moipovon,
mSoblebi maT daaqorwineben da bediswerasTan Sesaxvedrad gaamgzavreben.
axaldaqorwinebulebi erTgul monebTan, levkonossa da rodasTan erTad
zRviT miemgzavrebian. winaswarmetyveleba maSinve iwyebs acxadebas – habrokome-
sisa da anTeias xomaldi iZireba, axalgazrdebs mekobreebi daatyveveben.
mekobreTa meTauris, afsirtosis, asuli manto habrokomesis silamaziT
moixibleba. vaJi uaryofs mis siyvaruls. manto Surs iZiebs habrokomesze, cils
daswamebs mas da vaJs daatusaReben. manto Txovdeba vinme mirisze da anTeia, levk-
onosi da roda monebad mihyavs Tan. manto anTeias tanjavs da amcirebs, xolo
mirisi qaliSvilis moxiblvas cdilobs. Seityobs ra mirisis grZnobis Sesaxeb,
manto anTeias likiel vaWrebs mihyidis. anTeias gemi kvlav iRupeba da mas isev
daatyveveben mekobreebi, romelTac hipoToosi meTaurobs.
hipoToosi gadawyvets, rom tyve anTeia RmerT aress msxverplad Seswiros, ma-
gram mxedarTmTavari perilaosi, romelic moixibleba mSvenieri qaliSviliT,
damarcxebs mekobreebs da anTeias daixsnis.
perilaoss anTeias colad SerTvas ganizraxavs da mihyavs igi kilikiis qalaq
tarsosSi. anTeia sasowarkveTilia, igi TviTmkvlelobas gadawyvets. daxmare-
bisTvis anTeia eqim evdoqsoss mimarTavs, romelic gasamrjelos safasurad Tanax-
maa misces mas momakvdinebeli wamali. anTeia sawamlavs qorwilis dRes dalevs da
maSinve gonebas dakargavs.
qals mkvdrad miiCneven da samarxSi Caasveneben. anTeias Tan uTvalav simdidres
Caatanen. ganZis xelSi Casagdebad yaCaRebi samarxs gaxsnian da gonze mosul an-
Teias Zvirfas nadavlTan erTad gaitaceben.
am dros afsirtosi, mantos mama, daadgens, rom habrokomesi udanaSauloa. af-
sirtosi vaJs gaaTavisuflebs da uxvad daasaCuqrebs.
habrokomesi anTeias saZebrad gaeSureba. gzad mas yaCaRi hipoToosi Sexvdeba
da daumegobrdeba. habrokomesi moxuc qrisonesgan SemTxveviT Seityobs anTeias
Sesaxeb da maSinve miemgzavreba meuRlis kvalze.
anTeia, romelsac yaCaRebi gayidian, xelSi indoeTis mefe psamidoss Cau-
vardeba, romelsac qalis xarWad dasma surs. anTeia qalRmerT isiss sTxovs dax-
marebas. eTiopiis sazRvarze mefis razms hipoToosi gaanadgurebs, klavs psami-
doss da anTeias daatyvevebs. yaCaRi ver icnobs qaliSvils. erT-erTi yaCaRi an-
Teias gaupatiurebas cdilobs, SemTxveviT sakuTar xmals wamoegeba da kvdeba.
avazakebi anTeias mkvlelobas daabraleben da Caagdeben ormoSi gaavebul ZaR-
lebTan. yaCaRi amfinomosi anTeias aTavisuflebs da qalaq koptosSi mihyavs.
hipoToosis razms egviptis prefeqti gaanadgurebs. Tavad hipoToosi gaqceviT
uSvelis Tavs. erTxel yaCaRebi amfinomoss quCaSi gadaeyrebian da gascemen. amfi-
nomoss da anTeias miiyvanen prefeqtTan. prefeqts Seuyvardeba anTeia, magram misi
eWviani meuRle ubrZanebs monas anTeia italiaSi meZavad gayidos. italiaSi
Casuli anTeia vaWrebs Tavs bnedianad moaCvenebs da mas iafad hipoToss mihyidian.
(mas Semdeg rac egviptidan gaiqca, hipoToosma colad SeirTo xandazmuli qali
da male daqvrivda. italiaSi ki imitom gaemgzavra, rom lamazi monebi SeeZina da
habrokomesi moeZebna. hipoTooss guliTadi megobrisTvis memkvidreobis ga-
ziareba surda).
habrokomesi ki am dros anTeias daeZebs egvipteSi, sadac egviptelma mwyemsebma
igi monad mihyides meomar araqss. araqsis garyvnili coli kiuno habrokomess
etrfis. habrokomesma lamisaa dauTmos, magram kiuno klavs meuRles da
SeZrwunebuli vaJi mas gaurbis. kiuno habrokomess meuRlis mkvlelobaSi adana-
Saulebs. datyvevebul habrokomess egviptis prefeqts mihgvrian da sikvdiliT
dasjas miusjian, magram jvarcmisgan mas orjer daixsnis RvTaeba. saswauliT Se-
fiqrianebuli prefeqti mis saqmes xelaxla ganixilavs, darwmundeba vaJis udana-
SaulobaSi da gaaTavisuflebs. bolos da bolos habrokomesi italiaSi xvdeba,
sadac heliosis taZarSi igi Sexvdeba anTeias, hipoToss, levkonossa da rodas.
Seyvarebulebi brundebian efesoSi da bednierad iwyeben cxovrebas.
zerele dakvirvebiTac aSkara xdeba, rom qsenofon efesels da qaritonis ro-
manebs bevri ram akavSirebiT.
saerToa, pirvel rigSi, orive Txzulebis siuJeturi sqema. amis garda, orive
romani Sinaarsobrivad identur motivebs efuZneba (cocxlad dakrZalva,
yaCaRebTan Sexvedra, „gamocnoba~, sasamarTlo da a. S.).
yvelafris miuxedavad, romanebi „efesuri ambavi habrokomessa da anTeiaze~ da
„qeresisa da kaliroes Sesaxeb~ gansxvavebulia erTnairi pasaJebis fsiqologiuri
motivaciiT. erTmaneTs SevadaroT, magaliTad, kaliroes da anTeias cocxlad
264 qsenofon efeseli
dakrZalvis epizodebi. maTi sikvdilis mizezebi gansxvavebulia – anTeia Tavad

irCevs sikvdils, xolo kaliroes eWviani qmari klavs.
sxvadasxvaa jvarze gakvris motivaciac. qeresis dasjis mizezi gacilebiT
bunebrivia (igi isjeba rogorc ltolvili mona), iseve rogorc gaTavisufleba,
xolo habrokomesisa, – gansakuTrebiT, misi gansacdelidan daxsna, fantastikur-
mistikuri xasiaTis elementebiTaa gajerebuli.
mecnierTa azriT, qsenofon efeselis Txzuleba qaritonis nawarmoebTan Se-
darebiT Janris ganviTarebis gviandel, e. w. krizisul etaps ganasaxierebs. es Cans,
upirveles yovlisa, siuJetis sqematur moSlaSi.
Tuki qaritonis romanSi sruliad bunebrivad gamoiyureba dedis vedreba
Svilis mimarT Sin darCenaze (~... nu mtoveb aq, martoobaSi~ (III, 5)), qsenofonTan
datyvevebuli (da ara Tavisi nebiT mimavali) habrokomesisadmi moxuci msaxuris
Txovna („rogor SegiZlia, mimatovo, Svilo, Seni moxuci aRmzrdeli~ (I, 14)), srul
Seusabamobas qmnis realobasTan.
aseve auxsnelia yaCaR hipoToosis qmedebebi – igi sastik da daundobel ada-
mianad warmogvidgeba, romelic xan gaavebul ZaRlebs miugdebs anTeias, xan mis
msxverplad Sewirvas apirebs. amavdroulad, igi habrokomess gulCvil megobrad
evlineba. avazakis sixarbe da fulis Sovnis yaCaRuri gza aSkara winaaRmdego-
baSia mis survilTan SemTxveviT nacnobs, habrokomess, mTeli qoneba uangarod
gauziaros. cxadia, yaCaRis mxolod sentimentalobis imedad „mitovebuli~ es
pasaJebi moklebulia fsiqologiur damajereblobas.
aseve naklebsarwmunod gamoiyureba „gamocnobis~ motivi, romelic Zvel-
berZnul romanSi komediidan aris Sesuli. qsenofonis gmirebi xSirad ver cnoben
erTmaneTs, rac aSkara SeusabamobaSia moqmedebis ganviTarebasTan. magaliTad,
yaCaRi hipoToosi miuxedavad imisa, rom meored atyvevebs anTeias, veRar cnobs
qaliSvils. kuriozulia isic, rom anTeias misi sakuTari monebic ver amoicnoben.
sruliad bunebrivia es xerxi qaritonTan – sparseTis mefe ver icnobs xomalds,
romelzec misi meuRle moemarTeba misken da lamis ubrZanos kidec misi CaZirva.
komikuria monaTa Tavganwirvis da erTgulebis motivic – levkonosi da roda,
anTeias monebi, imdenad erTgulni arian Tavisi batonebisa, rom mzad arian tan-
jviT mopovebuli Tavisufleba, qoneba da simdidre daTmon, miuxedavad imisa,
rom es msxverpli maT axalgazrda patronebs ukve araferSi sWirdebaT.
romanSi xSiria mogzauroba, romelsac qsenofoni myar motivacias ver uZebnis.
gmirebi yovelgvari miznis gareSe erTi qalaqidan da qveynidan meoreSi mudmivad
gadaadgildebian, rac romans Zalian tvirTavs ara mxolod geografiuli saxel-
wodebebiT, aramed CaxlarTul siuJetiTac.
qsenofoni gansakuTrebul damokidebulebas amJRavnebs bedisweris mimarTac.
rodesac SeyvarebulTa mSoblebi apolon kolofonelis samisnoSi Seityoben
Svilebis momavals, nacvlad imisa, rom airidon an Seecadon, rom Tavidan aicilon
gansacdeli (Tundac ganrisxebuli RvTaebis gulis molbobis gziT), Tavadve aC-
qareben movlenebs da axaldaqorwinebulebs samogzaurod agzavnian.
yovelive zemoTqmuli cxadyofs, rom saqme gvaqvs e. w. literaturul
trafaretTan. swored mas eniWeba gadamwyveti roli romanis siuJeturi qargis
Seqmnisas. TavisTavad, literaturul trafarets yvela romani met-naklebad
iyenebs, Tumca qsenofonTan igi TviTmiznad aris qceuli – trafareti yovelTvis
imarjvebs logikaze da amitom mraval Seusabamobas qmnis teqstSi. amas erTvis
romanis siuJetur nawilTa araproporciuloba. romanisTvis mniSvnelovani
zogierTi epizodi (mag., kiunos istoria) ramdenime fraziTaa gadmocemuli,
xolo sxva umniSvnelo pasaJi (mantos mier habrokomesis cduneba) – zedmetad daw-
vrilebiT.
mTavari gmirebi erTob fermkrTalad arian asaxulni, primitiulad azrovneben

(habrokomesi, anTeia), xolo meorexarisxovani personaJebi gamoirCevian mra-
valmxrivobiT da xatovnad metyveleben (mag.: hipoToosi).
amgvar Seusabamobas mecnierTa erTi nawili romanis SemoklebiT xsnis. kerZod,
miiCnevdnen, rom romani Tavdapirvelad aTi wignisagan Sedgeboda, xolo Cvenamde
mxolod xuTma moaRwia. arsebobs mosazrebac, rom qsenofonis romani warumate-
beli Sekvecis magaliTs warmoadgens. nawarmoebis e. w. Semmoklebels, rogorc va-
raudoben, aklda gamocdileba da gemovneba, ramac romanSi wignebs Soris pro-
porciisa da kavSiris darRveva gamoiwvia.
vfiqrobT, es Tvalsazrisi mainc ver axerxebs im Seusabamobebis srulad axsnas,
rac mravladaa romanSi, radgan Seusabamobani aris ara mxolod siuJetSi, aramed
Txzulebis enasa da stilSic.
erTgan qsenofonis ena martivia da sruliad daclili literaturuli remi-
niscenciebisgan, Zveli avtorebis citatebisagan, xolo meoregan didia sofisti-
kis da ritorikuli gamonaTqvamebis kvali, Tanac, rac sagulisxmoa, sruliad
Seusabamo situaciebSi.
am ukanasknelis magaliTs anTeias da habrokomesis saqorwilo sarecelTan mis-
vla warmoadgens. Seyvarebulebi alersis nacvlad ritorikuli deklamaciebis
msgavs vrcel mimarTvebs warmoTqvamen (I, 8.9); msgavs SemTxvevas gaavebuli ZaR-
lebis dasaglejad xaroSi Cagdebuli anTeas mWevrmetyvelebiT gamorCeuli
moTqma-godeba warmoadgens (IV, 6).
daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom qsenofon efeselis romanis garkveuli ek-
leqtizmis mizezi avtoris mxridan arsebuli literaturuli sqemebis da stan-
dartebis gafarToebis survilia. am mizans mwerali axorcielebs personaJTa,
samoqmedo arealTa raodenobis zrdiT, fantastikur elementTa, ritorikuli da
sofistikuri xerxebis siWarbiT.
marTalia, qsenofon efeselis mcdeloba xSirad zedmetad tvirTavs nawar-
moebs, magram Janrobrivi formalobebis miRma Cans mwerlis mxatvruli ostatoba,
rac mis nawarmoebs romanis ganviTarebis istoriaSi saetapo Txzulebad aqcevs.
èfesuri ambavi habrokomessa da anTeiaze“

gvianantikuroba
gvianantikuroba SeiZleba ganvixiloT rogorc romauli batonobis periodis

bolo etapi. misi calke periodad gamoyofis SesaZleblobas Tanamedrove mecnie-
rebas Semdegi garemoeba aZlevs: am dros qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad ga-
mocxadebis kvaldakval, romauli imperiis istoriaSi dadga etapi, rodesac opo-
ziciaSi: warmarToba _ qristianoba sul ufro da ufro aSkara xdeboda qristia-
nobis upiratesoba da warmarTobis poziciebis Sesusteba. da mainc, mTeli am pe-
riodis ganmavlobaSi opoziciis TiToeuli es `wevri~ cdilobs sakuTari upira-
tesobis SenarCunebas, rac, faqtobrivad, sakmaod kargad aisaxa literaturaSic.
aq e. w. warmarTuli da qristianuli produqcia Tavisi moculobiT daaxloebiT
Tanabar adgils iWers.
SevecadoT, Zalze mokled vaCvenoT am epoqis literaturaSi wmindad antikuri
da qristianuli principebis Tanaarsebobisa Tu dapirispirebis suraTi. III sauku-
nidan dawyebuli romis imperiis krizisi kulminacias aRwevs IV saukuneSi. swored
am dros yvelaze reliefurad gamoikveTa, erTi mxriv, qristianobis mowinaaRmde-
geTa da, meore mxriv, mis damcvelTa poziciebi. sofistikis farglebSi SeiZleba
moviazroT warmarTi ritorebis, libaniosis (ax. w. 314-393) da Temistiosis (da-
axl. 317-388) moRvaweoba, romlebic antikuri idealebis Tanmimdevrul damcvele-
bad mogvevlinnen. filosofiaSi Zalze didi mniSvneloba hqonda platonis moZR-
vrebis transformacias filosofiur sistemad, romelic plotinosidan iRebs
dasabams da romelsac Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi neoplatonizms uwodeben. am pe-
riodSi SesamCnevia muSaoba antikuri kulturisa da, kerZod, literaturis en-
ciklopediuri sistematizaciisaken. iqmneba stobaiosis (ax. w. V s.) mTeli antiku-
ri warmarTuli poeziisa da prozis mimoxilva Temistiosis CaTvliT. amgvari mu-
Saoba warmoebs sxva sferoebSic. kerZod, evnapiosi (daaxl. 345-420) qmnis sofis-
tTa biografiebis krebuls, hesiqiosi (ax. w. V an VI saukunis dasawyisi) e. w. ònoma-
tologoss~ (`saxelTa krebuli~), romelic Semdeg bizantiur epoqaSi Seqmnil
leqsikon `svidaSi~ sakmaod farTod gamoiyeneba. qristianobisaTvis sakmaod saxi-
faTo aRmoCnda iuliane gandgomilis (ax. w. IV s.) moRvaweoba, romelmac, rogorc
keisarma, scada istoriis Semobruneba da warmarTuli kulturis statusis mTeli
uflebebiT aRdgena. misi Txzulebebi gaJRenTilia qristianobis winaaRmdeg mi-
marTuli paTosiT. istoriografiis sferoSi aSkarad warmarTobis mxardasaWeri
poziciebidan moRvaweobdnen evnapiosi da olimpiodorosi. kvlav agrZelebs ar-
sebobas dramis ori saxe: tragedia da komedia, magram Cvenamde maTgan, faqtobri-
vad, araferia moRweuli. samagierod, SemogvrCa e. w. òrfikuli argonavtika~,
aseve `liTika~ _ poema qvebis Zalis Sesaxeb. amis gverdiT sul ufro da ufro aq-
tiurad ikrebs Zalas qristianuli literatura. am periodis TvalsaCino moRva-
weebi arian qristianuli homiletikis klasikosebi: ioane qrisostomosi (IV sauku-
nis meore naxevari), sami didi kapadokieli mama: basili didi (330-379), grigol
noseli (daaxl. 335-395) da grigol nazianzeli (329/30-390), cnobilia aseve sine-
siosisa (370-413) da Teodoretosis (V saukunis pirveli naxevari) literaturuli
moRvaweoba. qristiani mwerlebi sul ufro da ufro ostaturad iyeneben anti-
kur literaturaSi gamomuSavebuli argumentaciisa da msjelobis meTodebs isev
da isev antikurobis kritikisa da mis winaSe qristianuli ideologiis upirate-
sobis warmosaCenad. sakmaod mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda qristianuli istoriogra-

fiis miRwevebic, romelic istoriis mimarT interess ukve sruliad axali ideo-
logiis samsaxurSi ayenebda. iqmneba eklesiebis pirveli istoriebi, magaliTad,
evsebiosis (265-340) `qronika~.
qristianuli literaturis erT-erT mniSvnelovan sferos polemikur-dogma-
turi mimarTuleba warmoadgenda. qristian avtorebs esaWiroebodaT TavianTi
Tanamedrove sazogadoeba daerwmunebinaT axali ideologiis upiratesobaSi an-
tikuri ekleqtikuri moZRvrebebisa da azrovnebis kritikis safuZvelze. dava
xSirad warmoebda ara marto antikur ideologiasTan, aramed Tavad qristian
moRvaweebs Soris ama Tu im dogmis Camoyalibebis, interpretaciisa Tu gagebis
sakiTxSi. savsebiT aSkara iyo, rom sazogadoebis gadarwmuneba da misi orienta-
ciis Secvla SeuZlebeli iqneboda mZlavri apologeturi literaturis gareSe,
romelsac sazogadoebis fsiqikasa da SexedulebebSi mniSvnelovani gardatexa un-
da moexdina. iqmneba literatura, romelic iTvaliswinebs, rom antikuri memkvid-
reobis mTlianad uaryofa SeuZlebelia da axalgazrdobas ganaTlebisaTvis au-
cileblad sWirdeba imisi rCeva, Tu romeli antikuri avtoris Txzulebebis wa-
kiTxva aris mizanSewonili. amis saukeTeso magaliTia basili didis Txzuleba `mi-
marTva axalgazrdebisadmi warmarTuli literaturis maTTvis sasargeblod ga-
moyenebis Sesaxeb~.
qristian avtorebs TavianTi moZRvrebis sistemuri saxiT Camosayalibeblad
dasWirdaT teqstebis gamocemisa da filologiuri interpretaciis im meTodebis
sakmaod farTod gamoyeneba, romlebic antikurobaSi iyo cnobili. pirvel rigSi
iqmneba Zveli aRTqmisa da qristianuli literaturis saTanado aparatiT gamoce-
mis precedentebi. am mxriv gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovani iyo origenes (185-254),
didimos usinaTlos (313-398), kirile aleqsandrielis (ax. w. V saukune), Teodore-
tosis da sxvaTa moRvaweoba egzegetikis sferoSi.
qristianobis gamyarebisaTvis Zalze didi mniSvneloba hqonda iseTi Txzule-
bebis Seqmnas, sadac aRwerili iyo qristianuli sarwmunoebisaTvis Tavdadebul
pirTa cxovreba an is wesebi, romelTa safuZvelzec unda waremarTa qristians Ta-
visi cxovreba. Sesabamisad, iqmneba hagiografiuli cxovrebebi, sxvadasxva xasia-
Tis traqtatebi, sentenciebis krebulebi da a. S.
qristianuli poezia, ZiriTadad, RvTismsaxurebisa da wminda wignebis leqsis
formiT Camoyalibebas isaxavda miznad. am TvalsazrisiT SeiZleboda mraval sxva
magaliTTan erTad mogveyvana poeti qalis, evdokias (ax. w. V s.), keisar Teodosios
II-is meuRlis mier Zveli aRTqmis wignebis heqsametrulad gamarTva. nonos panopo-
lisels, romelic, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, mTlianad antikur stilSi dawerili
poemis avtori iyo, miewereboda ioanes saxarebis poeturi perifrazireba.
mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi, rogorc vTqviT, paralelurad agrZelebs arsebo-
bas warmarTuli literatura, romelSic arcTu iSviaTad SeimCneva qristianobiT
gaRizianeba da mis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba. gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva, am mxriv,
aTenis filosofosTa skola, romelic, faqtobrivad, qmnis ukanasknel filosofi-
ur Txzulebebs qristianobis winaaRmdeg prokles (412-485) xelmZRvanelobiT da
savsebiT gasagebia, Tu ratom daxura es skola iustinianusma 529 wels.
kvlav grZeldeboda am periodSi cnobili antikuri filosofosebis komenti-
reba, a. m., simplikiosi (VI saukunis pirveli naxevari) qmnis aristotelesa da epiq-
tetesis komentarebs. warmarT istorikosTa Soris gamoirCevian priskosi, Zosi-
mosi. sofistikis ukanaskneli dasayrdeni iyo maTi skola gazaSi (RazaSi), ramac
Tavisi arekvla hpova VI saukunis mwerlebis _ eneasisa da prokopiosis Txzule-
bebSi.
dargobriv mecnierebebSi elinisturis Semdgom periodSi gansakuTrebuli aR-
mavloba ar SeiniSneba, Tumca mniSvnelovan miRwevad unda CavTvaloT ptolemaio-
sis (ax.w. II s.) `Sesavali geografiaSi~, romelic geografiuli informaciis orga-

nizaciis sakmaod saintereso principebs gvTavazobs.
ideologiuri brZolis pirobebSi ar neldeboda sazogadoebis interesi e. w.
TavSesaqcevi literaturis mimarT, risi mSvenieri magaliTic aris IV an, SesaZloa,
V saukuneSi Seqmnili krebuli `filogelosi~, romelic, faqtobrivad, antikur
anekdotTa krebuls warmoadgens. Zalze sainteresoa, rom qristianuli litera-
turisa da ideologiis esoden didi aRmavlobis periodSi iqmneba literatura,
romelic mTlianad antikuri esTetikis kanonebs Seesabameba. am TvalsazrisiT
mniSvnelovania nonos panopoliselis `d i o n i s i a k a~, antikur samyaroSi Seq-
mnili yvelaze didi poema. popularobiT sargeblobda museosis antikurobis da-
saliers Seqmnili aseve wmindad warmarTuli poema herosa da leandrosis siyva-
rulis Sesaxeb da mravali sxva.
Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi sakmaod problematuria is sakiTxi, Tu romel lite-
raturas unda mivakuTvnoT gvianantikurobis epoqaSi Seqmnili literaturuli
nawarmoebebi, upirveles yovlisa ki, qristianuli literaturuli Zeglebi: anti-
kurs, gvianantikurs Tu adrebizantiurs. mecnierTa erTi nawili fiqrobs, rom
qristianuli literatura unda miviCnioT ara antikuri literaturis, aramed –
bizantiuri literaturis kuTvnilebad.
amgvarad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom berZnulma literaturam Tavisi ganviTarebis
xangrZlivi drois ganmavlobaSi, arsebiTad, Seqmna literaturuli azrovnebis
yvela forma. rac mTavaria, man msoflio kulturis istorias misca yvela ZiriTa-
di literaturuli Janri: eposi, lirika, drama, romani. berZen avtorTa nawarmoe-
bebi TiToeul didsa Tu mcire JanrSi Semdgom mTeli evropisaTvis ama Tu im mi-
Tologiuri siuJetis damuSavebis, e.w. standartuli siuJetebisa Tu fabulebis
konstruirebisas erTgvar modelad iqca.
nonosi 269
nonosi
(ax. w. V s.)
`me var nonosi; yvela poets aRvematebi ise, rogorc zeca _ miwier sagnebs~, _
werda nonosiT aRfrTovanebuli erTi poeti Tavis epigramaSi. am ganwyobas
nonosis Semoqmedebis bevri mkvlevari iziarebs. mas xSirad uwodeben axali
drois homeross.
nonosis biografiis Sesaxeb Cven TiTqmis araferi viciT. cnobilia mxolod
ramdenime faqti, rom igi iyo qalaq panopolisidan (amJamad egviptis qalaqi
axmimi). dazustebiT arc is viciT, nonosi warmoSobiT berZeni iyo, Tu kopti.
saxeli _ nonosi klasikuri epoqis saberZneTSi cnobili araa; imperiis epoqis
bolo wlebSi am saxelis matarebelni gvxvdebian aziisa da afrikis provinciebSi.
nonosi ax. w. V s-is (zogi versiiT, VI s.) moRvawea. mis saxels ukavSirdeba ori
poema: warmarTuli `dionises saqmeni~ (`dionisiaka~) 48 wignad da qristianuli
ìoanes saxarebis parafraza~, hegzametriT galeqsili ioanes saxareba. is faqti,
rom mwerali ori erTob gansxvavebuli problemiT dainteresda, did interess
aRZravs mis mimarT. isic unda iTqvas, rom bolo periodamde ufro nonosis
ìoanes saxarebis parafrazas~ ikvlevdnen. arsebobs am teqstis ramdenime reda-
qcia. pirveli gamocema ganxorcielda XVI s-Si. amis Semdeg es Txzuleba ramden-
jerme gamoica da iTargmna evropul enebze. dResdReobiT yvelaze srulyofilad
iTvleba 1881 w. laifcigSi gamocemuli teqsti, romelsac erTvis gamokvleva da
indeqsi. parafrazis mixedviT, nonosi warmogvidgeba ara mxolod rogorc poeti,
aramed, RvTismetyvelic. XVI-XVIII ss-is Teologebi parafrazis avtorSi xedavdnen
orTodoqs qristians, romlisTvisac ucxoa yovelgvari gadaxveva WeSmariti
swavlebisagan. RvTismetyvelebi xSirad iyenebdnen `parafrazas~ ioanes saxarebis
calkeuli adgilebis ganmartebebisaTvis. gansakuTrebiT es exeba epiTetebs,
romelTa saSualebiT avtori met informacias gvaZlevs komentarebisaTvis. maga-
liTad: ioanes saxarebis dasawyisSi naTqvamia jEn ajrch/̀ hj̀n oJ lovgo~ (pirvelad iyo
sityva); nonosi aseT parafrazas akeTebs: [Acrono~ hj̀ ajki;chto~ ejn ajrrhvtw/ lovgo~ ajrch/̀
(uJamo, uryevi sityva iyo gamouTqmel sawyisSi). mkvlevarTa azriT, parafrazis
yoveli pirveli Tavis dasawyisis epiTetebi mimarTulia erT-erTi eresis
winaaRmdeg; magaliTad: a[vcrono~ mimarTulia arianizmis winaaRmdeg; ajki;chto~ _
evnomianizmis winaaRmdeg; ajmhvtwr _ valentinizmis winaaRmdeg. unda aRiniSnos
isic, rom zogi mkvlevaris azriT, nonoss aqvs calkeuli gadaxrebi orTo-
doqsuli koncefciidan. nonosis, rogorc RvTismetyvelis, Sefaseba specifikuri
da Zalian faqizi sakiTxia, romelic bizantinologTa kvlevis sferoSi Sedis.
nonos panopoliselis meore vrceli nawarmoebia `dionisiaka~. saTauridanve
Cans, rom Txzuleba eZRvneba berZnuli religiis, miTosisa da literaturis erT-
erT yvelaze TvalsaCino warmomadgenels _ dionises.
270 nonosi
`dionisiakas~ mokle Sinaarsi: zevsma moitaca evrope da kunZul kretaze miiy-

vana. titanma tifonma momentiT isargebla da zevss elvebi mohpara. elvebis
dabrunebaSi zevss daexmara evropes Zma _ kadmosi, romelic dis saZebrad wa-
movida finikiidan. madlierma zevsma kadmoss colad SerTo harmonia da sa-
berZneTSi samkvidro uboZa, romelsac Tebe uwodes.
poemis V-VI simRerebSi nonosi yveba Zagrevsis dabadebis ambavs: gvelad gardas-
axulma zevsma persefone daafexmZima. am kavSiris Sedegad daibada Zagrevsi, ro-
melic titanebma daglijes. ganrisxebulma zevsma gvalva da warRvna daatexa
dedamiwas.
VII-X simRerebSi moTxrobilia zevsis siyvarulze semelesadmi, heras eWviano-
baze, semeles daRupvasa da dionises dabadebaze. poeti arc kadmosis sxva asulebs
iviwyebs; gadmogvcems avtonoesa da misi vaJis _ aqteonis ambavs; inosa da me-
lekertesis Tavgadasavals.
XI-XII simRerebSi dionise warmogvidgeba, rogorc zrdasruli Wabuki. poeti
gadmogvcems misi pirveli siyvarulis sevdian ambavs. dionises satrfo ampelosi
tragikulad daiRupa nadirobisas. mis saflavze amovida vazi, romlis mtevne-
bisaganac dawura dionisem pirvelad Rvino.
XIII simReridan vigebT, rogor emzadeboda dionise indoeTze gasalaSqreblad.
am laSqrobis mizani iyo vazisa da Rvinis kultis danergva. mTavari xazis
paralelurad poemaSi CarTulia uamravi epizodi: dionise aTrobs da acdunebs
monadire nikaias, romelmac dionisesgan gaaCina asuli _ telete. Semdeg dionises
daupirispirda likurgosi, romelsac Zlivs daaRwia Tavi da zRvaSi gadaxta.
zRvaSi daRupvisagan dionise Tetisma ixsna.
poemaSi CarTulia bevri damoukidebeli epizodi: magaliTad, rogor gadaar-
Cina Svilis Tavganwirvam sakanSi gamomwyvdeuli moxuci mama. qaliSvili Tavisi
rZiT kvebavda moxucs, rom SimSiliT ar momkvdariyo. sxvagan poeti mogviTxrobs,
rogor gadawyvita afroditem aTenasTan gajibreba xelsaqmeSi, rac siyvarulis
qalRmerTis marcxiT damTavrda.
indoeTis laSqrobis warmatebiT damTavrebis Semdeg dionises surda, colad
SeerTo afrodites asuli _ beroe. misi konkurenti iyo poseidoni. afrodites
surviliT, dainiSna Sejibreba, romelSic poseidonma gaimarjva. gawbilebuli
dionise aziidan saberZneTSi dabrunda. man k. naqsosze colad SeirTo ariadne,
romelic Tesevsma miatova. TebeSi Casuli dionise gausworda Tavisi dedis _ se-
meles mtrebs, deidebsa da deidaSvil penTevss. Semdeg dionisem imogzaura ati-
kaSi. man ikarioss aswavla Rvinis damzadebis xelovneba. k. serifosze dionise
persevss Seeba. maTi orTabrZola hermesis nebiT Sewyda. am kunZulze ariadnem me-
duza gorgos Tavs Seavlo Tvali da gaqvavda.
XLVIII simReraSi moTxrobilia, rom dionisem acduna tyis nimfa avre, romel-
mac tyupi vaJi gaaCina. dedam erT-erTi axalSobili maSinve mokla, meore mamam ix-
sna da mas iakqosi daarqva. Cvilis aRzrda dionisem Tavis asuls, teletes, sTxova.
bolos samive _ dionise, iakqosi da telete olimposze avidnen. dionise SeuerTda
RmerTebis krebuls.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `dionisiaka~ Tebes miTosuri ciklis yvelaze srulyo-
fili wyaroa. aqve aRvniSnav, rom berZnuli miTologiis sami umTavresi miTosuri
cikli epoqebis TvalsazrisiT ase ganawilda (yovel SemTxvevaSi, Cvenamde ase
moaRwia): troas cikls antikurobaSive gamouCnda genialuri sityvaTgamrige _
homerosi; argonavtebis miTs _ elinistur epoqaSi _ apolonios rodoseli; Tebes
cikls ki qristianobis xanaSi _ nonos panopoliseli.
`dionisiakas~ wyaroebze saubari Zalian Znelia. cnobilia, rom nonosamde
sxvebsac dauweriaT vrceli Txzulebebi dioniseze, romelTagan mxolod umniSv-
nelo fragmentebi SemogvrCa. savaraudoa, rom nonosi icnobda am poemebs. mec-
nonosi 271
nierTa dakvirvebiT, `dionisiakaSi~ kargad igrZnoba homerosis, elinisturi

poeziis (mosqosos, Teokritosis), berZnuli romanis, folkloruli wyaroebis
gavlena. mkvlevarebi fiqroben, rom zemoT aRniSnulis garda, am poemaSi erT-
maneTs Seerwya samedicino, astrologiuri, geografiuli da sxva informacia. e. i.
TxzulebaSi Tavmoyrilia ritorikis, romanis, mxatvruli da samecniero lit-
eraturis elementebi. am mravalferovani Janruli sinTezis gamo, `dionisiakas~
zogi ritorikul eposad miiCnevs, zogi _ satrfialo-avantiuristulad, zogi _
himnurad, nawili _ miTologiurad, nawili ki Teologiurad.
`dionisiakaSi~ kargad ikiTxeba miniSneba dionises mistikuri kultis arsebo-
baze. saqme isaa, rom dionises kulti Zalian popularuli iyo nonosis epoqaSic.
igi qristianobis erT-erT metoqedac gamodioda. amas kargad xedavdnen qristiani
moRvaweebi, romlebic cdilobdnen dionises uZvelesi kultis dakavSirebas re-
ligiuri filosofiis Sesabamis sistemasTan. zogi mecnieris azriT, nonosi
swored am aspeqtiT udgeba dionises miTs. saqme isaa, rom TxzulebaSi xazgasmu-
lia ramdenime sayuradRebo momenti: dionise RvTaebisa (zevsis) da mokvdavi
qalis vaJia, romelmac ukvdavebas miaRwia. mokvdavi qalis mier RvTaebrivi bavS-
vis gaCena aRmosavluri religiebis erT-erTi mTavari Temaa da mas TeofaniasTan
akavSireben. nonosis poemaSi dionises dabadebas uZRvis 8 simRera. mwerali mkiTx-
vels amzadebs RvTaebrivi bavSvis dabadebisaTvis; mogviTxrobs semeles
winaprebsa (evrope-kadmosidan) da axlo naTesavebze. poemis bolo 8 simReris mTa-
vari Tema isev RvTaebrivi bavSvis dabadebaa, oRond, amjerad bavSvis (iakqosis)
mama Tavad dionisea.
meore sakiTxi, romelic aseve mniSvnelovania, aris dionises samjeradi Soba.
pirvelad ibadeba Zagrevsi (zevsisa da persefones Svili), romelic titanebma
daglijes. es iyo zevsis Zis pirveli warumatebeli Teofania. meore Teofaniaa
dionise _ zevsisa da semeles vaJi, mesame _ iakqosi, dionisesa da avres Ze. samives
dabadeba garemoculia saswaulebiTa da simboloebiT. nonosi aRwers magiur
ritualebs, romelTa analizi da axsna Tanamedrove mecnierebis erT-erTi prob-
lemuri sakiTxia. poemaSi aRwerili samjeradi Teofania, udavod, warmarTuli
misteriaa da ara miTosuri ambebis ubralo nazavi. rogorc Cans, nonosi kargad
icnobda dionises kultTan dakavSirebul niuansebs. zogi mecnieri am Txzulebas
`warmarTul saxarebasac~ uwodebs.
mecnierTa yuradReba miiqcia erTma sakiTxmac: Rvinisa da garTobis RmerTis _
dionises gamoCenas, sixarulisa da bednierebis nacvlad, yvelgan ubedureba
moaqvs. mas ar umarTlebs siyvarulSic: dionises partniori vaJebi iRupebian,
qalebi ki mas gaurbian. am kuTxiT poemis analizis safuZvelze zogma mecnierma
gamoTqva varaudi, rom SesaZloa, ~dionisiaka~ aris ara warmarTobis apologia,
aramed piriqiT, satira dionises kultze. qristiani nonosi, ìoanes saxarebis
parafrazis~ avtori, SesaZloa, swored `dionisiakiT~ daupirispirda popula-
rul da tradiciul dionises misteriul kults. nonosis moRvaweobis periodSi
qristianobaSi bevri seqta da eretikuli swavleba iyo gavrcelebuli; zogi war-
marTobisa da qristianobis `morigebas~ cdilobda. nonosma orive swavlebis sim-
bolur-mistikur siRrmeebSi Caixeda. Znelia gadaWriT iTqvas rame nonosis kon-
ceptualur xedvaze. aRniSnuli problema dResac diskusiis sagania.
XX s-is I naxevarSi Zalian popularuli iyo epikuri Txzulebebis kompozicia-
Ta kvleva geometriuli simetriis meTodikis gamoyenebiT. nonosis Txzulebis
erT-erTi pirveli simetriuli kompozicia warmoadgina v. Stegermanma. mecnieris
azriT, `dionisiaka~ efuZneba or princips: 1. panegirikis models: Sesavali, gvar-
tomoba, samSoblo, dabadeba, aRzrda, ganaTleba, sabrZolo saqmeebi, saqmeni mSvi-
dobis dros, Sedareba (oRond nonosTan `Sedareba~ sqemis SuaSia moqceuli).
2. astrologiuri cifrebis simbolika; poemis simReraTa raodenoba ase ixsneba:
272 nonosi
zodiaqos 12 niSani gamravlebuli weliwadis 4 droze jamSi _ 48. marTlac, `di-

onisiaka~ aris mefe-gmiris panegiriki, romelic mTavrdeba dionises cad amaRle-
biT.
v. Stegermanis Tvalsazrisi gaakritika p. kolarma. misi azriT, nonosi, ra Tqma
unda, eqiSpeba homeross. `dionisiakas~ mTavari RerZia heras risxva. yvelaferi,
rac dionises dabadebamde Tavs gadaxda semeles, dionises dedas, Zagrevss da Ta-
vad dionises heras surviliT xdeboda. kolaris sqema agebulia RerZuli
simetriis principiT. misi azriT, nonosis Txzulebis centrSia indoeTis omi:
I. satrfialo istoria: zevsi da evrope.
2. II gigantomaqia: zevsi da tifoni.
3. III-IV. kadmosi samoTrakeze.
4. V. dionises ojaxis ubedureba: ino, avtonoe.
5. VI-VIII. ubeduri satrfialo istoriebi:
zevsi da persefone. zevsi da semele.
6. IX-X. dionises dabadeba.
7. X-XVIII. satrfialo istoriebi: dionise da ampelosi,
dionise da nikaia. indoeTis omis ambebi.
8. XIX. TamaSebi stafilosis dakrZalvis Semdgom.
XX-XXXII. indoeTis omi.
8. XXXVII. TamaSebi ofeltesis dakrZalvis Semdgom.
7. XXXIII- satrfialo istoriebi: morea da qalkomede;
XXXVI; faeToni
XXXVIII indoeTis omis bolo ambebi.
6. XXXIX- XL. deriadeas sikvdili.
5. XLI- ubeduri satrfialo istoria:
XLII dionise da beroe.
4. XLIV-XLVI dionises ojaxis ubedureba: penTevsi.
3.XLVII. dionises mogzauroba naqsosze.
XLVIII. gigantomaqia: dionise da gigantebi.
XLVIII. satrfialo istoriebi: dionise da palene; dionise da avre.
amgvarad, poemis meore nawili sarkiseburad aireklavs pirvels. Znelia, yve-

laferSi daeTanxmo am sqemis avtors. r. kaidels miaCnda, rom nonosis Txzuleba
araa dasrulebuli, amitom mas ara aqvs gegma. j. d’ipolitom sxvagvari sqema Se-
mogvTavaza: man poema 8-8 simRerad dayo, Tumca am dayofis SemTxvevaSic rCeba
uamravi izolirebuli ambavi da epizodi, ramac mkvlevars aTqmevina, rom `dioni-
siaka~ aris `poema _ baroko~. nonoss uyvars Temebis gameoreba, es misi stilis mTa-
vari Taviseburebaa.
nonosis erT-erTi yvelaze cnobili mkvlevari f. viani Tavs ikavebs poemaSi ci-
frebis simbolikisa da sqemebis Ziebisagan. mas Txzuleba agonebs Wrel-Wreli yvav-
ilebis girlandas, romelTa Reroebi Zalian saintereso moxatulobas qmnian. es su-
lac ar niSnavs qaoturobas. aq erTmaneTs efineba ori wyoba: àRmavali~ (dionises
zecad amaRleba) da `wriuli~, romelic gulisxmobs zevsis gegmis ganxorcielebas.
vianis azriT, poemis RerZia XXV simRera, romelic iwyeba xelmeore mimarTviT muze-
bisadmi. am TavSi nonosi mogviTxrobs zevsis sxva gamorCeul Svilebze, adarebs maT
da dionises (`sinkrisisi~); aqvea dionises faris aRwera. `dionisiakas~ kompoziciis
xangrZlivma da skrupulozurma kvlevam viani miiyvana daskvnamde, rom poemaSi
warmmarTvelia ori ram: bedi da RvTaeba. es Txzuleba ar aris dionises `biografia~,
es aris samyaros miTosuri istoriis erT-erTi periodis aRwera. XIII wignSi gacxade-
bulia zevsis survili _ dionises saSualebiT adamianebs uboZos Rvino da gaandos
saidumlo. amas ewinaaRmdegeba hera (ase rom, heras risxva TxzulebaSi marTlac
nonosi 273
warmmarTvelia). dionise asrulebs zevsis nebas _ igi, erTi mxriv, aris RmerTi-
mSvidobismyofeli, meore mxriv, RmerTi-mebrZoli.
rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, `dionisiakaSi~ detaluradaa gadmocemuli Tebes
daarsebis miTi da TebesTan dakavSirebuli sxva ambebi. am TxzulebaSi bevri iseTi
informaciaa daculi, romlebsac sxva wyaroebiT ar mouRweviaT. TvalsaCinoebisaT-
vis ramdenime magaliTs movixmobT: titanma tifonma zevss xel-fexis myesebi da
elvebi mohpara. dauZlurebuli zevsi ver axerxebda masTan Serkinebas. kadmosma
urCxuli Tavisi simReriTa da dakvriT moajadova; olimpos mbrZanebels iaraRi da
myesebi daubruna. madlieri zevsi kadmoss Sehpirda, rom colad SerTavda harmonias
_ afroditesa da aresis asuls, Tanac qorwilSi estumreboda sxva RmerTebTan er-
Tad (RmerTebi sul ramdenime mokvdavs ewvivnen qorwilSi). aqve ubrZana, Tavi gaene-
bebina evropes ZebnisTvis; auwya, rom ufro detalurad Tavis momavals mogvianebiT
delfos samisnoSi Seityobda. kadmosi xomaldiT Cavida samoTrakeSi, sadac cxov-
robda misi sacole harmonia. kunZuli samoTrake erT-erTi yvelaze mistikuri
adgilia berZnul miTosSi. samoTrakesTan dakavSirebuli misteriebi yvelaze bun-
dovani da Seuswavlelia. nonosis Txzuleba am TvalsazrisiTac Zalian
mniSvnelovani wyaroa.
samoTrakes dedofali iyo marad axalgazrda eleqtra, zevsis erT-erTi coli,
dardanosisa da ematiosis deda. eleqtra Tavis vaJTan, ematiosTan erTad mbrZane-
blobda kabirebze da imgvarive sasaxleSi cxovrobda, rogorSic arete da alki-
noosi (òdisea~) da aieti (àrgonavtika~). afroditem swored eleqtras miabara aR-
sazrdelad harmonia. harmonia ematiosTan erTad dadioda koribantebis wminda ga-
moqvabulebSi da xSirad uyurebda maT ritualur wriul cekvebs, romlebsac isini
farebze xmlebis rtymiT asrulebdnen. harmonia gamoemSvidoba mSobliur mxares,
qalRmerT hekates salocavs da zevsis nebiT, kadmoss gahyva. eladaSi kadmosi cod-
niT `dasaCuqrebuli~ mivida. man icoda wera-kiTxva, varskvlavTmricxveloba, wminda
ritualebi da momajadoebeli simRera. swored amis Semdeg mivida kadmosi delfoSi,
iq piTiam mas auwya, rom gahyoloda Zroxas da sadac igi wamowveboda, daearsebina
qalaqi. kadmosi gahyva Zroxas da misi Caferxebis adgilze daiwyo qalaqis mSene-
bloba. upirvelesad man wyali moiZia, raTa ganbaniliyo da msxverpli Seewira. ipova
kidec dirkes wyaro, romelsac gveli dahpatroneboda. urCxulma kadmosis xalxi
daxoca, kadmossac Semoexvia da gagudavda kidec, magram mas aTena daexmara. manve as-
wavla, rogor daeTesa mokluli drakonis kbilebi da gamklaveboda miwidan amosul
spartosebs. `dionisiakaSi~ aRwerilia Tebes mSeneblobis ambebi, rogor Semofar-
gla kadmosma qalaqisTvis gankuTvnili adgili; mere es teritoria TokiT gazoma da
xnuliT oTxad gayo qarebis qrolis mimarTulebaTa mixedviT.... mkacri wesebis Sesa-
bamisad, zeciur sartylebTan misadagebiT, 7 karibWe aago; TiToeuls RmerTis pa-
tivsacemad saxeli daarqva. Tebes mSeneblobas nonosi kvlav ubrundeba, rodesac di-
onises fars aRwers. dionises fari, aqilevsis faris msgavsad, hefestosma gaakeTa da
zed Tebes mSenebloba gamosaxa. swored aq, TebeSi, daibada da aRizarda dionises
deda, kadmosis asuli semele. dionises TebesTan sxva Tavgadasavlebic akavSirebs.
Tebes daarsebis epizodi movixmeT imis sailustraciod, Tu ramdenad saintereso
informaciaa daculi nonosis TxzulebaSi.
nonosis midrekileba misticizmisa da simbolizmisadmi Zalian mimzidveli aR-
moCnda renesansis epoqis moazrovneTaTvis. SemdgomSi es avtori sakmaod miiC-
qmala. nonosis kvleva XX saukuneSi gaaqtiurda. amJamad nonoss ikvleven rogorc
antikuri kulturis specialistebi, ise bizantinologebi, kulturologebi da
religiebis istoriiT dainteresebuli pirebi.
Txzulebebi: `dionises saqmeni~, ìoanes saxarebis parafraza~.

274 romauli literatura
romauli literatura
tradiciis Tanaxmad, laTinurenovani antikuri literaturis mimarT gamoviye-

nebT termins _ romauli literatura. amis sapirispirod antikurobis Semdgomi
epoqis laTinurenovan mwerlobas laTinur, kerZod, Sua saukuneebis laTinur
literaturas vuwodebT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom romauli literatura im formiT
da im SinaarsiT, romliTac mas dRes vicnobT, ZiriTadad, berZnuli literaturi-
sagan aris davalebuli. italikuri tomebis kulturuli cxovrebis farglebSi
mimdinareobda procesebi, romelTac SeeZloT romi SemdgomSi literaturuli
Semoqmedebis garkveuli formebis Camoyalibebamde mieyvanaT, magram did berZnul
literaturasTan Sexvedram, berZnulma civilizaciam arsebiTi gardatexa moaxdi-
na romauli kulturis ganviTarebaSi. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom man daaCqara romis
kulturuli ganviTarebis procesebi. swored amitom, Tuki berZnul literatu-
raSi SeiniSneba erTi literaturuli formidan meoreze logikuri gadasvla,
romauli literatura, am mxriv, ar gamoirCeva ganviTarebis im tendenciebiT, ro-
melTac bunebrivi SeiZleba vuwodoT. romauli civilizaciis didi aRmavloba,
arsebiTad, maSin daiwyo, rodesac elinisturi kultura dominirebda. Tavad ita-
liaSic, jer kidev didi kolonizaciis periodidan moyolebuli, uamravi berZnu-
li dasaxleba iyo, romelic erTiani elinuri kulturis sivrces ekuTvnoda. Sesa-
bamisad, romaelebi maTi kulturuli aRmavlobis dawyebis procesSi italiis
sxva xalxebTan erTad uSualod Sexvdnen ukve ganviTarebis sakmaod maRal doneze
myof berZnul kulturas. romaelTa TvalsawierSi erTdroulad Semovida ber-
Znuli literaturis yvela Janri, yvela cnobili berZeni avtori. Sesabamisad, li-
teraturuli procesebis warmarTvisa Tu Janrebis formirebis sferoSi berZnu-
li mwerlobisagan gansxvavebuli suraTi gvqonda. pirvel etapze mainc yvelaze
met gavlenas axdenda is, rac yvelaze ufro cnobili iyo an rasTanac yvelaze uf-
ro intensiuri kontaqtebi arsebobda, anu elinisturi literatura. SevecadoT
Tvali gavadevnoT imas, Tu ra gziT viTardeboda romauli mwerloba dasawyisi-
dan antikuri samyaros daqveiTebamde.
respublikis periodi
periods Zv.w. V saukunidan moyolebuli I saukunis pirveli naxevris CaTvliT

romaul literaturaSi resuplikis xanas uwodeben. Tuki ar gaviTvaliswinebT
e. w. italikuri tradiciebis wiaRSi aRmocenebul winareliteraturul formebs
_ sxvadasxva xasiaTis sakulto simRerebs da e. w. Tormeti dafis kanonebs – WeSma-
riti literatura italiaSi iwyeba im pirTa aqtivobis Sedegad, romelTac ber-
Znulenovani garemodan Semoitanes da danerges italiaSi literaturuli Semoq-
medebis tradiciebi.
ramdenadac am epoqis berZnulenovan samyaroSi literaturuli xelovnebis
yvelaze popularul formad drama iTvleboda, romaul literaturas, faqtob-
rivad, swored dramiT viwyebT. livius andronikusma (Zv. w. 285-204), rogorc Cans,
pirvelma SesTavaza romaul sazogadoebas berZnuli miTologiuri fabulebis
safuZvelze Seqmnili tragediebi. misi saqme warmatebulad gaagrZela gneius nevi-
usma (Zv. w. III s.), romelmac Seqmna tragediebi – e. w. preteqstebi, romauli eposi da
a. S. kvintus eniusic (Zv. w. 239-169) dramis JanrSi moRvaweobda, Tumca man Seqmna
aseve didaqtikuri xasiaTis nawarmoebi, satirebi, epigramebi da sxv. markus paku-

viusi (Zv. w. 220-130) cnobilia imiT, rom Semoifargla erT JanrSi _ tragediaSi
muSaobiT da mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitana am Janris literaturuli formis
daxvewaSi. TandaTanobiT romSi ikveTeba, Tuki diomedesis `gramatikis xelovne-
bis~ terminologias moviSveliebT, e. w. fabula praetexta, romelic tragediis tipuri
romauli formis aRsaniSnavad gamoiyeneboda. rac Seexeba komedias, aq moxda Zve-
li romauli sanaxaobebisa da axali atikuri berZnuli komediis sakmaod sainte-
reso sinTezi. komediebis tipis klasifikaciisaTvis SemoTavazebuli iqna termi-
nebi `mosasxamis~ mixedviT: fabula togata (toga iyo romaeli moxeleebis mosasxami) da
fabula palliata (laTinuri termini pallium Sesabamisi iyo berZnuli iJmavtion-is, mosasxa-
mismagvari samosisa, rac berZenTa damaxasiaTebeli Cacmuloba iyo). Sesabamisad,
igulisxmeboda dramebis saxeebi, romlebSic SeiZleboda pirobiTad, erTmaneTi-
sagan gangvesxvavebina romauli da berZnuli tipis fabulebi. Tuki pirvel Sem-
TxvevaSi moqmedeba aRebuli iyo, ZiriTadad, romauli yoveldRiuri cxovrebi-
dan, meore SemTxvevaSi, arsebiTad, xdeboda berZnuli komediebis siuJetebis sa-
fuZvelze piesebis Seqmna berZnulive saxelebis gadmotaniT.
romaul komediografiaSi gansakuTrebiT gamoirCeva ori figura: plavtusi
(Zv.w. 250-184) da terenciusi (Zv.w. 195/90-159).
dramatuli Janris paralelurad aseve popularuli xdeba berZnuli eposis
`Targze aWrili~ romauli eposi. ukve Cven mier xsenebuli livius andronikusi
(Zv.w. 285-207) cdilobs homerosis eposis laTinuri versiis damuSavebas. rac See-
xeba neviuss (Zv.w. III s. meore naxevari), igi Tavisi `punikuri omiT~ safuZvels udebs
nacionalur romaul eposs. rogorc tragediis, aseve eposis sferoSi igi upira-
tesobas aniWebs romaul sinamdvilesTan dakavSirebul fabulebs. eniusi ufro
Sors midis da igi qmnis ànalebs~, rac ukve romis istoriis gadmocemis cdas war-
moadgens. amasTanave igi laTinur enaSi heqsametris gadmotaniT gzas uxsnis ber-
Znuli sazomebis Semosvlas romaul literaturaSi.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am periodSi romaulma literaturam sakmaod mokle dro-
Si SeiTvisa, ganaviTara da maRal doneze aiyvana yvela Janri, romelic berZnulma
literaturam saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi Seqmna. sxva Janrebis paralelurad aseve
viTardeba e. w. pirovnuli poezia. marTalia, igi sakmaod Camouvardeba `berZnul
simaRleebs~, magram aSkarad gamoirCeva Tavisi originalobiT. garkveuli winsvla
SeiniSneba filosofiis da mWevrmetyvelebis ganviTarebaSic. da mainc, romauli
literaturis WeSmariti aRmavloba iwyeba respublikis krizisis dawyebis epoqi-
dan. am dros moRvaweobdnen ukve iseTi mniSvnelovani figurebi, romlebic tols
ar udeben TavianT berZen winamorbedebs. dramis sferoSi gansakuTrebiT gamoiCi-
na Tavi lukius akciusma (Zv. w. 170-80). istoriografiaSi Zalze mniSvnelovani iyo
iulius keisris (Zv. w. 100-44) Txzulebebi, iseve rogorc kornelius neposisa (Zv. w.
100-25) da salustius krispusis (Zv. w. 86-35) naSromebi.
ara marto romauli, aramed saerTod antikuri da msoflio literaturisaT-
vis mniSvnelovan movlenas warmoadgenda romaul literaturaSi e. w. neoteriku-
li (ùfro axali~) mimarTulebis aRmoceneba, romelmac, faqtobrivad, gza gaux-
sna WeSmaritad lirikuli poeziis aRmavlobas romSi. misi brwyinvale warmomad-
geneli iyo katulusi (Zv. w. 87-54).
romaul filosofiaSi swored am epoqaSi xdeba Zalze mniSvnelovani movlena.
iqmneba filosofiuri poema, lukreciusis (Zv. w. 97/4-55) `saganTa bunebisaTvis~.
Tavisi universalizmiT am epoqis da saerTod antikurobis erT-erT umniSvne-
lovanes figurad warmogvidgeba ciceroni (Zv. w. 106-43).
amave periodSi moRvaweobda mwerali da mecnieri markus terencius varo (Zv. w.
116-27), romelic marTlac gaocebas iwvevs Tavisi mravalmxrivobiT da enciklope-
diuri universalizmiT.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom respublikis periodSi romaulma literaturam ramdeni-
me mniSvnelovani amocana gadawyvita: a) SemoqmedebiTad da maqsimalurad srulad
aiTvisa berZnuli literatura; b) monaxa sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi potencialis

axleburad gamovlenis SesaZleblobebi; g) Tavad romauli literaturis ganviTa-
rebas Seuqmna mZlavri fundamenti; d) Camoayaliba Zalze moqnili da daxvewili
erTiani saliteraturo laTinuri ena; e) romaelebs Caunerga rwmena, rom maT Se-
uZliaT dominireba ara marto politikis, aramed literaturis sferoSic.
plavtusi 277
plavtusi
(Zv. w. 254/250 – 184 ww.)
`mokvda plavtusi. daiRupa komedia. scena dacarielda, yvela tiris – sicilic,

TamaSic, xumrobebic, auracxeli riTmac~. aseT damsaxurebas miiwerda sicilisa
da enis Semoqmedi titus makkius plavtusi, romaeli komediografosi. avlus
geliusTan damowmebuli plavtusis am avtoepitafias Tavad geliusi
komediografosis dawerilad ar miiCnevs, magram, visic ar unda iyos epitafia,
komediografosis Rvawls kargad aCens.
saxeli titusi romaelis sinonimi gaxldaT, iyo Tu ara makusi sagvareulo
saxeli, danamdvilebiT aravin icis, yovel SemTxvevaSi aseTi sagvareulo saxeli
mcirericxovan romaul saxelebSi ar gvxvdeba. Tavad igi Tavs makuss uwodebs
italikuri saxalxo Teatris, niRbebis komediis àtelanas~ erT-erTi figuris,
Rormucela sulelisa da masxaras saxelis mixedviT; rac Seexeba plavtuss, igi
metsaxelia da `brtyelterfians~ niSnavs.
gadmocemiT, plavtusi daibada umbriis sarsinaSi (SemdgomSi sasina) da gar-
daicvala romSi.
plavtusi ymawvili Camovida romSi da rogorc Cans, atelanas (italikuri xal-
xuri niRbebis komediis) msaxiobi gaxda, dramatul xelovnebas eziara da mis
samsaxurSi galia sakmaod didi xnis cxovreba; rogorc ki raRac fuli daagrova,
savaWro saqmes mohkida xeli, magram dasavleTi xmelTaSua zRvis teritoria am
dros punikuri omebis poligonad iyo gadaqceuli da vaWrobaSi ar gaumarTla;
usaxsrod darCenilma wisqvilSi daiwyo muSaoba. am periodSi man sami piesa daw-
era.
plavtusi Semdeg romis armiaSi Sevida, iq eqvsi weli dahyo, meore punikur om-
Sic miiRo monawileoba, romSi dabrunebulma ki isev komediebis weras mihyo xeli,
ramac popularoba da sakmaod uzrunveli cxovreba moutana. plavtusis es bi-
ografiuli monacamebi, SesaZloa, Tavad plavtusis komediebidan antikuri bi-
ografosebis mier iyos amokrebili da sinamdviles naklebad Seeferebodes.
plavtusis 130 komedias popularobis gamo zogjer sxvis piesebasac miawerdnen.
gramatikosi elius stiloni plavtusiseul orginalad – 25-s, misi mowafe varo
ki 21 komedias miiCnevda, met-naklebi sisruliT Cvenamde yvelam moaRwia.
plavtusis komediebi pirobiTad SeiZleba situaciis (`komedia saxedrebze~,
`moCveneba~), xasiaTebis (`komedia qoTanze~, `komedia zardaxSaze~, `baqia meomari~,
`bagiri~), intrigis komediebad (`moCveneba~, `baqqidebi~, `kasina~, `tyupebi~, `sti-
qusi~, `vaWari~, `kurkulio~, èpidikusi~, `fsevdolusi~ , “sparseli~, `tyveebi~,
àmfitrio~, `mutruki~, `puni~) da ojaxur dramad (`sami moneta~) daiyos. ar unda
dagvaviwydes, rom xasiaTebis komediasTan SeiZleba intrigis komediis elemente-
278 plavtusi
bic Segvxvdes; Tavis mxriv, intrigis komedia ar gamoricxavs xasiaTis gamokveTas

an situaciis komizmi intrigis arsebobas da a.S.
`k o m e d i a q o T a n z e~. moxucma evkliom keriaSi mama – papis damaluli
ganZi, oqroTi savse qoTani aRmoaCina. magram Zunwi winaprebis zne gadmohyva da
isev miwaSi Cafla. mosveneba dakarga; Sinidan ar gamodis, Rame ar Zinavs, mali-mal
dascqeris ganZs, eSinia, vinmem ar moparos, yvelaze eWvianobs.
evklio iseTi Zunwia, rom mas gareT gamosuli boli, dabanisas daRvrili
wyali, piridan gamosuli sunTqvac ki enaneba da Rame pirs ikravs, dalaqTan mo-
qnil frCxilebsac ar tovebs da misi fafis momparav yvavze saCivlelad sa-
samarTloSi midis.
misgan sruliad gansxvavdeba mdidari mezobeli megadorusi, xelgaSlili da
laRi qvrivi, romelsac colis SerTva unda.
moxuc megadorusi ar eZebs mdidar sacoles, ar moswons mziTviani qalebis
Tavqarianoba, mflangveloba da Rarib mezobels qaliSvilis, fedrias xels
sTxovs. evklio SiSobs, rom mezobelma misi ganZis Sesaxeb Seityo da xelSi Cag-
deba moisurva: `ra Zalaa oqroSi. mgoni, gaigo, rom ganZi maqvs, amitomac daaRo
piri, naTesaoba moindoma~.
bolosdabolos evklio Tanxmdeba, gaaTxovos qaliSvili da qorwilis
samzadiss xelmomWirned iwyebs, rom gamdidreba veravin Seatyos. qorwilisas rom
mis ganZs araferi moewios, ndobis qalRmerTis taZarSi miaqvs. megadorusis
ZmisSvilis, likonidesis mona, strobilusi uTvalTvalebs moxucs da moiparavs
mis saguldagulod gadamalul oqros.
amasobaSi evklios qaliSvili bavSvs elodeba, Ramis dResaswaulze viRac ymaw-
vilma Zala ixmara masze da daaorsula, mamam ki amis Sesaxeb araferi icis. evklios
qaliSvilis Seuracxmyofeli megadorusis ZmisSvili, likonidesia, romelic
wuxs, rom biZamiss unda fedrias colad SerTva.
likonidesi biZas umxels, rom misi sacole uyvars da axla evklios unda ga-
moutydes Tavis danaSaulSi. am dros moxucs ganZi adgilze ar xvdeba, sasowark-
veTilebaSi vardeba, gadareuli yviris: „daviRupe, daviRupe, momkles~, ganZis
momparavs gamwarebuli eZebs da mayurebels mimarTavs (scenuri iluziis
darRveva): „damexmareT, gemudarebiT, moTxariT, vin gaitaca!~.
likonidesi gaigebs evklios moTqmas da hgonia, misi danaSauli gamoaSkaravda.
moikrifavs mxneobas da moxucs gamoutydeba: „is saqcieli, ramac suli agimRvria,
me Cavidine~. ymawvili Tavis Secdomaze esaubreba, Tavs idanaSaulebs da mizezad
Rvinosa da siyvaruls asaxelebs. – „rac moipare, unda daabruno~, „rogor gabede
sxvisaze xelis aRmarTva?~, yviris ganZis dakargviT aRelvebuli moxuci.
ymawvili fiqrobs, rom moxuci aRiarebam SeZra, evklios ki hgonia, rom igi gan-
Zis moparvaSi gamoutyda: „Seni rom ar iyo, xom icodi: xeli ar unda gexlo~. lik-
onidesi sTxovs: „radgan movkide, de, CemTan darCes~. gaugebrobis klasikuri ma-
galiTi sakmaod didxans grZeldeba. bolosdabolos irkveva, rom moxuci –
oqroTi savse qoTanze, likonidesi ki fedriaze, Tavis Seyvarebulze laparakobs.
komediis dasaruls Cvenamde ar mouRwevia, magram antikurobisdroindeli
gadmocemiT cnobilia, rom qurd monas oqros waarTmeven, nefe – patarZals, lik-
onidessa da fedrias gadascemen da evklioc moisvenebs.
groteskuli xasiaTis komedia, romelic ara marto martosulis saxes, aramed
misi undoblobis, siZunwis socialur safuZvlebsac gviCvenebs. evkalios Ziri-
Tadi Tviseba – undobloba warmarTavs komediis intrigas da xasiaTi da mo-
qmedeba, rogorc menandrosis piesebSi, erTmaneTTan mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli.
„b a q i a m e o m a r i~. meomarma pirgopolinikesma moitaca filokomasiumi da
TavisTan, efesoSi sayvarlad waiyvana. qalis Seyvarebul plevsikles mona pal-
estriom Seatyobina filokamasiumis adgilsamyofeli. Seyvarebuli ymawvili efe-
plavtusi 279
soSi Camovida da meomris mezoblad Tavisi mamis megobris peripleqtomenusis

saxlSi daido bina. eSmakma mona palestriom mezoblebis kedelSi xvreli gamoTx-
ara da sayvarlebi am faruli gasasasvleliT erTmaneTs xvdebian.
mogvianebiT yvelaferi mJRavndeba, magram gaqnili mona mZime mdgomareobidan
gamosavals poulobs. palestrio daiyoliebs periplektomenuss ori hetera moiy-
vanos da erTi colad, meore ki msaxurad gaasaRos, meomars ki uTxran, rom me-
zoblis `cols~ TavdaviwyebiT Seuyvarda pirgopolinikesi, mzadaa datovos mo-
bezrebuli qmari da masTan gadmovides sacxovreblad. gaxarebuli meomari
cdilobs saswrafod Tavi daiRwios filokamasiumisagan.
palestrio urCevs, qali aTenSi gaistumros.
filokamasiumi gaiTamaSebs, rom didad daadardiana am ambavma. meomari atans
samkaulebs, tansacmels da dasamSvideblad ayolebs palestriosac, plevsikles
yofil monas, romelic yaCaRebma pirgopolinikess aCuqes, axla masTan cxovrobs
da yvela intrigis sulisCamdgmelia.
meomari axali siyvarulis Sesaxvedrad mezoblis saxlisken miemarTeba, magram
palestrios dagebul maxeSi ebmeba. periplektomenusis monebi scemen: „rogor
gabeda usaqmurma sxvis colTan miaxloeba~, yvela mas utyapunebs. ase asuleleben
pativmoyvare meomars.
xasiaTebis komedia. pirgopolinikesi, gonebaSezRuduli, mxdali, yeyeCi, uzneo,
Tavmomwone meomari, romelic siamovnebiT usmens maameblebis karikaturul –
gadaWarbebulad xotbas brZolis velsa da siyvarulSi „gmirobebisTvis~, „baqia
meomris~ klasikur saxed iqca.
`f s e v d o l u s i~. plavtusis piesebidan mxolod `fsevdolusis~ dadgmis
TariRia (Zv. w. 191 w.) cnobili, ciceronis gadmocemiT, plavtusma es komedia
moxucebulobisas dawera da Tavis sayvarel piesadac miaCnda. plavtusis am ko-
mediiT misi Semoqmedebis Taviseburebebze yvelaze ukeT SegviZlia vimsjeloT.
moqmedeba aTenSi ori saxlis win TamaSdeba, erTis mepatrone mdidari aTeneli
simoa, meore – maWankali balio. simos Svilma kalidorusma Tavisi Seyvarebuli
fenikiumisagan maWanklis monis xeliT miiiRo Setyobineba, rom igi makedonel
meomars mihyides: `Cveni siyvaruli, yvela Cveuleba, xumroba, TamaSi, kocna,
saubari, sayvarel sxeulis gulSi Caxuteba da nazi tuCebiT kbena vnebiani, Cvenni
orgiani da SeerTebani, mkvrivi ZuZuebis sresa unazesi – yvela es gancxroma qreba
da irRveva, modis daSoreba da sicariele…~ (komedia Targmna levan berZeniS-
vilma). ymawvils ar SeuZlia im oci minis (fulis berZnuli erTeuli, talantis
1/60) Sovna, ramdenadac misi sayvareli iyideba. meomars ki avansad ukve TxuTmeti
mina datovebuli aqvs. erT dReSi unda movides meomris gamogzavnili kaci, moi-
tanos darCenili xuTi mina, iseTive niSani, rogoric meomarma datova da
fenikiumi waiyvanos. mona fsevdolusi daxmarebas hpirdeba kalidoruss.
romis samarTlis formebis parodirebiT igi sazeimo fics iZleva da rom dRis
ganmavlobaSi saWiro fuls iSovis. ufro metic, is damswreT afrTxilebs: `suy-
velas gauwyebT, krebaze mosulno, Cemo nacnobebo, Cemo megobrebo, mifrTxildiT
yvelani da dRes nu mendobiT~ (scenuri iluziis darRveva anu mayureblisadmi
uSualo mimarTva).
maWankali balio aTvalierebs Tavis saqonels: monebsa da heterebs. am dRes igi
Tavis dabadebis dRes zeimobs da heterebs ubrZanebs, rom Tayvanismcemlebma
mTeli wlis sarCo mouzidon, Tu ara da Tavis Tavs daabralon, fenikiums ki
~Senze vambob, didi xalxis sixarulo, Tu dRes Senma megobrebma uxvad ar momi-
tanes kargi xorageuli – waxval saroskipoSi~.
Semdeg scenaSic moqmedeba win ar midis, kalidoruss unda namusze aagdos
balio, magram, bunebrivia, araferi gamoudis. kalidorusi da fsevdolusi, (bu-
fonaduri scena – italikuri xalxuri Cveulebis mixedviT damnaSave piris sa-
280 plavtusi
jaro lanZRva dasaSvebad iTvleboda), maWankals gakicxvasa da ginebas ar akleben,

mas ki siciladac ar hyofnis: ~Sen verafers akeTebde, me rad unda mrcxvenodes?
Tumca bevri avi sityva aq makadreT orivem, meomari Tu xuT minas ar momitans dar-
Cenils, radgan swored dRes mTavrdeba vada ukiduresi, mokled, dRes Tu ar mo-
mitans, maSin gqondes imedi~, rom ar gayidis da fulis motanas aclis.
kalidorusi ki fuls verc mevaxSisgan Soulobs, radgan jer ocdaxuTi wlis
ar aris. romauli kanonmdeblobiT ki ocdaxuTi wlis ymawvilis mevaxSesTan
garigebas aranairi iuridiuli Zala ar gaaCnia (miniSnebaa specifikur romaul
realiaze, e. w. `pletoriusis kanonze~. aq, rogorc plavtusis bevr komediaSi,
berZnuli da romauli yofis elementebi erTmaneTSia Sereuli).
fsevdolusi `mxedarTmTavris~ rolSi Sedis (xalxuri balaganisTvis damax-
asiaTebeli damdableba – saxelmwifo moxelis eniT molaparake mona gasamxedroe-
bul mayurebels uxvad `kvebavs~ samxedro metaforebiT), rom maWankal balios
`qalaqze~ ieriSi miitanos. igi kalidoruss agzavnis, rom vinme moxerxebuli
damxmare mouZebnos, magram damxmare rad unda, gaugebaria. marto darCenili
aRiarebs, rom mas araviTari gegma ara aqvs.
mdgomareobas is arTulebs, rom simos motyueba ukve Znelia, man Svilis
ganzraxvis Sesaxeb Seityo da axla fsevdolusis xrikebs ufrTxis. scenaze ori
moxuci gamodis. rogorc xSirad xdeba àxal atikur komediaSi~ kontrastuli
wyvili – erTi mkacria (simo), meore ki liberaluri kalifonusia, romelic simos
misi axlgazrdobis gatacebebis Sesaxeb axsenebs: ~TviTon araferi dagiSavebia
axalgazrdobaSi? mama wesieri unda brZandebodes, Svilebs rom mosTxovos, iyvnen
ukeTesni. rac Sen uvargisi ram gikeTebia, dagverigebina – mTel xalxs eyofoda.
Tuki dagemsgavsa Svili, ra gakvirvebs?~ fsdevdolusi gadawyvets erTguli da
wesieri monis roli iTamaSos da yvelafers patiosnad aRiarebs, patrons
sifrTxilisaken mouwodeba da arwmunebs, rom simoc Tavisi xeliT gadascems mas
fuls, maWanklis motyuebasac SeZlebs da misgan kalidorusis sayvarels waiyvans.
gaocebuli simo aseTi moxerxebulobis sazRaurad oc minas hpirdeba, fsevdo-
lusiT moxibluli kalifonusi ki savaraudo mogzaurobas gadadebs, rom am
saqmis mogvarebas daeswros.
plavtusi mayureblis interess aRvivebs da amasTanave araorazrovnad mianiS-
nebs dasmuli amocanis gadauwyvetelobaze: ~eWvi mepareba, rom Tqvenc geparebaT
eWvi – amodena ambebs rom dagpirdiT, Cveni komedia bolomde miva da me Cems
danapirebs veRar Sevasruleb. marTlac saeWvoa. me mxolod is vici, rom sulac ar
vici, axla ra vakeTo (sokrates cnobili frazis `me vici, rom araferi vici~
ironiuli perifrazi). bolos da bolos ki gamova raime, scenas xom tyuilad ar
davikavebdi – rom ar SemZleboda, sxvas davuZaxebdi~.
fsevdolusi tovebs scenas, rom antraqtis dros `gulSi davigroveb, rac qvey-
anaze TaRliTobebia. Tqven ar moiwyinoT uCemod, melodeT – ager, fleitisti ga-
garTobT manamde~.
antraqtis Semdeg – fsevdolusis amaRelvebeli sazeimo ariaa. gegma mofiqre-
bulia. aria savsea plavtusis komizmis àrsenaliT~ – paratragediiT (tragediis
maRali, sazeimo stilis parodiiT – uRirsi mona patiosnebaze saubrobs: ùkve
raxania, vici, ar giyvarvar, imasac ki vxvdebi, sul rom ar mendobi; mainc ver Se-
bRalav Cems patiosnebas~), `samxedro~ metaforebiT, arqauli sityvebiT.
fsevdolusi saubrobs Tavis ~gvarze~, `moqalaqeebze~, `didebaze~, romelic mas
elodeba; monis gvariSvilobaze laparaki sasacilo efeqts axdens, radgan monebs
kanonieri arc mama SeeZloT hyolodaT da arc TviTon iTvlebodnen kanonierad:
~Semovikribe laSqari ormag da sammag cbierebaTaa; axla, sadac mters SeveCexebi
(o, CemSi marTalac winaparTa sisxli xmaurobs, mamxnevebs maTi simarjve da go-
niereba), dandobas ver eRirseba, mtruladve davuxvdebi! me da yovel TqvenTagans
plavtusi 281
dRes xom saerTo mteri gvyavs – maWankali balio! cotac damacadeT da qalaqs al-
yas Semovartyam, ieriSiT aviReb! mivayeneb legionebs, davipyrob da umalve Cems
moqalaqeebs SevuSveb dapyrobil qalaqSi laSqarTan erTad – CemTvis da Cemi me-
gobrebisTvis iq SevaquCeb veeba nadavls, SiSi da ltolva Cvens metoqeebs, icod-
nen Cemi gvariSviloba~ (str. 580 – 589).
scenaze gamodis axali piri, makedoneli meomris gamogzavnili harpaqsi
(`yaCaRi~). gegma Sesacvlelia. magram moxerxebuli monisaTvis briyvi `samxedro
Citis~ motyueba araferia. fsevdolusi Tavs maWanklis monad asaRebs. harpaqsis
mixvedriloba mxolod imas hyofnis, rom ar misces fuli ucxo adamians, magram
meomris amosacnob niSans ki aZlevs.
scenaze iseTi aurzauri, xmauri da mxiarulebaa, rom mayurebeli intrigis
damxlarTavis dapirebuli ~gegmis~ Secvlas `SemTxveviTi SexvedriT~ siamovnebiT
mihyveba: àsi brZeni kacis gegmas erTaderTi qalRmerTi daamarcxebs! Tuki vinmes
Seexida fortuna, gveCveneba, rom brZenia, sibrZnes vuqebT yvelani. Tuki gegmam
gaumarTla, marjve kaci gvgonia da Tu ara, im wuTasve briyvad gamovacxadebT. ug-
nurebma arc ki viciT, rogor vcdebiT, rodesac gvgonia, rom saganSia arsi da-
vanebuli. naRds xels vuSvebT da yvelani gaurkvevels miveltviT, Sromasa da Zie-
bebSi mogvadgeba sikvdili.~
amaRlebul stilSi is kalidoruss Tavis gamarjvebaze auwyebs.
am SemTxvevaSi, marTlac, saWiroa yvelasTvis ucnobi kaci, romelic Tavs har-
paqsad gaasaRebs. kalidorusis erT-erTi nacnobi mzadaa ipovos aseTi kaci da 5
minac iSovos. saWiro Sualedi Sevsebulia komikuri scenebiT, romelTac araferi
aqvT saerTo moqmedebasTan. biWi, romelic Civis maWankalTan cxovrebis
siZneleebze: `RmerTma Tu garguna maWanklis monoba da simaxinjiTac Tu daga-
jildova- es ukve sakuTar tyavze gamovcade – gelis gaWirveba, yoveli siave~ da
uxamsobebs ar erideba: ìs mainc SemeZlos, rac sxvebs SeuZliaT! dRes Tu ver
mivarTvi amas saCuqari, darwmunebuli var, cema ar amcdeba. im saqmisTvisac jer
sul patara var, magram cema-tyepis ise meSinia, rom fulis gulisTvis ki gadavi-
tandi; Tumca ki amboben, mtkivneuliao, kbils kbilze davaWer, xmas ar amoviReb~.
`mzareulis~ `trabaxa, laqlaqa, briyvi, usargeblo~ saxasiaTo komikuri figura,
romelic baliom sadResaswaulo sufrisTvis daiqirava.
moqmedeba axla swrafad viTardeba. maWankals kalidorusis mama afrTxilebs
fsevdolusis xrikebis Sesaxeb, magram moxerxebuli monis Rirseuli partniori
cru – harpaqsi mas makedoneli meomris gamogzavnili hgonia, fenikiums atans da
qalic kalidorusTan mihyavT.
balio ki imdenad darwmunebulia Tavis TavSi, rom apirebs kalidorusis mama
simos oci mina gadauxados da mona qalic aCuqos, fsevdolusis gegma Tu ganxor-
cildeba. am dros brundeba namdvili harpaqsi. baliosa da simos igi fsevdolu-
sis mogzavnili kaci hgoniaT, mkacr gamocdas uwyoben, magram male rwmundebian,
rom fsevdolusma isini gaacucuraka da danapirebi aasrula. raRa gaewyoba,
maWankalma unda daubrunos nadvil harpaqss meomris winaswar gadaxdili 15 mina
da simosac danapirebi 20 mina gadauxados.
piesis bolos karnavaluri tipis scenebia. gamomTvrali fsevdolusi uxamsad
cekvavs, mxiarul nadimsa da kalidorusisa da fenikiumis sasiyvarulo
TavSeqcevebze uxeSad laparakobs, xvdeba simos, iTxovs oc minas da aiZulebs ba-
tons Tavi daimciros, monis movaleoba Seasrulos da moxuci Svilis qorwilSi
waiyvanos (karnavaluri gadmoyiravebuli urTierToba – mona da batoni erT-
maneTs enacvlebian; yvela svams, cekvavs, mReris; nadimi da Troba saxalxo dResas-
waulebSi siuxvis, Tanasworobisa da Tavisuflebis ganxorcielebuli utopiaa).
282 plavtusi
`fsevdoluss~, rogorc plavtusis sxva komediebs uZRvis e.w. àrgumentebi~, anu

nawarmoebis mokle Sinaarsi. zogierTi komediis argumentiviT `fsevdolusis~
pirveli argumenti akrostiqiania:
`fuli dautova vinme meomarma
sawindrad maWankals da fenikiumi
ekuTvnis imas, vinc danarCens moitans.
vinc fuliT Camodis, mas xvdeba fsevdolus
da werils dastyuebs, TiTqos sirusia,
ostati fsevdolus yalTaband simias
lamazad Semosavs, qals wamoiyvanen.
uqalod darCeba namdvili harpaqsi.
saqme gairkveva, fuls daabruneben.~
cocxali intrigis komedia `fsevdolusi~, ise rogorc plavtusis Semoqmedeba
mravalmxriv mniSvnelovani da sayuradReboa; misi komediebi romauli litera-
turis erT-erTi uZvelesi nimuSia. sainteresoa, rom riTac berZnulma dramam
scenuri moRvaweoba daamTavra, romma Teatraluri sanaxaoba imiT daiwyo.
berZnulma axalma komediam Tavisi ganviTarebis cikli daaxloebiT Zv. w. 250 w.
daasrula, swored maSin, roca romSi pirveli dramebi daidga. romauli litera-
turis ganviTarebis pirvel xanebSi naklebad ganaTlebuli mayureblisTvis scena
literaturasTan ziarebis ufro demokratiuli saSualeba aRmoCnda.
plavtusi e.w. `komedia paliatas~ JanrSi (berZnuli sityvidan `pallium~ – mosasx-
ami) moRvaweobs; rac imas niSnavs, rom msaxiobebi berZnuli mosasaxamiT gamodian,
gmirebs berZnuli saxelebi hqviaT (umeteswilad es „metyveli saxelebia~:
fsevdolusi – pseudos „tyuili~, dolus „eSmaki~, fenikiumi – „palmuka~, kurkulio –
„puris Wia~, filokamasia – `smis moyvare~, pirgopolinikesi „cixeqalaq gammarjve-
beli~) da berZnul garemoSi moqmedeben, berZnuli kanonebis Tanaxmad cxovroben,
berZnul dResaswaulebs marTaven, berZnul sityvebsa da frazebsac ki iyeneben.
Sesabamisad, „paliata~ berZnuli originalebis, kerZod ki axali atikuri ko-
mediis Tavisufal „gadalaTinurebas~ warmoadgens.
`komedia paliata~ romauli literaturis fuZemdeblebma livius androni-
kusma da gneius nevius umcrosma Seqmnes, magram misi srulad Semonaxuli nimuSebi
pirvelad plavtusis SemoqmedebaSi gvxvdeba. cota mogvianebiT romSi e.w. „kome-
dia togatamac~ moikida fexi (daaxl. 160 wlidan – 75 wlamde). am komediaSi msax-
iobebi romauli mosasxamiT, togiT gamodiodnen.
plavtusi, rogorc paliatas warmomadgeneli Tavis piesebSi, e.w. kontaminacias
anu sxvadasxva berZnuli siuJetis, intrigis, piesis Serwyma – kombinirebas, an ro-
melime scenis erTi piesidan meoreSi gadatanas mimarTavs.
komediografosi berZnuli komediebis formas, Sinaarssa da siuJets ar cvlis,
berZnul formebsa da mxatvrul xerxebs iyenebs, SemoqmedebiTad gadaamuSavebs da
romis saxalxo TamaSebis mayureblis gemovnebisTvis morgebas cdilobs. punikuri
omebiT Tavgabezrebuli plavtusis mayurebeli ki TeatrSi gasarTobad dadis da
komediografosic (aristofanesagan gansxvavebiT) Tavs aridebs politikur
simZafres da yvelaze sisxlimRvreli meore punikuri omis Tanamedrove mxolod
erTxel da isic gakvriT axsenebs oms. romis qalaqis plebsi, komediografosis
ZiriTadi mayurebeli, msaxiobebis TamaSs mokriveebis Serkinebis naxvas amjo-
binebs. romSi mcxovrebi berZeni istorikosis, polibiosis gadmocemiT, mayure-
bels romSi Camosuli berZeni fleitistebis mosmena moswyinda da sanaxaobis mom-
wyobma musikosebi aiZula erTamaneTs dasWidebodnen da krivis cqeriT gaerToT
mayurebeli.
plavtusi mxolod berZnul originalebs ar sjerdeba da Tavis komediebSi ro-
maul realiebsac urevs. „plavtopolisSi~, ase uwodeben misi gmirebis samoqmedo
plavtusi 283
asparezs, uxvad gvxvdeba romauli toponimebi (eskulapiusis taZari, komitiebi,

kloakebi), laTini RmerTebi (liberi, larebi), romauli samarTlis detalebi
(„pletoriusis kanoni~, sasamarTlo proceduris dawyebis aRmniSvneli termini –
„xelebis dakrefa~), romauli movlenebi (kalendebi, triumfis gadaxda, romaeli
monebis dasjis wesi), romaeli moxele (edili), mis Tanamedroveebze miniSneba
(berZenis TvalTaxedviT danaxuli da amitom „barbaros poetad~ moxseniebuli
romaeli poeti neviusi da a.S).
plavtusis naxevradfantantastikuri „plavtopolisi~ Tavisi suliT italikur
xalxur komedia „atelanasTan~ Zlier kavSirs amJRavnebs da misi Teatris Tavise-
burebac axali atikuri komediis italikur xalxur komikur TeatrTan Serwymaa.
plavtusi sasacilo efeqtebiT mdidar da naklebad fsiqologiur berZnul
originalebs irCevs, axali atikuri komediis seriozulobas asustebs, maT ko-
mizms aRrmavebs, Sehyavs bufonada da farsi da adgilobriv tradicias uxamebs,
raTa berZnuli nimuSebis gaZliereba – utrirebiT mayurebelSi sicili ga-
moiwvios. yofiTi, politikuri da filosofiuri problemebiT nakleb daintere-
sebuli axali atikuri komediis standartul siuJetebi da tradiciuli persona-
Jebi romael mayurebels xalxuri Teatris misTvis nacnob formebs (atelanas,
mims) axsenebs da gauwafav mayurebels saxaliso intrigasa da dinamiur moqmede-
basTan SeCvevasac ufro uadvilebs.
bufonada, scenaze sirbili, aRgznebuli Jestikulacia, 1 Cxubi, cema-tyepa, per-
sonaJebis groteskuli garegnoba (`JRalTmiani, Ripiani, sqelkoWeba, moSavo,
didTava da WrelTvaleba, saxeze mwiTuria, didfexeba~, gaqnili mona fsevdolusi
cirkis masxaras Camohgavs) da kostiumebi plavtuss rogorc xalxur italikur
TeatrTan, aseve Zvel atikur komediasTan, aristofanesTan anaTesavebs. aristo-
fanesTan siaxlovis maCvenebelia aseve komikur efeqtze gaTvlili scenuri
iluziis darRveva anu mayureblisadmi uSualo mimarTva, romelic, Cveulebriv,
piesis siuJetur wanamZRvrebs gvauwyebs da TiTqmis yovelTvis keTilganwyobasa
da yuradRebas iTxovs.
romauli plebsis farTo fenebsa da aseve arcTu didad ganaTlebul zeda
fenazec orientirebuli plavtusis komediebis mizani sicilis gamowvevaa da
garTobisTvis mosuli mayureblis Tavis Seqcevas komediografosis mdidari ko-
mikuri arsenali emsaxureba: farsi, qui pro quo, uxeSi xumrobebi, iumori, komizmi,
karikaturuli personaJebi (mzareuli – „Tund oras weliwads icocxleb Tamamad,
Tu Cems momzadebul kerZeuls miirTmev~; yeyeCobis nimuSad gamxdari meomari
pirgopolinikesi – „ubedurebaa, iyo aseTi lamazi~; an moxuci qali, romelsac
erT dReSi mTeli amforis (26 litris) daleva SeuZlia), arasulieris personifi-
kacia (ymawvili eWvianobs sarkeze, romelsac misi Seyvarebuli kocnis da imu-
qreba, rom Tavs gautexavs), Sedarebebi, tragikuli stilis parodia (“daacariele
mag yurTa taZari, rom Cemma naTqvamma SeiZlos Semosvla), ironia, sarkazmi, oraz-
rovneba, hiperbolizacia, parodia („me Cem Tavs vicnob~ cnobili gamonaTqvamis
`Seican Tavi Senis~ parodia), andazebi („bevria megobari, erTguli ki cota~ an
„cud colsa da mterze garja –xarjia, megobarsa da stumarze ki – sufTa
mogeba~).
plavtusis komediebi, amouwuravi maxvilgonierebisa da komikuri efeqtebis
feierverki kantikebis polimetriiTa da sagundo lirikis mniSvnelovani roliT
1
TiToeuli personaJisaTvis, TiToeuli afeqtisTvis msaxiobebi amuSavebdnen Sesabamis Jests,
pozas da xmis Seferilobas: „Sexede, rogor dgas, Subli SuWmuxnavs, TiTebs mkerdSi ikravs,
TiTqos gulis amoReba unda; ai, Setrialda, marcxena fexs daeyrdno, marcxena xeli TeZoze
aqvs, marjvenas TiTebs magrad irtyams TeZoze; TiTebs atkacunebs, mdgomareobas swrafad
icvlis, Tavsac akanturebs~ („baqia meomari~, str. 200). kvintilianusi TiTebis ocamde
mdgomareobas gadmoscems da TiToeuls gansakuTrebuli gamomsaxvelobiTi azri aqvs.
284 plavtusi
tragikuli poeziis kvalsac atarebs; savaraudoa, rom plavtusi eyrdnoba

adgilobriv musikalur tradicias, romelic elinisturi monodramis formebTan
– evripides sagundo partiebsa an elinistur lirikasTan msgavsebas amJRavnebs;
musikaluri fantaziis ZaliT, kantikebis da reCitatiuli partiebis damuSavebiT
ki plavtuss badali ara hyavs (grZeli leqsebiT dawerili nawilebi klarnetis
msgavs instrument tibiaze damkvreli musikosis akompanimentiT sruldeboda da mas
melodeklamacia ewodeboda; sxvadasxva lirikuli sazomiT dawerili ariebi e.w.
„kantikebi~ ki – sagangebo momRerlis mier; msaxiobi imave rols mimikiT asrulebda;
kantikebs umeteswilad solisti, zogjer dueti, trio an patara ansambli asruleb-
da da zogjer SeiZleba cekva, pantomima, akrobatika da Jongliorobac darTvoda).
vokaluri partiebi, musikaluri Tanxleba plavtusis komediebs Tanamedrove
miuziklis, vodevilisa an operetis winaprad xdis.
plavtusi ostaturad flobs rTul lirikul formebs da maTi meSveobiT yve-
laze daZabul emocias – sasiyvarulo vnebas, motyuebuli qalis gancdebs, sao-
jaxo scenebs, gaRizianebas, sixaruls, martoobis usasoebas da a.S. gamoxatavs.
musika romaul auditorias berZnuli piesebis moqmedi pirebis gansjisa da
grZnobebis uCveulobas aRqmas uadvilebs, xazs usvams stilizacias, kontrasts
scenur iluziasTan da sityvebTan erTad magiur gavlenas axdens mayurebelze.
plavtusis xelovneba ara marto komikuri da musikaluri saSualebebis osta-
tobaSi vlindeba, aramed sityvier komizmSi (Bumbomachides clutomestoridysarchides –
`xmauriT mebrZoli didebuli mxedarTmTavari ardasawyisis~; aseve: cocilendrum -
kokilendrumi, cicimalindro -kikimalindro, cataractria – kataraqtria da a.S.), bgere-
bisa da sityvebis TamaSSi (`Sen qarine vin dagarqva, qariSxali yofilxar~ an „fo-
rumi“? „qor“umi~ ufro mouxdeba~ an „epidamnumi yvelas wyevlaa~ – Epidamnum –
qalaqis saxelia da damnum – danaklisi, boroteba da a.S.).
sicils iwvevs plavtusis gansakuTrebiT mdidari da moqnili ena, romlis
wyarod komediografosi arqaul an ucxo enas, dialeqtebs, maRali poeziis enas,
profesiul gamoTqmebs da Jargons iyenebs. enobrivi arqaizmebi, bufonuri sit-
vaTqmnadoba (`maxvilismravaldamrtymeliSvili“, `fuWsityvamolaparake~, `qaliS-
vilebis gamyidveli~, „arafrisdidebiTarmimcemi~), kalamburebi, hiperbolebi,
metaforebi, maxvilsityvaoba, efeqturi kontrasti, aliteracia da aseve xmis
modulacia TavSeukavebel xarxars iwvevs mayurebelSi. poluqsis katalogi
samsaxiobo gamoTqmis 34 sinonims asaxelebs, ase magaliTad: „msuqani~, „gamxdari~,
„qaluri~, „guguna~, „gamyinavi~, „xorxismieri~ da a.S.
plavtusis sayvareli figura mona warmoadgens komediografosis dinamikuri
komediis yvelaze moZrav personaJs, romelic mayurebels scenaze sirbiliT,
sxeulis moZraobebiT da masxaraobiT arTobs. plavtusTan Warbobs moZravi, dina-
miuri tipi (gaqceuli monis, parasitis, maWanklis, ganrisxebuli moxucis). qcevaSi,
sityvebsa da JestebSi TavSeukavebeli gaqnili mona, komediuri intrigis strate-
gosi, komediis intrigis reJisori, igive poetis oreuli ara marto intrigis,
aramed bufonuri elementis epicentrica (`metismetad moqnilia, TaRliTia,
brZenia, TviT odisevss aRemateba cbierebiT fsevdolusi!~). mona yvelas Tavis
Wkuasa da nebaze atrialebs – siyvarulisgan gondakargul axalgazrdasac da ga-
mocdil moxucsac; aqve unda aRiniSnos, rom siyvaruli plavtusTan naxevradkomi-
kuri, naxevradgiJuri gaugebrobaa, romelic seriozul adamians ar Seefereba
(`ra sibriyvea, Seyvarebul kacs Wkua mohkiTxo!~); plavtusis komediis sxva moqmedi
pirebi ki umeteswilad tipiuris CarCoSi rCebian, es xasiaTis tipebi – Seyvare-
buli ymawvili, mkacri mama, buzRuna coli, baqia jariskaci, xarbi hetera, usin-
diso maWankali, eSmaki mona, parasiti, mevaxSe, mzareuli, eqimi – berZnuli ko-
mediidan gadmovida; magram komediografoss am sazRvrebSic SeuZlia origi-
naluri saxis Seqmna. Zunwi evklios da baqia meomris ostaturad gamokveTilma
plavtusi 285
xasiaTebma saukuneebs gauZlo; maWankal balios saxe ki saerTod saZageli, mda-

bali sulis adamianis zogad saxelad iqca. Tumca amave dros plavtusis xasiaTe-
bis araTanmimdevrulobac araerTgzis aRuniSnavT.
plavtusis komediebis erTianobas misi musikalur – enobrivi da ara mkacri
kompoziciuri arqiteqtonika ganapirobebs. igi didad ar zrunavs kompoziciur
mTlianobaze, prologi zogjer mTavari moqmedi piria, eqspoziciis funqcias as-
rulebs da moqmedebis gagebisaTvis mniSvnelovan wina istorias gvamcnobs.
prologi mayurebels mxolod aucilebels auwyebs, raTa upiratesoba mianiWos
da „ra~-s dadgenis Semdeg „rogor~-iT datkbobaRa darCes, magram aqac plavtusma
SeiZleba molodini gaacruos da moulodneloba komizmis wyarod aqcios.
scenis kanonebis mcodne plavtusis piesebi komediografosis gardacvalebis
Semdegac did xans idgmebod romaul scenaze. plavtusis bevri siuJeti da saxe
Semdgomdroindelma msoflio literaturam aitaca: batonis damxmare gaqnili
mona fsevdolusi sicocxlisunariani aRmoCnda da italiur niRbebis komediaSi
arlekinos, molierTan – skapenis, goldonisa da gocisTan – trufaldinosa da
bomarSesTan – figaros saxiT mogvevlina.
Seiloki Seqspiris `veneciel vaWarSi~, harpagoni – molieris ` ZunwSi~, gobseki
da mamilo grande balzakTan, Zunwi raindi puSkinTan Zunwi evklios (`komedia
qoTanze~) saxesxvaobaa. baqia meomari pirgopolinikesi („baqia meomari~) italiuri
komedia del artes (dell ártre) trabaxa jariskaci da espanuri komediis matamorad
an franko-italiuri fantaziis nayof kapitani frakasad iqca.
plavtusis, ise rogorc romauli literaturis umTavres problemas, romaeli
avtorebis originalurobis sakiTxs da Sesabamisad, gauTavebel polemikas
`plavtusisa plavtusTan~, an `plavtusisa da atikuris~ urTierTdamokidebule-
bisa, yvelaze ukeT komediografosis ganumeorebelma da TviTmyofadma Semo-
qmedebam gasca pasuxi. plavtusis stiqiurma komikurma da musikalurma talantma
da Seudarebelma enam – „muzebs rom laTinurad laparaki moesurvebinaT, plav-
tusis eniT alaparakdebodnen~ – plavtusi axali atikuri komediis `mTargmnelis~
nacvlad romauli komediis originalur Semoqmedad aqcia.
komediebi: àmfitrio~, `komedia saxedrebze~, `komedia qoTanze~, „baqqidebi~,

`tyveebi~, `kasina~, `komedia zardaxSaze~, „kurkulio~, „epidikusi~, „tyupebi~,
„vaWari~, „baqia meomari~, „moCveneba~, `sparseli~, `puni~, `fsevdolusi~,
`bagiri~, `stiqusi~, „sami moneta~, „mutruki~, `komedia skivrze~.
286 terenciusi
terenciusi
(Zv. w. 195/4 an 185/4 w. – 160 w.)
`yvelas aRematebi damsaxurebiT, naxevrad menandrev, sufTa metyvelebis moy-

varev. Sens natif nawerebs Zala rom Sehmateboda, komikuri talantic iseTive
Zlieri rom yofiliyo, rogoric berZnebis, agdebiT veravin mogisvrida! Seni es
mawuxebs da amitom vtiri, terencius.~ komediografosis enis motrfiale iulius
keisari, albaT, yvelaze ukeT afasebs terenciusis, romaeli komediografosis
Semoqmedebas. Tumca, zogi terenciuss Seudarebel poetad miiCnevs (avlus
geliusi, àtikuri Rameebi~, XV, 24), zogi ki romael komediografosTa aTeulSi
mxolod meeqvse adgils uTmobs (svetoniusi, `terenciusis cxovreba~, 4).
terenciusi daibada karTagenSi, ris gamoc miiRo zedwodeba afri anu af-
rikeli. karTagenidan romSi gasayidad Camoyvanili saSualo tanis, kargi aRnago-
bis da muqi feris Wabuki senator terencius lukanusTan monad moxvda, `niWier da
lamaz ymawvils~ patronma kargi ganaTleba misca da Tavisuflebac uboZa.
gaaazatebulma Tavisi patronis saxeli aiRo.
terenciusi dauaxlovda scipion emelianuss, SemdgomSi karTagenis saxel-
ganTqmul dampyrobsa da konsul gaius leliuss, romelTa saxelebi yovelTvis
erTad ixsenieboda, rogorc saxelmwifo moxeleebis megobrobis magaliTi (cice-
roni, ~respublika~).
scipion emelianusis literaturuli wre berZnuli kulturisa da berZnuli
ganaTlebis propagandaze, laTinuri enis srulyofilebaze, daxvewilobasa da
sinatifeze zrunavda. ambobdnen, TiTqosda am wris warCinebuli megobrebi werd-
nen komediebs da terenciusis saxeliT dgamdnen; komediografosma icoda, rom es
Wori scipionsa da leliuss siamovnebda da Tavs ar icavda.
terenciuss, rogorc Cans, Tavisi xanmokle cxovrebis manZilze eqvsi komedia
dauweria, romlebic mis sicocxleSive dadgmula. nimuSad axali atikuri ko-
mediis, umeteswilad menandrosis komediebs iyenebda, ris gamoc mas iulius
keisarma `naxevrad menandrosi~ uwoda. romaelma komediografosma menandrosis 4
komediis siuJetiT, danarCeni ori piesisaTvis (`dedamTili~ da `formio~) ki
menandrosis naklebad cnobili mimdevris apolodoros karistiosis komediebiT
isargebla.
terenciusma saberZneTsa da mcire aziaSi imogzaura, magram romSi veRar
dabrunda. gadmocemiT, roca menandrosis 108 komediis Targmani Camohqonda,
zRvaSi daixrCo.
terenciusis komediebis dadgmis TariRi, sxva dramaturgebisagan gansxvavebiT,
didaskaliebiT, biografiebisa da prologebis meSveobiTaa cnobili.
terenciusi 287
àn d r o s e l i q a l i~ erT-erT yovelwliur saerTo saxalxo dResaswaul-

ze, kibeles, `didi dedis~ sapativcemulod gamarTul `megalensesur TamaSobebze~
Zv. w. 166 wels daidga.
pamfilusi (metyveli saxeli – `yvelas moyvaruli~ anu `keTili~) `xasiaTiT
Seewyo~ androsel hetera glikeriums (`tkbila~), `romelmac mas suli da mTeli
cxovreba ando~ da axla unda colad SeirTos igi da amiT pirobac Seasrulos,
romelic mis gardacvlil das misca. miT ufro, rom glikeriumi misgan Svils
elodeba. simom (`cxvirpaWua~), pamfilusis mamam ki igi moxuci qremesis (`damxvel-
ebeli~) qaliSvilze daniSna da qorwinebas aCqarebs, eWvi ar epareba, rom Svils
Tvinieri da damyoli xasiaTis gamo advilad daimorCilebs. mona daosis (`kaci
dakiidan~) rCeviT, pamfilusi jer ar ewinaaRmdegeba mamis am ganzraxvas;
qremesi SemTxveviT dainaxavs glikeriumis bavSvs da igi qorwilze uars ambobs;
amasobaSi mJRavndeba, rom qremesi glikeriumis mamaa da ukve araferi uSlis xels
pamfilusis bednierebas. qremesis meore qaliSvili Txovdeba qarinusze, romel-
sac igi uyvars.
gamocnobis komedia mama-Svilis konfliqtiT, sxvebisa da Tavis motyuebiT.
`T v i T m g v e m i~ 163 wels daidga.
moxucma menedemusma, mkacrma mamam Tavi moabezra vaJiSvil klinias Wkuis
darigebiT da iZulebuli gaxada daqiravebul meomrad wasuliyo. axla ki Tavis
Tavs itanjavs mZime samuSaoTi, wuxs, rom vaJiSvils antifilas (`siyvarulze siy-
varuliT mopasuxe~) siyvaruls uSlida da mzadaa, Tu klinia dabrundeba, araf-
erze uTxras uari.
klinia Cumad dabrunda samSobloSi da Tavis megobar klitifosTan gaCerda.
klitifos hetera bakqisi (`bakqusTan~ asocirebuli saxeli) uyvars. klitifosis
mama qremesis mosatyueblad mona sirusi (`sirieli~) urCevs, kliniam bakqisi – Ta-
vis sayvarlad, antifila ki mis msaxur qalad warmoadginos.
gaiZvera mona sirusma `safrTxis fasad gmiroba Caidina~ da moxuc qremess
bakqisisaTvis fuli gamosZala. bolos mJRavndeba, rom antifila klitifos daa
da igi klinias coli xdeba, klitifoc cols Txoulobs.
xasiaTebis komedia Taobebis konfliqtiT, intrigiTa da gamocnobiT.
`sa W u r i s i~ 161 wels daidga.
`saWurisSi~ menandrosis ori piesa – `saWurisi~ da `qlesaa~ gaerTianebuli,
magram es kontaminacia iseTi ostatobiTaa Sesrulebuli, rom Tavad terenciusis
miTiTeba rom ara, SeuZlebelia es kacma SeniSnos. `saWurisi~ erT dReSi orjer
daidga (uprecedento SemTxveva) da iseTi jildo miiRo, rogoric aravis aras-
dros miuRia – 8000 sestercia (svetoniusi `terenciusis cxovreba~, 2).
baqia meomarma Trasom (`Tavxedi~) ise, rom Tavad amis Sesaxeb araferi icoda,
hetera Taiss atikidan Camouyvana msaxurad misi naxevari da pamfile. amave dros
hetera Taisma Tavisi sayvarel fedriasgan saWurisi miiRo saCuqrad. Taisis da
Seuyvarda fedrias Zmas, qereas, romelic mona parmenos rCeviT gadaicvams saWur-
isis (igi jer aravis unaxavs da amitomac veravin icnobs) tansacmels, Zalas ixmars
gogonaze da Tavs gaqceviT uSvelis. hetera Taisi arcxvens qereas uRirsi
saqcielisTvis: `mona megona~, – imarTlebs Tavs qerea. `dae, me Rirsi viyo aseTi
Seuracxyofis, Sen ki Segefereba aseTi saqcieli?~ – pasuxs sTxovs Taisi Tavisu-
fal moaqalaqes da mxolos siyvarulis gamo Tu gaamarTlebs ymawvils: `me xom ad-
amianoba ar maklia, gana ar vici, qerea, ra Zlieria siyvaruli~ (str. 880 -881).
sabolood, pamfile atikeli moqalaqe aRmoCndeba da qereas coli xdeba. para-
siti daiyoliebs fedrias yeyeCi meomari gaasulelon da momavalSic man da Taisma
isargeblon misi fuliTa da saCuqrebiT. baqia meomari gaxarebulia: ~sadac ar
unda viyo, yvelas sigiJemde vuyvarvar~, Tavmomwoned gaiZaxis gacucurakebuli
Traso.
288 terenciusi
cocxali intrigisa da gamocnobis komedia.

`f o r m i o~ `romaul TamaSobebze~ 161 wels daidga.
komedias parasitis saxeli hqvia. mamebi, qremesi da demifo Sin ar arian. aTenSi
darCenili antifo, demifos vaJiSvili parasitis daxmarebiT colad Txoulobs
lemnosel gogonas. fedrias, qremesis Zes uyvardeba kiTaraze damkvreli qali,
parasiti formio dabrunebuli demifodan iRebs garkveul Tanxas, romliTac igi
pirobas iZleva, Tavad daqorwindes lemnosel qalze. magram fuls igi kiTaristi
gogonas gamosasyidad iyenebs. aRmoCndeba, rom lemnoseli gogona qremesis qaliS-
vilia da antifos colis gaSveba aRar mouwevs.
klasikuri magaliTi rTuli, magram mowesrigebuli intrigis komediis. para-
sitTan erTad intrigas moxerxebuli mona getasic warmarTavs, romelic Tavis
gasamarTeblad arafris momizezebas ar erideba: `Semdeg ra saSinelebebi aRar
gadamxda. Sin sxvisi Savi ZaRli Semomivarda; saxuravis wyalsadenidan gveli Camo-
varda; qaTami akakanda; winaswarmetyvelma amikrZala; misanma aRmikveTa; zamTris
yinvebis win axali saqmis wamowyeba iqneba? sakmarisze meti sababia~ (str. 705 – 710).
`d e d a m T i l i~. yovelwliur `romaul TamaSobebze~ – 160 wels daidga,
manamde orjer `Cavarda~, pirvelad – 165 wels, roca mayurebeli mokriveebisa da
muSaiTebis, xolo meored – imave 160 wels gladiatorebis sacqerlad gaiqca.
mezobel saxlebSi ymawvili pamfilusi da gasaTxovari gogona filumena (`say-
vareli~) cxovroben. mamebi maT qorwinebaze Tanxmdebian. pamfilusi ar ekareba
Tavis axalgazrda cols filumenas, mas hetera bakqisi uyvars magram TandaTano-
biT `patiosan, Tavmdabal, morcxv, momTmen, TavSekavebul~ filumenaSi `suliT
monaTesave~ adamians dainaxavs da Seuyvardeba; heterasTan urTierTobas ki gawy-
vets. cota xniT pamfilusi saqmeze gaemgzavreba, filumena qmris ojaxs datovebs
da mamiseul saxls daubrundeba. dedamTils adanaSauleben rZlis wasvlaSi, is ki
ificeba, rom araferi dauSavebia: `ra Znelia Tavis marTleba, ase warmoudgeniaT,
rom yvela dedamTili autanelia~.
sinamdvileSi ki qorwinebamde viRac ucnobis mier daorsulebuli filumenas
mologinebis drom moawia da amis dasamalavad gadavida dedasTan. Sin dabrune-
buli pamfilusi or cecxls Suaa, arc sxvisi Sviliani colis ukan miReba SeuZlia
da sindisic qenjnis, rom colis mimarT gulgrili iyo.
axalgazrda ojaxs gadamrCenad hetera bakqisi gamouCndeba, àra Tavisnairis
saqciels~ Caidens, filumenas da mis dedas arwmunebs, rom pamfilusTan kavSiri
gawyvetili aqvs. filumenas deda bakqisis xelze Tavisi qaliSvilis beWeds SeniS-
navs. gairkveva, rom filumenaze moZalade ucnobi pamfilusi yofila da yve-
laferi mSvidobianad mTavrdeba.
terenciusis yvelaze mSvid da amaRelvebel uintrigo àntikomediaSi~ mo-
qmedebis mizani saqmis dafarva ufroa, vidre gaxsna, is gamouTqmeli simarTlea,
romelsac urTierTgaugebrobamde da sruliad usafuZvlo urTierTbralde-
bamde mihyavs moqmedi pirebi.
`Z m e b i~ erT – erTi gardacvlili nobilis sapativcemulod gamarTul sam-
gloviaro TamaSobebze, naTesavebi Tavisi xarjiT rom marTavdnen, 160 wels dai-
dga.
sofelSi mcxovreb moxuc demeass ori vaJi – esqinesi da ktesifoni – hyavs, mis
qalaqel Zmas mikios ki – arcerTi. mikiom esqinesi iSvila, demeasTan ki ktesifoni
darCa. ganaTlebuli qalaqeli Svils Tavisuflad zrdis, miaCnia, rom ~sircx-
viliTa da Rirsebis grZnobiT ufro advilia bavSvebis Sekaveba, vidre SiSiT~.
esqinesma Seacdina sostratas qaliSvili pamfile, misi mSobiarobis dro
moaxlovda da esqinesi Tanaxmaa mamobis sazrunavi Tavis Tavze aiRos; ktesifoni
ki Seyvarebulia kiTarist qalSi. esqinesi Zmis gulisTvis mis Seyvarebuls maWan-
kal sanios xelidan daixsnis: `yvelafers: Zmis siyvaruls, codvas, yvela siZneles
terenciusi 289
Tavis Tavze aiRebs~. sostrata amas Tavisi momavali siZis Ralatad miiCnevs, de-
measi ki mikios ugvano aRzrdisTvis adanaSaulebs da esqinesis dasjas moiTxovs.
qalaqeli Zma mzadaa apatios ymawvils danaSauli: ~kari Seamtvria? gaakeTeben.
kaba dauxia? eSveleba~. demeasi darwmunebulia, rom misi gazrdili ktesifoni
amas arasdros gaakeTebs da monasac meti ar unda, dascinis moxucs, romelic vera-
fers xvdeba. demeasi male igebs, rom misi gazrdili ktesifoni qalis sayvarelia.
axla demeasi gadawyvets Seicvalos, magaliTi Zmisgan aiRos, gaxdes rbili,
Semwynarebeli, Tumca arakeTilgonierebisa da gaflangvisgan Seecdeba yvela
Seakavos. esqiness saSualeba eZleva colad SeirTos pamfile, ktesifons ki _ dai-
tovos kiTaraze damkvreli.
problemuri drama WeSmaritebis TandaTanobiTi gaxsniT, uintrigod, gamoc-
nobis gareSe da konfliqtis mogvarebiT mkacr `winaprebis znesa~ da aRzrdis
axal liberalur sistemas Soris, romelic aqtualuri iyo nobilebis im wrisaT-
vis, Zveli Rirebulebebis gadafasebas rom axdendnen da axal gzas irCevdnen.
terenciusi plavtusiviT `paliatas~ JanrSi moRvaweobs, magram terenciusis
xelovneba ufro metad berZnulia, vidre romauli. mis piesebSi arc plavtusis
italikuri koloriti SeiniSneba da arc berZnul – romaulis fantastikuri
narevi.
terenciusic `kontaminacias~ mimarTavs, ZiriTad originals sxva piesebidan
nasesxebi saxeebiTa da situaciebiT amdidrebs ise, rom ar arRvevs moqmedebis
mTlianobas. kontaminaciis mizani moqmedi pirebis xasiaTebis axali StrixebiT
gamdidreba ufroa, vidre intrigis gaxaliseba.
komediografosis piesebis Tematika – ojaxuri, sasiyvarulo urTierTobebi,
ojaxuri konfliqtebi, aRzrdis problemebia: `yvelaferi aqvs bednierebisaTvis:
saxli, mama, megobari, ayvavebuli samSoblo, nacnobebi; Tumca xasiaTzea damokide-
buli; visac SeuZlia yvelafriT sargebloba, bednierebaa: visac ara da es yve-
laferi arafers argebs~.
terenciusis yuradReba ki rogorc zemomoyvanili citatidan da saerTod,
misi komediebidan Cans, adamianis xasiaTze da adamianzea koncentrirebuli.
terenciusma menandrosis msgavsad, siuJetur stereotipebsa da standartul ti-
pebs, romlebsac Tavad asaxelebs: `Tu ar SeiZleba (poetma) igive personaJebi ga-
moiyenos: rad aris nebadarTuli gamoiyvano scenaze morbenali mona, keTili ma-
trona, usindiso heterebi, Rormucela parasiti, baqia meomari, migdebul bavSvi,
an aRwero, rogor atyuebs mona moxuc batons, an siyvaruli, eWvi da siZulvili?
bolosdabolos, verafers ityvi, rac adre ar uTqvamT~ (`saWurisi~, str. 35 Smdg.)
axali, mravalferovani Sinaarsi SesZina.
standartuli niRbebi – Zunwi mama, boroti dedinacvali, damSorebeli hetera
– ise gadaiazra, rom komikuri ampluas magivrad gahumanurebuli saxeebi miviReT:
`motyuebuli~ axalgazrda qmari aRSfoTebis nacvlad gasaocar keTilgoniere-
basa da mgrZnobiarobas, tradiciulad `boroti dedamTili~ – windaxedulebasa
da moTminebas, hetera ki uCveulo keTilSobilebasa da gulmowyalebas iCens. ko-
mediografosma tip – kliSeebi gaamdidra adamianuri grZnobebiT, vnebebiT, Rir-
sebebiT, movaleobisadmi erTgulebiT, TanadgomiT, monaniebisa da megobrobis
grZnobiT.
terenciusis, romauli komediis damasruleblis aseT ostatobas berZnuli
originalebis arCevanma da uwinares yovlisa, menandrosis fsiqologiurad
faqizi xasiaTebis natifi xatvis da misi piesebis humanuri mimarTulebis gadmo-
cemam Seuwyo xeli.
terenciusis personaJebs Soris mTavari `Tavidanve ara moxucad dabadebuli~
Seyvarebuli ymawvilia, romelic ìm gaWirvebiT itanjeba, rac siyvaruls moaqvs~,
romelsac `Tavis nebaze atrialebs es avadmyofoba~ da aseTi survili aqvs: `dRe-
290 terenciusi
daRam giyvarde, gindode, me gesizmrebode, me melodebode, Cemze fiqrobde, me

geimedebode, CemiT xarobde, mTlad Cemi iyo: sulsac dagiTmob, Sensas aviReb~
(`saWurisi~, str. 192).
saerTod, terenciusma romaul literaturaSi pirvelad aCvena siyvarulis
Zala: `siyvaruli yvela mankierebas swvdeba: wyenas, eWvs, mtrobas, Serigebas, kvlav
oms da kvlav mSvidobas: Tu moisurveb, es uazroba azriani gaxado, verafers
gaawyob, igivea, sigiJeebis morjulebas Seecado~. komediografosi qalis bunebi-
Tac dainteresda – èrTsa da imave skolaSi iswavles veragoba~ da amiT gza ga-
kafa katulusisaken, vergiliusisa da elegikosebisaken.
monebs terenciusis komediebSi iseTi mniSvnelovani roli ara uWiravT,
rogorc plavtusTan, magram intrigisa da gaugebrobis warmarTvelad mainc rCe-
bian. moxerxebuli mona ara marto intrigis qsels xlarTavs, aramed gacnobiere-
bulica aqvs, rom tyuili ` xSirad didi usiamovnebebis saukeTeso wamalia~.
monebis scenebi, plavtusis msgavsad, bufonadaSi arasdros gadadis, mas
mxolod iumori sdevs Tan. saerTod, terenciusis iumori ara adamianis mankiere-
bebis hiperbolizacia, aramed menandrosisaTvisac damaxasiaTebeli `gaazrebuli
sicilia~. terenciusis sentenciebsac iumori dahkravs da plavtusis sicils
enacvleba - “bunebiT ase arian mowyobilebi adamianebi, sxvis saqmeebs ukeT sjian,
vidre Tavisas~ an `gaunaTlebel xalxze ufro usamarTlo araferia, mxolod imas
Tvlian samarTlianad, rasac TviTon akeTeben~.
terenciusis komediebi plavtusisagan suliTac gansxvavdeba: aq cota simRera
da cekvaa, naklebadaa uxeSi xumrobebi, mayureblisadmi uSaulo mimarTva, komi-
kuri gaugebrobis simravle da farsis elementebi, kalamburebi da kantikebi da
saleqso sazomebis mravalferovneba.
farTo mayurebelze orientirebuli plavtusisagan gansxvavebiT, romelic ma-
yureblis gacinebas bufonadiT, komikuri afeqtebiT, uxeSi xumrobebiT cdilobs,
inteleqtuali terenciusi romis sazogadoebis ganaTlebuli maRali fenisaTvis
wers da miznad ara ubralo garTobas, aramed mayureblis dafiqrebas, seriozul
da filosofiur gansjas, gulis aCuyebas eswrafvis.
plavtusis komediebisagan aseve sruliad gansxvavebulia terenciusis komedie-
bis prologi, romelic siuJets ar exeba: `nu elodebiT piesis Sinaarss~. prolo-
gisagan mayurebeli ver igebs, ra moxdeba, `ra~ rom icodes, interess dakargavs da
amitom prologi literaturuli polemikiTaa Secvlili. terenciusi prologs
berZnuli masalis gadamuSavebis Tavisi principebis propagandisa da sxva drama-
turgebis Setevisagan Tavdacvis iaraRad aqcevs: ~poetma erTi mizani daisaxa, rom
misi qmnileba mayurebels moewonos; magram xedavs, rom sruliad sxvagvarad gamo-
dis: prologze xarjavs mTel mondomebas ara imitom, rom piesis Sinaars mohyves,
aramed imitom, mowinaaRmdegis, Zveli poetis mtrul Tavdasxmas gasces pasuxi. ra
edeba bralad? moismineT! menandrosma ori komedia SesTxza ` androseli qali~ da
`perinTuseli qali~, erTs Tu gaecnobiT, orive gecodinebaT: isini SinaarsiT ara,
magram stiliTa da eniT mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisagan. poeti mza-
daa aRiaros: `perinTuseli qalidan~ àndrosel qalSi~ gadaitana, rac saWirod
CaTvala da gamoiyena, rogorc Tavisi. ai, amas ukiJineben, ase ewinaaRmdegebian: ar
SeiZleba oridan erTi komediis SeduRabeba~ (àndroseli qali~, str. 2-17).
terenciusis prologi aristofanes parabasiss Camohgavs, magram komediogra-
fosi publikasTan pirdapir kontaqts da amrigad iluziis darRvevas gaurbis.
terenciusis prologebi, romlebic komediis Sinaars ar gvamcnoben, Tanamedrove
dramas gvagoneben.
terenciusis dramaturgiuli teqnikas ormagi siuJetis gamoyeneba axasiaTebs.
moqmedebis ganviTarebas aklia is dinamika, rac plavtuss axasiaTebs, magram per-
sonaJebis daxasiaTebisas Tanmimdevruloba SenarCunebulia.
terenciusi 291
enis Semoqmed plavtusisagan gansxvavebiT, terenciusis ena naklebad enrgiu-

lia, magram laTinuri enis siwmindisa da stilis formirebas uwyobs xels, ro-
melsac avgustusis epoqa mogvianebiT daagvirgvinebs. ubralo, sada, mkafio, na-
Teli, mwyobri, moqnili, TavSekavebuli ena, keTilSobiluri toni, mkacri gemov-
neba komediografosis warmatebis sawindari xdeba.
terenciusi TanamedroveebSi didi warmatebiT ar sargeblobda.
magram komediografosis sikvdilidan ori aTwleulis Semdeg (159 welss) ro-
maul scenaze daiwyes misi komediebis ganaxleba da es tradicia sakmaod didxans
gagrZelda. ciceroni, romelic xSirad mimarTavda terenciusis citatebs, arc
piesas da arc personaJs asaxelebda; rogorc Cans, terenciusis komediebi imdenad
popularuli iyo, rom arc iyo amis saWiroeba.
respublikis periodSi terenciusis komediebi saskolo ganaTlebis pro-
gramaSi Sevida da cicerons, vergiliussa da salustiusTan erTad avtorebis
`kvadriga~ (oTxeuli) Seqmna, uromlisodac srulyofili umaRlesi ganaTleba
warmoudgeneli iyo da SemdgomSic plavtusisagan gansxvavebiT, tereneciusi yov-
elTvis saskolo avtori iyo, germaniis samonastro skolebSi bavSvebs unda
waekiTxaT da zepirad eswavlaT terenciusis komediebi. ritoruli skolac mas
enis `siwmindisa~ da dialogis ostaturi warmarTvisaTvis afasebda, varo xasia-
Tebis ostatobas uqebda.
petrarkam, aRorZinebis didma poetma terenciusis biografia dawera da mis
komediebs komentarebic daurTo. molierma terenciusis `formioni~ `skapenis
oinebSi~, `Zmebi~ ki `colebis skolaSi~ gamoiyena. terenciusis seriozul Janrs
XVIII s-Si xSirad mimarTavdnen `cremliani komediis~ Teoretikosebi – didro da
lesingi. lesingi `Zmebs~ `gulisamaCuyebeli~ komediis magaliTad miiCnevda. ro-
manistebsac moswondaT terenciusis ostatoba da misi mibaZviT servantesi nove-
las `dedamTili~, diuma-Svili ki komediografosis heteras magaliTad iRebs da
`qals kameliebiT~ wers.
antikuri komediis Janris damsrulebeli terenciusi sakuTari SemoqmedebiTi
talantiT naklebad dajildoebuli, magram wminda laTinuri enis, xasiaTebisa da
dramaturgiuli teqnikis ostati, moralisti da fsiqologi axal evropuli hu-
manisturi ideebis wyarod iqceva: àdamiani var da araferi adamianuri CemTvis
ucxo ar aris~.
komediebi: àndroseli qali~, `dedamTili~,

`TviTmgvemi~, `saWurisi~, `formio~, `Zmebi~.
292 lukreciusi
lukreciusi
(daaxl. Zv.w. 96-55 ww.)
lukreciusis saxeliT Cvenamde moaRwia poemam saxelwodebiT `s a g a n T a

b u n e b i s S e s a x e b~ (`De rerum natura~), romelsac ara mxolod romauli, aramed
msoflio literaturis saukeTeso qmnilebaTa Soris asaxeleben. antikuri xanis
udidesi moazrovne ciceroni erT-erT werilSi aRniSnavda, rom lukreciusis
poemaSi ùxvad igrZnoba bunebrivi niWis madli da poeturi xelovneba~ (`kvintu-
sisadmi~ II,9,3 _ #131). antikuri xanis poetikis gaTvaliswinebiT es Sefaseba Semoq-
medis umaRles srulyofilebaze migvaniSnebs. poema literaturuli Rirsebebis
garda mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom warmoadgens umTavres wyaros epikures filo-
sofiis Sesacnobad da aRsadgenad. ase rom, lukreciusi literaturis istoriaSi
cnobilia rogorc poeti da filosofosi.
biografiuli cnobebi lukreciusze erTob mwiria, isic urTierTgamomricxa-
vi. Cvenamde moaRwia ax.w. IV saukunis orma gadmocemam poetis dabadebisa da gar-
dacvalebis Taobaze. erTis avtoria saxelovani qristiani mwerali hieronimusi,
meoris _ gramatikosi donatus eliusi. hieronimusis Tanaxmad, lukreciusi dai-
bada Zv.w. 95 wels da gardaicvala 51 wels, maSin, rodesac Seusrulda 44 weli.
donatusis cnobiT ki, lukreciusi Zv.w. 55 an 53 wels unda gardacvliliyo. Tana-
medrove cnobarebSi poetis gardacvalebis TariRad Zv.w. 55 wels miuTiTeben.
es miaxloebiTi TariRebi saSualebas gvaZleven vivaraudoT, rom lukreciusi
ciceronis, iulius keisrisa da katulusis Tanamedrove iyo. istoriul da lite-
raturul wyaroebze dayrdnobiT Cven SegviZlia warmovidginoT am saxelovan ad-
amianTa moRvaweobis periodis romis sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis suraTebi: es iyo
respublikuri romis politikuri agoniis epoqa, romelic win uswrebda princi-
pats; Zalauflebas ver iyofdnen mariusi da sula; am xanas emTxveva katilinas saxe-
liT cnobili SeTqmulebac da ciceronis mtris, saxalxo tribunis klodiusis
moRvaweobac. es SfoTiani socialuri foni edo safuZvlad romauli sazogadoe-
bis moralur xrwnas, rac TavisTavad isaxeboda kidec im xanis mweralTa Semoqme-
debaSi. am TvalsazrisiT niSandoblivia lukreciusis poemis dasawyisic, sadac
poeti vedrebiT mimarTavs diad RvTaebebs, venussa da marss da sTxovs simSvide
gardmouvlinon romael xalxs.
literaturuli wyaroebi arafers gvamcnoben lukreciusis warmomavlobaze,
ganaTlebasa Tu cxovrebiseul gzaze. zogierTi mecnieris varaudiT sammagi saxe-
li _ titus lukrecius karusi (Titus Lucretius Carus) SesaZlebelia miuTiTebdes mis
aristokratul warmomavlobaze. Tumca am mosazrebis sapirispirod unda iTqvas,
rom uZvelesi wyaroebi poets mxolod titus lukreciusad moixsenieben. mesame
saxeli _ Carus _ dadasturebulia mxolod e.w. Vita Borgiana-Si, romelic aRorZine-
bis epoqaSia Sedgenili. da mainc, mecnierTa varaudiT, ufro misaRebia hipoTesa
lukreciusi 293
lukreciusis maRali warmomavlobis Taobaze, vidre misi azatad an dabali soci-

aluri fenis warmomadgenlad miCneva.
hieronimusTan dadasturebul cnobebSi lukreciusis biografiis erTob sain-
tereso, Tumca arasando gadmocemas vxvdebiT: qristiani avtoris qronikis Tanax-
mad, lukreciusi sulierad iyo daavadebuli, mas drodadro goneba ebindeboda,
rac satrfialo jado-wamlis Sesmis Semdeg dasCemda. rac Seexeba poemas, mas poe-
ti Turme im dros qmnida, rodesac srul Wkuaze iyo. yvelaferi imiT dasrulebu-
la, rom lukreciuss Tavi mouklavs.
lukreciusis Semoqmedebis mkvlevarTa didi nawili hieronimiusis am cnobebs
arasarwmunod miiCnevs da mis SeTxzvaSi im qristian mamaTa wvlils xedavs, romel-
TaTvisac miuRebeli iyo warmarTi romaeli poetis filosofiuri mrwamsi.
lukreciusi ise gardaicvala, rom ver SeZlo poemis dasruleba. Cans, poets
surda Tavisi qmnileba memiusTa saxelovani modgmis erT-erTi warmomadgenli-
saTvis mieZRvna, Tumca es ideac ganuxorcielebeli darCa. poemis redaqtireba da
gamocema itvirTa ciceronma, romelic ar iziarebda ra epikures filosofiur
Sexedulebebs, mudam iyo Tavisi epoqis niWier SemoqmedTa qomagi.
romis polisuri ideologiis rRvevis erT-erT mizezad epikurelTa filoso-
fiis romSi gavrcelebas asaxeleben. es iyo pirveli filosofiuri skola, romel-
mac Tavisi moRvaweoba laTinur enaze ganagrZo, riTac sakmaod mravalricxovani
auditoria Semoikriba. epikurelebi bolomde erTgulni darCnen TavianTi sko-
lis principebisa, rac ubraloebasa da saTqmelis naTlad, yovelgvari ritorikis
gareSe gadmocemas gulisxmobda. rodesac ciceronma daiwyo filosofiuri traq-
tatebis wera, laTinur enaze ukve arsebobda epikurelTa Txzulebebi. epikures
moZRvrebas romSi mravali mimdevari gamouCnda. maT gansxvavebuli interesebi
amoZravebdaT: mxedarTa fenis warmomadgenlebisTvis epikureizmi erTgvari `fi-
losofiuri~ dasayrdeni iyo politikuri moRvaweobisgan TavdasaRwevad _ es maT
uTavisuflebda sarbiels finansuri operaciebis sawarmoeblad; keisris naTeli
goneba materialisturi filosofiisken ixreboda; gansakuTrebiT xiblavda epi-
kureseuli ùSfoTveloba~ saSualo fenis ganaTlebul sazogadoebas, romelic
moiRala samoqalaqo omiTa da politikur brZolaTa uazrobiT.
vin iyo epikure da ra iyo misi moZRvrebis arsi?
Zv.w. 310 wels warmoSobiT samoselma filosofosma epikurem (Epikuros), demokri-
tes atomisturi Teoriis mimdevarma, lesbosis qalaq mitileneSi daaarsa filo-
sofiuri skola, romelic 306 wels gadaitana aTenSi da mas èpikures baRi~ Sear-
qva. epikures qmnilebaTagan Cvenamde moaRwia samma werilma da Txzulebam saTau-
riT `mTavari azrebi~ (Kuvriai dovxai);;, fragmentebma misi ZiriTadi qmnilebidan `sa-
ganTa bunebis Sesaxeb~ da sxva nawarmoebebidan.
epikures moZRvreba Camoyalibda elinisturi epoqis dasawyisSi, maSin, rode-
sac berZnulma saxelmwifoebma dakarges sakuTari politikuri damoukidebloba.
maT gverdiT ki warmoiqmnen absoluturi monarqiebi. berZnul kulturas farTod
gauRes kari irgvliv mdebare saxelmwifoebma. filosofiurma azrma miatova Teo-
riuli msjelobani da yofiTi sibrZnis qadageba iwyo. filosofiur moZRvrebaTa
sayrdenis funqcia eTikas daekisra. am periodis filosofiur skolaTagan (pla-
tonis akademia, aristoteles peripatetikuri skola, Zenonis stoikosTa skola)
gansakuTrebuli popularobiT swored epikureseuli skola sargeblobda. misi
filosofiis safuZveli iyo demokrites materialisturi atomizmi da kirenai-
kosTa moZRvreba, romlis Tanaxmadac gaazrebuli siame adamianis bednierebis sa-
windrad miiCneoda. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom epikure fizikis sferoSi ar-
sebiTad gaemijna demokrites, iseve rogorc kirenaikosebs _ eTikis dargSi.
epikures moZRvrebas mkvlevarebi sam umTavres nawilad hyofen: 1. kanonikad, anu
moZRvrebad im kategoriebze, romelic gnosologiisa da enis sakiTxebs ganixi-
294 lukreciusi
lavs; 2. fizikad, anu moZRvrebad samyarosa da adamianis warmoSobaze, amasTanave

yovelive imaze, rac adamians ukavSirdeba, maT Soris _ atmosferul movlenebzec;
3. eTikad, romelic moicavs moZRvrebas cxovrebaze, umaRles siameze.
epikure qadagebda, rom atomebi erTnairi siCqariT moZraoben sworxazobri-
vad, Tumca imave dros spontanurad odnav ixrebian am swori xazidan, rac iwvevs
atomTa dajaxebasa da maTgan axal saganTa warmoqmnas. atomTa spontanuri gadax-
ris Teoria daedo safuZvlad axal moZRvrebas nebelobis Tavisuflebaze praqti-
kuli filosofiis sferoSi; fizikis dargSi ki atomi pirvelmizezad aRiares.
aqedan gamomdinare, epikurem scada Seeqmna samyaros suraTi, sadac yvelafers ma-
terialisturi axsna hqonda da ugulebelyofili iyo zegrZnobadi sawyisi.
epikures eTikis safuZvels warmoadgenda Tezisi pirveli Tandayolili nebelo-
bis anu siamovnebis Taobaze. filosofosis azriT, siamovneba tanjvis ararsebobaa.
bednieri cxovrebis safuZveli sxeulis simrTelesa da sulis simSvideSi (ajtaraxiva
th'" yuch'") Zevs. `ramdenadac siamovneba upirvelesi da bunebiT moniWebuli sikeTea, _
werda epikure werilSi `menekevsisadmi~ (§ 129) _ Cven yovelnair siamovnebas rodi
virCevT. metwilad ugulebelvyofT im siameebs, romelTa boloc usiamovnebaa. amas-
Tanave nebismier siamovnebas Cven vamjobinebT im satanjvels, romelsac Tan sdevs di-
di siame xangrZlivi tanjvis daTmenis Semdeg rom modis xolme. ase rom, yoveli sia-
movneba, ramdenadac is CvenTvis bunebrivi ram aris, sikeTea, Tumca ar gvmarTebs mivi-
RoT yovelgvari siamovneba. igive iTqmis satanjvelzec: yoveli tanjva borotebaa,
Tumca ar gvmarTebs avaridoT Tavi yovel satanjvels~.
epikures filosofias, ramdenadac igi cxovrebiseuli siamis qadagebas gulis-
xmobda, mravali mimdevari gamouCnda. italiaSi epikureizmis centrad iqca naxev-
radberZnuli kampania. neapolis maxloblad mdebareobda sironis skola, rome-
lic cnobili iyo Tavisi epikureuli swavlebiT. kampaniasa da romSi moRvaweobda
berZeni poeti da filosofosi filodemosi, Tavgamodebuli epikureeli. ax.w. 79
wels pompeisTan erTad laviT dafaruli herkulanumis gaTxrebis Sedegad aRmoC-
nda epikureuli wignebiT savse mTeli biblioTeka. am fonze sagulisxmoa cicero-
nis sityvebi: `brbo mTeli ZalisxmeviT daewafa am moZRvrebas~ (`tuskulanuri sa-
ubrebi~, IV,3,7). ase rom, lukreciusis gataceba epikurelTa filosofiiT im peri-
odis romisTvis Cveulebrivi movlena iyo.
filosofiuri traqtatis didaqtikuri poemis yalibSi CasmiT lukreciusma
eniusis saganmanaTleblo tradiciis ganaxleba scada. misi qmnileba maRali rangis
poeturi nawarmoebia, romelmac sruliad axali furceli Cawera antikuri lite-
raturis istoriaSi. epikures filosofiam, samyaros sxvagvarma aRqmam lukreciu-
sis poetur talants WeSmariti emociuri muxti STabera. igi mkiTxvelis winaSe
warsdga ara rogorc ganswavluli Teoretikosi, aramed rogorc ganmanaTlebe-
li. kacTa modgmis gaTavisufleba religiuri crurwmenebisgan, RmerTebisa da
sikvdilis SiSisagan _ ai, poemis dedaarsi.
poets sjera epikuresi da cdilobs mkiTxvelic daarwmunos imaSi, rom RmerTe-
bi, es srulyofili arsebebi, romlebic netarad cxovroben samyaroTa Soris, er-
Tianad emorCilebian msoflio nebas, bunebis kanonzomierebas.
poema eqvs wignad aris dayofili da yovel maTgans sakuTari Sesavali aqvs. Seda-
rebiT vrcelia pirveli wignis Sesavali da es bunebrivicaa, radganac misiT iwyeba
mTeli qmnileba. sagangebod unda aRiniSnos erTi faqti: poeti, romelmac scada ugu-
lebelyo tradiciuli rwmena RmerTTa mier samyaros marTvis Taobaze, ver gaeqca
poeturi qmnilebis dasawyisSi RvTaebisadmi mimarTvis tradicias. am mizniT man venu-
si SearCia da warmoadgina igi, rogorc samyaros macocxlebeli Zala. Tumca xotbis
dasrulebisTanave gvamcno sakuTari damokidebulebac religiisadmi:
`viwyeb msjelobas RmrTis da zecis umaRles arsTa
raobisaTvis da saganTa pirvel sawyisze,
lukreciusi 295
buneba viTar Sobs da hkvebavs yovelsa sagans,

igiv buneba viT gardaqmnis mas daSlis Semdeg.
... ros yvelas Tvalwin samarcxvino cxovreba kacTa
borgavda qveynad kirTebs qveSe religiisa
da RmerTi, zecis wiaRidan gadmomxedvare
Tavzardamcemi, sastik saxiT afrTxobda mokvdavT,
pirvelad elins SeumarTavs Tamamad Tvali
da gaubedavs mas pirvelad RmerTebTan brZola.~1
(I, 54-67)
lukreciusis azriT, RmerTebis arsebobis rwmena sibecea da `sulis sibnele~,

romelsac naTeli mxolod epikures moZRvrebiT SeiZleba moefinos. poeti anti-
kuri xanis materialistur azrze dayrdnobiT Tanamimdevrulad Slis samyaros
meqanikur suraTs da bunebaSi arsebuli kanonzomierebebis SecnobiT STagonebu-
li siamayiT gvimxels sakuTari mignebis ZiriTad princips: àrafrisgan araferi
warmoiqmneba~ (1, 265).
materia maradiulia da uxrwneli. bunebis kanonebis Tanaxmad, RmerTebis mona-
wileobis Tvinier icvleba erTi sagani meoreTi bunebis mudmiv oromtrialSi:
`bunebas arra ekargeba, Tumca ase sCans,
radganac igi qmnis erTs rasme meorisagan,
erTis sikvdiliT Seiqmneba arsi meore~.
(I, 262-264)
bunebaSi mxolod dausabamo carieli sivrcea da materia, romelic uxilavi,
umciresi nawilakebisagan, atomebisagan Sedgeba.
poemis meore wignSi poeti gvixsnis imas, Tu rogor warmoiqmneba samyaro mTe-
li Tavisi mravalferovnebiTa da mudmivi ganaxlebiT am umciresi nawilakebisa-
gan. Cvens mier aRqmuli yoveli sagani sxvadasxvagvar atomTa erTobliobaa, Tumca
es erTobliobac ar aris mudmivi. mudmivni mxolod pirvelsawyisi atomebi arian.
ibadeba da qreba samyaroTa usamano raodenoba, maT Sorisaa Cveni miwa da Cveni ze-
ca, _ qadagebda poeti da Tavadve mianiSnebda gamoTqmuli azris siaxleze. antiku-
ri msoflmxedvelobisaTvis dedamiwa da mnaTobebi RvTaebrivi wesrigis umaRle-
si qmnilebebi iyvnen da maTi Cayeneba mokvdavTa mwkrivSi marTlac rom jer ar-
Tqmuli siaxle iyo.
mesame wignSi warmodgenilia moZRvreba sulisa da gonebis Taobaze. antikuri
materializmi aRiarebs maT realur arsebobas, amasTanave miuTiTebs, rom isini
ibadebian da kvdebian Cvens sxeulTan erTad. aqedan gamomdinare sulica da gone-
bac materialuria. lukreciusis filosofiis arsebiTi nawili iyo imqveyniur
cxovrebaze religiur warmodgenaTa uaryofa. am azris naTelsayofad poeti mra-
val arguments gvTavazobs, TiTqosda lamobs mkiTxvelTa mosalodneli aRSfoTe-
bis daokebas. bolos Tavisi moZRvrebis umniSvnelovanes debulebaze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas: Tu suli kvdeba sxeulTan erTad, es imas niSnavs, rom sikvdilis Sem-
deg aRarc Cveni SegrZnebebi arseboben. maSasadame, sikvdili Cven ar gvexeba: vidre
vcocxlobT, ara varT mkvdrebi, rodesac vkvdebiT Cven aRara varT. sikvdilis
SiSs crurwmena da bunebis kanonTa arcodna iwvevs.
meoTxe wigni eZRvneba adamians, mis grZnobad aRqmebs, romelTac poeti Semecne-
bis safuZvlad aRiarebs. wignis bolos ganxilulia siyvarulis grZnoba. epiku-
1
lukreciusis poema saxelwodebiT `saganTa bunebisaTvis~ jer kidev ormocdaaTian wlebSi
Targmna qarTuli kulturis didma moamagem, batonma panteleimon beraZem. Targmanebs vu-
TiTeb wignidan: lukreciusi, saganTa bunebisaTvis, Targmani laTinuridan panteleimon
beraZisa, Tbilisi, 1958 w.
296 lukreciusi
relTa Tanaxmad, mRelvare vneba arRvevs `sulier simSvides~, rac miuRebelia. am

azrs poetic iziarebs. lukreciusi iseTi cxovelmyofelobiTa da grZnobaTa siw-
rfeliT msjelobs siyvarulze, rom es sakmaod mozrdili epizodi gvaiZulebs
avRniSnoT: am msjelobas safuZvlad udevs ara mxolod filosofosis naazrevi,
aramed poetis piradi gancda aRsavse tkiviliTac da ironiiTac.
mexuTe wignSi lukreciusi kosmogoniur sakiTxebs exeba, saubrobs dedamiwis,
zecis, zRvebis, mnaTobTa da cocxal arsebaTa warmoSobaze. wignis bolos samya-
rosa da adamianTa kulturis ganviTarebis brwyinvale suraTia warmodgenili.
aqve exeba poeti enaTa warmomavlobis sakiTxebsac.
meeqvse wignis dedaarsia crurwmenebiT gamowveul SiSTa moxsna. poeti saub-
robs bunebis iseT movlenebze, romlebic erTi SexedviT auxsnelni da amis gamo
SemaZrwunebelni arian: mexistexaze, elvaze, Rrublebze, wvimaze, miwisZvraze,
vulkanTa amofrqvevaze, mdinareTa adidebaze, wyaroTa uCveulo Tvisebebze. wigni
mTavrdeba sneulebaTa da epidemiaTa ganxilviT. bolos poeti Tukididesis gad-
mocemebis moSveliebiT acocxlebs Zv.w. 430 wlis aTens, im dros, rodesac iq Savi
Wiri mZvinvarebda. amgvarad, epikures naturfilosofia lukreciusma srulad
gadmogvca. SesaZloa, poemas akldes daskvniTi nawili, romlis dawerac poets, al-
baT, aRar dascalda.
lukreciusi ar iyo Semoqmedi im ideebisa, romlebic esodeni poeturobiT aR-
nusxa Tavis qmnilebaSi. man mxolod gadmogvca im xanad saxelmoxveWili filoso-
fosis, epikures moZRvreba, romelic TavisTavad eyrdnoboda misive winamorbe-
dis, demokrites meqanikuri materializmis sitemas. ise moxda, rom am ukanaskneli
filosofosis TxzulebaTagan TiTqmis arafers mouRwevia Cvenamde. epikures mdi-
dari Semoqmedebidan ki SemogvrCa erTob mcire nawili. lukreciusis poema erTa-
derTi wyaroa, romelic epikureseuli da aqedan gamomdinare mTeli antikuri ma-
terializmis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas iZleva. RvTaebriv ZalTagan damoukideb-
lad arsebuli bunebis kanonebis daurRvevlobis principi, Teolologiur moZR-
vrebaTa uaryofa, materiis mudmivoba da mdgradoba, atomisturi koncefcia, sam-
yaroTa simravle, kulturis istoriuli ganviTarebis kanonzomierebani _ ai, is
ZiriTadi sakiTxebi, romlebic aisaxa lukreciusis poemaSi. sainteresoa is Semoq-
medebiTi meTodi, romelsac poeti gvTavazobs mecnierul mosazrebaTa WeSmari-
tebis dasasabuTeblad. erTsa da imave fenomens lukreciusi ramdenime axsnas
uZebnis. Tumca aRiarebs, rom `yoveli sagnis mraval mizezTa Soris mxolod er-
Tia namdvili~ (VI, 703-704). lukreciusisaTvis sul erTia, mTvares sakuTari Suqi
aqvs Tu mzisgan areklili; mTavari aris is, Tu rogor Tavsdeba es kanonzomiere-
baTa sistemaSi:
`... ra mizezi moqmedebs qveynad,
Znelia mis Tqma, magram yvelgan rac ki ram xdeba
samyaroebSi bevrdagvarad, mravalferovnad,
mas gangimartav da gauwyeb sxvadasxva mizezs,
romliTac srbian utex sivrced manaTobelni.
am mizezTagan ueWvelad moqmedebs erTi
da aRZravs varskvlavT samoZraod, magram romeli,
amas ver movTxov _ mimdevrobiT vinc ikvlevs yovels.~
(V, 526-533)
lukreciusi, marTalia, filosofiur moZRvrebaze agebs poemas, magram igi ufro
poetia, vidre mecnieri. Temis xasiaTi, ra Tqma unda, iTxovda filosofiuri argumen-
taciis mkacrad gansazRvrul stils, rasac iTvaliswinebda kidec poeti, Tumca imav-
droulad am argumentacias gasaocar poetur fons uqmnida. Znelia, warmoidgino
atomistur Teoriaze ufro prozauli Tema maRalmxatvruli gaazrebisTvis, magram
lukreciusma SeZlo am prozis poeziad gardasaxva iseTi ZalisxmeviT, ramac mas ro-
lukreciusi 297
mauli literaturis korifeTa Soris miuCina adgili. rodesac poeti mecnierul-

filosofiur Temaze msjelobs, mis warmosaxvaSi es Tema irekleba naTel suraTebad,
romlebic imavdroulad daxvewili mxatvruli ostatobiT aRibeWdebian qaRaldze.
mxatvrul saxeebad warmodgenili filosofiuri azri ki mkiTxvelze waruSlel
STabeWdilebas tovebs. poetis gulwrfeloba, gamoTqmuli filosofiuri azris
WeSmaritebis rwmena Serwymuli umaRles poetur STagonebas, kidev ufro met Zalas
da silamazes aniWeben poemas. igi Tavadve msjelobs SerCeul meTodze da sakuTar
Tavsac warmogvidgens viTarca poetsa da moqadages:
`Tavs ar vityueb, Zneli aris es yovelive,
magram guls mivsebs sixaruliT qebis imedi,
muzaTa trfoba suls moicavs unazes grZnobiT
da miT tyvedqmnili Tamam azriT miveSurebi
gzas pieridTa, jer arvisgan rom ar Telila.
aRmafrTovanebs, rom pirveli davewafebi
xeluxleb wyaros; iq mSvenier turfa yvavilTa
diad gvirgviniT movirTvebi, jer arnaxuliT,
romliT aqamde muzas arvin ar Seumkia.
jer erTi mitom, rom me varkvev diad sakiTxebs:
adamiani unda vixsna religiisgan.
Semdeg imitom, rom Znel sakiTxs ubrwyinvalesi
leqsiT gadmovcem, STagonebuls muzebis eSxiT.
da xerxi igi, vfiqrob, aris WkuasTan axlo~.
(I, 922-935)
icoda lukreciusma, rom arc ise ioli iqneboda axali moZRvrebis qadageba.
amitom man ritorikis kanonTa moSveliebac scada da am mimarTulebiTac uzado
xelovneba gamoavlina. jer kidev antikuri xanis kritika msjelobda poemis àmaR-
lebul~ stilze da es marTalic aris. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ~amaRlebu-
li~ toni poemis umTavresi, magram ara erTaderTi principia. lukreciusisaTvis,
iseve rogorc respublikis bolo periodSi moRvawe sxva epikureelTaTvis
`brZenTa moZRvrebiT agebul naTel taZrebSi~ ganmartoveba erTgvari saSveli
iyo socialuri Cixidan gamosasvlelad. swored amitom mis qmnilebaSi Cven amovi-
kiTxavT satirikosis mware ironiasac da tkivilgancdili poetis sevdasac. ùS-
foTvelobisa~ da simSvidis filosofosi xSirad mimarTavs amaRelvebel, sulis
SemZvrel mxatvrul saxeebs. poemis bolos ki, aTenSi gamefebuli Jamianobis aRwe-
riT adamianuri uZlurebis gamaognebel suraTebs xatavs.
lukreciusis moRvaweobis periodi romaul poeziaSi siaxleTa Ziebis xanad
aRiniSneba. sakmarisia iTqvas, rom misi Tanamedrove iyo romauli leqsis saxelo-
vani reformatori _ katulusi. magram poemis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, cxadi gax-
deba, rom misi avtori poeturi xelovnebis tradiciul gzas mihyveboda, werda
Zveli poetebis (eniusis) stiliT, grZeli frazebiT, ar gaurboda homerosiseul
epiTetebsa da Sedarebebs da arc Zveli romauli poeziisTvis niSandobliv e.w.
`bgeraTa ganmeorebebs~. qmnilebis amaRlebul stilze msjelobis safuZvels ar-
qaizmebi iZlevian, Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom poeti zogjer xalxur enasac
mimarTavda, raTa saTqmeli kidev ufro STambeWdavi gaexada. epikureseuli fizi-
kis laTinur enaze gadmocema rom ioli saqme ar iyo, es Tavad lukreciusmac kar-
gad icoda da ara erTgzis mianiSnebda `mSobliuri enis simwireze~, im terminTa
ar arsebobaze, romelic aucilebeli iyo filosofiur mcnebaTa gadmosacemad:
`Tavs ar vityueb, berZenT bneli swavla-moZRvrebis
Zneli iqneba gadmotana laTinur leqsiT.
298 lukreciusi
rac mTavaria, momixdeba sityvaTa Zebna

da Rarib eniT gadmocema axal mcnebaTa~.
(I, 136-139)
ase rom, siuJetis siaxle aiZulebda lukreciuss eZebna poeturi warmosaxvis
axali gzebi da saSualebebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad konservatori iyo da Se-
moqmedebis tradiciuli formebis mimdevari. imdenad maRali iyo poemis mxatvru-
li mxare, rom Sinaarsobriv sirTules xeli ar SeuSlia misTvis esargebla sayo-
velTao aRiarebiT. momdevno epoqebis moRvaweebi didad afasebdnen lukreciusis
niWs da lamobdnen eswavlaT misgan filosofiur da mxatvrul msoflaRqmaTa Se-
Tavsebis xelovneba. vergiliusi, horaciusi, ovidiusi da sxva saxelovani poetebi
cdilobdnen mis mibaZvas, risTvisac xSirad imowmebdnen kidec poemis calkeul
adgilebs (Sdr. properciusi, III, 5, str. 25-46; agreTve, horaciusi, satirebi, I, 3,
str. 99-100). ovidiusi misTvis Cveuli gulwrfelobiT aRniSnavs, rom àmaRlebu-
li lukreciusis leqsebi mxolod maSin gaqrebian, rodesac samyaros aRsasrulis
dRe daudgeba~ (`trfobani~, I,15,23).
sagulisxmoa is, rom qristiani avtorebic ki, romlebic mtrulad iyvnen gan-
wyobilni epikures ùRmerTo~ filosofiisadmi, xSirad mimarTavdnen lukreciu-
sidan amonaridebs antikur religiaze sja-baasisas. `saganTa bunebisaTvis~ karo-
lingur epoqamde filosofosTa interess imsaxurebda. albaT amitom arsebobs mi-
si IX saukuniT daTariRebuli xelnaweri. Semdgom saukuneebSi am poemis kvali ar-
sad Cans. mxolod XV saukuneSi gaixsenes igi humanistebma, romelTac misi poeturi
mxare ainteresebdaT mxolod. miuxedavad eklesiis msaxurTa protestisa, SesaZ-
lebeli gaxda poemis gamocemaTa ganxorcieleba vrceli àpologiiT~, romelic
amarTlebda am aTeisturi nawarmoebis samsjavroze gamotanas misi literaturu-
li Rirsebebis gamo.
XVI saukunis bolos aRorZinebulma mecnierebam ganaaxla ra antikuri materia-
lizmis tradiciebi, poemis filosofiur siRrmesac miago pativi. am periodidan
moyolebuli lukreciusi sazogadoebis sayvarel avtorad iqca _ mis debulebebs
iziarebdnen moazrovneni (jordano bruno, bekoni, hassendi, lomonosovi da sxve-
bi), poetur mxareze azrebs gamoTqvamdnen saxelovani Semoqmedebi. Tanamedrove
mkiTxvelisaTvis lukreciusis poema sainteresoa mecnierebis istoriis Tvalsaz-
risiTac, rameTu igi antikuri materializmis erT-erTi umniSvnelovanesi Zeglia
da literaturuli RirsebebiTac, uZvelesi saukuneebidan dRemde mkiTxvelTa aR-
frTovanebas rom inarCunebs.
poema `saganTa bunebis Sesaxeb~.

katulusi 299
katulusi
(Zv. w. 87 _ 54)
gaius valerius katulusi _ cnobili romaeli poeti: poeti-mijnuri, mSvenieri

lesbias mexotbe da metrfe _ aseTi gaicno igi evropam me-14 saukuneSi. elvare
poeti, romlis Soreuli saxe misi eqspresiuli leqsebis meSveobiT mZafrad
iWreba Cvens warmodgenaSi.
igi cxovrobda da moRvaweobda Zv. w. I saukuneSi. misi cxovrebis wlebi emTxveva
romis respublikis ukanasknel periods, mis daRmavlobas. es is dro iyo, roca
roms ukve dapyrobili hqonda ara mxolod italia, aramed saberZneTi da
karTagenic, roca triumviratis mmarTvelobis xana idga, romelic Semdeg iulius
keisris erTmmarTvelobam Secvala. romis respublikis am ukanasknel wlebSi
warmoiSva poezia, romlis umTavres mizans adamianis piradi grZnobebis, misi
gancdebis gamoxatva warmoadgenda..
katulusi Tavisi drois erTi yvelaze popularuli poeti iyo. misi leqsebi
uyvardaT, kiTxulobdnen, aRelvebdaT da dResac, roca mravali saukune
gvaSorebs mas, misi Semoqmedebis gacnoba uemociod ver xerxdeba.
katulusi italiis erT-erT umSvenieres qalaq veronaSi daibada. misi
cxovrebis Sesaxeb bevri araferia cnobili, isev misive leqsebidan vaxerxebT
zogierTi cxovrebiseuli detalis dadgenas, biografiuli faqtebis amozidvasa
da Sekowiwebas. sakamaToa misi cxovrebis wlebi. hieronimusi (ax. w. I s.) sveto-
niusis nawerze dayrdnobiT gvisaxelebs katulusis dabadebisa da sikvdilis
TariRs, svetoniusis es pirvelwyaro ki dakargulia. erTi ram ueWvelia:
katulusi unda gardacvliliyo sakmaod axalgazrda, ormoc wels armitanebuli.
igi dabadebula savaraudod Zv. w. 87 wels, daaxloebiT 60 wels gadasula romSi
sacxovreblad, 54 weli ki misi gardacvalebis TariRad iTvleba: ukanaskneli
istoriuli movlena, romelsac poeti axsenebs Tavis leqsebSi, aris pompeusis
meore konsulati da iulius keisris eqspedicia britaneTSi.
valeriusebi erT-erTi warCinebuli gvari iyo veronaSi da katulusi, rogorc
imxanad SeZlebul ojaxiSvils Seefereboda, sruliad axalgazrda gauyenes romis
gzas, raTa iq ganaTleba mieRo. mamamiss surda, rom Svils ritorika Seeswavla da,
sul cota, iuristi mainc gamxdariyo, politikur sarbielze emoRvaweva, magram
Svilma mamas imedebi ver gaumarTla da amis nacvlad leqsebis wera wamoiwyo.
veronadan romSi Camosuli katulusi xvdeba xmaurian poetTa wreSi, maT àxal
poetebs~ anu `neoterikosebs~, uwodebdnen. `neoterikosTagan~ bevri katulusis
Tanamemamule iyo. maTi Semoqmedebidan mxolod umniSvnelo fragmentebi Semog-
vrCa, Tu ar CavTvliT Tavad katulusis Semoqmedebas. am poetebidan istoriam mxo-
lod ori maTganis _ helvius cinasa da licinius kalvusis saxelebi Semogvinaxa.
`neoterikosTa~ literaturul-esTetikuri principebi aleqsandriel poetTagan
300 katulusi
momdinareobda, isini maT nimuSad saxavdnen, gansakuTrebiT ki kalimaqossa da

evforions. neoterikosebic aleqsandriel poetTa darad didi epikuri Txzule-
bebis nacvlad epilionebis, mcire zomis miTologiuri poemebis, anda
epigramebisa da elegiebis weras amjobinebdnen. maTi qmnilebebic xSirad
gadatvirTuli iyo miTologiuri saxeebiTa da saxelebiT; katulusi Tavisi
cocxali niWis wyalobiT ganerida am manerulobas, Tumca mis SemoqmedebaSi
gvxvdeba miTologiur siuJetebze Seqmnili leqsebic, magram mas mainc, upirveles
yovlisa, lesbias momReral poetad icnoben.
vin iyo lesbia? vis miemarTeba brwyinvale poeturi qmnilebebi? lesbia rom
katulusis mier Serqmeuli saxelia, amaze mecnierebi aRar davoben, ivaraudeba,
rom katulusma es saxeli berZeni poeti qalis, sapfos mSobliuri kunZulis,
lesbosis saxelwodebis mixedviT Searqva Tavis satrfos. rogorc viciT, sapfos
SemoqmedebaSi sasiyvarulo leqsebs sruliad gamorCeuli adgili ekava. lesbias
namdvili saxeli klodia yofila. apuleiusi Tavis àpologiaSi~ pirdapir
aRniSnavs, rom katulusma klodias uwoda es saxeli (àpologia~, 10). klodia
romSi ganTqmuli lamazmani, saxalxo tribunis, klodius pulxeris da iyo, Tumca
gaTxovili, magram saqveynod cnobili Tavisi saminjuro TavgadasavlebiT.
lesbiasadmi miZRvnili satrfialo leqsebis mixedviT katulusis mkvlevarni
cdiloben am sasiyvarulo istoriis aRdgenas.
lesbia, rogorc Cans, ar aRmoCnda poetis siyvarulis Rirsi, uRalata mas da
gaawbila misi aRfrTovaneba. poeti aRSfoTebulia, SeSfoTebulia, Tavis
grZnobebSi bolomde verc garkveula, Tan uyvars da Tan sZuls Tavisi satrfo. es
gaoreba mZafrad aris gadmocemuli mis cnobil orstriqonian leqsSi (85):
`mZulxar da miyvarxar erTad! rogoro, mavani metyvis.
an me ganaTu vici, vgrZnob da jvars vecva lamis!~1
katulusis poeziis kiTxvisas geufleba SegrZneba, rom igi Seni Tanamedrovea.
ra iwvevs am grZnobas? ra badebs am emocias? poetis gansakuTrebuli Tviseba
uSualo aRqmebiTa da gancdebiT damuxtos leqsi, aeridos trafaretebs, Seqmnas
intimuri garemo, cocxali intonaciiT gaaTbos striqoni. igi cdilobs, Tana-
monawile gagxados Tavisi gancdebisa, geaxlobleba da ise giziarebs Tavis
dardsa Tu sixaruls... arc erTi faqti, romelic lesbiasTan aris dakavSirebuli,
mas gulgrils ar tovebs: arc lesbias sayvareli beRuras sikvdili, arc, roca mis
satrfos viRac provinciel lamazmans adareben, arc satrfos Tundac wuTieri
gulgriloba _ yvelaferi es saocari emociurobiT gadmoicema, magram amave
dros, ragind paradoqsuladac ar unda gveCvenos, katulusis TiTqmis yvela
leqss erTgvari ironia gasdevs, rac maT gansakuTrebul cxovelmyofelobas ani-
Webs. lesbiasadmi miZRvnil yvelaze Tbil da saTuT leqsebSic ki es ironia mudam
Tanamonawileobs. `Vivamus, mea Lesbia~ (5), SeiZleba iTqvas, lirikuli ironiis kla-
sikuri nimuSia.
`sicocxle Cvenda, siyvaruli Cvenda lesbia!
dae, wamiTac nu SegvakrTobs, raSi gvexeba
bebruxanebis buzRuni da mieT-moeTi!
mzes SeuZlia diliT aRCndes, RamiT Cavides,
mzes SeuZlia, magram roca Cveni varskvlavi
erTxel Caqreba, samudamo Zils mivnebdebiT...
asjer makoce, aTasjer da kidev aTasjer!
ass kidev asi mivadevnoT, aTass _ aTasi,
SeuCerebliv, daucxromlad, Seusvenebliv
da mere, roca davagrovebT uamrav aTass,
1
statiaSi citirebuli leqsebi Targmnilia m. RaribaSvilis mier
katulusi 301
Tavidan davyveT, saTvalavi ise davkargoT,

rom Tvla aebneT Surneulebs, ricxviT mCxibavebs,
Tavgza aebneT _ veRar SeZlon Cveni gaTvalva!~
leqsebis krebuls katulusi mowiwebiT uZRvnis usayvarles Tanamemamules, is-
torikos kornelius neposs, igi ganadidebs mis Rvawls da iqve sakuTar qmni-
lebebs uwodebs ùqmobebs~ (nugae), `fuWsityvaobebs~, ùsaqmo Slegobebs~, magram
am naTqvamSi erTdroulad ismis mokrZalebac, TviTironiac da axalgazrda po-
etis siamayec. korneliuss igi wigns uZRvnis gulwrfelad, siyvaruliT, magram
swored ironiuli Rimilia, rac am leqss patara lirikul Sedevrad aqcevs.
vis gavumzade es patara axali wigni,

TavSesaqcevi, pemziT naxex-naprialebi?
Sen, kornelius! Sen, romelsac saqmed migaCnda,
Cemi usaqmo Slegobani, leqsiT laRoba.
Tavad ki sami didi wigniT _ RmerTo maRalo!
iupitero! _ gadmoSale qveynis warsuli
odidan dRemde! romaelTa Soris pirvelma!
hoda, miiRe samaxsovrod Cemi wignuka,
nu damiZraxav, kargia Tu cudi, es aris!
qalwulo muzav, Sen iyavi mfarveli misi,
mraval Taobas gascdenodes, iyos dRegrZeli!
striqonis energiiTa da gancdis simarTliT gamoirCeva lesbiasadmi miZRvnili

leqsi (LI), romelic sapfos cnobili leqsis Tavisufal Targmans warmoadgens.
mkvlevarTa azriT, es leqsi poetisa da satrfos sasiyvarulo urTierTobis
dasawyisze miuTiTebs, roca katulusi sruliad aRfrTovanebuli iyo sayvareli
arsebiT da SefrfinviT umzerda mas, roca am siyvaruliT gamowveuli gawbileba
jer ar egema:
me meCveneba, rom RmerTebis Tanasworia,
an, Tuki iTqmis, RmerTebzedac aRmatebuli,
vinc gverdiT gizis, Semogcqeris, wamdawam ismens
Sens xmas da sicils...
xolo XI leqsi, rogorc varaudoben, lesbias ciklis damasrulebel akords
warmoadgens. sainteresoa is faqtic, rom es orive leqsi (ciklis dasawyisi da
dasasruli) erTi da imave sazomiT, sapfouriT aris dawerili. XI leqsSi gaw-
bilebuli poetis saboloo gadawyvetilebaa gadmocemuli, mas aRar swadia les-
biasTan Serigeba. igi Tavis megobrebs, furiussa da avreliuss, yofil
satrfosTan aseT sityvebs abarebs:
uTxariT, Cemze nurc ifiqrebs, jobs, damiviwyos,
de, damiviwyos, siyvaruli Cveni ganqarda,
man is moaSTo, rogorc velis mSvenier SroSans
saxnisi mokveTs...
Cvens xelTaa katulusis 116 leqsi. krebuli Tavdapirvelad ise ar iyo
Sedgenili, ra saxiTac amJamad mogvewodeba. xelnawerebsa da samecniero gamoce-
mebSi es leqsebi ZiriTadad metruli sazomebis mixedviT formaluradaa dayo-
fili. jer moTavsebulia sxvadasxva sazomiT dawerili mokle leqsebi (I _ LX) e.w.
`polimetrebi~, Semdeg ufro grZeli leqsebi (LXI _ LXVIII) da bolos elegiuri
distiqiT gamarTuli leqsebi
(LXIX _ CLXVI). katulusis Semoqmedeba mravalferovan sazomTa monacvleobiT
gamoirCeva. poetis sayvareli sazomia e.w. falekosis TerTmetmarcvliani. sasi-
302 katulusi
yvarulo leqsebi mas ZiriTadad am sazomiTa aqvs dawerili, xolo miTologiur

siuJetebze Seqmnili grZeli leqsebi elegiuri distiqiTaa gamarTuli. ufro iS-
viaTad igi sapfour sazomsac iyenebs, zogjer ki arqiloqosisa da asklepiadesis
sazomebs xmarobs.
Tuki krebuls poeturi motivebis mixedviT davyofT, gamoikveTeba sami cikli:
pirveli _`lesbia~, meore _ `megobrebi da mtrebi~, romelSic SeaqvT SeaqvT mego-
brebisadmi miZRvnili saxumaro-TavSesaqcevi da katulusis oponentebis misamar-
TiT Tqmuli salanZRav-ganmaqiqebeli leqsebi da mesame _ `sxvadasxva~. es nawili
eTmoba sxvadasxva Temaze, ZiriTadad mogzaurobis STabeWdilebebiT, Seqmnil
leqsebs da miTologiur siuJetebze daweril patara poemebs.
megobrebisadmi miZRvnili leqsebiT Cven winaSe uaRresad saintereso intimuri
samyaro iSleba, romauli oficialuri moTxovnebisgan friad gansxvavebuli. ro-
maelebs megobroba (amicitia) esmodaT, upirveles yovlisa, rogorc politikuri
cneba, igi erTgvar `samoqalaqo siqveled~ miiCneoda. megobroba, ambobs ciceroni,
upiratesad politikur da saxelmwifoebriv interesebs unda emsaxurebodes.
katulusisTvis megobroba ormxrivi sulieri siaxlovea, mxolod Sinagani
gancdaa da araviTari sxva cneba masSi ar moiazreba. megobari Wirisa da lxinis
Tanamoziarea, is adamiania, visac gulis xvaSiadi SegiZlia, gaando. Tavis erT-erT
saukeTeso leqsSi (XXXVIII) igi siyvarulnarevi wyeniT mimarTavs megobars:
kornificius, Sens katuluss guli utiris,
vficav herkuless, cudad aris, guli utiris
da, rac dro gadis, simZimili uaTkecdeba.
ratom ar mixval, alersian sityvas ar etyvi,
ar anugeSeb, egeb cota gulze moeSvas...
mwyins, sayvarelo, megobroba gana es aris?!
miTxari rame, sulerTia, Tundac mWmunvare,
ise mwuxare, viT cremlebi simonidesi...
megobrebTan urTierToba katulusisTvis sulierad aucilebelia. igi aRwers
megobrul garemos, romelic cxovrebas sixaruliT avsebs. mxiaruli, enamoswre-
buli Sexumrebani, leqsebiT Sejibri, sasiyvarulo Tavgadasavlebi, megobrebTan
gatarebuli dReebi, lxini da Seqceva, es yvelaferi misTvis bevrad ufro
mniSvnelovania, vidre politikur da sazogadoebriv sarbielze moRvaweoba. igi
aRfrTovanebiT gviyveba (L), Tu ra sixaruli ganicada Tavis megobarTan da
Cinebul poetTan, licinius kalvusTan, stumrad yofnisas, mTeli Rame rom Rvinos
wrupavdnen da eqspromtuli leqsebiT ejibrebodnen erTmaneTs:
wuxel me da Sen, licinius, mocaled myofni,
TamaSs SevyeviT, tabelebze wyvilad Sewnuli
saxeldaxelo striqonebi CamovaleqseT.
vwerdiT da vwerdiT rigrigobiT, tabelebs vcvlidiT,
xan im sazomiT gamovnaskveT, xan am sazomiT,
rarig agvagzno calke Rvinom, calke leqsobam...
megobrebisadmi miZRvnil leqsebSi igrZnoba Tbili iumori, mkiTxvelisaTvis

keTilad gasaRimari saxumaro ganwyobileba. poeti leqsad mimarTavs Tavis mego-
bars, fabuluss, da sanadimod mosvlas sTavazobs, Tu amis survili eqneba, magram
sxva araviTari saSualeba ar aris, Tavadve unda moiyolos `Rvinoc, xoragic,
xumrobac da kai gunebac~.
TviTon katulussac gulsavsed SeuZlia, megobris cxovrebiT icxovros. liri-
kuli da gulSi Camwvdomia leqsi (X), romelic megobris, veraniusis, Sin mSvido-
biT dabrunebas eZRvneba:
katulusi 303
o, veranius, Cems uamrav megobars Soris

aTasi miliT axlobelo da sanukvaro!
dRes daubrundi Sens mSobliur saxls da penatebs,
Sens moxuc dedas, da erTguli Zmebic ixile.
dabrunebulxar! ra kargia! ra gavixare!
.....
gadagexvevi, Tvalebsa da yels dagikocni.
dRes siyvarulSi vin SeiZlebs, toli damidos!
katulusi megobrisgan iTxovs gulwrfel, naRd damokidebulebas da, Tuki sa-
pasuxos ver miiRebs, moyvare, SesaZloa, misTvis mter-moyvared gadaiqces.
mtrebisadmi mimarTul leqsebs katulusis SemoqmedebaSi gansakuTrebuli
adgili uWiravs. mtrebi arian rayifebi, vinc lesbias siyvarulSi ecileba, maT
igi mwared aqilikebs. ramdenime SemTxvevaSi avsityva megobrebic mcire xniT
mtrebs Soris amoyofen Tavs. magram yvelaze met daundoblobas politikosTa mi-
marT iCens, imaT mimarT, visi miznebic da qmedebebic miuReblad miaCnia. igi gmobs
mZarcvelur saomar eqspediciebs, triumvirebi rom simdidris mosaxveWad awyoben
da erTmmarTvelobisken miiswrafvian. gansakuTrebiT basri da ekliania iulius
keisarze dawerili mcire zomis leqsebi. poeti yvela saSualebiT cdilobs mis
gakilvas, komprometirebas, misi saxelisaTvis Crdilis miyenebas. aqvea misi dam-
qaSi, keisris sayvareli mxedari, vinme mamura, romelsac omebSi didi qoneba moux-
veWia. mamuras mimarT poeti gansakuTrebiT Seubralebelia, magram mTeli es pa-
Tosi sinamdvileSi keisris winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, vinc mamurasnair
regvnebs, yaCaRebsa da mflangvelebs gza gauxsna.
rogorc cnobilia, katulusis amgvari gamoxdomebiT keisari didad iyo SeS-
foTebuli. misi TqmiT, am leqsebma saukunod SebRales misi saxeli. Wkviani da
xerxiani politikosi bevrs ecada, Tavisken gadaebirebina katulusi, rom poets
misi saxeli sadme keTiladac moexseniebina. rogorc erTi antikuri gadmocema
gvauwyebs, es ambavi, katulusis mamis daxmarebiT, keisarma bolos da bolos mainc
moaxerxa. mas ufros katulusTan keTili damokidebuleba, stumarmaspinZlobis
ZvelTaZveli adaTi, akavSirebda. xsenebuli gadmocema sakmaod damajereblad
gvixsnis, Tu saidan momdinareobs katulusis erT gviandel sasiyvarulo leqsSi
(XI) Setanili JReradi striqoni: ìq, sadac didma keisarma niSani dasca~.
aRniSvnis Rirsia ciceronisadmi miZRvnili leqsic (49). igi didi xania katu-
lusis mkvlevarTa Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaobas iwvevs. zogierTs igi aRmatebul
qebad esaxeba, zogsac _ cnobili oratorisadmi mimarTul mware dacinvad.
ironiuloba am leqsisa damabnevelad moqmedebs, arada, igi, rogorc Cans, gulwr-
fel madlobasac Seicavs, gulwrfel aRtacebasac, magram ironiuli SexumrebiT
aris mowvdili, riTac pirovnuli siTboa gamoxatuli da ara dacinva:
ènamzeobiT yvela mamrze aRmatebulo,
gamorCeulo romulusis memkvidreT Soris
vinc iyo, aris an iqneba, markus tulius!
Sen katulusi did madlobas TayvaniT giZRvnis,
poetTa Soris dRes yvelaze knini da mcire,
poetTa Soris imdaradve knini da mcire,
rogorac Sen xar vaqilTagan udiadesi!~
kidev erTi jgufi mgeslavi leqsebisa miemarTeba literaturul oponentebs an
imaT, visi naRvawic katuluss dacinvis Rirsad miaCnia. sxvaTa Soris, am leqsebSi
ar igrZnoba iseTive brazi Tu aRSfoTeba, rogorc politikosTa ganmaqiqebel
leqsebSi, aq saxaliso iumori metia.
saerTod, epigramuli tipis leqsebSi poeti, laTinuri xalxuri tradiciis
mixedviT, ar erideba araviTar naklze saubars, maT Soris fizikur defeqtebze
304 katulusi
`gaseirnebas~, da arc imgvari SemTxvevebia iSviaTi, roca igi bilwsityvaobaze

gadadis.
mesame ciklad, pirvel yovlisa, is leqsebi igulisxmeba, sadac mogzaurobis STa-
beWdilebebia gadmocemuli. siyvarulSi gawbilebuli poeti Zv. w. 57 wels tovebs
roms da miemgzavreba biTiniaSi gaius memiusis amalasTan erTad. magram am mog-
zaurobam, verc materialuri da verc sxva ram TvalsazrisiT, imedebi ver gau-
marTla. 56 wlis gazafxulze ukanve gamoemgzavra da gzad mcire aziisa da sa-
berZneTis sanapiro qalaqebi moinaxula, mere ki mSobliur veronaSi dabrunda. mog-
zaurobis Sedegad poetma brwyinvale lirikuli leqsebi Seqmna. am ciklis pirveli
leqsi (XLVI) antikuri, da ara mxolod antikuri, lirikis Sedevrad miiCneva:
isev movida gazafxuli Tbili qarebiT,
isev ajoba zefirosis saamo qrolvam
zamTris qariSxlebs, isev daTba, isev ganaTda...
eha, katulus, miatove frigiis velni,
cxeli nikeis moelvare vrceli yanebi,
Wreli aziis mivaSuroT lamaz qalaqebs!
xom xedav, gulic gaCqarebiT gzisken geweva,
ukve fexebic agicekvdnen saxetialod...
mSvidobiT, Cemo megobrebo, keTilad gevloT,
saxlidan erTad gamosulebs gzac erTi gvqonda,
Sin ki yvelani Cveneuli gziT davbrundebiT!
imave mogzaurobis dros mounaxulebia udrood daRupuli Zmis saflavi da am
Temaze SesaniSnavi leqsi SeTxza, Rrma da saTuTi grZnobierebiT aRbeWdili.
mogzaurobis ciklSive aerTianeben katulusis ramdenime vrcel qmnilebas,
romlebic miTologiuri Sinaarsis Semcvelia da, marTlac, am mogzaurobiT Cans
STagonebuli. maTgan yvelaze gamorCeulad iTvleba poema atisze, mSvenier
Wabukze, romelic civilizebuli saberZneTidan frigiaSi Cadis da xdeba mcirea-
ziuri RvTaebis, kibeles kultis msaxuri. igi religiuri eqstazis dros Tavs
daisaWurisebs, mere ki, roca gons moegeba, mtanjvel sinanuls ganicdis momxda-
ris gamo. igi sevdiT igonebs Tavis samSoblos da mwared nanobs, rac Caidina. maSin
ganrisxdeba kibele da Tavzardamcem loms mougzavnis. lomisgan SeZrwunebuli
atisi samudamod rCeba kibeles msaxurad. poemis bolo striqonebi warmoadgens
vedrebas qalRmerTis mimarT, poeti SesTxovs kibeles, aSoros atiss risxva da
Seundos danaSauli. nawarmoebi rTuli saleqso sazomiT, holiambiT anu koWli
iambiT, aris gamarTuli.
veronaSi dabrunebuli poeti mSvid garemoSi xvdeba da wers or saqorwilo
simReras anu epiTalamias, romlebic sapfoseuli leqsis variaciebs unda war-
moadgendnen, _ berZeni poeti qalis teqstidan mxolod fragmentebia moRweuli.
amave periods unda ganekuTvnebodes ramdenime epilioni, siuJetiani vrceli
leqsi, gardamavali Janri lirikasa da eposs Soris. isini naTlad amJRavneben
berZnul warmomavlobas, aleqsandriuli maneriT arian dawerili. maTgan um-
Tavresia `pelevsisa da Tetisis qorwili~ da `berenikes nawnavi~. `berenikes nawna-
vi~ kalimaqoss ekuTvnis, odnav maneruli, magram silamaziT gamorCeuli teqstia.
es nawarmoebebi katulusis originaluri poeziis SeswavlisaTvis imiT arian
RirsSesaniSnavni, rom maTSi gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT Cans leqsisa da enis vir-
tuozuli floba, rac mis lirikul, mcire zomis leqsebSi ufro Zneli dasanaxa-
via, radgan maTi virtuozuloba ubraloebiTa da uSualobiT aris gadafaruli.
katulusis leqsika, sxva romaeli poetebisgan gansxvavebiT, cocxali, yovel-
dRiuri sametyvelo enidan iRebs saTaves da amiT iZens gansakuTrebul bunebrio-
bas. man romaul literaturaSi sruliad axali sunTqva Semoitana. intimuri
lirikis, rogorc literaturuli Janris damkvidreba, pirvel yovlisa, swored
katulusi 305
mis saxels ukavSirdeba. am saxis poezia romauli literaturis sawyis etapze

saerTod ar arsebobda. raRa Tqma unda, piraduli gancdebi romSi iqamdec ga-
mouxatavT da sasiyvarulo leqsebic albaT iwereboda, magram lirikis, rogorc
literaturuli Janris damkvidreba, misTvis maRali prestiJis miniWeba, umTavre-
sad mainc swored katulusis damsaxurebaa.
katulusma Tavis TanamedroveTa Soris aRiareba imTaviTve moipova da Semdgom
TaobaTa poetebic mas didi pativiT moixsenieben. properciusi wers, rom katu-
lusis wyalobiT lesbia mSvenier eleneze ufro cnobili gaxda. marcialisi, ro-
mauli epigramis ubadlo ostati, romelic Tavisi Semoqmedebis Sefasebisas didi
TavmdablobiT ar gamoirCeoda, pirvelobas katulusis epigramebs uTmobs.
Sua saukuneebSi katulusis arsebobac ki aRar ician. misi Semoqmedeba CvenTvis
samudamod dakarguli iqneboda, rom veronaSi, katulusis mSobliur qalaqSi,
monastris wignTsacavSi, ar aRmoCeniliyo erTaderTi xelnaweri, romelmac
katulusis Semoqmedeba TiTqmis mTlianad moitana Cvenamde. es moxda XIV sau-
kuneSi. xelnaweri, romelic, samwuxarod, bolos mainc daikarga, ramdenjerme
gadaweres aRorZinebis xanis humanistebma da katulusis saxeli kvlav gaxmaurda,
amjerad ukve axali drois evropaSi. mas kargad icnobda petrarka da misi motive-
biTac araerTxel usargeblia.
mas mere misi leqsebi ganuwyvetliv iTargmneboda. poetebi daeSurnen katulu-
siseul motivebs, gansakuTrebiT lesbias cikls. misdami interesi araTu ar
neldeboda, piriqiT, Cvens dromde ganuxrelad izrdeba. evropul enebze yovel-
wliurad gamodis axali da axali Targmanebi.
romael poetTagan dRes igi yvelaze cocxali da axlobelia.
leqsebi; epilionebi: àtisi~, `pelevsisa da Tetisis qorwili~,

`berenikes nawnavi~.
306 ciceroni
ciceroni
(Zv. w 106 – Zv. w. 43)
`bevri mifiqria imaze, rogor gamovadge yvelaze metad qveyanas, gadavwyvite,

ukeTesi iqneba, Cems Tanamoqalaqeebs umaRlesi xelovnebisaken gza gavukafo~ _
werda gamoCenili romaeli mwerali, politikuri moRvawe, filosofiuri tra-
qtatebis avtori, brwyinvale advokati, markus tulius ciceroni, romlis saxeli
upiratesad oratorul xelovnebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. igi daibada Zv.w. Zv. w
106 w. 3 ianvars romTan axlos mdebare qalaq arpinumSi. igi mxedarTa wridan iyo
gamosuli. mamam ciceronsa da mis Zmas kargi ganaTleba miaRebina. berZeni
maswavleblis wyalobiT ciceronma Cinebulad Seiswavla berZnuli ena, lite-
ratura, filosofia. romSi ciceroni ismenda cnobili oratorebis sityvebs,
varjiSobda deklamaciebSi, adgenda fiqtiur sityvebs, rogorc laTinurad, aseve
berZnulad, laTinurad Targmnida berZnuli poeziisa da prozis nimuSebs.
sazogadoebriv asparezze ciceroni Zv.w. I saukunis 80-ian wlebSi gamovida. man,
cxadia, icoda, rom umaRlesi saxelmwifo organoebisaken gza sakuTari niWiTa da
unariT unda gaekafa. amis SesaZleblobas ki samoqalaqo mWevrmetyveleba iZleo-
da. moRweulia ciceronis mier Zv. w. 81 w. dawerili sityva «kvinkciusis dasaca-
vad», sadac igi xmas imaRlebs nobiletetis winaaRmdeg. am sityvam erTgvari warma-
teba moutana cicerons, magram gansakuTrebul aRiarebas miaRwia Zv. w. 80 w. war-
moTqmuli sityviT «seqstus rosciusis dasacavad~. rosciuss naTesavebi bralad
sdebdnen mamis mkvlelobas da am gziT cdilobdnen dauflebodnen im simdidres,
rac mamam dautova Svils. saqmes is garemoeba arTulebda, rom aq Careuli iyvnen
gavleniani pirebi. amis gamo arc erTma cnobilma oratorma ar ikisra braldebu-
lis dacva. cicerons ki xelsayreli SemTxveva mieca, gamoeCina ara marto niWi da
unari, aramed gabeduleba da Seupovroba. man es saqme didebulad daagvirgvina.
magram am gamarjvebam aiZula, droebiT gascloda roms, radgan mSvenivrad icoda,
iq dayovneba kargs arafers uqadda. misi yofna romSi saSiSi gaxda. Tumca mTavari
mainc is iyo, rom ciceronma xalxis ndoba, siyvaruli da didi saxeli moipova.
ciceroni ZmasTan, kvintusTan erTad gaemgzavra mcire aziasa da saberZneTSi im
sababiT, rom ukeT daufleboda filosofiasa da ritorikas. am qveynebSi
mogzaurobam bevri ram SesZina cicerons. didi gavlena iqonia masze rodosis
ritorikulma skolam. ciceroni Tavdapirvelad e.w. àziuri~ stilis mimdevari
oratori iyo. rodosis skolis Semdeg man raRac Sualeduri gza airCia
àziursa~ da àtikur~ mimdinareobebs Soris. ciceronis oratoruli niWiT ise
moxiblula misi maswavlebeli, ritori apolonios miloni, rom aRtaceba ver
daufaravs: `gaocebuli var Seni xelovnebiT, magram saberZneTis bedi madardebs,
radgan aSkaraa, Seni wyalobiT mogvtaces romaelebma elinebs Cveni erTaderTi
siamaye – mWevrmetyveleba~ (plutarqosi, `ciceroni~ 4).
ciceroni 307
Zv. w. 79 w. ciceroni romSi dabrunda. advokatur saqmianobaSi mopovebulma ga-

marjvebebma, Cinebulma ganaTlebam da niWma gza gauxsna mas politikur sarbielze.
Zv. w. 76 w. ciceroni kvestorad airCies siciliaSi, sadac didi saxeli moixveWa.
niWieri, energiuli, mizandasaxuli, Seupovari ciceroni swrafad miiwevda win,
magram yovel efeqtur gamarjvebas saadvokato saqmianobaSi Tan sdevda misi ne-
bayoflobiTi an iZulebiTi gaZeveba. uSiSari, gabeduli, mamaci oratori TiTqmis
yoveli gaxmaurebuli sasamarTlo procesis Semdeg damfrTxali garboda romi-
dan, Tumca es xels rodi uSlida misi popularobis zrdas. pativmoyvare cice-
roni ar sjerdeboda miRweul warmatebebs, radgan misive gamoTqma rom vixmaroT
– `gamarjvebas zrunva uyvars~. roca siciliidan romisaken mimavalma ciceronma
sirakusaSi Zlivs miakvlia arqimedesis upatronod mitovebul, xavsmodebul saf-
lavs, darwmunda, Tu raoden warmavalia amqveyniuri dideba. romSi Casulma cice-
ronma aRmoaCina, rom misi siciliaSi nayofieri moRvaweobis Taobaze bevr mis
axlobelsac ki araferi smenoda. `roca davrwmundi, rom romael xalxs Tvali
ufro maxvili aqvs, vidre yuri... gadavwyvite, mudam xalxis Tvalwin metriala
forumze~ (ciceroni, `plankciusis dasacavad,~ 64-66). romSi cicerons kvlav mieca
saSualeba Tavisi brwyinvale niWis demonstrirebisa, rasac Semdgom mohyva aRmas-
vla politikur sarbielze. Zv. w. 71 w. sicilielebis TxovniT man saqme aRZra si-
ciliis pretoris – veresis winaaRmdeg, romelic borotad iyenebda Tavis Tanam-
debobas da Zarcvavda provincias. am saqmis mogeba kidev ufro gazrdida cicero-
nis avtoritets, radgan veresis damcveli iyo cnobili oratori hortensiusi.
cicerons kvlav optimatebis winaaRmdeg gamosvla uwevda. man am rTul viTare-
baSic gaimarjva. veresma bolomde ar miitana saqme da sakuTari nebiT datova
qveyana.
Zv. w. 69 w. ciceroni edilad airCies, Zv. w. 66 w. ki – pretorad. mas kvlav mouxda no-
bilitetTan dapirispireba, romelic ar iziarebda maniliusis winadadebas miTri-
datesTan sabrZolvelad gneius pompeusisaTvis gadaecaT Zalaufleba. ciceroni
adidebs pompeuss da moiTxovs misTvis ganusazRvreli Zalauflebis miniWebas.
Zv. w. 63 w. ciceroni konsulad airCies. am TanamdebobisaTvis Svidi kandidati
ibrZoda. maT Soris iyvnen: lucius katilina da gaius antoniusi. ciceroni did
mniSvnelobas aniWebs sakonsulo arCevnebSi gamarjvebas. Tu romelime Homo novus
(àxali kaci~) ramdenime cdis Semdeg aRwevda am Tanamdebobas, ciceronma Seufer-
xeblad moipova igi (`meore sityva agraruli kanonis Sesaxeb~ 1,3).
Zv. w 63 w. ciceronma amxila lucius katilinas SeTqmuleba, romlis ZiriTadi
mizani Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba iyo. am SeTqmulebas emxrobodnen dabali fenis
warmomadgenlebi, gaRatakebuli da valebSi Cavardnili nobilitetis nawili. ci-
ceroni axla ukve senatisa da nobilitetis interesebis damcvelad mogvevlina.
igi cdilobda senati da mxedarTa fenebi erTmaneTTan daekavSirebina, radgan am
kavSirSi romis respublikis Zlierebas xedavda. katilinas winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
sityvebiT ciceronma miaRwia imas, rom katilina gaecala roms, Semdeg ki iaraRiT
daupirispirda senats. misi damarcxebis Semdeg romaelebma cicerons respub-
likis xsnisaTvis madloba gamoucxades da `samSoblos mamis~ (Pater patriae) sapatio
tituli mianiWes.
Zv. w. 60 wlidan romSi politikuri viTareba damZimda. iulius keisari Seu-
kavSirda Zlevamosil mxedarTmTavars, pompeussa da saarako simdidris mflobel
krasuss. es `samTaviani urCxuli~ (rogorc uwoda terencius varom pirvel tri-
umvirats) daupirispirda senats da misi uflebebis SezRudva daiwyo. trium-
viratTan daaxloebulma saxalxo tribunma, publius klodiusma dro ixelTa da
ciceronze ganawyenebulma misi gaZeveba moiTxova katilinas momxreTa umkacresad
dasjis gamo. Tavis droze ciceronma Tavisi colis, terencias daJinebuli Txov-
niT Cveneba misca sasamarTloze klodiusis winaaRmdeg, romelsac bralad ede-
308 ciceroni
boda keisris saxlSi Separva im saidumlo ritualze, sadac mamakacs ekrZaleboda

yofna. klodiusi gaamarTles. TviTon keisarma dauWira mxari am gadawyvetilebas,
Tumca Tavis cols, rogorc RalatSi eWvmitanils, gaeyara. ciceronma igrZno sa-
frTxe da Tavisi nebiT datova romi. klodiusma iuridiulad daakanona misi
gaZeveba, konfiskacia uyo ciceronis qonebas, nawili Tavad miiTvisa, gadauwva
saxli romSi, romlis nangrevebze Tavisuflebis taZari aRmarTa.
megobrebis – tribunebis: milonisa da sestiusis TavgamodebiT, aseve pompeusis
mxardaWeriT ciceroni male dabrunda romSi, Tumca amas mTeli ZaliT ewi-
naaRmdegeboda klodiusi. ciceronis romSi Sesvla namdvil zeimad iqca. mis Ses-
axvedrad uamravi xalxi Seikriba. isini aRtacebuli egebebodnen cnobil ora-
torsa da politikur moRvawes. Zv. w. 51 w. ciceroni kvlav tovebs roms. amjerad
amis mizezi kilikiaSi misi prokonsulad gamweseba iyo. Tumca ciceroni uxali-
sod gaemgzavra Tavisi movaleobebis Sesasruleblad; mas uWirda romidan wasvla,
magram aseT ganwyobas xeli ar SeuSlia misTvis, rom samarTliani, dauzarebeli,
gulmowyale moxelis saxeli moepovebina..
cicerons kilikiaSi Tavi gamouCenia, rogorc niWier mxedarTmTavarsa da dip-
lomats. Tumca, SesaZloa, es misi Zmis, legatis kvintus ciceronis damsaxureba
iyo, romelic adre galiaSi ibrZoda iulius keisris gverdiT da amrigad, kargi
samxedro gamocdileba hqonda. erTi wlis Semdeg ciceroni moadga romis
kedlebs, romelic samoqalaqo omis safrTxis winaSe idga. ciceroni fexs iTrevda,
radgan arCevani unda gaekeTebina pompeussa da keisars Soris. igi Seecada
daerwmunebina pompeusi, Serigeboda keisars an garkveul kompromisze wasuliyo
masTan; roca es ver moaxerxa, pompeusis mxares gadavida, Tumca am gadawy-
vetilebis miReba misTvis advili ar iyo. ciceroni ver daiviwyebda im Tanadgo-
mas, rac pompeusma araerTgzis gamoiCina mis mimarT. rogorc ciceroni wers,
keisars ucdia misi saSualebiT molaparakeba gaemarTa pompeusTan, magram, samwux-
arod, viTareba ise Secvlila, rom am ori politikuri lideris dazaveba
SeuZlebeli gamxdara (ciceroni, àtikuss~ 7, 15, 2-3). romSi Sesulma keisarma go-
nivruli nabiji gadadga, gulmowyaleba gamoiCina qalaqSi darCenil romael
senatorTa mimarT. keisari kvlav Seecada saerTo enis gamoZebnas ciceronTan, ma-
gram maTi Sexvedra uSedegod damTavrda. Zv. w. 48 w. farsalusTan gadamwyveti
brZolis Semdeg keisarma aota pompeusi, romelic jer lesbosze gaiqca, iqidan ki
– egvipteSi, sadac veragulad iqna mokluli keisris momxreTa mier. pompeusis ar-
miisa da flotis winamZRoloba cicerons SesaTavazes, romelmac ar miiRo es wi-
nadadeba da ganze gadgoma arCia, riTac Zalze gaanawyena pompeusis vaJi, romel-
mac mosaklavad gaiwia ciceronze. am uaris mizezi SeiZleba is iyo, rom cicerons
ar surda sabolood mtrad mokideboda keisars, romlis mimarT is erTgvar sim-
paTiebs amJRavnebda; an ar undoda kidev gagrZelebuliyo samoqalaqo omi, sadac
gamarjveba damarcxebis tolfasia, an ar iyo darwmunebuli, rom gamarjvebis
mopovebas SeZlebda. advili SesaZlebelia, vifiqroT, rom yvela es faqtori
gaiTvaliswina ciceronma, roca katonis mier SeTavazebuli winadadeba laSqris
winamZRolobisa uaryo. ciceronis es TavSekaveba daafasa keisarma; man moisurva
Sexvedra saxelganTqmul oratorTan, romlis mimarT didi siTbo da pativiscema
gamoamJRavna.
Zv. w. 44 w. keisris veragulma sikvdilma gaaqtiura ciceroni. rogor Sexvda am
SemaZrwunebel faqts igi? tiraniis moZule cicerons SeTqmulebaSi monawileoba
ar miuRia, magram, rogorc Cans, TanaugrZnobda keisris mkvlelebs. politikur
arenaze axali liderebi gamoCndnen: SeTqmulTa meTaurebi, `respublikis mxsne-
lebi~ – brutusi da kasiusi da maTi mowinaaRmdegeni – antoniusi da mogvianebiT
sruliad axalgazrda oqtavianusi. am dapirispirebaSi ciceronis avtoritetis
gamoyenebas yoveli maTgani cdilobda. markus antoniusi Seecada, xelSi aeRo
ciceroni 309
Zalaufleba. man 44 w. 1 seqtembers senatis sxdomaze wamoayena winadadeba keisris

saxelis ukvdavsayofad gansakuTrebuli sazeimo dReebis SemoRebis Taobaze. sa-
berZneTidan winadRiT dabrunebulma ciceronma daRliloba moimizeza da sxdo-
mas ar daeswro, Tumca amis Sesaxeb winaswar auwya antoniuss, romelic saSinlad
aRaSfoTa aman. igi daemuqra cicerons, rom aaoxrebda mis saxls da ZaliT miiy-
vanda sxdomaze. marTalia, es muqara muqarad darCa, magram ciceroni TavisTavad
Seuracxyo antoniusis saqcielma. meore dRes igi gamocxadda senatSi, romelsac
antoniusi ar eswreboda da warmoTqva sityva mis winaaRmdeg, rasac antoniusis
agresiuli pasuxi mohyva. igi amxelda cicerons ramdenime danaSaulSi: 1. man uka-
nonod dasaja katilinas momxreebi. 2. misi waqezebiT mokles klodiusi; 3. cice-
ronma Camoagdo SuRli keisarsa da pompeuss Soris; 4. igi iyo keisris mkvlelTa
ideuri xelmZRvaneli. es ukve namdvili gamowveva iyo. ciceroni upasuxod ver
datovebda amden mZime braldebas. `filipikebSi~ (romelic demosTenesis sit-
yvebis mibaZviT uwoda) ciceronma sastikad gailaSqara antoniusis winaaRmdeg,
iTxovda mis gamocxadebas samSoblos mtrad, usurvebda iseT aRsasruls, rac
wilad xvdaT: katilinas, klodiussa da keisars (ciceroni, ÌI filipika~, 114-117). es
mtroba xels aZlevda keisris axalgazrda memkvidres, oqtavianuss, romelmac
kargad gamoiyena ciceronis niWi Tavisi gegmis realizaciisaTvis. ciceroni
Tavdapirvelad TiTqos sifrTxiliT ekideboda oqtavianuss. Cans, bolomde ar
endoboda Tavisi asakisaTvis Seuferebeli TvisebebiT gamorCeul 19 wlis Wabuks:
dinjs, auCqarebels, SorsmWvretels, brZens, frTxilsa da mizandasaxuls. magram
ciceroni masSi `respublikis saimedo damcvels~ xedavda da fiqrobda, rom am
perspeqtiul politikosTan TanamSromloba qveynisTvis sasargeblo iqneboda.
antoniusis senatTan da oqtavianusTan dapirispirebas kidev erTi samoqalaqo
omi mohyva. Zv. w. 43 w. antoniusi daiZra galiisaken, romelic `provinciaTa gadana-
wilebis~ Sedegad mas ergo, magram iq brutusi gamgeblobda da ar apirebda mis
daTmobas antoniusisaTvis. gaimarTa brZola q. mutinasTan, sadac antoniusi da-
marcxda. senati zeimobda. man CaTvala, rom safrTxe aicila Tavidan da antoniusi
CamoiSora. magram saTanadod ver Seafasa oqtavianusis Zala da unari, decimus
brutuss miago pativi mxedarTmTavrobisa antoniusis sabolood gasanadgure-
blad; uari uTxra oqtavianuss, kenWi eyara sakonsulo arCevnebSi. es gaxda mizezi
imisa, rom oqtavianusi Seekra antoniussa da lepiduss. Seiqmna meore triumvi-
rati 5 wlis vadiT, romelsac ganusazRvreli uflebebi hqonda miniWebuli.
triumviratma Seadgina proskribirebulTa siebi. maT Soris moxvda 300 sena-
tori da 2001 mxedari. antoniuss saSualeba mieca sastikad eyara javri cice-
ronze. misi daJinebuli moTxovniT `filipikebis~ avtori proskribirebulTa
ricxvSi Seiyvanes, Tumca amas karga xans ewinaaRmdegeboda oqtavianusi. man
gaswira is pirovneba, vinac xeli Seuwyo aRzevebaSi; daexmara mas, gamxdariyo kon-
suli, misadmi keTilad ganawyo senati. aseTi msxverpli lepidusmac gaiRo, man sa-
kuTari Zma gaimeta dasaRupad, antoniusma ki – biZa, dedis Zma.
ase rom, cicerons Zalian Zvirad daujda antoniusis winaaRmdeg warmoebuli
`sityvieri omi~. igi Seecada gaqceoda safrTxes da ZmasTan erTad zRvas miaSura,
rom gacloda italias. mas daedevnen antoniusis mier gagzavnili mdevrebi. maT
Soris iyo samxedro tribuni popiliusi, romelsac Tavis droze brali dasdes
mamis mkvlelobaSi da romelsac ciceroni icavda. popiliusi kaietaSi miewia ci-
cerons, romlis povnaSi mieSvela kvintus ciceronis azati, vinme filologusi,
romelsac markus ciceroni daexmara kargi ganaTlebis miRebaSi. Zv. w. 43 w. 7 de-
kembers antoniusis agentebma mokles ciceroni. mas Tavi da xelebi mohkveTes. wa-
mebiT daRupuli oratoris sxeulis nawilebi antoniuss miarTves, romelic tkbe-
boda Turme maTi cqeriT. bedis ironiaa, Tu saSineli kanonzomiereba, xSirad
keTilis mqneli swored im adamianis xeliT iRupeba, visac sikeTe uyo. oqtavi-
310 ciceroni
anusma xeli moawera ciceronis sikvdils, romelsac mamas uwodebda igi, cnobili
oratori gasca kacma, romelsac wilad xvda pativi, ciceroni hyoloda damcve-
lad, mesame adamianma arad Caagdo ciceronis misadmi gaweuli amagi da samSvido-
bos gasul orators mdevrebi daawia.
uiRblod da warumateblad dasrulda ciceronis politikuri kariera.
rogorc mweralma da ritorma, ciceronma adre moixveWa sityvis didostatis sax-
eli da sicocxlis bolomde SeinarCuna igi. Cvenamde moRweulia ciceronis 58
sityva – samosamarTlo da politikuri, 800-mde werili, traqtatebi ritorikisa
da filosofiis sakiTxebze.
cicerons sayovelTao aRiareba sasamarTlo da politikurma sityvebma mou-
tana. maT Soris gamoirCeva: `seqstus rosciusis dasacavad,~ `veresis winaaRmdeg,~
`sityvebi katilinas winaaRmdeg,~ àgraruli kanonis Sesaxeb,~ `poet arqias dasa-
cavad,~ `filipikebi~ da sxv., sadac gamovlinda ciceronis oratoruli talanti.
msmenelze STabeWdilebis mosaxdenad igi mraval mxatvrul xerxs mimarTavs: ri-
torikul SekiTxvebsa da SeZaxilebs, gazviadebas, ganmeorebas, antiTezebs, iro-
nias,Sedarebebs, inveqtivebs. ciceronis argumentacia umetesad emociur paToszea
agebuli, vidre iuridiul faqtebze.
zogjer sityvas mowinaaRmdegis ganqiqebiT iwyebs. mag. `pirveli sityva katil-
inas winaaRmdeg~ yovelgvari Sesavlis gareSea warmodgenili. ciceroni sena-
torTa yuradRebis misaqcevad Tavisi politikuri mtris portrets xatavs da
Semdeg gadadis saqmis arsze:
`bolos da bolos, sanam unda isargeblo, katilina, borotad Cveni moTmine-
biT? kidev didxans unda movixaroT Tavi Seni siSmagis winaSe? sanam unda iyoyoCo
Seni aulagmavi TavxedobiT? nuTu ar agaRelves arc palatiumis Ramis darajebma,
arc qalaqis dacvam, arc xalxis SfoTma, arc keTilSobil moqalaqeTa Tavyrilo-
bam, arc senatis sxdomaTa am umtkicesma adgilma, arc aq myofTa saxeebma da mze-
ram? o, ra dro dagvidga, ras moveswariT.~
ciceroni ritorikuli SekiTxvebiT, SeZaxiliT, anaforebiT (erTi da imave
sityvis ganmeorebiT) aRwevs misTvis sasurvel Sedegs _ senatis daZabul
yuradRebas. sxva SemTxvevaSi, mag. `seqstus rosciusis dasacavad~ SesavalSive
ayalibebs mizezebs, ris gamoc gabeda am rTul sasamarTlo procesze advokatad
gamosvla. mizani kvlav senatis keTilganwyobis mopovebaa:
`vgrZnob Tqvens gaocebas, batono msajulno; rogor gavbede wamodgoma aq, sa-
dac mSvidad sxedan cnobili oratorebi da gamoCenili pirovnebebi, romelTac
verc niWiT, verc saxeliT, verc asakiT mivedrebi. yvelam, visac aq xedavT, kargad
icis, rosciusi udanaSauloa, misi saqme ganukiTxavad aris damZimebuli cru
braldebebiT da simarTlis aRsadgenad xmis amaRlebaa saWiro, magram verc erTi
maTgani ver bedavs qomagad daudges braldebuls, Tumca valdebulni arian daex-
maron, dumils arCeven, safrTxe rom ganiridon Tavidan. Cans, me vyofilvar yve-
laze uSiSari? an iqneb sxvaze metad mevaleba rosciusis gamosarCleba? sruli-
adac ara! arc saxelis moxveWas var esoden daxarbebuli, es saqme vinmesTvis wame-
glija xelidan. maS, ratom gamovide Tavi ase Zalian? axlave mogaxsenebT:~
am SesavalSi yvelaferia naTqvami: ramdenad rTuli procesia rosciusis saqme,
rom masSi sakmaod gavleniani adamianebi arian Careulni da maTi SiSiT veravin
bedavs gamoesarClos braldebuls. amis Semdeg iwyebs ciceroni rosciusis saqmis
ganxilvas. amiT imTaviTve aRZravs senatorTa Soris interess misadmi, rogorc
gabeduli advokatisadmi.
ciceronis sityvebi gamoirCeva eqspresiulobiT. igi xSirad braldebulis sax-
eliT laparakobs, riTac emociuri muxti Seaqvs sityvaSi. mag. seqstus rosciusis
piriT ciceroni ase axasiaTebs mis umweo mdgomareobas:
ciceroni 311
`Cems qonebas Sen daepatrone, me sxvisi mowyalebiT virCen Tavs. ar vwuwuneb,

rac moxda, moxda, SenTvis Riaa Cemi saxlis karebi, CemTvis ki daxSulia, ra vqna,
unda avitano. arc erTi mona aRar SemomrCa, amasac viTmen. meti ra gsurs? ras eZeb,
ras mebrZvi? raSi SegiSale xeli?~ (`rosciusis dasacavad~ L).
ciceronis gamorCeuli oratoruli xerxia mimarTva RmerTebis, samSoblos,
msajulebisa da senatorebisadmi:
òi, ukvdavo RmerTebo, Znelia amis Tqmisas gulidan oxvra ar amogxdes~
(`murenas dasacavad~ XXXIX).o, ukvdavo RmerTebo, netavi male gamomzeurdes es
amazrzeni danaSauli!~ (`rosciusis dasacavad~ XIII).
`raki Tqven, batono msajulno, ukvdav RmerTebTan erTad ganagebT adamianTa
beds, Tqveni patiosani samsjavroTaTvis momindvia Cem mier xeldasmuli kon-
suli...~ (`murenas dasacavad~ I).
ciceroni xSirad mimarTavs antiTezebs braldebulis gamosasarCleblad. mag.
murenas dasacavad warmoTqmul sityvaSi erTmaneTs udarebs or profesias: advo-
katisa da mxedarTmTavrisas, raTa daamtkicos murenas upiratesoba mis momCivan-
Tan, sulpiciusTan SedarebiT:
`Sen mTel Rames aTeneb, rom saWiro rCeva-darigebebi misce mTxovnelebs, is ki
am dros emzadeba, rom droulad miiyvanos laSqari daniSnulebis adgilas, Sen
mamlis yivilze iRviZeb, is ki _ bukis xmaze. Sen Seni mTxovnelebis bedi gaRelvebs,
mas ki _ samxedro banakebisa da qalaqebisa~ (`lucius murenas dasacavad~).
ciceronis sityvebSi gamovlinda misi brwyinvale niWi, mravalmxrivi ganaT-
leba, berZnuli filosofiis, istoriis, samarTlis Rrma codna. igi werda sada,
daxvewili laTinuri eniT, uxvad iyenebda sxvadasxva oratorul xerxs, ritori-
kul figurebs. ciceronis proza aris ritmuli. igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas
aqcevs klauzulebs (winadadebis ritmul daboloebs), homoiotelevtebsa da ko-
lonebs (winadadebis calkeuli nawilebis ritmul Sesityvebebs). ciceronis sity-
vebSi sxvadasxva mxatvruli xerxi enacvleba erTmaneTs. igi xan mquxare, paTeti-
kuri toniT laparakobs, xan enamaxvilobs, xanac mSvidad saubrobs.
ciceroni samosamarTlo sityvebTan erTad muSaobda oratoruli xelovnebis
Teoriaze. mas ekuTvnis traqtati: `ritorika,~ romelic sruli saxiT ar aris
moRweuli. igi berZnuli wyaroebis mixedviT aris damuSavebuli. traqtatSi
òratoris Sesaxeb~ ciceronma ganazogada Tavisi da sxva cnobil oratorTa
praqtikuli moRvaweoba. am nawarmoebSi saubaria imaze, Tu rogor esaxeba mas
idealuri oratori. ciceronis azriT, igi politikuri moRvawe da saxelmwifos
interesebis erTguli damcveli unda iyos, romelsac oratorul niWTan erTad
safuZvliani ganaTlebac eqneba. oratorma unda icodes istoria, romauli samar-
Tali, raTa SeZlos saTanado argumentacia istoriuli warsulis moSveliebiT,
unda iyos ganswavluli filosofiasa da fsiqologiaSi, raTa SeZlos adamianTa
sulieri samyaros amocnoba. ciceroni aqve exeba sakiTxs masalis mopovebis, dal-
agebisa da sityvis STambeWdavad warmoTqmis Sesaxeb. igi miiCnevs, rom oratorma
karg msaxiobs unda mibaZos metyvelebaSi.
traqtatSi `brutusi,~ romelic eZRvneba ciceronis megobars brutuss,
saubaria berZnuli da romauli mWevrmetyvelebis Sesaxeb. mizani am traqtatisa
aris, daasabuTos romael oratorTa upiratesoba berZnebTan mimarTebaSi. cice-
roni miiCnevs, kargi mWevrmetyveli unda iyenebdes rogorc lisias sityvis sisa-
daves, aseve demosTenesis amaRlebulobas. Tavis Tavs igi saukeTeso orators
uwodebs.
traqtati òratori~ kvlav brutuss eZRvneba. aq ciceroni msjelobs sxvada-
sxva stilze, romelsac unda mimarTos oratorma Tavis sityvaSi. man unda moaxdi-
nos msmenelze STabeWdileba, daarwmunos da aaRelvos igi. did mniSvnelobas ani-
Webs ciceroni sityvis dayofas periodebad da ritms:
312 ciceroni
`yvelgan, yvelasTan an yvelas winaaRmdeg erTnairi eniT saubari ar SeiZleba.

kargma mWevrmetyvelma unda icodes, sad rogori sityva warmoTqvas"- wers cice-
roni. igi Tvlis, rom am traqtatSi man srulad Camoayaliba Tavisi Sexedulebani
oratorul xelovnebaze. amitom uwodeben am Txzulebas ànderZs oratorebis-
admi.~
ciceronis politikuri xasiaTis naSromebidan mniSvnelovani aris traqtati
`saxelmwifos Sesaxeb,~ sadac ZiriTadad ori sakiTxia wamoWrili: romeli sax-
elmwifoebrivi wyobaa yvelaze misaRebi da rogori unda iyos saukeTeso mo-
qalaqe, saxelmwifo moRvawe. ciceroni mmarTvelobis sam formas ganixilavs: mon-
arqiuls, aristokratiulsa da demokratiuls. igi Tvlis, rom samive maTgans aqvs
Tavisi pozitiuri mxare. magram saukeTeso saxelmwifoebrivi wyoba aris Sereuli
forma. aseTi iyo ciceronis azriT, romis respublika ayvavebis periodSi
grakqusebis agrarul reformamde. masSi monarqiis elementebTan erTad (ori kon-
sulis mier qveynis marTva) aristokratiuli wyobisa (senati) da demokratiis
(saxalxo kreba) niSnebicaa warmodgenili.
cicerons idealur moqalaqed, saxelmwifos meTaurad miaCnia kargi reforma-
tori, samarTliani mmarTveli, kanonmdebeli, zneobrivi pirovneba.
traqtati `kanonTa Sesaxeb~ erTgvar gagrZelebas warmoadgens Txzulebisa
`saxelmwifos~ Sesaxeb. ciceroni cdilobs daadginos, rogori kanonebiT unda
imarTos idealuri saxelmwifo. mas miaCnia, rom aucilebelia respublikuri wyo-
bis SenarCuneba, `winaparTa adaTebze~ dayrdnobili kanonebis SemuSaveba da ga-
tareba.
Tavis filosofiur naSromebSi cicerons berZnuli filosofiuri skolis
sxvadasxva mimdinareoba aqvs gadmocemuli. igi ar gvevlineba romelime erTi moZ-
Rvrebis Tanamimdevrad. ciceroni eklektikosia. misi filosofiuri traqtatebi
bevr iseT Txzulebas imowmebs, rac Cvenamde ar aris moRweuli, ciceronis
damsaxurebad unda CaiTvalos laTinuri filosofiuri terminebis Seqmna.
TxzulebaSi `sikeTisa da borotebis~ Sesaxeb igi msjelobs eTikur kategoriebze
da sxvadasxva filosofiur mimdinareobaze. aq ciceroni mkacrad akritikebs epi-
kureelTa Sexedulebebs, SedarebiT Semwynarebelia stoikosebis mimarT. say-
uradRebo aris traqtati `tuskulanuri saubrebi~, sadac dasmulia sakiTxi bed-
nierebis raobisa da misi miRwevis Sesaxeb. sainteresoa ciceronis Sexedulebani
RmerTebis Sesaxeb. traqtatSi `RmerTTa bunebisaTvis~ eWvis qveSaa dayenebuli
RmerTebis arsebobis sakiTxi, Tumca saxelmwifo religiis dacvas ciceroni au-
cileblad miiCnevs. igi skeptikurad uyurebs yovelgvar divinacias, sizmris
axsnas, mkiTxaobas frinvelTa frenisa da cxovelTa Signeulis mixedviT. am sa-
kiTxebs exeba Txzuleba `divinaciis Sesaxeb~.
traqtatSi `megobrobis Sesaxeb~ sayuradRebo msjelobaa imis Taobaze, Tu ra
aris megobrobis safuZveli, unda davayenoT Tu ara saxelmwifos interesebi me-
gobrobaze maRla. ciceroni Tvlis, rom im SemTxvevaSi, Tu megobari cdeba da sax-
elmwifos winaaRmdeg ibrZvis, mas gverdiT ar unda daudge.
"movaleobis Sesaxeb~ traqtati ar aris dialogis saxiT dawerili, rogorc
sxva Txzulebebi. igi eZRvneba ciceronis Svils, markuss da Seicavs darigebebs
adamianis qcevisa da eTikuri normebis Sesaxeb. .
ciceronis werilebi, romlebic sxvadasxva pirisadmi aris miZRvnili, war-
moadgens mdidar istoriul masalas maSindeli romis sazogadoebrivi yofis
gasacnobad. am werilebis nawili, rogorc Cans, cicerons undoda gamoeqveynebina.
misi sikvdilis Semdeg isini Seukrebia mis mdivans, tirons. am werilebs ciceroni
or nawilad hyofda: intimurad da sajarod. erTi mimarTuli iyo romelime
konkretuli pirisadmi, xolo meore _ adamianTa jgufisadmi. maTSi vecnobiT ara
ciceroni 313
marto adresatis pirovnebas, aramed Tavad ciceronis pirad cxovrebas, mis

gancdebs.
ciceronis Semoqmedebam didi gavlena iqonia ara marto romaul mwerlobaze,
aramed dasavleT evropis literaturazec. mis Txzulebebs aswavlidnen romSi,
ukeTebdnen komentarebs. ciceronis nawarmoebebiT saeklesio mwerlebic
sazrdoobdnen (laktanciusi, ieronimusi, avgustine). did pativSi iyo ciceroni
aRorZinebis xanaSi. misi Txzulebebis ena gaxda safuZveli e.w. àxali laTinuri
prozisa~, romelmac didi samsaxuri gauwia evropis xalxTa literaturis
Camoyalibebas.
Txzulebani:
sityvebi: `seqstus rosciusis dasacavad~, `veresis winaaRmdeg~, `sityvebi
katilinas winaaRmdeg~, `gneius pompeusisaTvis samxedro Zalauflebis
miniWebis Taobaze~, `filipikebi~, `murenas dasacavad~, `poet arqias dasa-
cavad~ da sxv.
ritorikuli Txzulebani: `brutusi~, òratoris Sesaxeb~, òratori~.
filosofiur-politikuri Txzulebani: `saxelmwifos Sesaxeb~, `kanonTa
Sesaxeb~, `divinaciis Sesaxeb~, `sikeTesa da borotebaze~, `megobrobis
Sesaxeb~, `tuskulanuri saubrebi~ da sxv.
werilebi: ojaxis wevrebisa da megobrebisadmi.
314 salustiusi
salustiusi
(Zv.w. 86 – Zv.w.35)
gaius salustius krispusi, `romael siqveleTa brwyinvale meistorie,~ ro-

gorc mas uwodebs istorikosi tacitusi, daibada sabinTa mxareSi, patara qalaq
amiternumSi, Zv.w. 86 wels. igi plebeuri warmoSobisa iyo. dawyebiTi ganaTleba
mSobliur qalaqSi miiRo, sadac Seiswavla berZnuli mwerloba da istoriogra-
fia. salustiusma male miatova amiternumi da dasaxlda romSi, sadac igi daeuf-
la ritorikasa da filosofias. gaicno da Seiyvara platonis filosofia, Tuki-
didesis Txzulebani, stoikuri moZRvreba. maTi naSromebis gavlena igrZnoba
salustiusis nawarmoebebSi.
provinciidan romSi Casuli Wabuki Seecada politikur sarbielze Zalebis
mosinjvas. igi dauaxlovda popularebs; salustiusi ilaSqrebda oligarqiis
winaaRmdeg senatSi, upirispirdeboda cicerons. man moaxerxa iulius keisris
keTilganwyobis mopoveba. Zv. w. 52 wels salustiuss saxalxo tribunis Tanamdebo-
ba ekava. Zv. w. 50 wels igi garicxes senatidan im motiviT, rom cxovrebis uRirs
wess misdevda, magram maleve aRadgines senatorTa rigebSi gavleniani mfarvelis,
iulius keisris wyalobiT, romelmac gverdiT amoiyena energiuli Wabuki, daniSna
igi prokonsulad numidiaSi, saidanac salustiusi uzomod gamdidrebuli
dabrunda, SeiZina romSi Zvirfasi sasaxle, gaaSena didebuli baRebi. amis gamo mis
winaaRmdeg sarCelic ki aRZres, magram kvlav keisris CareviT gadaurCa am
gansacdels.
miuxedavad imisa, rom salustiusi moxibluli iyo keisris pirovnebiT, mis zog
politikur nabijs kritikulad uyurebda, magaliTad plebsisaTvis puris ufa-
sod darigebas. salustiusi urCevda keisars senatis oligarqiasTan
dapirispirebas, reformebis gatarebas moralis gasajansaReblad, mankierebis
aRmosafxvrelad. keisarma nawilobriv yurad iRo is moTxovnebi, romlebic ara
marto keisris momxreebma wauyenes, aramed ciceronmac. keisrisadmi miweril
publicistur werilSi `moxuc keisars saxelmwifos Sesaxeb~ salustiusi
ayalibebs Tavis politikur Sexedulebebs saxelmwifos marTvis Taobaze. mas
miaCnia, rom qveynis gamgebloba senatis xelSi unda iyos, romlis brZnul
gadawyvetilebebs daemorCileba xalxi. salustiusi senatis avtoritetisa da
xalxis Zalis harmoniul SerwymaSi xedavs qveynis mmarTvelobis idealur formas.
igi wuxs, rom mis dros saxelmwifos beds znedacemul nobilitetTa jgufi
ganagebs. salustiusi Tvlis, rom senatorTa SeZlebuli fena unda CamoSoreboda
saxelmwifo aparats, radgan maT mxolod angareba amoZravebda da ara siqvele
saxelmwifoSi arsebuli problemebis gadaWris dros.
samoqalaqo omSi salustiusma, ra Tqma unda, keisris mxare daiWira. misi si-
kvdilis Semdeg ki saerTod CamoSorda politikur cxovrebas. salustiusi Tavis
salustiusi 315
TxzulebebSi arwmunebs mkiTxvels, rom igi miukerZoebelia istoriuli movle-

nebis gadmocemis dros, Tumca aSkarad igrZnoba misi tendenciuroba politikuri
moRvaweebis (mag. keisris) SefasebaSi, nobilitetis gansjaSi.
salustiusis pirveli Txzuleba aris `katilinas SeTqmuleba~, sadac gadmo-
cemulia ciceronis politikuri mtris, sergius katilinas SeTqmulebis istoria.
mwerali aaSkaravebs romis sazogadoebaSi arsebul moralur dacemas, gaxrwni-
lebas, romlis produqts, misi azriT, warmoadgenda Tavad katilina. miuxedavad
imisa, rom salustiusi iZleva mis uaryofiT portrets, gverds ar uvlis im dros
popularuli pirovnebis pozitiur mxaresac:
`katilina warCinebuli gvaris warmomadgeneli iyo, fizikurad da sulierad
Zlieri, magram amasTanave uRirsi da boroti. Wabukobidanve misi suli midrekili
iyo qiSpobis, mkvlelobis, Zarcvisa da moqalaqeTa Soris ganxeTqilebis daTes-
visaken. igi iyo amtani, SeeZlo SimSilis, sicivis, uZilobis daTmena~ (`katilinas
SeTqmuleba~ 5).
salustiusi am SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis misdevs cicerons, romelic katilinas saxes
amdagvaradve xatavs (`pirveli sityva katilinas winaaRmdeg~ 10).
katilinam sakmaod bevri mxardamWeri moipova. mis avtoritets simamacesTan
erTad sxva pirovnuli Tvisebebic ganapirobebda. am gziT moaxerxa man axal-
gazrdobisa da sazogadoebis garkveuli nawilis momxroba. salustiusi katili-
nas piriT warmoTqvams sityvas, romelic mWevrmetyvelebis nimuSad SeiZleba
CaiTvalos. katilina mouwodebs Tavis Tanamzraxvelebs, gadamwyveti brZola ga-
moucxadon senatsa da cicerons.
`Tu Tqven erTgulebasa da siqveles ar miCvenebT, arc saqmes eSveleba rame da
Tqvenc amaod geqnebaT imedi, rom Zalauflebas daepatronebiT. mec naRdi ada-
mianebi mWirdeba da ara dondlo, Tundac niWiT savseni. magram rakiRa Tqven karga
xania gicnobT WirSic da lxinSic, gamomicdia Tqveni Cemdami erTguleba da si-
mamace, amitom gavbede am udidesi da mSvenieri saqmis wamowyeba, radgan
davrwmundi, rom Cven erTnairi warmodgenebi gvaqvs sikeTesa da borotebaze. rac
CemTvis borotebaa, is TqvenTvisac saSinelebaa, rasac me sikeTes vuwodeb, is
Tqvenc keTil saqmed migaCniaT; bolos da bolos, megobrobac xom es aris – sur-
vilTa Tanxvedra~. (`katilinas SeTqmuleba~ XX).
am sityvaSi kargad Cans, ra miznebi amoZravebdaT katilinasa da mis Tanamzrax-
velT – Zalauflebis xelSi Cagdeba. katilinas TqmiT, es aris ùdidesi da mSveni-
eri saqme~. cxadia, aq mwerlis ironia gamosWvivis. Tu aseTia is SeTqmuleba, rasac
katilina Caudga saTaveSi, romelsac, udavoa, moqalaqeTa urTierTJleta mohyve-
boda, maSin ra epiTetiT unda Semkobiliyo Tavdadeba gareSe mterTan brZolis
dros?
katilina imedovnebda, legaluri gziT mieRwia ZalauflebisaTvis, mas amis
Sansi hqonda, magram, rogorc Cans, mas aklda sifrTxile, sidinje, advilad kar-
gavda wonasworobas. roca katilinas SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb xmebi gavrcelda da
katonma senatSi mis winaaRmdeg sarCelis aRZvra moiTxova, gacecxlebulma kati-
linam wamoiZaxa: Tu Cems dasaRupad xanZars daanTebT, mas wyliT ki ara, nangreve-
biT Cavaqrobo (ciceroni, `murenas dasacavad"25; salustiusi, `katilinas SeTqmu-
leba~ 31). katilinas gamomwvevma sityvam neitralurad ganwyobili senatorebic ki
aaRelva: `respublikas ori sxeuli aqvs – ambobs igi – erTi dune, romelsac
Zlieri Tavi aqvs, meore – Zlieri, magram uTavo. sanam cocxali var, Tavi arafrad
dasWirdeba, Tu Cemze uars ar ityviso~ (ciceroni, `murenas dasacavad~ 25).
amrigad salustiusisa da ciceronis Sefasebebi aSkarad emTxveva erTmaneTs.
`katilinas SeTqmulebaSi~ gamoxatulia SeTqmulTa survilebi da miswrafebani.
isini simdidrisa da saxelmwifo saTaveebTan mosvlisTvis ibrZodnen:
316 salustiusi
`maTTan aris yvela sikeTe, Zala, pativi, simdidre . . . Cvens saxlebSi ki siRaribe
sufevs, zRurblze mevale mogvdgomia, gaWirveba ar gvcildeba, imedi ki TiTqmis
arafris ar gvaqvs . . . maS, rad ar gaiRviZebT, ukve axlos aris is Tavisuflebac,
rasac xSirad natrobdiT; garda amisa, Tqven gelodebaT simdidre, dideba da
aRiareba. bedi gamarjvebulebs yvelafriT ajildoebs~, – am sityvebiT amxnevebs
katilina Tavis TanamzraxvelT (salustiusi, `katilinas SeTqmuleba~ XX).
katilina moralurad dacemuli nobilitetis tipuri warmomadgenelia, rom-
lisTvisac araviTari mankiereba ar aris ucxo. am nawarmoebSi salustiusi iZleva
gamoCenil politikosTa: iulius keisrisa da katonis portretebs. maT mier war-
moTqmul sityvebSi kargad Cans ori gansxvavebuli xasiaTi. keisari, marTalia, ar
gamoxatavs Tavis pozicias katilinasadmi, magram misi Semwynarebloba SeTqmulTa
mimarT aaSkaravebs, rom keisari TanaugrZnobs maT. SeTqmulTa sikvdiliT dasjis
momxre katoni mkacrad amxels zogierT senatorTa Tavgasulobasa da amoralu-
robas. salustiusi aRtacebulia katonis pirovnebiT, Tumca mas did politikur
figurad ar miiCnevs.
STambeWdavia nawarmoebis finali, sadac katilinas mamacuri sikvdilia daxa-
tuli: `roca katilinam Tvali moavlo daqsaqsul laSqars da dainaxa, mcireodeni
amalaRa SemorCenoda, gaixsena Tavisi warmomavloba, Zveleburi Rirseba da mtris
rigebs ekveTa, igi iqve daeca gangmiruli~.
salustiusis meore Txzulebac, ìugurTasTan omi~, senatorTa oligarqiis
gaxrwnilebis gamoaSkaravebas isaxavs miznad. numidiis mefesTan, iugurTasTan
omi, romelsac Zv. w. 110-106 wlebSi awarmoebdnen romaelebi, mdidar masalas aZlev-
da mwerals. am istoriis fonze salustiusi warmoaCens mmarTvel wreebSi arse-
bul mankierebas, rac gamoixateboda momxveWelobasa da angarebaSi, ramac
udidesi safrTxis winaSe daayena romis saxelmwifo. swored oligarqiis zneda-
cemulobam SeaZlebina gansacdelSi Cavardnil iugurTas gadaerCina Tavi. man
ramdenjerme moisyida romaeli senatorebi da amiT gaixangrZliva Tavisi Zalau-
fleba. romaelTagan Zleulma mefem moaxerxa zavisaTvis mieRwia, isev da isev
moRalate oligarqebis wyalobiT, maTTvis uricxvi oqrosa da fulis SeTavaze-
biT.
omis msvlelobas salustiusi romSi partiaTa dapirispirebis fonze war-
moaCens. igi didebul romael sardalTa saxeebsac gvixatavs, romelTa meSveobiT
romis saxelmwifom SeZlo iugurTas damarcxeba. metelusis simamacem, mariusis
diplomatiam saboloo gamarjveba moapovebina romaelebs. qveynis SigniT arse-
buli mankierebis mxileba da daZleva iyo garanti imisa, rom mteri Zleuli iqne-
boda. es kargad Cans romaeli sardlis, saxalxo tribunis memiusis sityvaSi, ro-
melsac igi warmoTqvams romael mebrZolTa winaSe:
`maT undaT batonoba, Tqven ki – Tavisufleba; maT surT boroteba, Tqven ki –
maTi alagmva, da bolos, isini Tqvens mokavSireebs, rogorc mtrebs, ise uyureben,
mtrebs ki – piriqiT. nuTu SesaZlebelia zavi da megobroba, roca aseTi ganwyoba
sufevs. amitom mogagonebT, gTxovT, dausjels nu datovebT aseT danaSauls~
(ìugurTasTan omi~ 31).
salustiusis azriT, romaelTa yvela ubedurebis saTave aris is, rom sena-
torebma ar ician qveynis marTva da arc saxelmwifos bedi awuxebT. mwerali didi
simpaTiiT xatavs keTilSobili moqalaqeebis, romaeli politikosebis: metelu-
sis, memiusis, mariusis saxeebs. salustiusis mudmivi Tavdasxmis obieqti aris pom-
peusi, romelic sulas TanamebrZoli iyo, Semdeg ki popularebs miemxro, miiRo
maTi wyalobiT konsuloba, miaRwia mTavarsardlobas piratebis winaaRmdeg omSi,
Semdeg senatis mxare daiWira da gaxda samoqalaqo omis gaCaRebis erT-erTi ini-
ciatori.
salustiusi 317
salustiusis am TxzulebaSi gamosWvivis wuxili imis Taobaze, rom mxolod

cotas Tu adardebs qveynis gansacdelSi yofna, mxolod zogierTebi fiqroben mis
bedze.
salustiuss dauweria agreTve ìstoria~ 5 wignad, romelic moicavs romis is-
torias Zv. w. 78 wlidan Zv. w. 67 wlamde. igi iwyeba iqidan, sadac Sewyvita Txroba
istorikosma sisenam, e. i. sulas mmarTvelobis Semdgomi periodidan. am Sromidan
moaRwia mxolod ramdenime sityvam, werilebma da nawyvetebma.
salustiusis TxzulebebSi bevri istoriuli moRvawea gamoyvanili. mwerali
maTi piriT warmoTqvams sityvebs, romlebic yuradRebas iqcevs, rogorc orato-
ruli xelovnebis nimuSebi, amave dros, rogorc istoriuli wyaro maSindeli
romis sazogadoebis gasacnobad, miuxedavad imisa, rom salustiusi zogjer
tendenciuria rogorc calkeuli movlenebis Sefasebis dros, aseve cnobil is-
toriul pirTa daxasiaTebisas, zogierTi politikuri moRvawis da calkeuli
movlenebis Sefasebisas.
sayuradReboa salustiusis Sexedulebani adamianis daniSnulebaze, is-
torikosis miznebsa da amocanebze, romlebic mas gamoTqmuli aqvs `katilinas
SeTqmulebis~ SesavalSi:
`yvela adamiani cdilobs cxovelze maRla dadges da gamorCeuli iyos Tavisi
saqmianobiT, raTa Tavisi cxovreba mdumarebaSi ar ganvlos, viTarca pirutyvma,
romelic mxolod kuWis kanonebs emorCileba. Cven Zala sxeulSic gvaqvs da sul-
Sic; sulis brZanebas ufro mivyvebiT, vidre sxeulisas, radgan sulis karnaxiT
cxovreba RmerTebTan gvaaxlovebs, xolo sxeuls damonebulebi cxovelebs vems-
gavsebiT~.
salustiusi, yofili politikuri moRvawe, samoqalaqo omis monawile, upiris-
pirebs erTmaneTs JamTaaRmwerlis Rvawls da samxedro simamaces:
ùdavoa, Zalian sapatioa, saqmiT emsaxuro qveyanas, magram arc sityviT
samsaxuri aris naklebmniSvnelovani. didebis mopoveba simamaciTac SeiZleba da
mSvidobiani saqmiTac. qebis Rirsia, vinc gmirobas Caidens da isic, vinc aRwers
mas. marTalia, orives Rvawli erTnairia, magram, vfiqrob, JamTaaRmwerlis
saqmianoba ufro rTulia; jer erTi, man zustad unda gadmosces, rac moxda,
garda amisa, roca mwerali vinmes nakls aRniSnavs, bevri fiqrobs, rom Suris, an
borotebis gamo akeTebs amas, xolo Tu vinmes didebasa da simamaces moigonebs
JamTaaRmwereli, miiCneven, rom es Znelad mosapovebeli ar iyo da Zalian gul-
grilad iRebs aRweril ambavs~ – (`katilinas SeTqmuleba~ 3). daaxloebiT amdag-
var Sexedulebas gamoTqvams ciceronic ritorikuli da samxedro xelovnebis
Taobaze (`murenas dasacavad~ 12).
salustiusis Txzulebani mogvagonebs dramatul nawarmoebebs, sadac romis
istoriis calkeuli epizodebia warmodgenili. mwerali, ciceronisagan gansxva-
vebiT, uars ambobs maRalfardovan frazebze, rTuli periodebis gamoyenebaze da
cdilobs sadad da naTlad gadmosces saTqmeli, Tumca mxatvruli efeqtisaTvis
iyenebs arqaul formebs, antiTezebs. salustiusis ena ar aris RvarWnili, misi
frazebi daxvewili da tevadia.
salustiusi kritikuli TvaliT afasebs movlenebs, mas, rogorc moralist
mwerals, ainteresebs im mizezebis kvleva, rac iwvevs zneobis dacemas, rac Tavis
mxriv aryevs saxelmwifos Zlierebas. salustiusi naklebad interesdeba wvril-
manebiT, rac SeiZleba istorikosisaTvis metad mniSvnelovani iyos. is, rac naklad
SeiZleba CaeTvalos mas, rogorc JamTaaRmwerels, Rirsebas hmatebs, rogorc
prozaikoss. misi `katilinas SeTqmuleba~ ufro istoriuli dramaa, vidre is-
toria, am sityvis zusti gagebiT. salustiusi, dramaturgis msgavsad, yuradRebas
aqcevs istoriul TxzulebebSi personaJTa rogorc sulieri mxaris, aseve gareg-
318 salustiusi
nuli niSnebis gadmocemas. misi Txrobis, erTi SexedviT mSvidi toni, Sinaganad
emociuri da dramatulia.
am Rirsebebis gamo jer kidev antikur xanaSi afasebdnen mas, rogorc sworu-
povar mwerals. veleius paterkulusi salustiuss `berZnebis metoqes~ uwodebs,
marcialisi – ùpirveles romael istorikoss~ (XIV, 19), did interess iCendnen
salustiusis Txzulebebisadmi Sua saukuneebSi, aRorZinebis epoqasa da Semdgom
periodSic.
Txzulebebi: `katilinas SeTqmuleba~, òmi iugurTasTan~.

iulius keisari 319
iulius keisari
(Zv.w. 100/102 – 44 ww.)
gaius iulius keisari istoriaSi cnobilia rogorc romis saxelovani poli-

tikuri moRvawe, didebuli mTavarsardali da brwyinvale stilisti. daZabuli
saxelmwifo da samxedro saqmianobisda miuxedavad igi mudam poulobda dros me-
muarebis sawerad. keisris oratorul niWs didad afasebdnen ara mxolod misi Ta-
namedroveni, aramed Semdgomi epoqebis komentatorebic. am xelovnebiT igi mxo-
lod cicerons Tu Camouvardeboda.
iulius keisari iuliusTa warCinebuli modgmis Camomavali iyo. am modgmis ma-
mamTavrad eneasis Ze iuliusi (venusis badiSi, romis damaarsebelTa winapari) iT-
vleboda. konsulTa nusxebSi iuliusebi, viTarca aristokratiuli partiis war-
momadgenlebi, Zv.w. V saukunidan Cndebian.
15 wlis iyo gaiusi, rodesac mama gardaecvala. miuxedavad amisa, man Cinebuli
ganaTleba miiRo. axalgazrda ymawvili didebulad flobda berZnul enas, lite-
raturas, filosofias, istoriasa da oratorul xelovnebas. igi bunebiT iyo da-
jildoebuli araCveulebrivi niWiT, rac mis warmatebaTa safuZvels qmnida.
iulius keisari mRelvare epoqaSi cxovrobda. romi im xanad mZlavr saxelmwi-
fod iqca da misi marTvis sadaveebis xelSi Casagdebad umowyalo brZola iyo ga-
CaRebuli. erTmaneTs daupirispirda senatis aristokratia da plebsi. istoriog-
rafos tacitusis gadmocemiT, `saxelmwifos saTaveSi xan mZvinvare saxalxo tri-
bunebi, xan ki Zalauflebis moyvare konsulebi eqceodnen. romis forumsa da qu-
CebSi moqiSpeebi erTmaneTis pirispir idgnen da Zalebs cdidnen samoqalaqo omis
dasawyebad. male plebsis fenidan gamosulma gaius mariusma da sisxlmowyure-
bulma aristokratma lukius kornelius sulam iaraRis ZaliT daamxes Tavisuf-
leba da TviTmmarTveloba gamoacxades, isini gneius pompeus magnusma Secvala,
romelic sulac ar iyo maTze ukeTesi, Tumca maTgan gansxvavebiT ufro SeumCnev-
lad moqmedebda. am xanebidan brZolas erTi mizani hqonda _ erTmmarTveloba~ (is-
toria, II, 38). am brZolaSi mizandasaxulad Caeba iulius keisaric. Zalauflebi-
sadmi ltolva misi cxovrebis mamoZravebel Zalad iqca.
iulius keisari gambedavi da Seupovari adamiani iyo. 18 wlisam politikuri
mizniT iqorwina sulas moqiSpe kinas (cinas) asulze. yovlisSemZle diqtatorma
sulam mas meuRlesTan gayra mosTxova. marTalia, iulius keisarma ar Seasrula
misi brZaneba, magram male iZulebuli gaxda roms gacloda. igi rodosze ganmar-
tovda, sadac saxelovani oratoris, apolonios molosis gakveTilebs ismenda.
iulius keisris politikuri kariera sulas gardacvalebis Semdeg daiwyo.
Zv.w. 78 wels igi romSi dabrunda da ganagrZo urTierToba zomieri opoziciis
warmomadgenlebTan ise, rom ar gauwyvetia kavSiri aristokratiuli msoflmxed-
velobis konservatorul-respublikur wreebTan. keisari ar gaurboda demagogi-
320 iulius keisari
ur saqmianobasac: igi cdilobda miepyro sazogadoebis yuradReba sulas momxre-

Ta despotizmSi dadanaSaulebiT; 74 wels monawileoba miiRo miTridates wina-
aRmdeg warmoebul brZolaSi. keisari Zalas, energiasa da saxsrebs ar iSurebda
qalaqis plebsis mxardaWeris mosapoveblad, iRebda warmoudgenel valebs, mxo-
lod imisTvis, rom saxelmwifos marTvis sadaveebTan aRmoCeniliyo. Zviri dauj-
da mas samxedro tribunis Tanamdeboba. amis Semdeg ki erTi meoris miyolebiT
sTavazobdnen sapatio wodebebs. iyo kvestoric (konsulis damxmare finansursa da
samsjavro saqmeebSi), edilic (moxele, romelsac qalaqis keTilmowyoba da zeime-
bi evaleboda), pontifeqsic (uzenaesi qurumi). swored im xanad (63 w.) gancxadda
katilinas SeTqmuleba, romelic saxelmwifo gadatrialebas isaxavda miznad. sa-
samarTlo procesze cxadi gaxda, rom keisari (krasusTan erTad) CarTuli iyo am
SeTqmulebaSi. mas didi safrTxe eloda, Tumca bedi mudam swyalobda. man brwyin-
vale sityva warmoTqva. Tavi ise moaCvena yvelas, TiTqos zrunavda ara SeTqmulTa,
aramed senatorTa bedze, romelTa daufiqrebeli gadawyvetileba saxalxo mRel-
varebas gamoiwvevda. ciceronis mxardaWeram sabolood ixsna igi saxalxo msjav-
risagan.
momdevno wels keisarma pretoris (uzenaesi mosamarTle da konsulis moadgi-
le) Tanamdeboba miiRo, ris Semdegac samarTavad gadasces provincia espaneTi. aq
man Tavi gamoiCina rogorc niWierma mxedarmTavarma, mravali tomi daimorCila da
didZali simdidrec Caigdo xelSi. romSi dabrunebuls kargad esmoda, rom senat-
Tan brZola gauWirdeboda. amitom TanamebrZolebad ixmo krasusi da pompeusi. am-
gvarad, 60 wels romis samma aRmatebulad Zalmosilma kacma Sekra saidumlo kav-
Siri, triumvirati (sami kacis SeTanxmeba), arsebuli aristokratiuli wyobis
damxobisa da sakuTari Zalauflebis damyarebis mizniT.
59 wels keisarma konsulis Tanamdeboba miiRo da SeZlo Tavisi nebis gabatone-
ba senatSi, triumviratis momxreTa daniSvna umaRles saxelmwifo Tanamdebobebze.
rodesac misi konsulobis xana dasrulda, samarTavad miiRo galia, ramac mas sa-
Sualeba misca Seeqmna kargad SeiaraRebuli armia. imxanad romaelebi galiis mxo-
lod umniSvnelo nawils flobdnen. keisarma ganizraxa am qveynis erTianad xelSi
Cagdeba. TiTqmis 10 weli Sealia am saqmes. daipyro uzarmazari teritoria, brita-
neTzec ki gailaSqra, iq sadac jerac ar daedga fexi romaels. galia romis pro-
vinciad gamocxadda da daibegra. keisarma miaRwia imas, rom armiaze mbrZanebloba
kidev 5 wliT gaugrZeles. saxelmwifosgan miRebul 4 legions man sakuTari xar-
jiT aRWurvili kidev 6 legioni Sehmata. misi dideba izrdeboda, rasac xmarde-
boda is nadavli, brZolaTa Jams rom igdebda xelT mxedarTmTavari. keisarma ja-
riskacebs gauormaga sazRauri da ar iSurebda saxsrebs saWiro saqmisaTvis. is
akeTebda imas, rasac miiCnevda aucileblad ise, rom rCevas ar ekiTxeboda arc
xalxs da aRarc senats.
galiis brZolebs keisarma miuZRvna wigni saTauriT `g a l i i s o m i s C a -
n a w e r e b i~, romlis literaturulma Rirsebebma ise aRafrTovana ciceroni,
rom aseTi ram aTqmevina: àm wignis wakiTxvis Semdeg kalams veRar aiReb kaci xel-
Sio~.
triumvirati daiSala (krasusi 53 wels gardaicvala), pompeusma senatis inte-
resebis dacva daiwyo, ris gamoc respublikis istoriaSi pirvelad airCies èr-
Tpirovnul konsulad~. mas erTaderTi mocile hyavda _ keisari da daiwyo kidec
gamosvlebi mis winaaRmdeg. upirveles yovlisa, Seecada yofili Tanamzraxveli
samxedro Zalmosilebis gareSe daetovebina _ jaris daSla mosTxova. xvdeboda
keisari, rom imas kargavda, riskenac mTeli arsebiT iswrafoda. amitom Tavis laS-
qars uxmo da elvis siswrafiT miadga mdinare rubikons, romelic galiisa da ita-
liis sazRvarze miedineboda. swored misi gadalaxvisas warmoTqva man sayovelTa-
od cnobili fraza: `wili nayaria!~
iulius keisari 321
iseTi siswrafiT miiwevda win keisari, rom pompeusma jaris Sekrebac ver moas-
wro, ise gaiqca saberZneTSi. gaiqcnen konsulebic, senatorebic. yvela daibna. ga-
damwyveti brZola Sedga 48 wels Tesaliis qalaq farsalusTan. aqac imZlavra kei-
sarma. pompeusi egvipteSi gaiqca. mas daedevna keisari. aleqsandriaSi egvipteleb-
ma diad romaels pompeusis Tavi da beWedi langriT miarTves. swored aleqsan-
driaSi Sexvda keisari kleopatras, romlis taxtze aRsazeveblad e.w. àleqsan-
driuli omi~ moigo. yvela eloda, rom egviptes romis provinciad gamoacxadebda
imperatori, magram yvelsagan gasaocrad gamarjvebulma igi `romaeli xalxis mo-
kavSire da megobar qveynad~ aRiara, xolo mis saTaveSi erTpirovnul mbrZaneb-
lad dasva 20 wlis kleopatra, romlisganac SeeZina vaJi _ kesarioni.
47 wels keisarma datova egvipte, raTa bosforosis meamboxe mefe farnakesi da-
emorCilebina. pontos samefoSi moulodnelad SeWrilma farnakesis armia gaanad-
gura da swrafi gamarjvebiT aRfrTovanebulma roms miswera: `Veni, vidi, vici~ (`mi-
vedi, vnaxe, gavimarjve!~)
47-46 wlebis mijnaze keisarma daamarcxa pompeusis momxreebi afrikaSi da rom-
Si dabrunebulma sami triumfi izeima. Semdeg Tavisi momxreebiT gaemarTa espane-
Tisken, sadac pompeusis vaJebs didZali jari SeekribaT. mZafri winaaRmdegobisda
miuxedavad, keisarma mainc gaimarjva da gulwrfelad aRiara, rom pirvelad ib-
rZoda ara gamarjvebisTvis, aramed sicocxlisaTvis.
es keisris bolo omi iyo. brZolebidan romSi dabrunebuli keisari reforma-
Ta ganxorcielebasac aswrebda. am reformaTa ZiriTadi mizani iyo xelisuflebis
arademokratizacia, aramed centralizacia, provinciaTa marTvis kontroli da
a.S. magram senatis respublikur-konservatorTa partiam male Zala moikriba da
Zv.w. 44 wlis martis dadgomisas keisars sicocxle mouswrafa.
iulius keisris cxovrebis aRweriloba SedarebiT vrclad Semogvinaxes iseTma
cnobilma biografosebma, rogorebic iyvnen plutarqosi da svetoniusi; misi
portreti warmodgenilia agreTve salustiusis TxzulebaSi `katilinas SeTqmu-
leba~; xSirad moixseniebs mas ciceronic Tavis werilebSi.
Cvenamde moaRwia keisris orma mTavarma qmnilebam. esenia: `g a l i i s o m i s
C a n a w e r e b i~ (`Commentarii de bello Gallico~) Svid wignad da `s a m o q a l a q o
o m i s C a n a w e r e b i~ (`Commentarii de bello civili~) sam wignad. mkvlevarTa azriT, es
ukanaskneli dausrulebelia, radganac mxolod e.w. àleqsandriul omebamde~
mogviTxrobs.
plutarqosTan, ciceronTan da svetoniusTan dasaxelebulia keisris sxva na-
warmoebebic:
1. axalgazrduli Ziebebi _ poema herakleze da tragedia òidiposi~;
2. gramatikuli Txzuleba ànalogiaTa Taobaze~, romelic 54 wels unda Seeq-
mna ciceronis erT-erTi traqtatis (òratoris Sesaxeb~) pasuxad;
3. àntikatonebi~ (Ànticatones~). es iyo ori pamfleti, romelic keisars espaneTis
omSi unda daewera ciceronis `katos~ pasuxad;
4. poema `gza~ (Ìter~), romelic SeTxza 46 wels espaneTisken mimaval gzad pompeu-
sis vaJiSvilebTan saomrad SemarTulma.
5. Cveni welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi cnobili yofila keisris gamoTqma-
Ta, sityvaTa da werilTa krebuli. svetoniusi moixseniebs ramdenime werilsa da
sityvas mimarTuls sxvadasxva pirovnebaTadmi, maT Soris _ ciceronisadmi. gamo-
ucnob mizezTa gamo es krebuli avgustuss aukrZalavs.
ciceronidan moyolebuli mkvlevarni erTxmad aRiareben, rom iulius keisari
iyo Txrobis didostati da brwyinvale stilisti. Tavis stilistur principTa
ganmartebas keisarma miuZRvna Cvenamde ver moRweuli traqtati `markus tulius
cicerons analogiaTa Taobaze~. gramatikuli xasiaTis kamaTSi, romelSic Cab-
mulni iyvnen enobrivi erTferovnebis (ànalogiebis~) momxre e.w. analogistebi da
322 iulius keisari
Tavisufal cvlilebaTa (ànomaliebis~) daSvebis mosurne e.w. anomalistebi, kei-

sarma analogistTa mxare daikava. mas miaCnda, rom iSviaTi da uCveulo sityvebi _
arqaizmebi da neologizmebi, tipiuridan gadaxveuli gramatikuli formebi enaSi
ar unda damkvidrdnen. misi azriT, `sityvaTa SerCeva yovelgvari mWevrmetyvele-
bis safuZveli iyo. Zvelebi am stils uwodebdnen `daxvewils~ da aRniSnavdnen,
rom keisarma gamoavlina enis saocari daxvewiloba, riskenac iswrafoda kidec
mTeli arsebiT~ (kvintilianusi). amis naTeli dadasturebaa misi umTavresi qmni-
leba `galiis omis Canawerebi~.
rogorc avRniSneT, Txzuleba Svidi wignisgan Sedgeba da TiToeuli maTgani
erTi wlis ambebs asaxavs. erTianad igi 58-52 wlebSi datrialebul movlenebs mo-
icavs. es is wlebia, rodesac iulius keisarma daimorCila galia da romaul impe-
rias SemouerTa; amasTanave moawyo warmatebuli eqspediciebi germaniasa da bri-
taneTSi. nawarmoebis kiTxvisas TvalSi sacemia misi apologeturi xasiaTi: keis-
ris galiaSi gamarjvebebma moSurneTa Soris didi miTqma-moTqma gamoiwvia. tri-
umviris politikuri mtrebi sargeblobdnen amiT da lamobdnen sazogadoebrivi
azris mis winaaRmdeg ganwyobas. keisari iZulebuli gaxda, gaemarTlebina Tavisi
dapyrobebi. brZnulad gaiazra ra Seqmnili situaciis simwvave, scada daerwmune-
bina mkiTxveli, rom galiis omi romaelTa da mis mokavSire tomTa kanonieri inte-
resebis dacvas emsaxureboda mxolod. mTxrobelma kargad icoda, rom saWiro iyo
mkiTxvelTa farTo masebis mimxroba. swored amitom asabuTebda Tavis saboloo
operaciaTa marTebulebas martivi, gasagebi da daxvewili eniT iTvaliswinebda
ra politikur da religiur dones im saSualo romaelisa, romlisTvisac Crdi-
loeTiT mdebare qveynebi savsebiT ucxo da Seucnobel samyaros warmoadgenda.
keisari warmatebebze gansakuTrebuli mondomebiTa da SemarTebiT saubrobda,
warumateblobaTa Taobaze ki umal dumils amjobinebda. aseve dumiliT uxvevda
igi gverds iseT movlenaTa aRweras, romlebic kanonTa darRveviT aResrulebina.
ukeTes SemTxvevaSi avtori maT gakvriT moixseniebda, ise SefarviT, rom mxolod
striqonTa miRma yofiliyo SesaZlebeli maTi amokiTxva. am fonze gamarjvebuli
keisari kidev ufro mimzidveli Cans. igi didebuli mTavarsardalia, energiuli,
mxne da medgari, romelic urTules situaciebs iolad aRwevs Tavs; upirveles
yovlisa ki adamiania, romelsac Sewyalebac SeuZlia da siyvarulic, mxolod uki-
dures SemTxvevaSi iCens igi simkacresa da ulmoblobas, isic mxolod veragi da
daundobeli mtris mimarT.
avtori Tavisi Txrobis maneriT obieqturobis srul gancdas qmnis. amave miz-
niT aris SerCeuli Txzulebis literaturuli formac: `Canawerebi~ (commentarii)
iseT nawarmoebebs ewodebodaT, romelTac ar hqondaT sityvakazmulobis preten-
zia. Tavis Tavze avtori mudam mesame pirSi mogviTxrobs, iSviaT gamonaklisad mi-
iCneva Txzulebis daskvniTi nawili, sadac keisari saboloo gamarjvebaze saub-
robs, am gamarjvebas Tavisad cnobs (savsebiT damsaxurebulad) da odnav aweuli
toniT sakuTari piriT gvesubreba. marTalia, am araCveulebrivi literaturuli
gemovnebiT SeTxzul qmnilebaSi naTlad ikveTeba didi mTavarsardlis saxe, mag-
ram is portreti, romelic keisars surda daetovebina STamomavlobisaTvis, war-
modgenilia `samoqalaqo omis CanawerebSi~.
laTinuri enis specialistebi erTxmad aRiareben, rom `samoqalaqo omis Canawe-
rebSi~ iulius keisari Txrobisas gacilebiT ufro subieqturia; apologiis
survili, winamaval TxzulebasTan SedarebiT, aq ufro metad SeigrZnoba da es
savsebiT bunebrivia: saqme exeba ara dapyrobiT, aramed samoqalaqo oms, romelsac
mravali saxelovani romaeli Seewira.
Txrobis mizani aris imis dasabuTeba, rom samoqalaqo omi keisris mowinaaR-
mdegeebma wamoiwyes, rom Tavad mxolod mSvidoba surda da respublikisa da xal-
xis Selaxuli uflebebis dacva. saxelmwifos meTaurisTvis mniSvnelovani Tvise-
iulius keisari 323
bebis warmoCeniT didma romaelma safuZveli Cauyara im literaturul por-

trets, romelic esodeni warmatebiT daasrules mogvianebiT plutarqosma da
svetoniusma.
keisris memuarebi misive Tanamoazreebma ganagrZes. avlus hirtiusma `galiis
omis Canawerebs~ merve wigni Sehmata, romelic 51-50 wlebis ambebs warmoadgens.
amiT Seivso is periodi, romelic galiisa da samoqalaqo omebis `Canawerebs~ So-
ris arsebobda. xolo `samoqalaqo omis Canawerebi~ gaagrZeles ucnobma avtoreb-
ma da STamomavlobas Semounaxes àleqsandriuli omisa~ da àfrikuli omis~ su-
raTebi.
iulius keisris sabrZolo gamarjvebaTa mTeli es seria gansakuTrebul inte-
ress imsaxurebda ara mxolod istoriuli, aramed literaturuli Tvalsazrisi-
Tac: es iyo sityvakazmuli mwerlobis axali forma, romelic daxvewili esTetiu-
robiT aerTianebda dokumentur qronikas, tendenciur memuarulsa da samxedro
romans. rac Seexeba Tavad iulius keisris saxes, droTa ganmavlobaSi man mraval-
gvari Sefaseba daimsaxura: es dakavSirebuli iyo tiranis mkvlelisa da tiraniis
winaaRmdeg brZolis problemebTan. erT mxares idga keisari, romelic aRfrTova-
nebas imsaxurebda Tavisi saxelmwifoebrivi moRvaweobiT, niWiT, energiiT; meore
mxares ki _ mis mier SemoTavazebuli tirania, rogorc marTvis miuRebeli forma.
am Temaze werdnen dante (`RvTaebrivi komedia~), petrarka (`triumfebi~). isini
gmobdnen keisris mkvlel brutuss, Tumca imavdroulad ilaSqrebdnen tiraniis
winaaRmdeg. amave azrs qadagebda hans saqsi Tavis nawarmoebebSi. Seqspiri diad
romaels axasiaTebda rogorc saxelovan politikossa da pativmoyvare adamians
(ìulius keisari~). keisrisa da kleopatras urTierTobebze werdnen korneli
(`pompeusis sikvdili~) da bernard Sou (`keisari da kleopatra~). bodmeri romis
imperatoris uaryofiT saxes xatavda (ìulius keisari~), xolo herderi mas geni-
osad warmoaCenda (`brutusi~). gasul saukuneSi keisarze daweril qmnilebaTagan
aRsaniSnavia tornton uailderis romani `martis idebi~ da bertold brextis
romani `baton iulius keisris saqmeni~.
memuarebi: `galiis omis Canawerebi~; `samoqalaqo omis Canawerebi~.

324 romauli literatuta
klasikuri periodi
a . a v g u s t u s i s p e r i o d i a n u òq r o s x a n a~ ( Z v . w . I s . _
a x . w . I s . 1 0 - i a n i w l e b i). SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sul ramdenime aTwleulSi
miaRwia romaulma literaturam Tavisi ganviTarebis mwvervals, romelic, ZiriTadad,
avgustusis mmarTvelobis da romis imperiis periods ukavSirdeba. Seiqmna is simaRle-
ebi, romelTac romaelebs SesaZlebloba misces literaturis ama Tu im JanrSi Tavi
gaetolebinaT TavianT berZen winamorbedebTan. ise rogorc arasdros, romSi yuradR-
eba mieqca xelovnebisa da literaturis ganviTarebas. keisar avgustuss gverdSi edga
misi erTguli TanaSemwe mecenasi (klasikuri laTinuri gamoTqmiT: mekenasi), romelic
Zal-Rones ar iSurebda kulturisa da inteleqtualuri cxovrebis sferoSi impera-
toris politikis gasatareblad. am ukanasknelma Tavis mxriv iseT warmatebebs miaRwia,
rom mis saxels daukavSirda yvelasaTvis kargad cnobili termin mecenatis warmoSoba.
am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo saxelmwifos mxridan xelovnebisa da, kerZod, li-
teraturisadmi imgvari yuradReba, rogoric Tavis droze periklesis aTenSi iyo, mag-
ram gansxvavebiT demokratiuli aTenisagan, am SemTxvevaSi literaturis da xelovne-
bis ganviTareba Zalze mkacrad kontroldeboda avgustusis mier, raTa kultura
mTlianad moqceuliyo misi ideologiis Sesabamis CarCoebSi. am sazRvrebis gadalaxva
mwerlisa da xelovanisaTvis SeiZleboda sakmaod sabediswero aRmoCeniliyo. avgus-
tusis cenzuris didi simkacrisa da mwerlebsa da xelovanebze saxelmwifos Zlieri da
aSkara zewolis miuxedavad, am epoqis romaulma literaturam mTeli brwyinvalebiT
gamoxata Tavi.
avgustusis epoqis yvelaze didi poeti, romelsac romis homerosi Searqves,
vergiliusia (Zv. w. 70-19).
Tuki vergiliusi avgustusis epoqis gulwrfeli momReralia, mecenass sakmaod
didi Zalisxmeva dasWirda imisaTvis, rom avgustusis mxardamWerad eqcia kidev
erTi poeti – horaciusi (Zv. w. 65-8).
amave epoqaSi romael elegikosTa SemoqmedebaSi berZnuli elegia Zalze sain-
tereso gagrZelebas poulobs. ukve antimaqos kolofonelma, romelic Zv. w. V sau-
kuneSi moRvaweobda, rogorc Cans, Seqmna krebuli saxelwodebiT `lide~. igi naR-
vliani ambebis erTgvar krebuls warmoadgenda. ufro adre, rogorc iTqva, cno-
bili iyo mimnermosis mier Seqmnili krebuli `nano~ da mravali sxva berZeni poe-
tis elegiebi. romSi elegiuri poezia brwyinvale poetebis: tibulusis (Zv. w. 55-
19) da properciusis (Zv. w. 50-15), gansakuTrebiT ki ovidiusis (Zv. w. 43 _ ax. w. 17/18)
wyalobiT axal simaRleze adis.
avgustusis epoqis literaturis mniSvnelovan miRwevas warmoadgens aseve an-
tikurobis erT-erTi cnobili istoriografosis, titus liviusis (Zv. w. 59 _ ax. w.
17) mier Seqmnili nawarmoebi `qalaq (romis) daarsebidan~. istorikosebs Soris ga-
moirCeodnen asinius polio (Zv. w. 76 _ ax. w. 5) da pompeus trogusi (Zv. w. I saukunis
miwuruli). mmarTvelis mimarT gansakuTrebul erTgulebas avlendnen istoriko-
sebi: veleius paterkulusi (Zv. w. 20/19 – ax. w. 30 wlis Semdeg), valerius maqsimusi
(ax. w. I saukunis pirveli naxevari) da kurcius rufusi (ax. w. I s.).
rasakvirvelia, am epoqaSi sakmaod ganviTarda agreTve filologia da e. w. teq-
nikuri disciplinebi, risi mSvenieri magaliTebia vitruviusis (daaxl. Zv. w. 84-14)
àrqiteqturis Sesaxeb~. am mxriv sayuradReboa: celsusis (ax. w. I s.) enciklopediu-
ri naSromi, romlis rva wigni medicinis Sesaxeb Cvenamdea SemorCenili, kolume-
las (ax. w. I s.) `soflis meurneobis Sesaxeb~, romelic agrarul sakiTxebs eZRvneba
da pomponius melas (ax. w. I s.) `qronografia~, romelic xmelTaSuazRvis mravali
regionis sakmaod saintereso eTnografiul aRweras gvTavazobs.
326 properciusi
properciusi
(Zv. w. 50 _ 15)
poeti-elegikosi, romlis Semoqmedebac, elegiuri distiqis garda, sxva for-

mebsa da sazomebs ar cnobs da romlis poeziis centraluri Temac siyvarulia,
aris seqstus properciusi.
misi cxovrebis Sesaxeb viciT mxolod is, risi amokiTxvac misive leqsebidan
xdeba SesaZlebeli. dabadebula italiaSi, umbriis patara qalaq asiziusSi (dRe-
vandeli asizi) Zv. w. daaxl. 50 wels. miuxedavad dabali warmomavlobisa, misi
ojaxi erT dros sakmaod didi sagvareulo mamulis patroni yofila, magram kon-
fiskaciis kanons axalgazrda properciusic, rogorc Cans, tibulusze aranakleb
dauzaralebia.
isic, tibulusis msgavsadve, romSi dasaxlebula. Zv. w. 29 Tu 28 wels elegiebis
pirvel wigns aqveynebs, ramac sakmaod didi warmateba moutana. amis Semdeg mas me-
cenati mfarvelobs da cdilobs, misi poezia avgustusis politikis samsaxurSi
Caayenos. bolo, meoTxe wigni gamoaqveyna Zv. w. 16 wels, ris Semdegac, rogorc Cans,
didxans aRar ucocxlia. misi gardacvalebis TariRad 15 wels deben.
properciusis poeturi krebuli oTxi wignisagan Sedgeba. pirveli da meore
wigni (Sesabamisad 22 da 34 elegia), tibulusis wignTagan gansxvavebiT, TiTqmis
mTlianad satrfosadmia miZRvnili, poeti mas kinTias uwodebs. apuleiusis
àpologiaSi~ es fsevdonimic gaxsnilia, poetis satrfos hostia rqmevia. kinTia
diana-artemisis epiTetia da kinTosis mTis saxelwodebidan momdinareobs, es mTa
artemisisa da misi tyupiscalis, apolonis, dabadebis adgilad da muzaTa savane-
dac miiCneoda. poeti amiT albaT Tavisi satrfos ganswavlulobaze migvaniSnebs,
mas igi drodadro aki docta-as epiTetiTac moixseniebs, xolo romaeli qalis gan-
swavluloba upiratesad swored poeziisa da xelovnebis codnas gulisxmobda,
`muzaTa ZRvens~.
pirveli wignis elegiebi xSirad megobrebisadmi mimarTvis formiT aris daw-
erili, poeti maT esityveba da esaubreba, magram saubris Tema ganuwyvetliv kin-
Tiaa, _ sasiyvarulo tanjva da sixaruli, eWvianoba da eWvebisagan gankurneba.
properciusisaTvis siyvaruli marad mRelvare da marad cecxlovani grZnobaa,
eWvianoba ki misi ganuyofeli, aucilebeli nawilia, minavlul cecxls rom isev da
isev aRvivebs.
kinTia, rogorc leqsebSi aRwerili situaciebidan SeiZleba davaskvnaT, ufro
kurtizani qalia, vidre maRali sazogadoebis romaeli matrona. imJamindeli
kurtizani qalebi ara mxolod keklucobis daxvewili xelovnebiT gamoirCeodnen,
aramed wignierebiTa da saerTo kulturiTac, maT am mxrivac unda SesZlebodaT
mamakacis moxibvla. kinTias poetur gemovnebas properciusi yovelTvis did an-
gariSs uwevs da ise araferi siamovnebs, rogorc misgan leqsis Seqeba.
properciusi 327
elegiebis monacvleoba sasiyvarulo urTierTobis aspeqtebs ufro asaxavs,

vidre ganviTarebis etapebs. imis warmosaCenad, Tu rogor enacvlebian poeturi
Temebi erTmaneTs, nimuSisaTvis mokled gadavxedoT pirveli wignis ramdenime
elegias maTi Tanmimdevrobis mixedviT.
1,1 elegia tradiciuli satrfialo moTqmaa: mas Semdeg, rac poets kinTia Seuy-
varda, man Zili da mosveneba sabolood dakarga da mwared evedreba megobrebs,
rogorme, raime jadoTi, ixsnan am satanjvelisagan.
1,2-Si mkveTrad gansxvavebul situacias vawydebiT: poeti satrfos arwmunebs,
rom bunebrivi silamaze bevrad sjobs xelovnurs, da, Tu qals misi siyvarulis
SenarCuneba surs, moeridos zedmet fer-umarilsa da yovelgvar xelovnurobas,
aki isedac Semkulia yovelive imiT, riTac venusi da minerva amayoben.
1,3-Si gviani RamiT dabrunebul poets satrfo ukve daZinebuli xvdeba, da igi
ver bedavs mis gaRviZebas, dascqeris da Cumad tkbeba misi mSvenierebiT. proper-
ciusis es elegia yovelTvis, metadre romantizmis epoqaSi, gansakuTrebul mo-
wonebas imsaxurebda da araerTma poetma isargebla am motiviT.
1,4-Si poeti aRSfoTebiT uaryofs megobris, basusis, winadadebas, sxvaze
gacvalos kinTia. basuss urCevnia, Tavs moufrTxildes, kinTia mag SemoTavazebas
aSkarad ar apatiebs, sakurTxevlebis win iqamde ilocebs, sanam Tavze RmerTebis
risxvas ar daatexs.
1,5 elegia kvlav poetis megobars, amjerad galuss miemarTeba, romelsac kin-
TiasTan sasiyvarulo kavSiris gabma mouwadinebia. poeti amaze, Cvenda gasakvirad,
srulebiTac ar mrisxanebs, mxolod afrTxilebs megobars, rom kinTiasTan
urTierToba gamouval sasowarkveTilebamde miiyvans, Zvali da tyaviRa darCeba,
rogorc es TviTon poets daemarTa, mere masTanve mova da cxare cremliT atire-
buli SemosCivlebs sakuTar ubedurebas, magram poeti mas veRarafers uSvelis,
aki Tavisi TavisTvisac ver uSvelia. am teqsts zneobis mkacri TvaliT Tu
SevxedavT, marTebuli ar iqneba, _ igi mxolod gasaRimrad aris gamiznuli.
1,6 elegia sul sxvagvar ambavs mogviTxrobs: poeti, romelic megobrebTan er-
Tad samogzaurod wasvlas apirebda, kinTias cremlebisa da xvewna-mudaris Sem-
deg Sin darCenas gadawyvets. araferia, uCemod SemoiareT ioniaca da lidiac, _
mimarTavs igi tuloss, _ magram, Tu gamixsenebT, icodeT, rom Cems cxovrebas
mrisxane varskvlavi ganagebs.
rogorc vxedavT, aq arc droiTi Tanmimdevrobaa daculi da arc Temidan Te-
maze gadasvlas gaaCnia raime motivacia, sruli emociuri siWrele sufevs.
SesaZlebelia, teqstebis amgvar dalagebas ritorikuli principi edos sa-
fuZvlad, _ mesame pirisadmi mimarTva, mocemul SemTxvevaSi romelime mego-
brisadmi. ritorikul moments antikur literaturaSi Zalze didi, zogjer upi-
ratesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. marTalia, aq es principi bolomde ar aris gatare-
buli, _ 1,2 elegia megobrebisadmi mimarTvas ar Seicavs, magram, gamonaklisis
miuxedavad, erTgvari kanonzomiereba mainc SeiniSneba.
pirveli wignidan mokidebuli, poeti ganuwyvetliv irwmuneba, rom kinTia misi
erTaderTi siyvarulia:
kinTia pirveli iyo, kinTia boloa CemTvis...

(1, 12)
properciusisaTvis qveynad aravin da araferi arsebobs kinTias
garda, kinTia misTvis yvela da yvelaferia:
kinTia, martoden Sen xar mamulic, mSoblebic, saxlic...

(1,11)
328 properciusi
maradiuli siyvarulis fics Tan eWvianobis Smagi scenebi erTvis, arcTu iS-
viaTad eWvianoba ormxrivia da maradiuli siyvaruliT ganmsWvaluli poeti
mTlad ucodvelic ar Cans. arada, siyvaruli, rogorc Tavad gvarwmunebs, misTvis
gamudmebul tanjvad qceula da mdgomareoba yovlad gausaZlisi gvegoneboda,
SigadaSig, striqonsa da striqons Soris, xan Sefaruli, xanac sruliad aSkara
iumori rom ar gamosWviodes.
meore wigni epikur poeziaze msjelobiT iwyeba, am sakiTxs properciusi
pirvel wignSic ramdenjerme Seexo, magram iq mis argumentebs naxevrad xumrobis
saxe hqonda, axla ki sakiTxi bevrad ufro principulad dadga: mecenati mas da-
JinebiT sTavazobs eposze, saxelmwifoebriv Tematikaze, gadanacvlebas (2,1).
properciusis uari kategoriulia, ara imis gamo, TiTqos amgvari Tematika mi-
uReblad eCvenebodes, SiSobs, rom eposisaTvis Zala ar eyofa. me Cems simRerebs
arc apoloni da arc sxva RmerTebi ar mkarnaxoben, _ ambobs poeti, _ mxolod
satrfoTi var STagonebuli. eposis dawera rom SemeZlos, olimpiel RmerTebs ki
ara, upirveles yovlisa, Sens avgustuss ganvadidebdi, mecenat, da kidev Sen, mis
uerTgules da uangaro megobars. magram ra vqna, Tu mxolod Cemi satrfo
SemiZlia vadido. miuxedavad amisa, gamoricxulad ar miaCnia, rom odesme avgus-
tusis sadidebelic daweros, oRond eg saqme unda samomavlod gadados (2,10).
magram meore wignSi ukve Cans imis niSnebi, rom mecenatis Txovnas mTlad uk-
valodac ar Cauvlia. ramdenjerme aRmatebuli qebiT moixsenieba avgustusis sax-
eli da erTi elegia didi keisris anu imave avgustusis mier gaxsnli taZris
kurTxevas eZRvneba (2,31). es iyo apolonis taZari palatinze, principatis emblema.
Tumca formalurad es elegiac siyvarulis Temas ukavSirdeba: poeti aRfrTo-
vanebuli aTvalierebs TiToeul arqiteqturul detals da amis gamo satrfosTan
Zalian Seagviandeba.
meore wignis sasiyvarulo motivebi pirvelis TemaTa gagrZelebaa, axal-axal
variaciebad mowvdili. ganuxrelad grZeldeba eWvianobis scenebic da erTxel
poeti Tavis moRalate satrfos Tavadac gamoutydeba RalatSi. Tumca kvlav da
kvlav imeorebs, rom mxolod kinTia uyvars da, mis garda, arasodes aravin ey-
vareba.
gamorCeviT unda aRiniSnos 2,9, graciiT aRsavse elegia, naxevrad saxumaro
leqsi, romliTac moxibluli iyo franguli meTvramete saukune, graciozuli
erotizmis epoqa. gviani RamiT quCaSi moxetiale naRvinev poets moulodnelad
patara amurebis dasi daexveva Tavze, Seipyrobs da saswrafod kinTiasTan
gaaqanebs, rasac Tavisi nebiT im Rames ratomRac ar apirebda.
mesame wigni (25 elegia) kinTiasTan urTierTobas faqtobrivad ukve aRar asa-
xavs. poeti aq ufro zogadad msjelobs siyvarulze. 3,11-Si qalis yovlisSemZleo-
baze gvesaubreba da didxans Cerdeba kleopatras magaliTze, rac saSualebas
aZlevs, iqve, mecenatis saameblad, Tavad avgustusis saxeli CarTos.
poeti kinTiaze ukve iSviaTadRa laparakobs, _ isini erTmaneTs daSordnen.
mxolod meoTxe wignidan vigebT, rom ganSoreba saboloo ar yofila, erTwliani
Sualedis Semdeg isev Serigebulan.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mesame wignSi arasasiyvarulo motivebi TandaTan mrav-
ldeba, poeti mainc dabejiTebiT icavs sasiyvarulo poezias (3,1) da mas axal
droSi yvelaze mniSvnelovan Janrad miiCvevs. igi mimarTavs kalimaqossa da file-
tasis RvTaebriv aCrdilebs da amayad acxadebs. rom maTi poezia italiaSi
pirvelma gadmoitana, rac simarTles ar Seesabameba. masze adre neoterikosebi
iyvnen da SesaZloa, arc isini iyvnen pirvelni. magram aq properciusi, romaul
wesze, amay pozaSi dgeba. misTvis amqveynad mxolod leqsia maradiuli da darwmu-
nebulia, rom Tavisi poeziiT ukvdavebas eziara.
properciusi 329
meoTxe wignSi (11 elegia) poeti nawilobriv asrulebs mecenatis Txovnas da,
marTalia, eposis Seqmnaze kvlavac uars ambobs, magram wers ramdenime etiolo-
giur elegias, rac avgustuss, Tavisi politikuri miznebisaTvis sasurvelad
miaCnda. termini ètiologiuri~ kalimaqosis wignidan momdinareobs, romelsac
`Αιτια~ (`mizezebi~) hqvia da zogierTi religiuri kultisa Tu ritualis war-
moSobis mizezebs exeba. properciusic, kalimaqosis kvaldakval, oriode ro-
mauli kultis mizezs ikvlevs. amasTan dakavSirebiT laparakobs romis didebul
warsulze da, avgustusis wyalobiT, kidev ufro didebul awmyoze.
kinTiaze aq orad ori leqsia (3,7 da 3,8). pirveli maTgani kinTias gardacvale-
bas gvamcnobs. mZinare poets kinTias suli ecxadeba da gulgrilobas sayvedu-
robs.
orgulo, mkrZalavdnen roca, sad iyav? Tu gnaxa vinmem?
Tu dagisvela cremlma samgloviaro toga?
sayvedurebis Semdeg ki aseT sityvebs eubneba:

ragindac gamcvalo sxvaze, sul male gixilav Cemad,
Sewyvildebian isev Cveni SiSveli Zvlebi.
xolo momdevno teqsti imdenad komikuri Sinaarsisaa, rom Zneli misaxvedria,
ra principiT mieCina adgili uSualod samgloviaro elegiis Semdeg. masSi Zalian
cocxlad aris daxatuli SeyvarebulTa urTierTobis erTi, albaT, arcTu
uCveulo saRamo. kinTia qalaqgareTaa wasuli, poeti mwared eWvianobs masze, unda
vivaraudoT, rom sul usababodac ara. gulidan javris gadasayrelad igi or nac-
nob turfas dapatiJebs, oRond kargadac ver moilxens, raRac avi winaTgrZnoba
ar Sordeba. marTlac, Sua drostarebaSi uecrad Tavze kinTia wamoadgebaT da
iseT ambavs daawevs, rom mTeli ubani maTi fanjrebis win Seiyreba.
iqneb kinTiaze dawerili am bolo leqsiT poeti imasac migvaniSnebs, rom misi
elegiebis tragikuli toni, ganuwyveteli sasiyvarulo moTqma da vaeba,
umeteswilad poeturi pirobiTobaa?
properciusTan poeturi pirobiToba, marTlac, bevria, bevrad meti, vidre ti-
bulusTan. tradiciulad misi poeziis Taviseburebani tibulusTan SeTanabrebiT
ganixileba xolme da maT poetur ostatobasac erTmaneTTan SepirispirebiT
ikvleven. tibulusis sityvieri ostatoba ufro maRalia, misi striqoni ufro mo-
qnili da daxvewilia, samagierod properciusi ufro mravalferovania, ufro
mkveTri da energiuli. aleqsandrieli poetebis gavlena orivesaTvis niSando-
blivia, magram properciusi berZnul nimuSebs ufro ukritikod mihyveba, arcTu
iSviaTad mimarTavs `swavlul sityvakazmulobas~, ama Tu im situaciasTan dakav-
SirebiT uxvad moxmobil miTologiur paralelebs, romelTac zogjer teqstis
umetesi nawili eTmobaT da leqsis mTavari saTqmeli Znelad mosaxelTebeli
xdeba.
antikur xanaSi properciusi, kinTias mgosani, uzomod popularuli yofila,
rogorc amas marcialisis epigramidan vigebT. kvintilianusi mas tibulusze win
ayenebs, Tumca iqve aRniSnavs, rom bevrni tibuluss amjobineben. xelaxla mis
saxels aRorZinebis xanidan vxvdebiT, misi motivebi axali drois poeziaSi arcTu
iSviaTad gamoiyeneba. properciusis wakiTxvam, ambobs goeTe, `Cemi buneba SeZra~.
elegiebis oTxi wigni.

330 tibulusi
tibulusi
(Zv. w. 55 _ 19)
avgustusis principatis gamarjvebiT romis imperiaSi xangrZlivi mSvido-

bianoba damyarda, egreT wodebuli `Pax Augusta~. cxovrebis niri TandaTanobiT
sagrZnoblad Seicvala, rac Sesabamisad poeziaSic aisaxa. lirikaSi piraduli,
intimuri gancdebi yovlismomcveli xdeba, samoqalaqo motivebma karga xniT ukan
gadainacvla. sasiyvarulo elegia am periodis umTavresi, lamis erTaderTi
lirikuli Janria da mis yvelaze klasikur warmomadgenlad tibulusi miiCneva.
albius tibulusis biografiidan Zalze cota ram viciT. marTalia, moRweulia
misi cxovrebis mokle aRweriloba, romelic Corpus Tibullianum-s axlavs da
svetoniuss miewereba, magram igi poetis pirovnebaze sayuradRebos TiTqmis
arafers gvamcnobs. oriode faqtsac misive leqsebidan (1,3; 1,7) vigebT, Tumca aqac
ufro poeti-mijnuris tradiciuli saxe ikveTeba, vidre Tavad avtorisa.
arcTu Zalian myarad gamoTvlili TariRebis mixedviT poetis cxovreba Zv. w.
55-19 wlebs Soris Tavsdeba. misi ojaxi warmomavlobiT mxedarTa wodebas ekuTv-
noda, rac saTanado qonebriv cenzsac gulisxmobda, italikuri qalaqis pedumis
maxloblad misi winaprebi did mamulebs flobdnen. samoqalaqo omis Semdeg
poets maTi nawiliRa SemorCenia, konfiskaciis kanoni _ veteranTa Casasaxleblad
miwebis gamoTavisufleba _ rogorc Cans, mis mamulsac Seexo. magram igi beds
Zalianac ar emduris:
arc mamis samkvidros viTxov, arc kidev mosavals maRals,
riTac winapars Cemsas beRlebs uvsebda sTveli.
nakveTi oriod qceva da mcire saxlakic myofnis,
Cveul sawolze davwve, SvebiT gavSalo tani.
(1,1, 41-44)
rac SemorCa, isic sakmarisi gamodga saimisod, romSi damkvidrebuliyo da
metismeti xelmokleoba ar egrZno.
igi poetTa da literatorTa im jgufs uerTdeba, cnobili politikosisa da
mxedarTmTavris mesalas irgvliv rom iyo Semokrebili. 30 wels Cv. w-mde imave me-
salas akvitaniis laSqrobaSi mihyveba, magram gzaSi avad xdeba da qalaq
korkiraSi rCeba, saidanac ukan, romSive, brundeba, laSqrobas aRar agrZelebs.
mas Semdeg omi da politika samudamod daiviwya, mTeli misi Semdgomi saqmianoba
mxolod da mxolod poeziiT Semoifargleba.
Cvenamde moRweuli poeturi krebuli, romelic Corpus Tibullianum-is saxeliT
aris cnobili, oTxi wignisagan Sedgeba. magram sakuTriv tibulusisa aq mxolod
pirveli da meore wignia, danarCen orSi mesalas wris sxva poetebis leqsebia Tav-
moyrili, sadac tibuluss orad ori umniSvnelo teqsti miewereba. orive maTgani
tibulusi 331
misi Semoqmedebis adreul xanas unda ekuTvnodes, sxvaTa gavlenebi daZleuli jer
kidev ar aris, drodadro aSkarad moismis katulusis xma. pirvelsa da meore
wignSi Sesuli elegiebi ki poeturi simwifis xanaSia Seqmnili da rbili tembriT
xasiaTdeba, sinaziT, ubraloebiT, sityvieri faqturis daxvewilobiT, anu yove-
live imiT, rac tibulusis xmasa da tonalobas yvela sxva poetisagan gamoarCevs.
zogierTi elegia, magaliTad 1,3 Janris saukeTeso qmnilebaTa ricxvs miekuTvneba.
tibulusis poeziis mTavari paTosi mSvidobis, wynari da idiliuri cxovrebis
xotbaa, omisa da momxveWelobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli. omsa da momxveWelobas
misi winamorbedi poetebic gmobdnen, magram tibulusTan es momenti poeturi
msoflmxedvelobis rangSia ayvanili. oRond, Tu Zveli poetebi ZiriTadad Si-
naomebis winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebdnen da mSvidobad maTTvis mxolod `romauli
mSvidoba~ miiCneoda, tibulusisaTvis yovelgvari omi miuRebelia.
vin iyo pirveli igi, romelmac maxvili Seqmna?
gulad sdebia lodi, qva yofila da rkina.
omi da mkvleloba iman pirvelma daTesa qveynad
da sikvdilamde misvlis gza umoklesi gaWra.
(1,10, 1-4)
cxovrebis wesi, romelsac misi poezia amkvidrebs, aris is, rasac romaelebi
otium-s uwodebdnen da miaxloebiT `mocaleobad~ SeiZleba iTargmnos. poetis nos-
talgiuri ocnebaa òqros xana~, `saturnusis samefo~, roca arc kacTa saklavi
iaraRi arsebobda, àrc cixe-simagreebi da sabrZolo miwayrilebi~. mSvidoba,
sofluri idiliuri yofa da siyvaruli mis lirikul samyaroSi erT ganuyofel
mTlianobad irwymis.
pirveli wigni, romelic aTi elegiisagan Sedgeba, poets calke krebulad ga-
moucia `delias~ saxelwodebiT (Zv. w. daaxl. 27 w.). delia satrfos saxelia, po-
etis mier Serqmeuli. misi namdvili saxeli, rogorc apuleiusis àpologiidan~
vigebT, yofila plania. pirveli berZnuli sityvaa, meore _ laTinuri, erTica da
meorec `naTels~ niSnavs. arada, apuleiusis cnoba Cvens codnas didsac verafers
sZens, radgan am pirovnebis identificireba, katulusiseuli lesbia-klodiasagan
gansxvavebiT, ar xerxdeba.
delias saxe arc TviTon leqsebis mixedviT aris Zalian cocxlad gamokveTili,
poeti ar cdilobs misi individualuri Tvisebebis warmoCenas. es saxe ufro mainc
im sqemas Seesabameba, romelsac elinisturi, aleqsandriuli tradicia sasi-
yvarulo elegiisagan moiTxovda. leqsebis cikli erT romelsame qals unda
misZRvnoda da igi usaTuod qmriani an kurtizani qali unda yofiliyo, raTa Ta-
vidanve gamoricxuliyo imgvari urTierToba, qorwinebiT rom mTavrdeba, anda
Soreulad mainc gulisxmobs qorwinebis SesaZleblobas. ambavs mZafri sasiyva-
rulo konfliqtebi unda gadmoeca, agreTve yovlad aucilebeli iyo saleqso
sivrcis satrfialo lamentaciebiT gajereba.
tibulusi met-naklebi erTgulebiT mihyveba am sqemas. delia gaTxovili qalia,
magram rig SemTxvevebSi lamis kurtizan qalad gvevlineba, rac situaciebs sak-
maod xelovnur elfers aZlevs. am STabeWdilebas kidev ufro aZlierebs egreT
wodebuli `saerTo adgilebi~, ZvelTagan dakanonebuli motivebis xSiri gamo-
yeneba, rac cocxal gancdas wminda poetur pirobiTobad aqcevs: mijnuri _ amuris
jariskaci, trfobis mona da a.S. aseTivea, magaliTad, ZvelTaZveli motivi
ùmowyalod dagmanuli~ karisa, poets rom satrfosTan Sesvlas ar anebebs. am mo-
tivis SemoWra mocemul situaciaSi ramdenadme uadgilocaa, radgan leqsis saer-
To ganwyobilebas mTlad zustadac ar Seesatyviseba.
magram tibulusis poeziis mTavari Rirseba sasiyvarulo konfliqtebis, mZa-
fri urTierTobis asaxva arc aris. igi mSvidi temperamentis, nazi bunebis Semoq-
332 tibulusi
media da misi leqsi yvelaze did gamomsaxvelobiT Zalas maSin iZens, roca poeti
ocnebas eZleva.
pirveli wignis mesame elegiaSi Tavisi avadmyofobis ambavs mogviTxrobs, roca
korkiraSi darCa da laSqroba veRar gaagrZela. sikvdilis SiSiT Sepyrobils
gverdiT axlobeli aravin hyavs, arc deda, arc da, arc delia. misi fiqrebi
mSobliur garemos, sakuTari soflis sanaxebs dastrialebs, Tbilad, siyvaruliT
daxatuli, lakoniurad mowvdili suraTebi erTmaneTs enacvleba. poeti daJine-
biT fiqrobs im sanatrel wamze, roca Sin gaufrTxileblad dabrundeba, da ocne-
biT xedavs, delia, TmagaSlili da fexSiSveli, rogor gamorbis mis Sesaxvedrad.
aseTive STambeWdavia pirvel elegiaSi sofluri yofis asaxva, aseve wvril-
wvril suraTebad mocemuli, mTel am garemosac poeti ocnebis TvaliT xedavs,
riTac idiliurobis momenti damajerebeli da emociurad savsebiT misaRebi
xdeba. am elegiaSi, romelic saprogramo xasiaTisaa, rogorc dasawyiss Sehferis,
TiTqmis srulad aris moniSnuli yvela is mTavari motivi Tu ganwyobileba, rac
tibulusis Semoqmedebas Tavidan bolomde mihyveba.
wignis pirvelive striqonebi gadmogvcemen poetis uaryofiT damokide-
bulebas cxovrebis im wesis mimarT, romelic romSi damkvidrebula:
sxvam, dae, yviTeli oqro agrovos, simdidre xapos,
hqondes uricxvi miwa, ara erTi da ori,
niadag elodes momxdurs, omisTvis emzados mudam,
ZilSic fxizlobdes unda, yurSi bukis xma edgas.
(1,1, 1-4)
xolo TviTon tibuluss rac izidavs, es aris moxasxase yanebi, yvavilebiT Sem-
kuli sasazRvre mijnebi, xorblisferTmiani keresis (cereras) taZris karze da-
kidebuli Taigulebi, baR-bostnebSi Camdgari wiTuri priaposi, naTesebidan rom
Citebs afrTxobs. misi yvelaze didi survilia wlidan wlamde samyofi mosavali,
oRond yovelive amas isev da isev delias siyvarulma unda SesZinos azrica da
mSvenebac.
magram pirveli wigni mxolod delias Temas ar moicavs, mas aTi elegiidan
mxolod xuTi eZRvneba. sami elegia lamaz ymawvils, vinme maraTuss miemarTeba,
erTi ki laSqrobidan gamarjvebiT dabrunebuli mesalas triumfs gvixatavs. sa-
kuTari mfarvelis triumfi poeturad Zalze saxifaTo Temaa, magram tibulusis
leqsi arc maamebluria da arc oficialurad civia. mas marTla axarebs megobris
warmateba da pirveli milocvis Semdeg or-orstriqonian suraTebad im qveynebs
mimoixilavs, triumfatorma rom laSqrobisas gaiara, riTac leqss Zalze Tavise-
buri silamaze eniWeba.
meore wignSi delia ukve aRar figurirebs, misi adgili axalma satrfom dai-
kava, romelsac poeti nemesiss uwodebs. nemesisi berZnuli sityvaa da SurisZiebas,
samagieros mizRvas niSnavs, riTac, SesaZloa, miniSnebuli iyos, rom delias ganu-
wyveteli RalatiT gawamebulma poetma masze Suri am axali satrfoTi iZia.
magram arc nemesisia erTguli. igi yvela niSnis mixedviT namdvili kurtizani
qalia, fulze dageSili, rac poets sasowarkveTilebaSi agdebs, radgan, rogorc
ukve viciT, arcTu didi simdidris patronia (2,4). igi evedreba nemesiss, cota
meti lmobiereba gamoiCinos, udrood gardacvlil patara dasac ki aficebs, ma-
gram xarbi lamazmanis guls veranairi grZnobieri sityvebi ver arxevs.
eWvianobiT gawamebuli tibulusi erTi xanoba omSi wasvlasac ki fiqrobs (2,6),
rac omis moZule poetisagan sasowarkveTis ukiduresi gamovlinebaa. magram
satrfosTan ganSoreba mis Zalas aRemateba (2,4). iZulebulia, moTminebiT uyuros,
rogor miemgzavreba misi satrfo sofelSi viRac gamdidrebul mdabiosTan er-
Tad. urTierTobis gawyvetas mainc ver axerxebs, Tumca, rogorc irwmuneba,
cxovreba sabolood mosZagda.
tibulusi 333
meore wignis eqvsi elegiidan satrfos mxolod sami eZRvneba (3, 4 da 6). zustad
naxevari, ise rogorc pirvel wignSi. danarCeni sami (2,1, 2,2 da 2,5) sasiyvarulo
Tematikisa ar aris da ufro maRali mxatvruli Rirsebisaa, vidre satrfialoni.
2,1 agviwers soflis dResaswauls _ yanebis kurTxevasa da uxvi mosavlisaTvis
locvas. am leqsSi gansakuTrebuli sicxadiT Cans tibulusis siyvaruli sof-
lisadmi, sofluri garemosadmi, siames hgvris miwaze sakuTari xeliT muSaoba da
kargi mosavlis molodini.
2,2-iT tibulusi megobar poets kornutuss dabadebis dRes ulocavs da,
rogorc samagaliTo meuRles, mravalricxovan STamomavlobas usurvebs. 2,5 ki
mesalas vaJs eZRvneba qurumTa kolegiaSi arCevasTan dakavSirebiT. es kolegia
TxuTmeti kacisagan Sedgeboda da sibilas wignTa movla-patronoba evaleboda,
romaelebSiac xalxis bed-iRbali iyo nawinaswarmetyvelebi. sibilur wignTa mox-
seniebis Semdeg leqsi TandaTan romaeli erisadmi aRvlenil sadidebelSi
gadadis. magram romis warsulidan poeti, Tavisi midrekilebisda mixedviT, yve-
laze didi siyvaruliT arqaul epoqaze Cerdeba, roca palatinis borcvze jer
isev Zroxebi Zovdnen, xolo is vake, kapitoliums rom palatinisagan yofs, jer
kidev tba iyo. da aq poets uecrad isev axsendeba Tavisi nemesisi, uromlisodac
Turme arc erTi kargi striqoni ar gamosdis.
orive wignis Tematika politikisa da saxelmwifoebrivi cxovrebisagan Sorsa
dgas. misi winamorbedi lirikosebi sazogadoebriv saqmeebs didi interesiT ex-
mianebodnen. iseTi intimuri wyobis poeti, rogoric katulusi iyo, Tavis
leqsebSi yovelTvis mkveTrad avlenda politikur simpaTia-antipaTias, amis maga-
liTad keisris mimarT misi damokidebulebac kmara. tibulusTan amgvari intere-
sis niSanwyalic ar Cans. saeWvoa, rom es mxolod misi piradi midrekilebebis ga-
moZaxili iyos. droni icvalnen da maT, visac tibulusi Tavis mkiTxvelad varau-
dobs, politika naklebad ainteresebT, mRelvare sazogadoebrivi cxovreba
mdore erTmmarTvelobam Secvala. romis moqalaqes ukve aRar SeuZlia, proce-
sebSi aqtiuri monawileoba miiRos. yvelafers erTaderTi adamianis, princepsis,
risxva Tu wyaloba warmarTavs.
SesaZlebelia, amgvari poeturi gandgoma garkveuli opoziciurobis gamoxa-
tulebac iyos. mesala, Zveli respublikeli, axal reJims, cnobilia, didi enTuzi-
azmiT ar ekideboda. tibulusi erTxelac ar axsenebs avgustusis saxels, maSinac
ki, roca es savsebiT bunebrivi iqneboda, vTqvaT, roca sayovelTao mSvidobaze
laparakobs, romelic upirvelesad swored avgustusis damsaxureba iyo. amgvari
mouxseniebloba saerTo qeba-didebis fonze SemTxveviTi namdvilad ara Cans. ti-
bulusis korpusis bolo wignSi moTavsebulia elegiaTa ori jgufi. pirvel
jgufSi sul xuTi elegiaa maRali poeturi gemovnebiT Sesrulebuli. meore
jgufi eqvsi elegiisgan Sedgeba da maT avtorad poetesa sulpicia saxeldeba. am
leqsebSi moTxrobilia qal-vaJis, sulpiciasa da kerinTusis, sasiyvarulo is-
toria, gadmocemulia axalgazrda qalis gancdebi. arsebobs safuZvliani mosaz-
reba, rom pirveli jgufis leqsebi, romlebic ufro maRal donezea Sesru-
lebuli, tibuluss ekuTvnis, zogierTi mkvlevari ki mTel am cikls tibuluss
miawers da miaCnia, rom sulpicia mxolod poeturi fiqciaa.
tibulusis poetur ostatobaze zemoT ukve vilaparakeT. igi Zalian faqizad
grZnobs sityvas, aqvs stilis utyuari grZnoba. arcerTgan ar iyenebs aleqsan-
drieli poetebis `swavlul~ sityvakazmulobas, rac umTavresad miTologiuri
paralelebis simravliT xasiaTdeboda da leqsis emociuri aRqmisaTvis mxolod
xelisSemSleli iyo, riTac ase xSirad scodavs xolme properciusi. motivTa sim-
didriT tibulusi ar gamoirCeva, zogjer leqsis kompoziciac erTgvari uk-
marisobis grZnobas gvitovebs, magram yovelive amas igi maRali sityvieri osta-
334 tibulusi
tobiTa da emociis siRrmiT anazRaurebs. aRsaniSnavia agreTve rbili, daxvewili

iumori.
tibulusis poezia TanamedroveTagan Rirseulad iqna dafasebuli. ovidiusma
gulwrfeli elegiiT daitira misi gardacvaleba (trf. 3,9). igi darwmunebulia,
rom tibulusis leqsebs manam iswavlian zepirad, sanam iarsebebs siyvarulis sax-
mili da kupidonis isrebi (trf. 1,15, 27-28). sinanuls gamoTqvams, rom ver moaswro
misi gacnoba (tris. 5,10,5). antikur xanaSi tibulusis poezia didad popularuli
iyo, magram Sua saukuneebma igi savsebiT gadaiviwya, mxolod aRorZinebis xanidan
iwyeba am poetis xelaxali aRmoCena. misi motivebis mixedviT araerTi leqsia Seqm-
nili. qebiT moixsenieben poeziis korifeebi, maT Soris goeTe da puSkini.
elegiaTa oTxi wigni, `Corpus Tibulianum~-is romlebic saxeliTaa cnobili.

vergiliusi 335
vergiliusi
(Zv. w.70- Zv.w.19)
vergiliusi `romaelTa homerosi,~ principatis xanis poeziis udidesi

warmomadgeneli, daibada Zv. w. 70 w. 15 oqtombers CrdiloeT italiaSi, mantuasTan
axlos, andesSi, wvrili miwaTmflobelis ojaxSi. mis Sesaxeb cnobebs antikuri
xanis biografosebi da komentatorebi gvawvdian.
dawyebiTi ganaTleba vergiliusma kremonaSi miiRo, Semdeg ki  mediolanumSi
(axlandel milanSi), romelic im droisaTvis CrdiloeT italiis kulturul
centrs warmoadgenda. 50-ian wlebSi poeti romSi gaemgzavra filosofiisa da
mWevrmetyvelebis Sesaswavlad. bunebiT morcxvi vergiliusi cudi oratori iyo,
laparakobda mZimed, dabneulad, magram badali ar hyavda leqsebis kiTxvaSi. igi
garegnobiT soflels hgavda, iyo maRali, gamxdari, Sagvremani, susti janmrTe-
lobis; ar uyvarda drostareba, megobarTa wreSi molxena, qalTa sazogadoebaSi
triali; iyo gulCaxveuli, gaurboda Tayvanismcemlebs, maTTan Sexvedrasa da maT
aRtacebul misalmebebs.
vergiliuss wera Wabukobidanve dauwyia. misi pirveli nawarmoebi aris `kata-
leptoni~ (`mcire leqsebi~), romelic warmoadgens nazavs sxvadasxva xasiaTis
leqsebisas: damcinavis, mamxileblis, seriozulis. vergiliuss miawerdnen epili-
ebs: `koRos~ da `kiriss~.
vergiliusi gatacebuli iyo e. w. `neoterikosTa~ SemoqmedebiT, gansakuTrebiT
ki – katulusis poeziiT, sadac mTavari yuradReba adamianis Sinagani samyaros
gadmocemas eniWeba. vergiliusis poeziaSi Taviseburad aisaxa epikureelTa moZ-
Rvreba, rac gamoixateboda `mcirediT kmayofilebasa~ da `sakuTar naWuWSi Caket-
viT~. mis Semoqmedebaze didi gavlena iqonia lukreciusis poemamac `saganTa bune-
bis Sesaxeb~.
vergiliusma aRiareba jer kidev axalgazrdobaSi moipova `bukolikebiT~, e. i.
`samwyemso simRerebiT~, romlebic Zv. w. 42-39 wlebSi daiwera. es is periodia,
roca keisris mkvlelobis Semdeg romSi axali ZaliT ifeTqa samoqalaqo
dapirispirebam. es politikuri viTareba Taviseburad aisaxa `bukolikebSi~, Tumca
amas ar daurRvevia poemis Sinagani struqtura. am nawarmoebSi vergiliusi uxvad
sargeblobs elinisti poetebis SemoqmedebiT, gansakuTrebiT ki Teokritosis
ìdiliebiT~. `bukolikebis~ avtori iyenebs Tavisi winamorbedi poetebisagan mo-
tivebs, saxeebs, amave dros nawarmoebis formasac, romelic dialogisa da
monologis saxiTaa warmodgenili. Teokritosisagan gansxvavebiT vergiliusis
poemaSi ar igrZnoba poetis ironiuli toni personaJebTan (mwyemsebTan) da-
mokidebulebaSi. vergiliuss moswons soflis mkvidrTa mSvidi yofa, sadac ar
aris momxveWeloba, xelisuflebisaken ltolva. poets ar ainteresebs politi-
kuri sakiTxebi. `bukolikebi~ 10 eklogisagan (mcire zomis nawarmoebebisagan)
336 vergiliusi
Sedgeba. moqmedebis adgili aris arkadia, magram poemaSi asaxulia romauli yofa.
Tema `bukolikebisa~ aris siyvaruli, RalatiT gamowveuli sevda, Sejibri sim-
ReraSi. poemis personaJebi ZiriTadad mwyemsebi arian, Tumca zogierTi ekloga
miTologiur gmirs, zogic ki realur, istoriul pirovnebas eZRvneba.
`bukolikebis~ kompoziciaSi SeimCneva erTgvari simetria. I – IX eklogebis Tema
aris mamulis dakargviT gamowveuli tkivili. mwyemsebi sinanuliT eTxovebian Ta-
vianT miwebs, romelTa datoveba iZulebiT uxdebaT, aSkarad igrZnoba, rom am ek-
logebSi aisaxa epizodi poetis biografiidan, roca Zv. w. 41 w. avgustusis brZane-
biT veteran meomrebs dauriges CamorTmeuli nakveTebi kremonasa da mis Semoga-
renSi. am dros dakarga vergiliusma Tavisi mamuli,Tumca gavleniani megobrebis
wyalobiT maleve daibruna, ufro zustad ki, miiRo mSvenieri miwis nakveTi q.
nolasTan axlos. madlieri poeti pirvelsave eklogaSi RmerTad moixseniebs
oqtavianuss, Tumca ara aSkarad, aramed SefarviT.
`RmerTma miboZa es simSvide, o, melibous,
da igi CemTvis samudamod RmerTad darCeba.~
(I 6-7)
ra aris am striqonebiT gamoxatuli, poetis gulwrfeli madliereba oqtavi-
anusis mimarT, Tu Cveulebrivi farisevloba qveynis mmarTvelisadmi? bevrs
miaCnda, rom vergiliusis poezia aris qedis moxra avgustusisadmi, rom igi iyo
sasaxlis karis poeti da amdenad, werda ise, rogorc es surda mecenats, anu rasac
moiTxovda qveynis ideologia. iyo Tu ara vergiliusi Tavisufali poeti? am sa-
kiTxze pasuxis gacemisas gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas erTi garemoeba; avgustusi
iyo is didi politikosi, romelsac im droisTvis imediT Sehyurebda romis sa-
zogadoeba. ras moelodnen misgan? upirvelesad mSvidobas, samoqalaqo omebis
Sewyvetas. SeuZlebeli iyo, adre opozociurad ganwyobil vergiliuss simpa-
Tiebi ar gasCenoda im reJimisadmi, romelic romis moqalaqeebs mSvidobiani
cxovrebis garantias aZlevda.
II da VIII eklogebSi gadmocemulia Seyvarebuli mwyemsis gulisnadebi, xolo III-
VII-Si – mwyemsTa Sejibri simReraSi.
IV da VI eklogebi miZRvniTi xasiaTisaa. VI eklogis adresati aris galiis pro-
konsuli variusi, romelic daexmara vergiliuss mamulis dabrunebaSi. formis
mixedviT, es aris tyis RmerTis, silanusis darigeba, romelic mwyemsis saxiTaa
warmodgenili. am eklogaSi vergiliusi Tavs imarTlebs, rom mas ar surs umRe-
ros diad, gmirul brZolebs da urCevnia, mwyemsuri simRerebi SeTxzas:
`me nazi stviriT glexur muzas vemsaxurebi,
Sen xotbis mTqmeli, Cemo varius, ar dageleva,
vinc Sens saqmeebs ugalobebs, mquxare brZolebs.~
(VI 8-10)
IV ekloga Tavisi mniSvnelobiT gamorCeulia `bukolikebSi~. igi eZRvneba asi-
nius polions, romelic konsuli iyo Zv. w. 40 w. es ekloga aris poetis ganacxadi
axali oqros saukunis dadgomis Sesaxeb. romaelTa rwmeniT, sibilas winaswar-
metyveluri wignebis Tanaxmad da aseve stoikuri filosofiis koncefciis mixed-
viT, samyaros ganviTareba spiralur xasiaTs atarebs. e.i. yoveli ciklis das-
rulebis Semdeg kvlav iwyeba axali,rac Zvelis ganmeorebaa. Zv. w. 40 wels, roca es
ekloga daiwera, damTavrda dianas wre (rkinis saukune) da daiwyo axali, apolo-
nis wre, roca mosalodneli iyo oqros xanis mobruneba, romelic saturnusis
dros iyo. es netari xana romSi unda daemkvidrebina yrmas, romlis dabadebas wi-
naswarmetyvelebda vergiliusi. rogori iqneba es saukune? miwa TavisTavad moi-
tans mosavals, ar dasWirdeba damuSaveba, jiqansavse cxvrebi Tavad miadgebian pa-
trons, lomebi ar SeaSfoTeben faras, arc gvelebi dageslaven vinmes . . .
vergiliusi 337
`miwas guTani ar daseravs, venaxs – namgali

da guTnisdeda mZime uRels aaclis xarebs,
arvin ecdeba, xelovnurad SeRebos matyli,
cxvari, mindorze gaSvebuli, aferaddeba
gind mewamulad TavisTavad, gindac oqrosfrad;
ikuntruSeben saZovarze Wreli batknebi.~
(VI 40-45)
soflis es idilia, simSvide, siuxve, Tanac glexis mZime Sromis gareSe, aris,
vergiliusis warmodgeniT, oqros xana. poeti konkretulad asaxelebs am netari
xanis damkvidrebis dros, es aris misi Tanamederove epoqa. vin igulixmeba im yr-
maSi, romlis dabadebiT, poetis gancxadebiT, bednierebas eziarebian romaelebi?
am gamocanis amoxsnas didi xania cdiloben mkvlevarebi. erTi Sexedulebis Tanax-
mad, im yrmaSi, romelic mxsnelad unda movlenoda qveyanas, vergiliusi gulisx-
mobda oqtavianusis memkvidres, romelsac skriboniasagan eloda princepsi;
fiqroben imasac, rom am yrmaSi SesaZloa antoniusis an asinius polios vaJi iyos
navaraudevi. erTi Tvalsazrisis Tanaxmad, es ekloga momavali mesiis, RmerTkacis
dabadebas winaswarmetyvelebda. Zveli qristianebi darwmunebulebi iyvnen, rom aq
swored macxovris amqveynad movlenaze iyo saubari. iqneb es yrma Tavad oqtia-
vianusi iyo, romelmac marTlac mSvidoba moutana romaelebs. am Sexedulebasac
hyavs Tavisi mxardamWerebi. vinc ar unda ivaraudebodes am yrmaSi, mTavari mainc
is aris, rom amiT vergiliusma gamoxata romaelTa ocneba, imedi mSvidobiani
cxovrebis dadgomaze.
V ekloga eZRvneba miTologiur personaJs, dafniss, misi sikvdiliT gamowveul
sevdas, X ki – poet galuss, mis naRvlian siyvaruls. orive eklogaSi igrZnoba
Teokritosis ìdiliebis~ gavlena.
`bukolikebSi~ naTlad gamovlinda vergiliusis poeturi talanti. es poema ga-
moirCeva ara marto daxvewili saleqso sazomiT, aramed soflis warmtaci bunebis
realisturi gadmocemiT. `bukolikebma~ saxeli mouxveWa vergiliuss. misi ga-
mosvlis Semdeg poeti mecenetis literaturuli wris wevri gaxda da amrigad
oqtavianussac dauaxlovda. maT uZRvna didaqtikuri poema `georgikebi~ (`miwaT-
moqmedebis Sesaxeb~). Svidi weli imuSava masze poetma da igi Zv. w. 29 wels daas-
rula. `georgikebis~, iseve rogorc `bukolikebis~, Tema aqtualuri iyo im
droisaTvis da savsebiT misaRebi avgustusisaTvis, romelsac surda samoqalaqo
omebis dros gaCanagebuli soflis meurneobis aRdgena. `georgikebi~ oTxi
wignisagan Sedgeba: pirveli exeba miwaTmoqmedebas, meore – mebaReobasa da meve-
naxeobas, mesame – mecxoveleobas da meoTxe – mefutkreobas. vergiliusis am poemas
ara mxolod praqtikuli daniSnuleba unda hqonoda. meurne glexma kargad icoda,
`georgikebis~ gareSec, rogor moevlo miwisTvis, rodis ra daeTesa, rogor gae-
Senebina xexilis baRi, rogor ganeviTarebina mefutkreoba; garda amisa, ro-
maelebi icnobdnen varos traqtats `soflis meurneobis Sesaxeb~. senekas azriT,
`georgikebiT~ vergiliuss undoda ara rCeva-darigebis, aramed siamovnebis mini-
Weba mkiTxvelisaTvis (`werilebi~ 86). vergiliusi am poemaSi glexis Sromas asxams
qebas, aidealebs soflis mSvid cxovrebas. amiT gansxvavdeba `georgikebi~ he-
siodes `samuSaoni da dReni~-sagan, sadac realisturad aris asaxuli glexis mZime
socialuri yofa. vergiliusi soflis mcxovrebis Sromas, romelsac dasveneba da
mxiaruli drostareba mosdevs bunebis wiaRSi, sasiamovno procesad aRiqvams:
`bednieria, vinc cxovrebis Seicno arsi,
vinc ukuagdo SiSi yvela da bediswera,
gaumaZRari aqeronis mquxare Relva;
netari aris, vinc Tayvans scems soflis RvTaebebs.~
(II 490-493)
338 vergiliusi
Tu lukreciusisaTvis adamianis movaleoba saganTa arsis SecnobaSia, rac

daaZlevinebs mas sikvdilis SiSs (III 1072), vergiliusisaTvis bedniereba soflis
mcxovrebTa saqmianobaSia. poeti umReris glexis dauRalav Sromas, romelmac
unda daabrunos saturnusis oqros xana. `yvelafers sZlia Sromam mZimem, Se-
upovarma~ (I 145) – acxadebs vergiliusi. axali oqros xana, faqtobrivad, ukve
dadga qveyanaze, magram amis Secnoba uWirT adamianebs. poetis mizania, daanaxos
soflis binadarT, Tu ra bednierebi arian isini:
`bednierT Soris bedniero, glexkaco, ici,
ra sikeTes flob? ar gWirdeba qneva maxvilis,
daumadlebel sarCos gawvdis buneba Tavad.~
(II 458-460)
`georgikebSi~ ara amarto soflis meurneobis sxvadasxva dargebzea saubari,
masSi SigadaSig, CarTulia miTologiuri siuJetebi, mimarTvebi mecenatisadmi,
xotba avgustusisadmi. III wignSi vergiliusi acxadebs Tavis momaval SemoqmedebiT
gegmas, rom igi Seasrulebs mecenatis davalebas da avgustusis Rvawls saTanadod
Seaqebs.
`Seni brZaneba, mecenato, ar ars advili,
uSenod mwvervals ver Sewvdeba Cemi goneba,
Zalas movikreb me keisris brZolis saqebrad
da mis didebas gadavawvden saukuneebs.~
(III 41-42, 46-47)
`bukolikebi~ da `georgikebi~ iyo erTgvari gamocda vergiliusis poeturi
talantisa, ramac warmateba moutana poets. Tumca didebis moxveWa mas ar ufiqria:
`me baR-venaxebs, yanebsa da naxirs vumRerdi,
ros keisari didebuli omobda evfrats,
kanon-samarTals awesebda morCil xalxebSi,
gamarjvebuli gzas ikvlevda olimposaken,
masazrdoebda im dros tkbili me parTenone,
mwyemsur leqsebiT verTobodi moclilobis Jams,
ara didebis mosaxveWad, siamisaTvis;
Wabukur vnebiT wiflis CrdilqveS titirs vumRerdi.~
(IV 559-566)
vergiliusi TiTqos Tavs imarTlebs, rom roca avgustusi Tavisi mniSvnelova-
ni gamarjvebebiT romis Zlierebas ganamtkicebda, poeti im dros sakuTari sia-
movnebisaTvis werda leqsebs. axla saWiroa, izrunos romaeli xalxis didebaze da
avgustusis Rvawls xotba Seasxas.
vergiliusma gadawyvita, Seeqmna poema èneida~ troeli gmiris, eneasis Sesaxeb.
poetma moqmedeba warsulSi gadaitana da umRera romaeli xalxis brwyinvale mo-
mavals, romelic vergiliusisa da avgustusis epoqaa. eneasi, troeli gmiri av-
gustusis simboluri saxea.
romis sazogadoeba mouTmenlad moeloda avgustusis Rvawlis amsaxvel poemas,
romelsac SeeZlo TviT homerosis didebuli ìliadis~ daCrdilva. properciusi
werda:
`ganze gadeqiT, romisa da elinT mgosnebo,
ìliadaze~ ukeTesi raRac iqmneba.~
(II 34-61)
magram virgiliusma axal nawarmoebSi umRera ara avgustuss, aramed troel
gmirs, eneass, romis legendarul winapars.
vergiliusi 339
miTi eneasze jer kidev Zv. w. III saukuneSi iyo popularuli. romi iTvleboda ga-
naxlebul troad. iuliusebis gvari Tavis warmomavlobas ukavSirebda eneasis
vaJs. amdenad, es poema avgustusis, mis winaparTa sadidebeli poemac iyo.
vergiliusma upirvelesad Camoayaliba gegma poemisa, mokle prozauli Si-
naarsi. Zv. w. 19w. poetma ZiriTadad daasrula Tavisi axali nawarmoebi. igi varau-
dobda poemis daxvewas sami wlis manZilze. am mizniT gadawyvita axlos gacnoboda
im adgilebs, romlebic èneidaSi~ iyo aRwerili. vergiliusi gaemgzavra sa-
berZneTsa da mcire aziaSi samogzaurod, magram avad gaxda da gardaicvala
brundisiumSi 19 w. 21 seqtembers. miuxedavad imisa, rom poetma sikvdilis win
isurva, ar gamoeqveynebinaT èneida~, radgan mas jer kidev ar Tvlida dasrule-
bulad, avgustusis daJinebuli moTxovniT poema gamoica, xeluxleblad datoves
is daumTavrebeli heqsametruli taepebi, romelTa gamarTva poetma ver moaswro.
èneida~ 12 wignisagan Sedgeba: pirveli eqvsi wigni eZRvneba eneasis xetials
trois dangrevis Semdeg da Tematurad igi òdiseas~ uaxlovdeba, xolo danarCen
eqvs wignSi gadmocemulia eneasis brZola italiaSi. poemis es nawili ìliadas~
enaTesaveba. poemis dasawyisSive vergiliusi ayalibebs Tavis koncefcias:
ìaraRsa da vaJkacs vumRer, trois qveynidan
bediT devnils da gadmoxvewils italiaSi."
(I 1-2)
aqedan cxadia, poetis survilia gaaerTianos gmiris brZola da xetiali, e. i.
ìliadisa~ da òdiseis~ Tema. homerosis poemebis gavlenis kvali ara marto
èneidis~ kompoziciaSi igrZnoba, aramed gmirTa saxeebsa da pasaJebSi. Tumca ver-
giliusis poema Tvisobrivad mkveTrad gansxvavebulia ìliadisa~ da òdiseasa-
gan~. homerosis poemebSi miTologiuri siuJetia gadmocemuli, èneidaSi~ miTi
TanamedroveobasTan aris Serwymuli. vergiliusis mizani ar aris mxolod eneasis
brZolebisa da misi Tavgadasavlis aRwera, am nawarmoebiT poets surs daasabu-
Tos, rom romis, msoflios uZlieresi qalaqis, daarseba RmerTTa nebiT moxda,
rom italielTa winaprebi, elinTa msgavsad, uZvelesi tomebi iyvnen; rom uzenaes-
Ta gadawyvetilebis Tanaxmad, troelTa erTi nawili damkvidrda italiaSi, Tavis
`pirvel samSobloSi~.
vergiliusi umReris eneass, rogorc qvel vaJkacs da mis brZolebs, eneasSi
gaerTianebulia aqilevsisa da odisevsis saxeebi, Tumca igi Tavisi xvedriT, xasi-
aTiT gansxvavdeba homerosis gmirebisagan. aqilevsi aris mamaci, Seudarebeli
Zalis meomari, romelic saxelisaTvis ibrZvis; odisevsis xifaTiani mogzaurobis
mizani Sin, iTakaSi dabrunebaa.
eneasi aris gansakuTrebuli misiiT aRWurvili gmiri, romelic RmerTTa nebiT
tovebs almodebul troas, raTa `dabrundes~ Tavis axal samSobloSi.
èneidis~ I wignSi mokle Sesavlis Semdeg moTxrobilia eneasis devna qalRmerT
iunos mier, romelic saSinel qariSxals mouvlens zRvaze troidan gadmoxve-
wilebs. talRebTan SeWidebuli troeli gmirebi miadgebian afrikis sanapiros,
dedofal didos samefos, mSenebare qalaqs, karTagens. didos TxovniT eneasi uam-
bobs karTagenelebs troelTa Tavgadasavals qalaq ilionis dacemis Semdeg.
II wignSi iwyeba eneasis Txroba, Tu rogor moatyues troelebi elinebma, rom-
lebmac viTomdac qalaqi miatoves da xis cxeni datoves trois karibWesTan. maT
xmebi gaavrceles, TiTqos es minervas uZRvnes, raTa Sin mSvidobiT dabruneba
SeZlebodaT. gabriyvebulma troelebma qalaqSi Seagores cxeni, romelSic
SeiaraRebuli elini gmirebi isxdnen. isini RamiT gamovidnen, kari gauRes
TanamebrZolebs da sastiki brZola gaumarTes troelebs.
aq CarTulia ambavi laokoonisa, romelic cdilobs frigielTa gonze moyvanas,
raTa ar Seiyvanon xis cxeni qalaqSi: `danaelT vufrTxi, Tundac ZRveni mohqondeT
CvenTvis~ – ambobs laokooni. es fraza Semdgom frTian gamoTqmad iqca.
340 vergiliusi
dramatuli ferebiT aris aRwerili laokoonisa da misi vaJebis daRupva ori

uzarmazari gvelis mier.
venusis rCeviT eneasi ojaxTan erTad garbis almodebuli troidan. gzad igi
kargavs meuRles, kreusas. mis saZebnelad qalaqSi dabrunebul eneass meuRlis
aCrdili gamoecxadeba, romelic uambobs, rogor daiRupa; igi urCevs troel
gmirs, saswrafod ganagrZos gza.
III wignSi eneasi agrZelebs Tavisi Tavgadasavlis Txrobas. rogor micures
troelebma Trakiis sanapirosTan, sadac moindomes axalSenis daarseba, sanam
sisxlianma miwam ar miaxvedra, rom es ar iyo is aRqmuli qveyana, sadac troelebi
unda damkvidrebuliyvnen. kunZul delosze misul eneass apolonis qurumi au-
wyebs, rom maT winaparTa fuZe elodebaT. eneasis mama, anqise, cdilobs amoxsnas,
romeli qveyanaa maTi axali smSoblo. igi gadawyvets, rom es aris kunZuli kreta.
iq misuli troelebi kvlav qalaqs aSeneben. magram, roca SimSiloba daiwyo,
dafiqrdnen troelebi, xom ar Secdnen. maSin eneass penatebi gamoecxadebian ZilSi
da auwyeben, rom isini hesperiaSi unda Cavidnen, iq iSvnen troelTa winaparni:
dardanosi da iasiusi. eneasi mieSureba siciliisaken, gzad, buTrotumSi mas xvde-
bian helenosi, priamosis vaJi da andromaqe. siciliaSi gardaicvleba anqise.
troelebi samudamod eTxovebian mas. amiT simbolurad kavSirs wyveten troasTan,
warsulTan, Zvel samSoblosTan.
IV wigni, iseve rogorc II, gamorCeulia dramatulobiTa da paTeturobiT. es
aris ambavi didos siyvarulisa. qalRmerTebis – iunosa da venusis xelSewyobiT,
eneasi TanaugrZnobs didos siyvaruls da rCeba karTagenSi, xalisiT monawileobs
axali qalaqis mSeneblobaSi. igi iviwyebs Tavis misias, sanam hermesi ar ga-
moafxizlebs buranidan. SeSfoTebuli eneasi tovebs kunZuls, mas didos saso-
warkveTili mudara ver SeaCerebs, imeddakarguli dido TviTmkvlelobiT am-
Tavrebs sicocxles.
V wignSi troelebi kvlav siciliaSi arian, sadac anqises sulis mosaxseneblad
awyoben TamaSobebs. es adgili gvagonebs ìliadaSi~ patroklosis dakrZalvis
scenas, mis pativsacemad gamarTul Sejibrebebs.
VI wignSi kumeSi misuli troelebi apolonis taZarSi swiraven msxverpls;
sibilas qurumis rCeviT eneasi micvalebulTa samefoSi Cadis, sadac moinaxulebs
mamas, anqisess, iqve ixilavs danaRvlianebul didos aCrdils, romelic mdumared
gaecleba mas. anqisesi auwyebs eneass im brZolebs, romlebic unda gadaitanon ro-
maelebma:
`gaxsovdes, morCilT mowyaleba, amayT daTrgunva,
mSvidobis dacva, romaelo, Seni valia,
msoflios marTvis xelovnebas Sen Seiswavli.~
(VI 851-853)
am sityvebiT vergiliusma ara marto gaamarTla romaelTa eqspansiuri poli-
tika, aramed romis, msoflio qalaqis samudamo dideba iqadaga, riTac aSkarad
gamoxata Tavisi mxardaWera oqtavianusis reJimisadmi.
am eqvsi wigniT mTavrdeba eneasis Tavgadasavlis Txroba da iwyeba poemis meore
nawili – troeli gmiris brZolebi axali samSoblos mosapoveblad.
VII wigni, iseve rogorc pirveli, muzisadmi mimarTviT iwyeba. es imas niSnavs,
rom poemis es nawili Tvisobrivad gansxvavdeba pirveli eqvsi wignisagan. eneasi
miadga italiis im mxares, romelsac latiumi ewodeboda, sadac mefobda latinu-
si. man troel gmirs Tavisi qaliSvili, lavinia SesTavaza colad, radgan winawar-
metyvelebiT icoda, rom Tavisi erTaderTi asuli ucxoelisaTvis unda mieTxove-
bina, riTac italiis xalxis gaZlierebas Seuwyobda xels. magram maT damoyvrebas
win aRudgeba rutulelTa mefe turnusi, romelzedac iyo dawinduli lavinia.
vergiliusi 341
VIII wignSi mowinaRmdegeni emzadebian brZolisaTvis. eneasi poulobs mo-

kavSireebs arkadieli evanderisa da etruskTa saxiT, xolo turnusi Seekra
sisastikiT ganTqmul mefes, mesenciuss, romelic etruskebma gandevnes TavianTi
qveynidan. eneasi axali iaraRiT emzadeba sabrZolvelad, romelsac mas venusis
TxovniT vulkanusi umzadebs, iseve rogorc ìliadaSi~ aqilevss iaraRs uWeds
hefestosi. eneasis farze gamosaxulia romis mTeli istoria, romulusidan
moyolebuli avgustusis epoqis CaTvliT.
IX wignSi gadmocemulia rutulelTa veraguli Tavdasxma troelTa banakze,
roca eneasi iq ar imyofeboda. aq yuradRebas iqcevs Wabuki meomrebis: nisusisa da
evrialusis gmiruli brZola da erTmaneTisaTvis Tavganwirva.
X wignSi moTxrobilia RmerTTa bWoba. iunos rutulelTa bedi aRelvebs,
venuss – troelTa. iupiteri simSvidisaken mouwodebs maT da iTxovs omis Sewyve-
tas. dadgeba dro – ambobs igi – roca latinebs mouwevT didi brZola karT-
agenelebis winaaRmdeg, maSin SegiZliaT aqtiurad CaerToT maT saqmeSio – mimar-
Tavs iupiteri RmerTebs. aqvea aRwerili ori mSvenieri Wabukis evanderis vaJis,
palasis sikvdili turnusis mier da mesenciusis Zis, lavsusis daRupva eneasis
xeliT. Tu turnusi xarobs palasis mkvlelobiT da sixaruliT aaclis mas brwy-
invale iaraRs, eneasSi sibraluls iwvevs lavsusis sikvdili, romelsac surda
mamas, mesenciuss gamoqomageboda. igi iaraRs utovebs sabralo Wabuks da
hpirdeba, rom mis gvams saTanado pativiT miabarebs miwas:
`yrmav, sibralulis Rirso, Seni simtkicis fasi
ra unda mogces eneasma? SegrCes far-xmali,
riTac xarobdi, migabareb mkvdarTa aCrdilebs,
ferfls winaparTa, Tuki rames niSnavs es zrunva.~1
(X 825-828)
XI wignSi gadmocemulia daRupul mebrZolTa dakrZalva. mtris iaraRis Sewirva
omis RmerTisaTvis, palasis datireba, amazon kamilas brZola da sikvdili.
XII wignSi aRwerilia turnusisa da eneasis orTabrZola. iunoze gabrazebuli
iupiteri ubrZanebs mas, rom aRar gabedos turnusis daxmareba. troelebma unda
gaimarjvon. iuno nebdeba uzenaesis survils, oRond Txovs, rom trois saxeli
gaqres da tevkrebi Seerion italiis mkvidrT da gaaZlieron maTi modgma. iupi-
teris nebac aseTia:
àvzonni enas da Zvel adaTs ar dakargaven,
arca Tu sxeuls, mxolod sisxli maT SeerevaT,
tevkrni italebs Semateben RvTismsaxurebas,
erTgvarovanni iqnebian marad laTinni,
avzonT Sereul sisxlisagan gaCenil modgmas
hpoveb kacTa da ukvdavebze usaTnoesad.~
(XII 834-839)
eneasi amarcxebs turnuss. aseTia poemis dasasruli.
vergiliusi, rogorc humanisti da moralisti poeti, Tavis koncefcias gvTa-
vazobs omisa da saerTod, saomari eTikis Sesaxeb. es xan personaJTa moqmedebiT
xdeba sacnauri, xanac – poetis parenTeziT. es iseTi taqtiT aris gadmocemuli,
rom moklebulia mSral didaqtikas, damrigeblur tons. omi vergiliusisaTvis
aris samwuxaro aucilebloba, romelsac gverds ver auvlis verc eneasi, romel-
sac TanamoqalaqeTa bedi awuxebs. oms aqvs Tavisi wesebi, romelTa dacva idealur
gmirs mudam evaleba. nadavlis miTviseba gamarjvebis Semdeg ara marto dasaSvebi,
aucilebelic kia, magram damarcxebuli mtris saWurvliT brZolas yovelTvis
savalalo Sedegi moaqvs, radgan iaraRi Tan atarebs Tavisi adrindeli patronis
1
èneidis~ qarTuli Targmani ekuTvnis r. miminoSvils
342 vergiliusi
xvedrs. amitom igi an Rirseul metoqes unda dautovo, an omis RmerTs Seswiro.
omiT mopovebuli gamarjveba bedniers ver xdis gmirs. eneasi Svils, askaniuss
arigebs, rom siqvele da gmiroba SeiZleba misgan iswavlos, magram Tavis xvedrs
ar usurvebs Svils (XII 435-436).
eneasi mkveTrad gansxvavebulia homerosis gmirebisagan. igi ar aris cbieri da mox-
erxebuli odisevsiviT, medgari mebrZolia aqilevsiviT, magram ar aris saxelsa da
didebas daxarbebuli. eneasis xasiaTi yalibdeba, iwrToba. trois dacemis periodSi
troelTa winamZRoli aris uSiSari mebrZoli, romelic mzadaa xmliT xelSi Seegebos
sikvdils da daiRupos almodebul qalaqTan erTad (II 317, 354). mxolod RmerTTa Ca-
gonebiT gaecleba igi mSobliur qalaqs. eneasi aris ojaxis moyvaruli, gabeduli
meomari, RmerTTa pativismcemeli. eneass mxrebze Sesmuli gamohyavs almodebuli
qalaqidan mama, romelic simbolurad Zvel troasTan, warsulTan aris gaivigebuli,
Svils (e. i. trois momavals) win waiZRolebs, xolo cols (e.i. pirad bednierebas) ubr-
Zanebs, ukan gahyves mas. kreusas ucabedi gauCinarebis Semdeg almodebul qalaqSi
colis mosaZebnad dabrunebuli eneasi manam ar tovebs troas, vidre colis aCrdili
ar gamoecxadeba. eneasi xdeba frTxili, troaSi mesamed mibrunebuli Tavs aridebs
mterTan Sexvedras, rac TanamgzavrTa usafrTxoebiT aris gamowveuli. RvTismoSiS
eneass xSirad uWirs RvTiuri niSnebis amocnoba, uSvebs uneblie Secdomebs. didosTan
SeCerebuli troeli gmiri arc ki fiqrobs, gagrZelos gza italiisaken. es iyo misi
yvelaze didi Secdoma, romelic ara uvicobiT, aramed gulmaviwyobiT iyo gamow-
veuli.
eneasi aris gulwrfeli gmiri, ar aris cbieri. roca zavs sTavazobs italiis
mosaxleobas, malulad rodi lesavs maT winaaRmdeg maxvils. misi omi italiaSi ar
aris eqspansiuri. eneasi ibrZvis Tavisi xalxis bednierebisaTvis. mas ar surs omi,
magram iZulebulia ibrZolos (XI 110-114). eneasis gamarjveba turnusze kanonieria,
radgan es aris RmerTTa nebis aRsruleba.
italiaSi Casvlamde eneasi uars ver ambobs adamianur sisusteebze, magram igi
xvdeba, rom ar SeiZleba mihyvebode RvTis nebas da amave dros amqveyniur siamov-
nebazec fiqrobde. igi TandaTanobiT iSorebs Tavis vnebebs; siyvaruls karT-
agenSi tovebs, mSvidobiani cxovrebiT tkbobis survils, rac qalaqTa mSeneblo-
baSi gamoixateba, sxvadasxva kunZulze ikmayofilebs, warsulTan mWidro
kavSirs anqises sikvdilTan erTad eTxoveba. ase, ganZarculi adamianuri sur-
vilebisagan, Cadis igi italiaSi, sadac daafuZnebs penatebsa da Tavis xalxs:
amave dros romis didebas Cauyris safuZvels. Secdomebi, uneblie Tu nebsiTi,
mtris mimarT gamovlenili risxva da sisastike ar amcirebs eneass. vergiliusma
Seqmna gmiris cocxali da ara sqematuri saxe. `samarTliani, RvTismoSiSi,
brZolaSi da omSi gamocdili eneasi~ (I 544-545, VIII 235) xdeba dakvirebuli,
RmerTTa survilebis amomcnobi da maTi morCili gmiri. igi rwmundeba, rom
RvTis rCeuloba sapatio, magram mZime tvirTia; mas unda Seswiro piradi bed-
niereba, adamianuri siameni.
eneasis saxe, rogorc mebrZolisa, kargad Cans turnusTan SepirispirebaSi.
eneasi iseTive Zlieria, rogorc misi metoqe, brZolaSi iseTive daundobeli da
sastiki. magram eneasi mainc keTilSobili gmiria, radgan keTili saqmisaTvis
ibrZvis. igi qmnis mSvidobas. mrisxaneba da Seubralebloba, razedac eneasi uars
ver ambobs, omis umowyalo kanonia. magram troel gmirs aqvs zomierebis grZnoba,
rac turnuss ar gaaCnia, igi aRtacebiT Sehyurebs Subebze acmul damarcxebul
mterTa Tavebs, rac vergiliusis koncefciiT, omis kanonebiTac ki Seuwynarebelia
(IX 466).
èneidaSi~ vergiliusma asaxa romis miTiuri da istoriuli warsuli, misi
Zveli da axali dideba. poeti xotbas asxams romaelTa samxedro Zlierebas, maT
vergiliusi 343
warmatebul laSqrobebs, romelTa wyalobiT romi, odesRac patara cexe-simagre,

udidesi imperiis dedaqalaqad iqca.
vergiliusma èneidiT~ ara marto avgustusis davaleba Seasrula, aramed
romis didebasac daudga Zegli. man urTules amocanas gaarTva Tavi. dakveTiT
Seqmnili poemiT sakuTari ukvdaveba moipova, udidesi poetis saxeli daimkvidra.
èneidis~ ena aris daxvewili, TiToeuli fraza moqnili, heqsametri – msubuqi
da JReradi. vergiliusi mxatvruli efeqtis misaRwevad zogjer iyenebs arqaiz-
mebs, Zveli laTinuri leqsisTvis damaxasiaTebel aliteraciebs. sityvaTa marjve
Sexamebis wyalobiT bevri misi fraza sentenciad iqca. ganumeorebel mxatvrul
saxes qmnis xSirad ara epiTetebis siuxviT, aramed lakoniurobiTa da sisadaviT.
mag. qalRmerT venusis didebulebas poeti aseTi fraziT gadmoscems: `naRdi
qalRmerTi siarulSic gamoicnoba~ (I 405).
èneida~ yuradRebas ipyrobs ara marto leqsis teqnikiT, poeturi xerxebiT,
mxatvruli saxeebiT, aramed azris siRrmiTa da sidiadiT. igi warmoadgens sau-
keTeso nimuSs formisa da Sinaarsis harmoniuli Serwymisa.
vergiliusi araCveulebrivi mTxrobelia. igi sxvadasxva saSualebiT axerxebs
mkiTxvelze STabeWdilebis moxdenas, misi emociebis marTvas. am mizniT poeti xSirad
iyenebs ritmul variaciebsa da ritorikul xerxebs. mag. èneidis~ IV wignSi, sadac xis
cxenis ambavia moTxrobili, vergiliusi sainteresod gadmoscems laokoonis
reaqcias troelTa gadawyvetilebaze, romelTac ganizraxes argoselTa mier da-
tovebuli cxenis uzarmazari gamosaxulebis qalaqis kedlebSi Setana:
`maRal koSkidan Zirs eSveba laokooni,
TvalanTebuli risxviT, brboc Tan mihyveba srboliT,
Soridan hyviris: ùbedurno, ram gadagriaT,
nuTu mtris ayra, tevkrno, gjeraT banakebidan?
fiqrobT, danaelT saCuqari uxifaToa?
maS, ar gcnobiaT Tqven ulise, aq am xis morSi
aqavelni imalebian, an saTvalTvalod
daudgamT igi, dasangrevad Cveni qalaqis,
danaelT vufrTxi, gindac ZRveni mohqondeT CvenTvis~.
es Tqva da grZeli Subi ferdSi ataka urCxuls,
Seatortmana igi Zalum; cxenis mucelma
daigmina, TiTqos yru kvnesa gamosca Rrmulma,
RmerTebis neba iyo, albaT, Cveni sibecec,
argoselT cxens rom ar vuleweT ferdi maxviliT,
gadarCeboda priamosis troa dangrevas.~
èneida~ II 41-56
am mniSvnelovan epizodSi mxatvruli efeqtis misaRwevad vergiliusi iyenebs
deklamaciur xerxebs, ritorikul SekiTxvebs, sentenciebs, aseve mxolod spondee-
biT an daqtilebiT Sedgenil karedebs, rasac Tavisi emociuri datvirTva aqvs.
`nuTu mtris ayra, tevkrno, gjeraT banakebidan?~ am karedSi ZiriTadad spondee-
bia gamoyenebuli, riTac laokoonis gakvirvebaa gamoxatuli. `danaelT vufrTxi,
Tundac ZRveni mohqondeT CvenTvis.~ es taepi daqtiluri muxlebisagan aris
Sedgenili, rac am adgilis dramatulobas usvams xazs. amiT amTavrebs Tavis mi-
marTvas laokooni da gadadis moqmedebaze. mTlianad ki es epizodi avtoris kon-
cefcias gamoxatavs _ troelebi daRupa TavianTma ugunurebam da gaufrTxile-
blobam.
vergiliuss uyvars rTuli Sedarebebis gamoyeneba, rac ufro eqspresiuls
xdis Txrobas. mag. latinusis meuRlis, amatas gaSmagebuli srbola asea gadmoce-
muli:
344 vergiliusi
ìs ubeduri, saswauliT SeSfoTebuli

gaxelebuli, mZvinvarebda cixe-qalaqSi,
Cikoric ase maTraxis qveS abzrialdeba,
roca TamaSSi yuradRebad qceulni yrmani
wreze, cariel darbazebSi atrialeben,
mihqris Cikori mrude xazze, gahkvirvebia
misi bzriali gamoucdel bavSvebis krebuls,
dartyma siswrafes ufro hmatebs, aseve swrafad
rboda amata qalaqSi da mebrZolTa Soris.~
èneida~ VII 376-38
es Sedareba ara marto dinamiurobas aniWebs Txrobas, aramed kargad ga-
moxatavs personaJis xasiaTsa da mis tragikul beds.
vergiliusma èneidaSi~ dagvixata saxe WeSmariti gmirisa, romlis ZiriTadi
daniSnuleba amqveynad sxvaTa keTildReobisaTvis zrunva da maRali idealebisa-
Tvis brZolaa. eneasi aris: keTilSobili, samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebuli, erT-
guli meuRle, megobari, winaparTa pativismcemeli, tradiciebis damcveli, Tavisi
xalxis momavalze mzrunveli, RmerTTa morCili, mtris Rirseuli Tvisebebis
damfasebeli, samarTlianobisa da wesrigisaTvis mebrZoli, gawonasworebuli,
arapativmoyvare, pirad bednierebasa da survilebze uaris mTqmeli, udidesi
misiis aRmasrulebeli. igi zogadsakacobrio saxea maRalzneobrivi gmirisa.
vergiliusma sicocxleSive moipova aRiareba. mas baZavdnen antikuri xanis
mwerlebi: liviusi, tacitusi, silius italikusi, valerius flakusi. vergil-
iusis poemebi iTargmneboda berZnulad, maT ukeTebdnen komentarebs. antikur
romSi saxlis kedlebs, saojaxo nivTebsa da xelovnebis nimuSebs amSvenebda amon-
aridebi vergiliusis poemebidan. mis poezias afasebdnen qristiani mwerlebi.
didi iyo vergiliusis Semoqmedebis gavlena Sua saukuneebis laTinur poeziaze.
italielma poetma, dante aligierma Tavis `RvTaebriv komediaSi~ vergiliusi
airCia megzurad jojoxeTsa da gansawmendelSi.
cxovel interess iCenda vergiliusisadmi XVI-XVIII saukuneebis dasavleT evro-
puli mwerloba. cnobilia frangi moazrovnis, volteris erTi gamonaTqvami: àm-
boben, rom homerosma Seqmna vergiliusio, Tu es asea, ueWvelia, igi misi yvelaze
saukeTeso qmnilebaTagania.~
Txzulebebi: samwyemso simRerebis krebuli,

`bukolikebi~, poemebi: `georgikebi~, èneida~.
horaciusi 345
horaciusi
(Zv.w. 65-Zv.w.8)
horaciusi, principatis xanis poeziis erT-erTi udidesi warmomadgeneli,

laTinuri leqsis reformatori, visTvisac cxovrebis kredo zomierebis, e. w.
òqros Sualedis~ dacva iyo, daibada Zv. w. 65 w. venuziaSi, samxreT italiaSi,
wvrili miwaTmflobelis ojaxSi. horaciusis mamam imTaviTve izruna Svilis
swavlasa da aRzrdaze; igi jer romSi waiyvana, sadac momavali poeti homerosis
poemebsa da Zveli romaeli mwerlebis Semoqmedebas eziara, Semdeg ki – aTenSi,
sadac igi filosofiasa da ritorikas daeufla. horaciusi didi madlierebiT
igonebs mamis am amags.
horaciusi, iseve rogorc bevri misi Tanamedrove romaeli, gaitaca
epikurelTa filosofiam, Tumca misTvis stoikosTa swavlebac ar iyo ucxo da
miuRebeli. SeiZleba iTqvas, poeti ufro eklektikosi iyo.
horaciusis aTenSi yofna daemTxva gamwvavebul politikur viTarebas romSi.
keisris mkvlelobis Semdeg `respublikelTa~ da keisris momxreTa Soris
gaCaRebul samoqalaqo omSi CaTreuli aRmoCnda horaciusic, romelic brutusis
armiaSi samxedro tribuni iyo. Zv. w. 42 wels filipesTan brZolaSi `resublike-
lebma~ sastiki marcxi igemes. horaciusi dabrunda italiaSi, magram mamuli
gasxvisebuli daxvda. igi veteranebs gadasces. usaxsrod darCenili horaciusi
kvestorTa kolegiaSi moewyo gadamwerlad. am periodSi daiwyo man literatu-
ruli moRvaweoba.
horaciusis pirveli nawarmoebi iyo èpodebi~, igi stroful sazomzea agebuli,
romlis meore leqsi pirvelTan SedarebiT mokle iyo. aseTi metruli sazomi
arqiloqosisgan isesxa horaciusma, magram gansxvavebiT berZeni poetisagan, origi-
naluri elferi SesZina laTinur leqss. amave periodSi wers horaciusi `sati-
rebsac~. misma leqsebma sazogadoebis yuradReba miiqcia. vergiliusma umal Seicno
horaciusSi niWieri poeti da igi mecenats warudgina. maTTan megobrobam mTlianad
Secvala Wabuki poetis cxovreba. dakarguli mamulis sanacvlod horaciusma
mecenatisagan miiRo patara, magram mSvenieri nakveTi sabinTa mxareSi. ra Tqma unda,
poetisadmi didi interesi gamoavlina avgustusma, radgan horaciusis saxiT mis
ideologias meore niWieri Semoqmedi eyoleboda mxardamWerad. mecenatis Semweo-
biT poetma Tavi daaRwia siRaribes, magram garkveuli sazRauris fasad. igi val-
debuli iyo avgustusis neba-survilisamebr ewera leqsebi, xotba Seesxa misTvis da
arsebuli reJimisaTvis. horaciusi grZnobda, rom avgustusTan siaxlove zRudavda
mis damoukideblobas, igi cdilobda, garideboda politikur cxovrebas da Tavis
mamulSi Caketiliyo. poetma Tavaziani uari uTxra avgustuss, gamxdariyo misi pi-
radi mdivani, riTac gaanawyena igi; `ganrisxebuli var Senze – mimarTavs poets
princepsi – rom Sens nawerebSi umetesad me ar mesaubrebi; iqneb SiSob, STamomav-
346 horaciusi
lobis TvalSi saxeli ar gagitydes, roca gaigeben, rom Cemi megobari (familiaris)
iyavi~. am cnobas gvawvdis svetoniusi `horaciusis cxovrebaSi~ (5). sityva
`familiaris~ horaciusis dros `megobars~ àxlobels~ niSnavda, magram mas
plavtusis dros `monis~ mniSvneloba hqonda. ase, rom am megobrobis, Tu monobis
gamo, horaciusi Tavs SeboWilad grZobda. man qeba Seasxa avgustuss òdebSi~, misi
dakveTiT Seqmna `saukuno himni~. Semdeg horaciusi aqveynebs `werilebs~, romlebic
Tematurad `satirebs~ uaxlovdeba.
èpodebi~, romlebic, umetesad, iambebiT aris dawerili, gamoqveynda Zv. w. 31-30
wlebSi. igi 17 leqsisagan Sedgeba. èpodebis~ Tema ar aris erTnairi, Tumca maT
Soris gamoirCeva politikur motivebze dawerili leqsebi. horaciusi ilaSq-
rebs samoqalaqo omebis winaaRmdeg. poeti Tvlis, rom ZmaTaSorisi omebis saTave
aris is uZvelesi codva, romelic romulusma Zmis mkvlelobiT Caidina.
samoqalaqo omebis wamomwyebT poeti Wkuasustebs uwodebs, romelTa waqezebas
romi daRupvisaken mihyavs:
`borotmzraxvelno, sad iCqariT, an qarqaSidan
amoRebul xmlebs ratom aelvebT?
cota daRvrila vel-mindvrebze, an zRvis talRebze
laTinTa sisxli? nuTu ar kmara?
iqneb cixeebs emuqrebiT mtrul karTagenis,
rom gadabugoT misi kedlebi?
iqneb isa gsurT, tyve britaneli CaataroT
wminda quCaze, borkilgayrili?
ara! parTelTa gasaxarad romaels unda
xeli aRmarTos Tavis qalaqze.
arc lomi sCadis amas da arc mSieri mgeli,
Tavs esxmis mxeci sxva jiSis nadirs.
pasuxs moviTxov, ram SegipyroT, brma siSmagem Tu
ugunur Zalam, an iqneb codvam?
xmas ar iReben, saxes feri edebaT mkrTali,
Wkua-goneba sul gahyinviaT,
moklul Zmis gamo Cadenil brals ver gaqcevian,
sastiki bedi devnis romaelT,
ros daiRvara ucodveli remusis sisxli,
es codva mosdevs STamomavlobas.~
(VII epodi)
XVI epodic samoqalaqo omis Temas exeba. igi romaeli xalxisadmi aris mimar-
Tuli. IX epodSi poeti xotbas asxams avgustusis gamarjvebas aqciumTan. princep-
sSi horaciusi xedavs saxelmwifos meTaurs, romelsac SeuZlia mSvidobis
damyareba qveynad. IV epodSi poeti dascinis samxedro tribunis medidurobas, ro-
melsac daviwyebia, rom odesRac yvelaze dabali socialuri fenis warmo-
madgeneli iyo. X epodSi horaciusi Tavis literaturul mowinaaRmdeges esxmis
Tavs. XI epodi warmoadgens parodias satrfialo elegiebze.
horaciusis iamburi leqsebi SinaarsiT uaxlovdeba `satirebs~, sadac avtoris
azrebi gadmocemulia dialogis an monologis saxiT. aq saubaria sxvadasxva sayo-
facxovrebo da filosofiur sakiTxze, amitomac poeti Tavis am nawarmoebs `sau-
brebs~ anu `diatribas~ uwodebs. igi ori wignisagan Sedgeba. pirvelSi 10 leqsia
moTavsebuli, romelic gamoica Zv. w. 35-34 wlebSi, xolo meore – Zv. w. 30 wels,
igi 8 leqss aerTianebs.
pirvel wigns horaciusi mecenats uZRvnis, misiT iwyeba pirveli satira, mece-
natis saxeli moxseniebulia meeqvse da bolo satiraSi.
horaciusi 347
poeti Tavis winamorbedad Tvlida lukiliuss, romelic miCneulia romauli

satiris fuZemdeblad. Tumca amas ar SeuSlia xeli horaciusisaTvis gapaeqre-
boda mas da daewunebina misi dauxvewavi, uxeSi ena. luciliusisagan gansxvavebiT,
horaciusis satira nakleb msusxavi da mamxilebelia. es gasagebicaa, avgustusis
reJimis dros saSiSi iyo poets mkveTrad gamoexata Tavisi ukmayofileba konkre-
tuli pirovnebebis misamarTiT.
horaciusi `satirebis~ I wignSi saubrobs socialur da eTikur problemebze,
literaturul sakiTxebze, Tavisi cxovrebis zogierT epizodze. am satirebidan
vecnobiT, Tu rogor cxovrobda romis maSindeli sazogadoeba, ra interesebi
hqonda, riTi suldgmulobda igi. am mxriv sainteresoa IX satira, romelic
eZRvneba erT ybeds; igi gzad mimaval poets aekideba da momabezreblad esaubreba
Tavis Tavze, sTxovs horaciuss uSuamdgomlos mecenatTan, rom miiRos maT wreSi.
rogorc am satiridan Cans, es sakmaod Zneli yofila. amisTvis sakmarisi ar iyo
survili, edidebinaT avgustusi da misi ideologiisaTvis daeWiraT mxari. prin-
cepss mexotbeni ar aklda, magram mecenatma icoda poeziis fasi da isic, rom ni-
Wiereba unda yofiliyo ganmsazRvreli faqtori mis wreSi gaerTianebis
msurvelTaTvis. uniWo poetis Semoqmedeba verc dros gauZlebda da verc avgus-
tusis saxels ganadidebda. amitomac igi, rogorc Cans, ganurCevlad ar uRebda
Tavisi saxlis kars nebismier msurvels da sagangebod arCevda poetebs. horaci-
usis ybedi Tanamgzavri Tavs ar zogavs, moipovos poetis keTilganwyoba. mas ar
unda daijeros, rom mecenati mxolod niWis mixedviT afasebda poetebs da sa-
guldagulod amowmebda megobrebis mier SeTavazebul kandidatebs. es kargad
Cans VI satiridan, saidanac vgebulobT, rogor gaicno poetma mecenati.
`. . . ver vityvi bedma
gamiRima me ucabedad da megobari
Seni gavxdi SemTxveviT – meTqi. vergiliusma,
didebulma da variusma giambes Cemze.
rodesac SenTan warmadgines, damunjebulma
moridebiT Zlivs amovRerRe oriod sityva,
ar mikvexnia, viT davivli cxeniT mamulebs
saturneisa, gvariSvilobac ar vaxsene
mokled gagacan Cemi Tavi, Senc Semesityve
ise Zunwad, rogorc gCvevia da cxra Tvis Semdeg
mixme isev Sen samegobrod; meamayeba
es pativi, kargis cudisgan garCeva ZalgiZs,
umwikvloebiT kacs afaseb, gvariT ki ara.~
(I, 6, 52-64)
`satirebis~ II wigni gansxvavebulia pirvelisagan. masSi sWarbobs dialogis
forma. poeti aq ufro pasiuri msmenelia da ara moralisti. am satirebSi
horaciusi amxels simdidrisaken, xelisuflebisaken ltolvas, siZunwes. igi qad-
agebs `mcirediT kmayofilebas~ da `bunebasTan TanxmobiT cxovrebas~ (II 3). poeti
ilaSqrebs momxveWelobis winaaRmdg (II 5; II 8). miuxedavad imisa, rom horaciusi
stoicizmiT iyo gatacebuli, amas xeli ar SeuSlia misTvis, daecina stoikuri
paradoqsebisaTvis (II, 3, 7).
yuradRebas iqcevs II wignis meeqvse satira, sadac poeti Tavisi cxovrebis wesze
mogviTxrobs, aseve imaze, Tu rogor sazogadoebaSi uxdeba yofna, ramdenad mZimea
misTvis romSi samsaxuri, radgan Tavs abezreben mTxovnelebi, Txoven Suamdgom-
lobas mecenatTan. am satiraSi horaciusi svams kiTxvebs: ras moaqvs bednereba ad-
amianisaTvis: siqveles Tu simdidres; ra aris megobrobis safuZveli: megobrobis
sikeTiT sargebloba Tu TavisTavad megobroba, rogorc grZnoba. yvela am kiTxvis
pasuxad poets erTi araki mohyavs. mindvris Tagvi miipatiJa qalaqelma Tagvma,
348 horaciusi
mdidrulad gaumaspinZlda mSvenier sasaxleSi, magram ucabedad urdulis xmam

daafrTxo orive. mindvris Taguna daemSvidoba saxlis wruwunas: mSvidi, ubralo
cxovreba mirCevnia Sens mdidrul nasufralso (II 6). amiT poetma naTlad gamoxata
Tavisi saTqmeli _ Tavisuflebis damkargavi simSvides verasdros ipovis.
horaciusis `satirebis~ mizani aris, miuTiTos Tanamoqalaqeebs naklze,
daafiqros isini moralis sakiTxebze, amitom iyenebs poeti arakebs, sentenciebs,
Sedarebebs, ritorikul xerxebs.
horaciuss saukuno dideba leqsebis krebulma `simRerebma~ moupova, romelsac
Semdeg òdebi~ uwodes. igi sami wignisagan Sedgeboda, gamoica Zv. w. 23 wels. po-
ets am TxzulebiT undoda daesrulebina Tavisi literaturuli moRvaweoba, ma-
gram avgustusis TxovniT aRwera misi gerebis: tiberiusisa da drususis samxe-
dro gmirobani da sxva leqsebTan erTad daurTo òdebs~ IV wignis saxiT. horaci-
usma òdebSi~ berZnuli lirikuli saleqso formebi gamoiyena, alkeosis,
anakreonisa da sapfos strofuli sazomebi. marTalia, pirvelad katulusma Se-
moitana eoliel poetTa saleqso karedebi, magram horaciusma mniSvnelovnad
gaamdidra am mxriv laTinuri leqsi, mravali axali strofuli sazomi gaacno ro-
mael mkiTxvels. òdebis~ I wignSi warmodgenili 9 leqsi sxvadasxva sazomiTaa
gadmocemuli.
TiTqmis yvela odas Tavisi konkretuli adresati hyavs. poeti mxolod TiTo
leqss uZRvnis maT, garda mecenatisa. krebuli swored misadmi mimarTviT iwyeba.
zogierT odaSi dialogis an monologis forma aris gamoyenebuli. Tematurad
leqsebis es krebuli mravalferovania. poeti umReris Rvinos, siyvaruls, mego-
brobas. zogierTi oda politikur sakiTxebze aris agebuli, aris RmerTebisadmi
miZRvnili leqsebic, romelTac himnis forma aqvs. horaciusi dRevandeli dRiT
tkbobas urCevs mkiTxvels. sxva lirikosebisagan gansxvavebiT, misTvis ucxoa Rrma,
vnebiani siyvaruli. poetis azriT, adamianma uari ar unda Tqvas amqveyniur sia-
meze, magram unda axsovdes, netari cxovrebis safuZveli aris sulieri mdgra-
doba, simSvide.
horaciusi Tavis leqsebSi axerxebs ori gansxvavebuli filosofiuri moZ-
Rvrebis: stoicizmisa da epikureizmis debulebaTa ganzavebis safuZvelze, saku-
Tari msoflmxedvelobis SemuSavebas adamianis bednierebisa da misi cxovrebis
wesze. `horaciusiseuli sibrZne~ bednierebiT tkbobaSi, zomierebis, sulieri
wonasworobis SenarCunebaSia. es aris òqros Sualedi~ (II 10, 5), romelic cxovre-
bis kredod unda gaixados adamianma.
poeti gverds ver uvlis samoqalaqo omis Temas, romelsac daRupvamde mihyavs
qveyana. horaciusi simbolurad zRvaSi mocurave, naxevrad damsxvreul xomalds
adarebs romis saxelmwifos (I, 14). es xels ar uSlis poets, umReros avgustusis ga-
marjvebas aqciumis brZolaSi, sadac man antoniusi da kleopatra daamarcxa (I 37).
samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebul, saxelovan vaJkacebs ramdenime odas uZRvnis
horaciusi. igi umReris drususisa da tiberiusis Zlevamosil brZolebs (IV 14),
karTagenelebis winaaRmdeg mebrZol, saxelovan sardals, reguluss, romelmac
sicocxle ar daiSura, raTa romaeli xalxi daRupvisagan exsna (III 5). poeti Tvlis,
rom misi movaleobaa samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebuli vaJkacebis Seqeba, rom STamo-
mavlobam ar daiviwyos am gmirTa saxelebi (IV 9).
krebulSi gamorCeuli adgili uWiravs odebs mecenatisadmi, romlis mimarT
horaciusi did siTbosa da siyvaruls amJRavnebs. igi acxadebs, rom mecenatis sik-
vdilis Semdeg Tavadac mihyveba megobars (II 17). poetis es winaTgrZnoba marTlac
axda. mecenatis gardacvalebis Semdeg oriod TveSi horaciusis sicocxlec das-
rulda.
horaciusi 349
òdebis~ III wigni mTavrdeba melpomenesadmi miZRvnili leqsiT (III 30), sadac
horaciusi daufaravi siamayiT laparakobs Tavis damsaxurebaze. igi darwmu-
nebulia, rom leqsebi mas ukvdavebas moupovebs.
`Zegli avige umtkicesi me brinjaoze,
udiadesi maRal, mefur piramidebze,
ver moereva mas Rvarcofi damangreveli,
veras daaklebs qariSxali Tavawyvetili,
verc droTa srbola da uTvalav dReTa dineba,
mTlad ar gavqrebi, umetesi nawili Cemi
marad icocxlebs, momigonebs STamomavloba
me mudam qebiT, vidre qurumi ivlis xolme
kapitoliums dadumebul qalwulTan erTad.
Cemze ityvian: avfidusi sadac mohquxso
da wyliT Raribi mbrZaneblobda davnusi sadac
velur xalxebze, iq mdabiom, aRzevebulma
sxvebze uadres simRerebi eoliuri
hangebs Seuwyo italiurs. maS, iamaye
miRweuli Seni didebiT, o, melpomene,
dafnis gvirgviniT Tma Semimke, keTilmosurnev.~
amrigad, òdebiT~ horaciusma ara marto laTinur metrikaSi Seitana novacia,
aramed axali mxatvruli saxeebiT da saSualebebiT gaamdidra romauli poezia.
sxva poetebisagan gansxvavebiT, horaciusi rTuli saxeebiT azrovnebs. igi ar at-
evs erT strofSi saTqmels, amiT mkiTxvelis cnobierebas Tavisi survilisamebr
marTavs; sityvaTSeTanxmebas ise anawevrebs, rom yuradRebas ver moaduneb, rom
gaigo, risi Tqma unda poets. mag. zemoTmoyvanil odaSi pirveli strofi
mTavrdeba ase: `veras daaklebs qariSxali Tavawyvetili~, axali ki iwyeba Semdeg-
nairad: `verc droTa srbola da uTvalav dReTa dineba~. horaciusma pirveli
strofis azri meoreSi gadaisrola. amitom leqsi TiTqos erTi amosunTqviT
ikiTxeba ise, rom grZnob sinqronulad sazomis silamazes (da sirTules imav-
droulad) da leqsis Sinaarsac.
`saiubileo himnSi~ horaciusi avgustusis mexotbe poetad mogvevlina. Zv.w. 17
wels imperatorma moawyo sayovelTao dResaswauli, romelic `sibilas wignebis~
Tanaxmad imarTeboda yovel 110 weliwadSi erTxel. samoqalaqo omebma Seaferxa am
RonisZiebis Catareba da avgustusma mogvianebiT gadawyvita grandiozuli sana-
xaobis mowyoba, sadac 27 Wabukisa da 27 gogonasagan Semdgar gunds unda Sees-
rulebina apolonisa da dianasadmi miZRvnili himni, romlis Seqmna avgustusma
horaciuss daavala. manac did pativad CaTvala es davaleba. am himnSi poeti umRe-
ris romis siZlieres da sTxovs RmerTebs – apolonsa da dianas, Semweoba ar
moaklon romael xalxs.
Zv. w. 20 w. horaciusma gamoaqveyna daqtiluri heqsametriT gamarTuli `wer-
ilebis~ ori wigni. epistolaruli Janri ucxo ar iyo laTinuri poeziisaTvis.
poetur werilebs vxvdebiT luciliusisa da katulusis SemoqmedebaSi, magram am
Janris daxvewa da srulyofa horaciusis saxels ukavSirdeba. pirveli wigni 20
werilisagan Sedgeba, meore ki – samisgan. igi Zv. w. 19-14 wlebSia Seqmnili. wer-
ilebis adresatebi arian cnobili politikuri moRvaweni da poetis nacnob-
megobrebi: avgustusi, mecenati, florusi, tibulusi da sxv.
pirvel wignSi horaciusi ZiriTadad filosofiuri xasiaTis Temebze
saubrobs, Tavs aridebs religiisa da politikis sakiTxebze msjelobas. zogjer
poeti werilis formas iyenebs Tavisi ganwyobilebis gadmosacemad. epistoleTa
wigni xasiaTiT, SinaarsiT, saleqso sazomiT Zalian hgavs `satirebs~, gansakuTre-
biT, sadac poeti soflis idiliur cxovrebas aqebs (I 7).
350 horaciusi
meore wigni sami werilisagan Sedgeba: àvgustuss~, `floruss~ da `pisonebs~.

es ukanaskneli `poeturi xelovnebis~ saxelwodebiTaa cnobili. samive werilSi
literaturul sakiTxebzea msjeloba. florusisadmi miZRvnil epistoleSi
horaciusi wuxils gamoTqvams mkiTxvelTa cvalebadi gemovnebis, zogierTi po-
etis ampartavnebisa da Tavdajerebulobis gamo. pirvel werilSi horaciusi av-
gustuss esaubreba poeziis mniSvnelobasa da daniSnulebaze. imperatoris Txov-
niT Tavgabezrebuli poeti Tavs imarTlebs, rom ar Seswevs unari sakadrisad
Seaqos princepsi:
`me ar micdia mdabiuri eniT mewera,
bevrad mijobda meTqva leqsi Sens gmirobaze,
unda Semeqo qalaqebi, mdinareebi
cixe-burjebi mTis mwvervalze, an ucxo mxaris
samefoni, Seni brZolebi mTel msoflioSi,
mSvidobis niSnad ianusis daxSulni karni,
an kidev romi, parTielTa risxva da mexi.
Sens princepsobas Sevaqebdi SeZlebisgvarad,
Tu visurvebdi, magram ver vbedav, ver Sevwvdebi
Sens didebas mciredi leqsiT, amad gekrZalvi.~
(II, 1, 250-259)
es Tavaziani uari, cxadia, ver gaamarTlebda poets. avgustusi kargad xvde-
boda, rom horaciuss ar surda misTvis mieZRvna vrceli nawarmoebi, ar undoda
poeturi Tavisuflebis dakargva. mesame werili, pisonebisadmi miZRvnili, gansa-
kuTrebiT mniSvnelovania, radgan igi mTlianad poeziis sakiTxebze msjelobas
Seicavs. amis gamo uwoda mas mogvianebiT kvintilianusma `poeturi xelovneba~.am
nawarmoebisaTvis horaciusma gamoiyena berZen TeoretikosTa Txzulebani, aris-
totelesis `poetika~, elinisturi xanis poetis neoptolemos parionelis
traqtati `poeziisaTvis~, aseve ciceronis moZRvreba oratoruli xelovnebis
Sesaxeb. Tavisi xasiaTiT horaciusis es nawarmoebi gansxvavdeba aristotelesis
`poetikisagan~, romelic mxolod Teoriuli gamokvlevaa. horaciusi warCinebuli
gvaris warmomadgenels, lukius kalpurnius pisonsa da mis or vaJs, romlebic
dainteresebuli yofilan poeziiT, rCeva-darigebebs awvdis poetikis sakiTxebze.
es aris literaturuli programa, romelsac praqtikuli da esTetikuri
daniSnuleba aqvs.
horaciusi saubrobs formisa da Sinaarsis erTianobaze, poetis mier masalis
sworad SerCevasa da gamoyenebaze, aqve exeba dramis, tragediis sakiTxebs; igi
svams kiTxvas: rogori unda iyos poezia, ra moTxovnebs unda upasuxos man?
horaciusi Tvlis, rom nawarmoebi gasarTobic unda iyos da sasargebloc. did
mniSvnelobas aniWebs `poeturi xelovnebis~ avtori kritikis rols. poetma yuri
unda ugdos kritikas, 9 weli unda Seinaxos nawarmoebi, rom ukeT mixvdes Tavis
nakls da gamoasworos. horaciusi urCevs poetebs, nu endobian mliqvnelTa aRta-
cebas:
`viT macne uxmobs xalxs sajarod, ise poeti,
mdidari miwiT, mamulebiT, vaxSiT, sargebliT,
gaWirvebulTa qomagi da misi mSveleli,
epatiJeba sagangebod liqnis moyvarulT,
veWvob, amgvarad bednierma naRdi megobris
rom moaxerxos amocnoba pirferTa Soris,
Tu saCuqari vinmes uZRven, an ginda misce,
mas nu miiwvev zeimze, sadac kiTxuloben
Sens axal leqsebs; is aRtacebiT iwyebs yvirils,
`ra brwyinvalea, Cinebuli da saucxoo!~
aTrTolebuli cremlebs daRvris, cmukvas mohyveba,
horaciusi 351
fexebis bakuns; viT moqiravne mozareni

Wirisufalze ufro metad swuxan, godeben
flidic maqebars yvelas sjobnis xotbis SesxmaSi.~
(II 3, 419-433)
Cans, horaciusi mravaljer gamxdara momswre amgvari scenebisa, roca poeti
kmayofili darCenila misi Semoqmedebis mimarT gamoxatuli yalbi aRtacebisa.
`poeturi xelovnebis~ avtoris mizania, darigeba misces ara marto Semoqmeds,
aramed msmenels. WeSmarit poets naRdi, gulwrfeli mkiTxvelis azri unda
ainteresebdes.
`poeturi xelovneba~, marTalia, normatiuli traqtatia, magram dawerilia
horaciusisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli sxarti, mimzidveli poeturi xerxebiT da
Tavisufalia ritorikuli sqematizmisagan.
horaciusis ena gansxvavebulia Janrebis mixedviT. `satirebsa~ da `werilebSi~,
sadac socialur-politikur Temebzea msjeloba da sadac poetis rCeva-
darigebebia gadmocemuli, horaciusi sasaubro laTinurisaTvis damaxasaTebel
leqsikas, gramatikul formebsa da sintaqss mimarTavs, òdebSi~ ki gamoyenebulia
poeturi stilisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebi,TiToeuli fraza mxatvrulad
da Sinaarsobrivad ufro datvirTulia, rac mkiTxvels did esTetikur tkbobas
aniWebs.
horaciusis poezia mravalmxrivia rogorc Janrobrivi, aseve Tematuri Tval-
sazrisiTac. igi yuradRebas iqcevs, rogorc saleqso sazomebis novatori, ro-
melmac romauli lirika ganviTarebis umaRles doneze aiyvana. mis Semoqmedebas
interesiT ecnobodnen ara marto antikur xanaSi, aramed Sua saukuneebSi, renesan-
sisa da klasicizmis xanaSi.
XVI s. frangi klasicistebi, e. w. `pleadis~ warmomadgenlebi, romelTaTvis an-
tikuri poezia iyo idealur-esTetikuri etaloni, gansakuTrebiT afasebdnen
horaciusis Semoqmedebas, cdilobdnen misi motivebisa da Temebis gacocxlebas
frangul poeziaSi. bualos cnobili traqtati `poeturi xelovneba~, sadac gan-
zogadoebulia klasicizmis esTetikuri principebi, mTlianad horaciusis gav-
leniTaa dawerili.
Txzulebebi: èpodebi~, `satirebi~, òdebi,~ `saiubileo himni~,

`werilebi~, poema `poeturi xelovneba."
352 ovidiusi
ovidiusi
(Zv.w. 43 – ax.w. 18)
ovidiusi `msubuqi siyvarulis xalisiani momRerali~, vergiliusisa da

horaciusis Semdeg avgustusis xanis poeziis udidesi warmomadgenelia. igi
daibada Zv. w. 43 wlis 20 marts centralur italiaSi, qalaq sulmonSi. misi mama
mxedarTa wodebas ekuTvnoda. mas surda SvilebisaTvis _ ovidiusisa da misi
ufrosi ZmisaTvis – kargi ganaTleba mieca. am mizniT gagzavna isini romSi
iurisprudenciisa da mWevrmetyvelebis Sesaswavlad.
ritorTa skolaSi oviduss aswavlidnen cnobili ostatebi: avrelius fuskusi
da porcius latroni. maTi wyalobiT daeufla poeti deklamaciis mTavar saxeebs:
suasoriebsa da kontroversiebs, Seiswavla ritorikuli xerxebis, aforizmebis,
Sedarebebisa da sentenciebis gamoyeneba. am skolaSi SeiTvisa ovidiusma samarT-
lis, filosofiis, miTologiisa da istoriis safuZvlebi.
maSindeli wesebis Tanaxmad, swavlis damTavrebis Semdeg axalgazrdebi
saberZneTsa da mcire aziaSi mogzaurobdnen, ismendnen filosofosTa leqciebs,
ecnobodnen siZveleebs, kulturis Zeglebs. ovidiusmac moiara elada, mcire azia,
aleqsandria. romSi dabrunebulma poetma saxelmwifo samsaxurSi daiwyo
muSaoba, magram maleve uari Tqva masze, radgan misi mowodeba mudam poezia iyo.
ovidiusi im rCeul poetTa rigebs ekuTvnis, vinc Wabukobidanve moipova aRia-
reba Tavisi virtuozuli leqsebiT. romis sazogadoeba gatacebiT kiTxulobda
mis pirvel nawarmoebebs, elegiebis krebulebs: `trfobans~, `heroidebs~,
`trfobis xelovnebas~, `trfobisgan gankurnebas~ da tragedia `medeas~.
Tavisi niWi da talanti ovidiusma srulad gamoavlina poema
`metamorfozebSi~. man poets didi aRiareba moutana, oRond ara sicocxleSi. es
poema, romelsac `warmarTul biblias~ uwodebdnen Sua saukuneebSi, ovidiusma
cecxlis als misca. poets Tavzari dasca avgustusis ucabedma gadawyvetilebam
misi romidan gandevnis Sesaxeb. ovidiusi am periodSi poema `fastebzec~
muSaobda, romelSic yovel TvesTan dakavSirebuli romauli dResaswaulebi
iqneboda aRwerili. poetma 6 wignis dasruleba moaswro mxolod, ax. w. 8 w.
avgustusma igi romidan Sors, Savi zRvis dasavleT sanapiroze, qalaq tomisSi
gadaasaxla, mizezad satrfialo elegiebi daasaxela, sadac poeti Tavisufali
siyvaruliT tkbobas uqadagebda romael axalgazrdebs. ovidiusis gancxadebiT,
imperatoris risxvas sxva mizezic hqonda, ris dakonkretebas poeti erideba.
tomisSi ovidiusi wers: `sevdans~ da `werilebs pontodan~, ìbiss~ da `meTev-
zeobisaTvis~.
10 weli gaatara poetma gadasaxlebaSi im molodiniT, rom avgustusi odesme
Seiwynarebda. misi sikvdilis Semdeg susti imedi kvlav gauCnda ovidiuss, rom
ovidiusi 353
iqneb axal imperators, tiberiuss, yurad eRo misi vedreba samSobloSi dabrune-
baze. ax.w. 18 wels yvelasagan mitovebuli poeti tomisSi gardaicvala, Sors ro-
midan, sadac odesRac didi aRtacebiT kiTxulobdnen mis leqsebs. mkiTxvelTa pa-
tiviscemiTa da siyvaruliT odesRac ganebivrebul ovidiuss ukanaskneli sur-
vilic ki ar Seusrulda, rom misi ferfli mSobliuri miwisaTvis miebarebinebaT.
wera ovidiusma adre daiwyo. rogorc Tavad acxadebs, prozaulad gamoTqmas
ver axerxebda, sityvebi TavisTavad lagdeboda da leqsis formas iRebda
(`sevdani~ IV, 10).
romis axalgazrdoba didi interesiT adevnebda Tvals poetis Semoqmedebas.
ovidiusi romaelebis winaSe wardga rogorc elegikosi, satrfialo leqsebis
avtori. man kargad auRo alRo sazogadoebis moTxovnilebebs, igrZno, riTi
SeiZleboda misi daintereseba. arcTu Soreuli warsulis, samoqalaqo omebis
koSmaruli suraTebisagan gadaRlili romaeli xalxi TavdaviwyebiT daewafa im
did sikeTes, rac mas àvgustusis mSvidobam~ moutana. romis aristokratiam igema
sitkbo xalisiani cxovrebis, drostarebis, gancxromis. im dros, roca avgustusi
reformebiT cdilobda dacemuli moralis aRdgenas, ojaxis ganmtkicebas,
ovidiusi Tavisi mxiaruli, erotikuli leqsebiT siyvarulis maswavleblad mo-
evlina romis axalgazrdobas.
`namdvili xepre xar, Tuku SeimCnev meuRlis Ralats,
ver gascnobixar kargad Cveni qalaqis wesebs.~1
wers ovidiusi `trfobanSi~ (III, 4, 35-37). es sityvebi mowmendil caze mexis ga-
vardnas niSnavda. qorwinebis rRveva kulturis niSnad aRiara ovidiusma. mas
surda egrZnobinebina avgustusisaTvis reformebis utopiuroba. Tavisi winamor-
bedi elegikosebis: properciusisa da tibulusisagan gansxvavebiT, ovidiusma
aqcenti poetidan mkiTxvelze gadaitana; mis mier aRweril samijnuro Tavgada-
savlebSi mkiTxveli Tavis Tavs Seicnobs, igi poetTan erTad xdeba Tanamonawile
satrfialo scenebis.
elegiebis krebuli `trfobani~ Tavdapirvelad xuTi wignisagan Sedgeboda, Semdeg
Tavad poets Seumcirebia igi samamde. tradiciisamebr krebulSi Semaval leqsebs hyavs
Tavisi gmiri qali, korina. Zneli saTqmelia, realuri pirovneba iyo is, Tu ovidiusis
mier Seqmnili, zogadi saxe sasurveli qalisa. poetis sicocxleSi ramdenime qali
acxadebda pretenzias, rom swored is igulisxmeboda korinaSi.
krebuli Seicavs elegiuri distiqebiT gamarTul 49 leqss. deklamaciur
xelovnebaSi kargad gawafuli poeti qebas asxams Tavisufal siyvaruls. igi aR-
wers sxvadasxva samijnuri epizods. `trfobanis~ elegiebi eZRvneba: satrfos,
satrfos moaxles, maWankals, briyv qmars, satrfos mcvels. ovidiusi misTvis
Cveuli iumoriT gadmoscems `dramatul siuJetebs~  satrfos Ralats, Cxubs,
eWvianobas, satrfosTan daSorebas. poetis TqmiT, mijnuri mwvave vnebebTan
mebrZoli meomaria (I, 9), kupidoni – triumfatori, romlis etls mihyvebian daty-
vevebuli Wabukebi da qalwulebi (I, 2).
ovidiusis elegiebSi aRwerili samijnuro Tavgadasavlebis monawile poetTan
erTad mkiTxvelic aris. ovidiusis Tanamedrove romaels SeeZlo Tavisad mieCnia
is satrfialo epizodebi, rac `trfobanSia~ warmodgenili, radganac yoveli
konkretuli suraTi imavdroulad zogadic aris. amitom gaxda ovidiusi egzom
popularuli da sayvareli poeti. man imTaviTve igrZno mkiTxvelis gansakuTre-
buli pativiscema da interesi misi leqsebisadmi, rasac igi afasebda. ovidiusma
Tavis elegiebSi umRera ara romis gmirul warsuls, ara avgustusis didebul
saqmeebs, ara romaelTa warmatebul laSqrobebs, aramed siyvaruls, romelsac
SeeZlo samoqalaqo omebiT gamowveuli ubedurebebis daviwyeba.
1
Targmani m. RaribaSvilisa.
354 ovidiusi
gonebamaxviloba, faqizi iumori, fsiqologizmi, leqsis simsubuqe aris

`trfobanisaTvis~ damxasiaTebeli niSan-Tvisebebi. krebulSi ramdenime elegia
gansxvavebul Temas eZRvneba: III, 9 – elegikosi poetis, tibulusis sikvdils, III, 13 –
qalRmerT iunos dResaswauls, I, 15 – poeziis ukvdavebas, III, 1 – poetis Sexedulebas
satrfialo elegiis Janrze.
siyvarulis Temazea agebuli ovidiusis momdevno krebulic `heroidebi~, ro-
melic warmoadgens miTologiuri gmiri qalebis werilebs qmrebisa an satrfoe-
bisadmi. `trfobanisagan~ gansxvavebiT, poetma aq personaJ qalTa sulieri drama-
tizmi dagvixata. es werilebi warmoadgens mogonebebiT, sevdiTa da tkiviliT
savse monologebs. elegiebis krebuli `heroidebi~ 15 werilisagan Sedgeba: pene-
lope ulises, filisi demofons, briseisi aqilevss, fedra hipolitoss, enone pa-
riss, hifsipile iasons, dido eneass, hermione orestes, deianira herkuless,
ariadne Tesevss, kanake makarevss, medea iasons, laodamia protesilaoss, hiper-
mestra linkevss, sapfo faons. aqedan mxolod safo aris aramiTologiuri per-
sonaJi. am krebuls kidev sami wyvili werili erTvis: parisi elenes, elene pariss,
leandre heros, hero leandres, akontiusi kidipes, kidipe akontiuss.
am krebulSi gansakuTrebiT iCina Tavi ovidiusis gatacebam e.w. `suasoriebiT~.
es iyo erTgvari savarjiSo, romelsac ritorikuli skolis moswavleebs aZlevd-
nen. maT unda SeedginaT STambeWdavi sityva romelime istoriuli an miTologi-
uri piris saxeliT.
marTalia, antikur poeziaSi gvxvdeba amgvari werilebis nimuSebi (evripide-
sTan, plavtusTan, katulusTan, properciusTan), magram ovidiusis damsaxurebad
unda CaiTvalos fiqtiuri werilebis Janris damkvidreba romaul poeziaSi.
`heroidebis~ mTavari motivi ZiriTadad ganSorebiT gamowveuli sevdaa. kre-
bulis personaJebi mitovebulni arian qmrebis (satrfoebis) mier droebiT an
samudamod. isini, yvelani, erTnair situaciaSi, erTnair gancdebSi arian, miuxeda-
vad amisa, TiToeuli gmiris werili gamoirCeva individualobiT, masSi Cans per-
sonaJis xasiaTi, romelic miTologiur fonze aris warmodgenili.
ovidiusi Tavisuflad iyenebs miTis siuJetebs, survilisamebr anawevrebs,
CarTavs maTSi yofiT detalebs ise, rom miTis Sinaarsi arsebiTad ucvleli rCeba.
poeti axerxebs imasac, rom werilSi Candes miTis tragikuli finali. mag. hif-
sipile wyevliT amTavrebs iasonisadmi miweril baraTs (VI 156-164), sadac Cans
medeas momavali SurisZieba, mis mier sakuTari vaJebis daxocva:
ìupitero, erTsa gTxov mxolod,
rom Cemnairi mware xvedri medeas ergos,
gamwarebulma Svilebic ki ar
Seibralos, rogorc mama da Zma ar daindo,
miwam, xmeleTma gza mouWras,
haeri darCes: codvebiT savsem da tanjulma
ixetialos qveynad eulma.
gwyevliT, iason, Senc da col-qmrul sarecels Tqvensas
me, hifsipile, Toasis Svili.~
`heroidebma~ romaeli mkiTxvelis didi mowoneba daimsaxura. ovidiuss ga-
mouCdnen mimbaZvelebi. poetma sabinusma `heroidebis~ stilSi gmiri qalebisaTvis
gankuTvnili sapasuxo werilebi SeTxza.
amave periodSi dauweria ovidiuss tragedia `medea~, romelsac maRal Sefase-
bas aZlevdnen antikuri xanis mwerlebi (seneka, kvintilianusi). samwuxarod, am
nawarmoebis mxolod oriode fragmentma moaRwia Cvenamde.
siyvarulis Temas uZRvna ovidiusma elegiuri distiqiT gamarTuli poema
`trfobis xelovneba~, daiwera Zv.w. I da ax. w. I saukuneebSi. igi didaqtikuri xasi-
aTis nawarmoebia da im dros gavrcelebuli ritorikis saxelmZRvaneloebis
ovidiusi 355
parodias warmoadgens; Sedgeba sami nawilisagan. I – II wignebSi ovidiusi rCeva-

darigebas aZlevs mamakacebs, sad da rogor moinadiron qalis guli, rogor Sein-
arCunon siyvaruli, mesame wignSi qalebs aswavlis, rogor moxiblon mamakacebi.
es aris frivoluri xasiaTis poema, sadac ovidiusma gamoamJRavna qalisa da
kacis fsiqologiis Rrma codna. didaqtikuri toni parodiul elfers aniWebs
mTel nawarmoebs. poemaSi uxvadaa cxovrebiseuli Canaxatebi, pikanturi xasiaTis
Txrobani, efeqturi sentenciebi.
axalgazrdoba aRfrTovanebiT Sexvda ovidiusis axal poemas, konservatoru-
li nawili sazogadoebisa ki, – rogorc Cans, aRSfoTebiT, maSin roca, avgustusis
kanonebi mimarTuli iyo fufunebis, garyvnilebis winaaRmdeg, roca mkacrad isje-
bodnen ara marto ojaxis damrRvevni, aramed isinic, visac ar surda droulad
mohkideboda ojaxs, ovidiusis poema aqezebda axalgazrdebs, daeviwyebinaT mkac-
ri morali da Tavisufali siyvaruliT tkbobas daswafebodnen. poeti aswavlis
axalgazrda qalebs, ra aris saWiro, rom sasurvelni iyvnen mamakacebisaTvis. say-
uradReboa, aRiniSnos, rom maT marto garegnobaze zrunvas ki ar urCevs ovidi-
usi, aramed imasac, rom gaiwafon cekvaSi, simReraSi, dakvrasa da leqsebis kiTx-
vaSi.
SeiZleba, poets sulac ar surda opoziciaSi Cadgomoda avgustuss da am po-
emiT undoda mxolod eCvenebina imdroindeli qalaquri cxovrebis wesi.
didma romaelma poetma, vergiliusma, romaelebs aswavla, rogor miexedaT
soflis meurneobisaTvis da rogor damtkbariyvnen soflis idiliiT, horaciusma
poeziis moyvarulT gaacno leqsebis werisa da sworad cxovrebis wesi, ovidiusi
ki siyvarulis maswavleblad moevlina romael axalgazrdebs. advili warmo-
sadgenia, rogor miiRebda avgustusi `trfobis xelovnebas~, roca niWieri po-
etisagan igi Tavisi reJimis mxardaWeras elodeboda. TiTqos gaugebaria ovidi-
usis gaufrTxilebloba. rogorc Cans, poets imedi hqonda, rom poemis zogierTi
adgili, sadac avgustusis epoqis qeba iyo gamoxatuli, gaaneitralebda mwvave
striqonebs, oficialuri ideologiis winaaRmdeg mimarTuls.
ovidiusi umReris mSvidobian roms, rac avgustusis damsaxureba iyo, igi Tavs
bednierad Tvlis, rom swored am droSi uwevs cxovreba (II, 122), magram es dro po-
etisaTvis mosawoni da misaRebia imitom, rom avgustusis mier ayvavebuli da gamS-
venierebuli romi saukeTeso saSualeba iyo samijnuro TavgadasavlebisaTvis,
sasiyvarulo intrigebisaTvis, ris winaaRmdeg ilaSqrebda avgustusi Tavisi re-
formebiT. ase paradoqsebiT saubari damaxasiaTebelia ovidiusisaTvis. dau-
faravi iumoriT axasiaTebs poeti Tavis Tanamedrove òqros xanis~ romis sa-
zogadoebas:
`vaime, poets arad agdeben,
leqsebi moswonT, magram ujobT Zvirfasi ZRveni,
ubirs irCeven, oRondac mdidars.
oqros xana gvaqvs WeSmaritad, oqroTi mraval
pativs moixveW, TviT siyvarulsac.~
(II 274-278)
etyoba, ovidiusma mainc amjobina Tavis dazRveva, an ukve igrZno aSkara sa-
frTxe Tavisi skandaluri poemis gamo da gamoaqveyna `trfobisgan gankurneba~. aq
avtori iZleva imis sapirispiro rCevebs, rac `trfobis xelovnebaSi~ aris war-
modgenili. poeti siyvarulisgan gawamebul axalgazrdas aswavlis, rogor daaR-
wios Tavi am mwvel grZnobas. marTalia, es poema ovidiusisaTvis Cveuli iumoriT
aris dawerili, magram igi mxatvruli RirsebebiT bevrad Camouvardeba `trfobis
xelovnebas~.
356 ovidiusi
amave periods ekuTvnis galeqsili traqtati `qalis nelsacxebelTaTvis~, sadac

poeti aswavlis qalebs silamazis SenarCunebis saSualebebs. am nawarmoebis
mxolod asiode striqonia SemorCenili.
amiT ovidiusma daasrula siyvarulis Temaze leqsebis wera. satrfialo ele-
giebiT, rogorc Tavad acxadebs poeti, igi cdilobs mkiTxvelTa gulis mogebas,
saxelis moxveWas da poetur sarbielze Zalebis mosinjvas (`trfobani~ III, I, 26),
raTa Semdgom maqsimalurad gamoavlinos niWi ufro vrcel, gansxvavebuli Janris
nawarmoebSi. `trfobisagan gankurnebiT~ ovidiusi ki ar emSvidobeba mkiTxvels,
visTvisac daiwera es poema, aramed uqmnis mas ganwyobas axali tipis nawarmoebis
mosasmenad. poeti ukve mkiTxvelTa farTo masebis dainteresebas apirebs.
ovidiusi grZnobda, rom saWiro iyo gamoexata Tavisi pozitiuri damokide-
buleba arsebuli reJimisadmi. miT ufro, rom mas marTlac moswonda mSvidobiani,
xalisiani romi. ratom ar unda daefiqsirebina Tavisi pozicia; Tanac avgustuss
aRizianebda niWier poetTa dumili amis Taobaze, rac Zalze saxifaTo iyo.
ovidiusma gadawyvita, poemebiT: `metamorfozebiTa~ da `fastebiT~ gamoxmaure-
boda avgustusis ideologias. ovidiusisaTvis kargi magaliTi iyo vergiliusis
èneida~, romelSic marjved aris CarTuli avgustusis dideba. miuxedavad imisa,
rom imperatori imedovnebda, èneida~ mTlianad mas mieZRvneboda, dasjerda imas,
rom misi Rvawli fragmentulad mainc aisaxa poemaSi. ovidiusic am gzas irCevs da
poemis epilogSi xotbas asxams avgustuss.
`metamorfozebi~ ovidiusis Semoqmedebis mwvervals warmoadgens. igi 15 wigni-
sagan Sedgeba, masSi gadmocemulia cnobili da iSviaTi miTebi gardasxvaTa Ses-
axeb. rogorc `metamorfozebis~ dasawyisSi (I, 1-2) gvamcnobs poeti, igi umReris
àxladgansxeulebul, Secvlil saxeebs~; Tu ra iwvevs am gardaqmnebs, amas poemis
dasasruls ganmartavs poeti, roca piTagoras moZRvrebaze saubrobs. garda
metruli sazomisa (igulisxmeba daqtiluri heqsametri), `metamorfozebi~ ar av-
lens klasikuri poemis niSnebs. masSi ar aris adgilis, drois, moqmedebis er-
Tianobis principi. mas uwodeben Tavisebur poemas.
`metamorfozebSi~ Tavmoyrili da damuSavebulia 250-mde berZnuli da nawi-
lobriv italiur-romauli miTologiuri Tqmuleba. yoveli miTis finaluri nawi-
lia adamianis gardaqmna axal sulier sxeulad an usulo sagnad: cxovelad an mce-
nared, qvad, wyarod, anda ciur mnaTobad, an usulo sxeulis sulierSi gardaqmna.
gardasaxvis Janrs kargad icnobs elinisturi mwerloba. aleqsandriuli xanis
III s. poetma kalimaqosma Tavis etiologiur poema `mizezebSi~ gamoiyena es motivi
istoriuli movlenebis asaxsnelad, gmirebis mnaTobebad gardasaxvas uZRvna era-
tosTenesma Tavisi mcire saxis Txzuleba. igive Janri gamoiyenes: nikandros ko-
lofonelma, boiosma, romaelTagan – makerma. maTgan gansxvavebiT, ovidiusma ori-
ginaluri kompozicia mouZebna Tavis poemas, Seqmna dauviwyari mxatvruli
saxeebi, umaRles doneze aiyvana laTinuri heqsametri.
poema iwyeba samyaros SeqmniT, qaosis kosmosad gardaqmniT da mTavrdeba iulius
keisris kometad gardasaxviT. poeti sxvadasxva princips iyenebs miTebis dasa-
kavSireblad, raTa poema iyos èrTi uwyveti simRera~. ovidiusi xan ciklebis
mixedviT aerTianebs miTebs, xan – moqmedebis adgilis, xan kidev – personaJTa
msgavsebis safuZvelze. zogjer sagangebod SeTxzul rgolebsac mimarTavs. poemaSi
bevria CarTuli epizodi. poeti erT ambavSi xSirad ostaturad gadaawnavs meores.
ovidiusma `metamorfozebSi~ mogvca samyaros poeturi modeli, romelic mud-
miv cvalebadobazea agebuli. maradiuli aris mxolod suli, romelic axal-axal
sxeulebSi gardaiqmneba. amitom, acxadebs poeti, adamianebs ar marTebT SiSi sik-
vdilisa, radgan es aris ara dasasruli, aramed sawyisi axlisa (XV, 151-159). poemis
epilogSi ovidiusi araorazrovnad miuTiTebs, rom ukvdavia sulTan erTad po-
etis saxelic, radgan mis qmnilebas dro da Jami ver moereva.
ovidiusi 357
poemaSi sxvadasxva JanrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli elementebia gamoyenebuli: sag-

miro eposi – kentavrebisa da lapiTebis brZola (XII), epilionebi – faeToni, proser-
pina (II), novela – apoloni da dafne (I), idiliuri romani – keiksi da alkinoe (XI), sat-
rfialo elegia – polifemosi da galatea (XIII), ritorikuli kontroversia _ aiaqsisa
da ulises dava aqilevsis iaraRisaTvis (XII), ekfrasisi – mzis RmerTis sasaxle (II).
ovidiusi aris araCveulebrivi mTxrobeli. igi iyenebs maSindeli xelovnebis ni-
muSebs da xatovnad gadmoscems miTis Sinaarss, mag. niobes tragediis gadmocemisas.
miTis zogierTi epizodi ise dinamiurad da plastikurad aris aRwerili, TvalnaT-
liv vxedavT poetis mier moTxrobil ambavs. aseve STambeWdavia dafnes gardasaxva
mcenared, medeas mier esonis gaaxalgazrdavebis scena. zogjer moqmedeba kino-
kadriviT viTardeba poemaSi. amas ovidiusi axerxebs geografiuli adgilebis
swrafi CamoTvliT. aseTi xerxiT aris gadmocemuli medeas ltolva (VII).
`metamorfozebis~ Tema mravalferovania: siyvaruli, colqmruli erTguleba,
eWvianoba, SurisZieba, RvTismosaoba, nadiroba, Tavisuflebisaken ltolva da sxv.
siyvarulis motivi bevr miTs udevs safuZvlad. ovidiusi gvixatavs mravalnair
siyvaruls: wmindas da amaRlebuls – piramusi da Tisbe (IV), pomona da vertumnusi
(XIV), gauziarebels – apoloni da dafne (I), narcisi da eqo – (III), RmerTTa gatace-
bebs – iupiteri da evrope (I), iupiteri da kalisto (II), colqmrul siyvaruls – ke-
falusi da prokrisi (VII), filomela da bavkisi (VIII), orfevsi da evridike (XI), keiq-
si da alkinoe (XI), Semoqmedis siyvaruls Tavisive qmnilebisadmi – pigmalioni (X),
incestur siyvaruls – biblisi (IX), mira (X), veragul siyvaruls, bilw grZnobebsa
an samSoblosa da mamis Ralatze dafuZnebul vnebas – medea da iasoni (VII), nisusi
da skila (VIII). ovidiuss ebraleba metrfe, romelic itanjeba, Tundac codviani
siyvarulis gamo, radgan, poetis gancxadebiT, amgvari grZnobebis iniciatori
kupidoni ki ar aris, aramed furia, romelic eqidnes SxamiT wamlavs msxverpls.
`metamorfozebSi~ ovidiusi xatavs metrfis stereotips, romelic satrfos
winaSe Tavs iwonebs Tavisi RirsebebiT, vaJkacobiT, warmomavlobiT, simdidriT.
mag. dafnes dadevnebuli apoloni sayveduriT mimarTavs qals, rom igi gaurbis
ara viRac ubralo mwyemss, aramed musikisa da medicinis RmerTs (I, 505-524). aseve
moaqvs Tavi Seyvarebul persevss Tavisi warmomavlobiTa da gmirobiT (IV, 697-
704), iupiteric ki iZulebulia aseTi xerxiT SeaCeros satrfo (I, 595-596).
Taviseburad gadmoscems ovidiusi qalis silamazes. mas poeti xSirad dinami-
urobaSi aRiqvams, zogjer qalwulis tanadobaze amaxvilebs yuradRebas, xan –
sxeulis ferze, xan ki – samosze, an aRwers im mSvenier wams, romelsac iwvevs la-
mazi qalis gamoCena. erTaderTi adgili, sadac uxvi ferebiT aris Semkobili
momxiblaoba qalisa, aris miTi polifemessa da galateaze (XIII), sadac mSvenierebas
simaxinje upirispirdeba. galateas Sesaqebad masze Seyvarebuli calTvala kik-
lopi ferebsa da saRebavebs irgvliv arsebuli floridan da faunidan iRebs. Se-
darebiTi zedsarTavi saxelebis siuxve (25 komparativis forma) Tavisebur elf-
ers, sinazesa da simsubuqes aniWebs leqss:
ò, galateav, kvidoze ufro qaTqaTav da

walkot mdeloze mSveniero, alvaze ufro
tanayrilo, brolze kamkamav, cikanze anco,
talRiT nafereb niJaraze ufro krialav,
zamTarSi mzeze sanatrelo, xvatSi ki – Crdilze,
daxunZlul xilze sasurvelo, maRal Wadarze
saCino da TvalismomWrelo yinulze ufro,
mtevanze tkbilo, gedis bumbulze da mawonze
ufro fafuko,morwyul baRze Tvalgasaxaro,
358 ovidiusi
o, galateav, rad rbi, mZvinvarev giJ mozverze,

beber muxaze ufro mtkicev, zRvaze macduro,
vazze, tirifze moqnilo da kldeze udreko,
yinC farSevangze mediduro, CanCqerze Smago,
bardze msusxavo, cecxlze mwvelo, zvirTebze ufro,
Seusmenelo, Zu daTvze metad ulmobelo,
daundobelo qusldanadgam aspitze ufro,
netav SemeZlos, rom wagarTva unari brZolis,
ZaRlebis yefiT dafeTebul iremze mardo,
uceb movardnil niavsa da qarbuqze swrafo~.1
(XIII 789-809)
pirvel cxra karedSi nimfas garegnoba udidesi sinatifiT aris Sedarebuli
bunebis mSvenierebasTan, Semdgom 10 karedSi ki nimfas daumorCilebeli suli mris-
xane bunebasTan aris gaigivebuli. arc erTi metrfe `metamorfozebSi~ ase ena-
wylianad ar axasiaTebs satrfos. vrclad da poeturad aris gadmocemuli
polifemosis grZnobebi. mas am mxriv verc erTi personaJi ver Seedreba `metamor-
fozebSi~. igi yvelaze metad itanjeba, `TiTqos etnam gadainacvla mis mkerdSi~
(869), ìgi ise borgavs, rogorc furis warTmeviT Slegadqceuli xari~ (872). miuxe-
davad amisa, mkiTxvels misadmi sibraluli ar uCndeba, radgan kiklopisaTvis ucxoa
is Tavganwirva, mitevebis unari, rac WeSmarit siyvaruls axasiaTebs. mas siyvaruli
esmis, rogorc sasurveli qalis dasakuTreba, raTa igi Tavis simdidres miumatos.
galateas daTmoba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeuZlia, Tu igi aravis sakuTreba ar
iqneba. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi mrisxane SurismaZieblad iqceva (860-875).
sagulisxmoa aRiniSnos, rom piramusisa da Tisbes miTSi, romelic erT-erTi
ulamazesi adgilia `metamorfozebSi~, ovidiusi arc qal-vaJTa garegnobis aRwe-
ras iZleva (mxolod mianiSnebs maT gamorCeulobas), arc siyvarulis gamJRavnebis
stereotips gvTavazobs. aq poets aqcenti miTis warmtac siuJetze gadaaqvs da pi-
ramusisa da Tisbes tragikulsa da amaRlebul siyvarulze gvesaubreba.
`metamorfozebSi~ ovidiusi cdilobs avgustusis Rvawlis warmoCenas. iupi-
teris saxeSi xSirad imperatori igulisxmeba, xan SefarviT, xanac ki aSkarad. es
ar iyo uCveulo im periodSi.
avgustusi iupiteris gansaxierebad iTvleboda miwaze, amitom iupiterze da-
muSavebul miTebSi uzenaesi RmerTi romis pirvel imperatorTan asocirdeba.
`metamorfozebis~ I wignSi, sadac qaosidan mowesrigebul samyaros Seqmnazea
saubari, unda igulisxmebodes avgustusis mier kargad organizebuli monarqiis
daarseba, rogorc iupiterma daamarcxa saSiSi mteri likaoni, ase ixsna qveyana
daRupvisagan avgustusma keisris mkvlelobis Semdeg (I, 199-201). aq Zneli amosac-
nobi ar aris omi antoniusisa da misi mokavSireebis winaaRmdeg. ovidiusi iwonebs
iupiteris simkacres likaonis mimarT, amiT igi amarTlebs avgustusis laSqrobas
antoniusTan, magram TviT Zlevamosili iupiteri-avgustusic ki uZluria marTos
Semoqmedi. amis sailustraciod poemis epilogi gamodgeba, romelic Zalian hgavs
horaciusis cnobil odas `melpomenesadmi~:
`qmnileba ese ganvasrule; ver iavaryofs
iupiteris, cecxlisa Tu maxvilis risxva,
verc JamTa srbola, ros sxeulis meufe xaniT
Seucnobeli Cemgan dReni momeswrafeba,
ukvdavi suliT aRvzevdebi umaRles etlTa,
saxeli Cemi ar warxdeba; kacTa bageni
Zalmosil romis diad qveynad maRiareben.
1
`metamorfozebis~ qarTuli Targmani ekuTvniT: n. melaSvils, n. tonias, i. garayaniZes.
ovidiusi 359
mgosanT misnobis Tu virwmunebT WeSmaritebas,

ukvdavyofili viarsebeb ukunisamde.~
(XV 871-879)
`metamorfozebTan~ erTad ovidiusi muSaobda poema `fastebze~. es iyo ro-
mauli kalendari, romelSic gadmocemuli unda yofiliyo yoveli Tvis eti-
mologia, am Tvis dResaswaulebebis aRwera, ritualebis warmoSoba, maTTan da-
kavSirebuli legendebisa da miTebis ganmarteba.
es poema ara mxolod Sinaarsobrivad upasuxebda avgustusis moTxovnebs, ara-
med oficialuradac misadmi iyo miZRvnili. TavisTavad aseTi Temis arCevani av-
gustusis ideologiis gaziarebas niSnavda, Zveli religiuri wes-Cveulebebis,
winaparTa adaTebisadmi pativiscemas. Tu amiT romaeli mkiTxveli saWiro infor-
maciasac miiRebda, miviwyebul RvTaebebs gaixsenebda, poeti avgustusis ideo-
logiis mxardamWerad CaiTvleboda da amiT aicilebda saSiSroebas (romelsac
igi karga xania grZnobda).
poema iwyeba ianvris TviT, sadac saubaria ianusis kultze, aseve agonaliaze,
karmentaliaze, paganaliaze da sxv. poetma moaswro mxolod eqvsi wignis dasru-
leba, roca avgustusis risxva daatyda Tavs. ovidiusma aRar isurva poemis da-
amTavreba.
`fastebi~ sayuradReboa ara marto imiT, rom romauli kulturis, wes-
Cveulebebis Sesaxeb gvawvdis cnobebs, aramed imiTac, rom igi Seicavs saintereso
ganmartebebs religiur da realur-istoriul faqtebTan dakavSirebiT.
miuxedavad imisa, rom `fastebi~ sakmaod seriozul Temas eZRvneba, romaul
siwmindeebs, ovidiusi axerxebs aqac CarTos erotikuli, mxiaruli scenebi, oraz-
rovani gamoTqmebiT gaaxalisos Txroba. poemaSi bevri epizodi misTvis Cveuli
ostatobiT aqvs poets gadmocemuli. mag. amaRlebulad aris moTxrobili lukre-
cias tragedia, rasac mohyva tarkvinius amayis gandevna (II wigni), romulusisa da
remusis ambavi (IV wigni).
VI wignSi, sadac vestas kultze saubrobs ovidiusi, moTxrobili aqvs realur-
istoriuli ambavi – rogor Sevida almodebul taZarSi Zv. w. 241 w. qurumi mete-
lusi da gadaarCina qalRmerTi. es ra Tqma unda, SemTxveviT ar CaurTavs poets. am
istoriuli faqtis gacocxlebiT ovidiusi moagonebs mkiTxvels avgustusis mier
vestas taZridan antoniusis anderZis gamotanas. mamakacis Sesvla qalRmerTis ta-
ZarSi kanoniT dauSvebeli iyo. Zneli saTqmelia, ra undoda amiT eTqva poets:
moegonebina avgustusis danaSauli romaelTaTvis, Tu gaemarTlebina misi qmedeba.
mizani amarTlebs saSualebas. Tu meteluss mieteveboda Tavisi saqcieli, aseve –
avgustussac. erTma qalRmerTi ixsna xanZrisagan, meorem ki qveyana _daRupvisagan.
amgvari religiur-istoriuli paralelebi sxvaganac moipoveba `fastebSi~. po-
eti ar ifargleba religiuri wes-Cveulebebis oden aRweriTa da ganmartebiT.
misi mizania, mkiTxvels informaciasTan erTad miawodos saintereso da saxaliso
epizodebi.
ovidiuss gadmoaqvs `trfobanisa~ da `trfobis xelovnebis~ ironiuli toni
`fastebSi~. Tu satrfialo elegiebSi poeti araseriozul Temebze seriozulad
saubrobs, rac aniWebs am poemebs parodiul xasiaTs, `fastebSi~ seriozul Te-
mebze drodadro araseriozulad msjelobs.
`xalisiani momRerali~, rogorc Tavis Tavs uwodebs ovidiusi, bedis ukuRmar-
Tobam sevdiani elegiebis avtorad aqcia. dResac ar viciT zustad, ratom ganu-
risxda poets avgustusi. ovidiusi amis Taobaze saubrobs gadasaxlebis periodSi
daweril krebulebSi: `sevdansa~ da `werilebSi pontodan~.
`sevdani~ xuTi wignisagan Sedgeba. pirvel wignSi moTxrobilia poetis saxi-
faTo mogzauroba zRvaze, rodesac igi gadasaxlebis adgilisaken micuravda.
didi tragizmiT aris aRwerili ukanaskneli Rame romSi, axloblebTan ga-
360 ovidiusi
moTxovebis scena. meore wigni avgustusisadmia mimarTuli, sadac ovidiusi Tavs

imarTlebs imperatoris winaSe da sTxovs mas Sewyalebas. mesame, meoTxe da mexuTe
wignebSi poeti aRwers gadasaxlebis adgils, mis mkacr bunebas, sevdiT igonebs
ojaxs, mSobliur roms. IV wignis X elegia poetis avtobiografias warmoadgens
da amdenad CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa. `werilebs pontodan~ ovidiusi
uZRvnis meuRles, megobrebs, axloblebs. am nawarmoebSi igrZnoba poetis damS-
videbuli toni. igi TiTqos Seegua Tavis savalalo yofas, dauaxlovda adgilo-
briv mkvidrT. ovidiusi ukve Tamamad asaxelebs werilis adresatebs, rasac
`sevdanSi~ erideboda, radgan eSinoda, poetis gamo maT avgustusis risxva ar
dastexodaT Tavs.
aqve dauweria ovidiuss poema _ inveqtiva ìbisi~, sadac wyevla-krulvas ugzav-
nis romeliRac nacnobs (SesaZlebelia, megobars), romelsac, etyoba, didi tki-
vili miuyenebia misTvis. poets SeuTxzavs poema `meTevzeobisaTvis~, romlis nawy-
vetebia mxolod moRweuli.
`sevdani~ da `werilebi pontodan~ Cvens yuradRebas imiTac iqcevs, rom aq
ovidiusi Tavad asaxelebs gadasaxlebis mizezebs. garda `trfobanisa~, poetis
daRupva gamouwvevia raRac konkretul mizezs, Secdomas. ovidiuss iseTi ram
daunaxavs, rac ar unda daenaxa. poeti ar asaxelebs am danaSauls, sagangebod
malavs, magram amave dros acxadebs, rom igi yvelasaTvis cnobilia. aseTi ucnauri,
gamocanebiT saubari, damaxasiaTebelia ovidiusisaTvis. savaraudoa, rom poeti
arafers ar malavs. igi daisaja imitom, rom Seulamazeblad, gulwrfelad aR-
wera Tavisi drois romauli yofa da ara ise, rogorc es avgustuss surda.
ovidiusis mravalmxrivi Semoqmedeba yovel epoqaSi iyo STagonebis wyaro
poeziisa da xelovnebis moyvarulTaTvis. jer kidev poetis sicocxleSi mis
leqsebs kiTxulobdnen, izepirebdnen, misi nawarmoebebidan amoRebul siuJetebze
dgamdnen sasceno warmodgenebs. antikuri xanis avtorebi aRiarebdnen ovidiusis
did talants.
Sua saukuneebSi ovidiuss afasebdnen da mas vergiliusis gverdiT ayenebdnen.
ovidiusis leqsebma didi gavlena iqonia vagantebis poeziaze, misma satrfialo
elegiebma ganapiroba Sua saukuneebis rainduli siyvarulis xasiaTi. mas
uwodebdnen `siyvarulis maswavlebels~.
renesansis xanam ufro ovidiusis `metamorfozebs~ miaqcia yuradReba, masSi
SeamCnies mTxrobelis araCveulebrivi talanti. XVII da XVIII saukuneebSi am poemam
didi samsaxuri gauwia bevr saopero da sabaleto dadgmas.
XX saukuneSi gaizarda interesi XIX saukuneSi ase Tu ise miviwyebuli po-
etisadmi. Tu adre gadasaxlebis periodis leqsebs yuradRebis Rirsad ar Tvlid-
nen, axla maTSi SeamCnies mxatvruli Rirsebebi.
ase rom, marTali aRmoCnda poeti, romelic werda:
`morCil msoflios vidre romi zviadad dascqers,
ar moakldeba Cems leqss mkiTxveli.~
poetma erTi ram ver gaiTvaliswina, romis samxedro dideba karga xania, war-
suls Cabarda, misi leqsebi ki dResac cocxlobs. Tumca, egeb ovidiusi Zleva-
mosili imperiis dedaqalaqs ki ar gulisxmobda, roca am striqonebs werda, ara-
med poeturi SedevrebiT mdidar roms.
Txzulebebi: poemebi: `trfobani~, `heroidebi~, `trfobis xelovneba~,

`trfobisgan gankurneba~, `metamorfozebi~, `fastebi~, elegiebis krebulebi:
`sevdani~, `werilebi pontodan~, inveqtiva ìbisi~.
liviusi 361
liviusi
(Zv. w. 59 – ax. w. 17)
`Melior tutiorque est certa pax, quam sperata victoria – ufro saimedoa (dRevandeli)
mSvidoba, vidre mosalodneli gamarjveba~ (30. 30, 19); Èventus stultorum magister est –
saqmis dasasruli ugunurTa maswavlebelia~ (fabius maqsimusis sityvebi, romle-
bic moaqvs liviuss: 22. 39, 10); Ìngrata patria, ne ossa quidem mea habebis – umaduro sam-
Soblov, Cemi Zvlebic ki ar gaxdeba Seni sakuTreba~ (38. 53, 8 – II punikuri omis
gmiris, kornelius skipios Sesaxeb, romelic sibereSi daumsaxureblad daadana-
Saules fulis gaflangvis gamo) – nebismieri epoqis moazrovne adamianisTvis nac-
nobi es sityvebi ekuTvnis erT-erT saukeTeso romael istorikoss, respublikuri
ideebis mexotbes, mwerals, romelmac istoria filosofias miuaxlova, titus
liviuss.
titus liviusi – misi kognomeni ucnobia – daibada CrdiloeT italiis qalaq
pataviumSi (axlandeli padua) Zv. w. 59. igi sruliad axalgazrda gadavida
sacxovreblad romSi, sadac, Tumca ar monawileobda sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi,
gaicno da dauaxlovda avgustuss. Tavdapirvelad liviusis interesis sagani
filosofia iyo, magram Zalian maleve, daaxloebiT ocdaaTi wlis asakSi, man
Tavisi moRvaweoba mniSvnelovan istoriul naSroms daukavSira. cnobilia, rom
jer kidev axalbeda moRvawes jerovnad pativsac miagebdnen da sakmaris Tayvansac
scemdnen. garda imisa, rom man Tavisi cxovreba istoriuli xasiaTis naSromis
Seqmnas miuZRvna, aseve ikisra waremarTa momavali imperatoris – klavdiusis –
istoriografiuli interesebic. sabolood liviusma romSi cxovrebas isev
mSobliuri mxare amjobina, sadac ax. w. 17 gardaicvala kidec.
`T x r o b a T a w i g n e b i d a s a b a m i T g a n q a l a q i s a~ (Ab Urbe Condita
Libri) esaa igive `r o m i s i s t o r i a~ misi dasabamidan avtoris Tanamedro-
veobamde. raoden ucnauric ar unda iyos, liviusis Txzulebis zusti saTauri
CvenTvis ucnobia. Tavad avtori mas ànalebs~ uwodebs, plinius ufrosi ìs-
torias~, xolo Cvenamde moRweuli xelnawerebi, perioqebi da gramatikosTa ci-
tatebi Txzulebas am saTauriT, `TxrobaTa wignebi dasabamiTgan qalaqisa~,
amkvidrebs. naSromi moicavda 142 wigns, romelTagan Cvenamde moaRwia mxolod 1 –
10 da 21 – 45 wignebma (45-e wigni boloSi sakmaod dazianebulia), aseve sxva wigne-
bidan ramdenime fragmentma. moRweuli wignebi sxvadasxva moculobis aris, Ti-
Toeuli Sedgeba 23-dan 50 Tavamde.
wyaroebze dayrdnobiT CvenTvis cnobili gaxda, rom liviusis kalams ekuTv-
noda agreTve istoriul-filosofiuri xasiaTis dialogebi da sxva filosofi-
uri naSromebi, romlebic man jer kidev siWabukeSi SeTxza.
362 liviusi
ZiriTad wyaroebs liviusis cxovrebisa da moRvaweobis Sesaxeb warmoadgens

hieronimusis `qronikebi~, plinius ufrosis, kvintilianusisa da tacitusis ram-
denime pasaJi da sxv.
`romis istoria~ – liviusis Canafiqri, rogorc Cans, Semdegi iyo: es iqneboda
150 wignisagan Semdgari naSromi, romelic daiwyeboda romis daarsebis dRidan
ambebis TxrobiT (sc. eneasis troadan gamoqceva) da dasruldeboda avgustusis
sikvdilis aRweriT ax. w. 14. samwuxarod, avtors am gegmis ganxorcieleba ar das-
calda, igi gardaicvala da Txrobac wydeba drususis sikvdiliT Zv. w. 9. Cvenamde
moRweul pirvelidan aTamde wigns ewodeba `pirveli dekada~. masSi Txroba mesame
samnitur omamde aRwevs, romelic Zv. w. 289-mde dasrulda. aseve Cvenamde moaRwia
mesame, meoTxe da mexuTes naxevarma dekadebma, e. i. 21 – 45 wignebma. am nawilSi
Txroba moicavs meore punikuri omis (Zv. w. 218) ambebs da aseve bolomde aRwers
makedoniis winaaRmdeg omis movlenebs Zv. w. 167-mde. dakarguli wignebidan (136 –
137 wignebis garda) Cven gagvaCnia e. w. perioqebi – mokle Sinaarsebi, romlebic,
SesaZloa, III – IV saukuneebSi SeiTxza, Tumca Tavad es nawerebic liviusis naSromis
konspeqtur variants unda efuZnebodes. erTi mosazrebiT, liviusis nawarmoebis
aseTi didi nawilis dakargva am nawarmoebis aTwigneulebad dayofis bralia. aT-
wigneulebad, anu dekadebad dayofis tradicia jer kidev adreuli xanidan
modis, xolo zogierTi mkvlevaris mosazrebiT, es wamowyeba Tavad liviussac
ukavSirdeba, romelmac naSromi TviTonve dahyo wignebad, Semdeg erTmaneTTan
raRaciT dakavSirebuli da msgavsi ambebi gaaerTiana da amgvari gziT Seqmnil
danayofebs win mokle Sesavalic warumZRvara. SesavalSi TiToeuli axali seqciis
ambebis Sesaxeb sakuTari SeniSvnebi Seitana da avtoriseuli mosazrebebiTac
gaamdidra. am Sesavlebidan erT-erTi yvelaze cnobilia mesame dekadisTvis dawe-
rili nawili, romelic Seicavs Txrobas meore punikuri omis ambebze. swored
amgvari Sesavali winasityvaobebis arseboba iZleva imis safuZvels, saidanac
mkvlevarebi varaudoben, rom naSromi Tavad liviusis mier iyo dayofili.
liviusi naSromSi analebis im cnobil struqturas ubrundeba, romelic sak-
maod fexmokidebuli iyo da axasiaTebda romaul adreul saistorio nawerebs
dasawyisidanve. liviusi, weris amgvari meTodis gamoyenebiT, iribi gziT uars am-
bobda salustiusis adreuli naSromebis monografiul formatze. rogoria
liviusis weris meTodi? vTqvaT, iseTi ambebis aRwera, rogoricaa saomari
qmedeba, xdeba erTi sruli wlis manZilze, magram, rogorc ki erTi weli
sruldeba, masze Txroba droebiT wydeba da liviusic iwyebs sxva iseTi ambebis
moyolas, romlebic imave wels ekuTvnis, roca saomari qmedeba mimdinareobda.
imave naratiuli meTodis gamoyenebiT iwyeba Semdegi, momdevno wlis ambebis aR-
wera da, rogorc ki saWiro xdeba, avtori ubrundeba wina weliwadis ambavs –
Sewyvetil Txrobas saomari qmedebis Sesaxeb da ase agrZelebs bolomde. isto-
riuli faqtebis amgvari aRwera naSroms mkiTxvelisTvis ufro sainteresos xdis
da met mimzidvelobasac hmatebs. werisas liviusi Tavisze adre moRvawe isto-
riografosebs kidev erT meTods daesesxa. ambebi, romlebic moTxrobili iqne-
boda naSromSi, mis sicocxlemde miaRwevda, e.i. Cafiqrebuli hqonda uaxloesi is-
toriuli faqtebis gadmocemac. amis xarjze naSromis moculobis gazrda
mTlianad akmayofilebda mkiTxvelis molodins, romelic gviani movlenebiT
ufro iyo dainteresebuli, Tuki gamoikveTeboda kidec uaxlesi politikuri Tu
socialuri krizisis mizezebis axsnac. TviTon liviusic gvimowmebs teqstSi sa-
zogadoebis mxridan amgvar sulmouTqmel molodins.
teqstis ganxilvis Semdeg vxvdebiT, rom liviusi uxvad iyenebda wyaroebs. maT
Soris, pirveli dekadisTvis, romelic romis uZvelesi istoriis ambebs aRwerda,
analistebs, kerZod, valerius antiass, likinius makers, klavdius kvadrigariuss
da, raoden ucnauric ar unda iyos, SedarebiT naklebad fabius piqtors. Sem-
liviusi 363
dgomi dekadebis ambebis Txrobisas, romelic romis aRmosavleTisken eqspansias

Seexeba, ukve berZen istoriografosebsac eyrdnoba. am mxriv aRsaniSnavia poli-
biosi, romelsac yvelaze metad daesesxa avtori da gaiziara mediteranuli
samyaros erTianobisa da romaul-elinisturi urTierTdamokidebulebis Sesaxeb
miseuli xedva. katonis gamoyeneba naSromSi erTob zedapiruli xasiaTisaa.
avgustusis reJimi, rogorc Cans, poeziisagan gansxvavebiT, arcTu ise did
yuradRebas uTmobda saistorio xasiaTis nawerebs. liviusi namdvilad ar mdgara
opoziciaSi, magram arc kritikuli azris sruliad armqone gulSematkivari iyo.
markus fabius kvintilianusi gvamcnobs, rom gaius asinius poliom liviusTan e.w.
patavinitasis – paduuri provincializmis Strixebi aRmoaCina. polio, albaT,
Sesabamis elementebs amCnevda liviusis stils, romelic kvintilianusisTvisac
aSkara iyo, Tumca dRes Cven, SemorCenili masalis simwiris gamo, am kvalis migneba
gviWirs. kvintilianusi, romelic aRiarebda da aSkara upiratesobas aniWebda
gaius salustiuss rogorc istorikoss, mis mkacr da epigramatul brevitas-s (sity-
vasimwires) upirispirebs liviusis lactea ubertas-s (sityvasityviT `rZis siWarbe~.
risi Tqma unda am terminiT avtors, zustad ar viciT, magram cxadia, rom dadebiT
Sefasebas aZlevs liviusis enas, miiCnevs mas Sualedur rgolad uxvsityvaobasa da
sityvier simwires Soris), stils, romelic laRi, uwyveti da gasagebia yovel-
gvari siyalbisa da xelovnuri Tavsamtvrevebis gareSe. swored amis gamoa, rom
mkiTxvels araferi abrkolebs gaigos azri da Txrobac amis gamoisobiT
auRelveblad da Tanmimdevrulad miedineba. kvintilianusi xazgasmiT gamohyofs
candor-s – liviusis stilis gamWvirvale simsubuqes. marTlac, liviusi axerxebs,
rom iyos faqizi da imavdroulad mravalferovanic, misi poeturi feradovneba
sagrZnoblad TvalSisacemia. memkvidreobad ergo ra da TviTonac daesesxa im
laTinur istoriografias, romelic sakmaod Seasusta salustiusma, liviusi did
adgils uTmobs mosaTxrobi ambis dramatul warmodgenas, Tanac ise axerxebs amas,
rom ar gascdes faqtebs da Txrobac Sesabamis CarCoSi moeqces. erTnairad cno-
bilia lukrecias – romis legendaruli gmiris paTosiT gamsWvaluli drama da
sofonistas – karTageneli keTilSobili qalis, hasdrubalis asulisa da masini-
sas colis ambavi, romelmac mamacurad sawamlaviT sikvdili amjobina romaelTa
xelSi Cavardnas. magram ambebis aseTi dramatizeba ucnauri araa, piriqiT, esaa is
erTiani xerxi, romelic liviusis mTel Txrobas Tan gasdevs. es xerxi gamo-
yenebulia saomari scenebis aRwerisas (xSirad es adgilebi peripeteia-s saxiTaa war-
modgenili, e. i. dasawyisSi arasasurveli viTareba rogor moulodnelad icv-
leba romaelTa sasargeblod), cnobili amboxebebis moTxrobisa Tu senatSi de-
batebis Sinaarsis gadmocemisas.
liviuss istoria warmoudgenia ara oden rogorc politikis sagani, romelic
ganmartavs movlenebs, yuradRebas uTmobs partiaTa da fraqciaTa strategiul mo-
qmedebebs, gegmebs, ideologiasa da sxva interesebs, aramed narativi, romelic
xelmZRvanelobs da mTavar amocanad isaxavs pirovnebaTa Cvenebasa da maTi indi-
vidualobis warmoCenas. adamianur vnebaTa amgvari Cveneba, romelic liviusis naS-
romis umTavresi maxasiaTebelia, nawilobriv momdinareobs berZnuli isto-
riografiuli tradiciidan. es unda yofiliyo istoriuli interpretaciis manera,
romelic axasiaTebda istoriografosTa dRes ukve dakargul naSromebs. es isto-
riografosebi arian eforosi da mogvianebiT moRvawe durisi da filarqosi, ro-
melTa weris stilsac uwodeben `tragikuls~ an `peripatetikuls~ (aristoteles
Teoriuli modelis gaTvaliswinebiT). am gziT istoria, imis nacvlad rom si-
marTlis `gamoZieba~ iyos, xdeba ritorikuli saqmianoba da ubrundeba literatu-
rul Janrs (zogi TeoretikosisTvis is oratorul xelovnebasTan ufro axlosaa,
sxvebisTvis ki poeziasTan). liviusi pirdapir gviCvenebs, rom igi meti sargeblisT-
vis dramatul Canafiqrsa da ambis Txrobas ufro maRla aTavsebs, vidre simarTlis
364 liviusi
gamoZiebas. misi mizania uCvenos, rom moralur da inteleqtualur Tvisebebs

gadamwyveti gavlena aqvs movlenaTa ganviTarebisas. liviusi mTlianad CarTulia im
ambebSi, romelTac aRwers da amitomac kiTxvisas iseTi STabeWdileba gveqmneba,
TiTqos monaTxrobs im ambebis cocxali mowmisgan vismendeT.
garda amisa, udavod unda aRiniSnos is saukeTeso literaturuli monacemebi,
romelTa wyalobiTac, rogorc mosalodnelia, aseT STambeWdav Sedegs aRwevs.
dabolos, Tuki liviuss salustiusis oponentad miviCnevT, maSin arc is unda dag-
vaviwydes, rom igi ciceronis mimdevari iyo (sc. ciceronis moTxovnebsa da xedvas
istoriografosis mimarT sruliad akmayofilebda).
miuxedavad imisa, rom romaul istoriografiaSi salustiusis models upi-
ratesoba eniWeboda, liviusma sicocxleSive moipova popularoba. mag. pliniusi
gadmogvcems, rom erTma Tayvanismcemelma grZeli gza gamoiara romamde mxolod
imisTvis, rom enaxa liviusi, sawadelis miRwevis Semdeg ki ukan saxlSi gabrunda.
liviusi ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens mravali Semdgomi avtorisTvis, romle-
bic xSirad misi gavlenis qveSac eqceodnen. eseni arian tacitusi Tu plutarqosi,
dio kasiusi, valerius maqsimusi, lukanusi da silius italikusi; mis literatu-
rul Rirsebas xotbas asxams orive seneka, kvintilianusi da sxva mwerlebi; xolo
kaligula miiCnevda, rom biblioTekebidan unda amoeRoT vergiliusisa da
liviusis nawarmoebebi maT portretebTan erTad da gaenadgurebinaT (svet. kal.
34). IV saukuneSi avienusma iamburi sazomiT gadmosca liviusis istoria, xolo 1531
wels cnobilma filosofosma nikolo makiavelim dawera naSromi-diskursebi
`titus liviusis pirveli dekadis gamo~ (makiaveliseuli filosofiis arsi,
romlis mixedviTac, miznis misaRwevad yvelanairi gza gamarTlebulia, Tavis
droze SesaniSnavad gadmosca liviusma: `Per fas et nefas – (RmerTebis mier) nebadar-
Tuli Tu akrZaluli gziT~ (6. 14, 10)). dRes msoflios wamyvan universitetebSi mo-
mavali politologebi liviusis nawarmoebis paralelurad am diskursebsac di-
di interesiT ecnobian da swavloben.
Txzuleba: `TxrobaTa wignebi dasabamiTgan qalaqisa~ (sc. `romis istoria~).

keisrebis epoqa
(ax. w. I s. 10-iani wlebi – V s.)
avgustusis didi aRmavlobis paTosi ramdenadme gadaeca e. w. principatis epo-

qis anu keisrebis epoqis literaturas axali welTaRricxvis pirvel saukuneebSi.
swored amitom klasikur filologiaSi specialuri terminic ki moinaxa, rome-
lic am epoqis mniSvnelovan literaturul miRwevebs Seesabameboda. mas uwodeben
`vercxlis xanas~. postavgustusiseuli adreuli principatis epoqa moicavs peri-
ods tiberiusidan domicianusamde (ax. w. 14 _ 96 ww.). marTalia, am periodSi ukve
SeiniSneba daRmasvlis garkveuli tendenciebi, magram amis paralelurad romis
imperia mainc axerxebs Tavisi poziciebis gamyarebas. avgustusis Semdgom ama Tu im
keisris xasiaTma da mmarTvelobis stilma garkveuli gavlena moaxdina zogadad
imperiis da, kerZod, kulturis ganviTarebaze.
am epoqis literaturaSi erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli figura aris filoso-
fosi da mwerali seneka (ax. w. 4-65).
romSi mimdinare literaturul procesebSi yuradRebas ipyrobs agreTve e. w.
mcire poeziis nakadi, romelic warmodgenilia germanikusis (Zv. w. 15 – ax. w. 19) da
maniliusis (ax. w. I saukunis pirveli naxevari) SemoqmedebaSi. isini agrZeleben e. w.
ganswavluli poeziis ara marto elinistur, aramed ukve romaul neoaleqsandri-
ul tradiciebs. cnobilia vergiliusis saxeliT moRweuli leqsebi, romlebic
`vergiliusis damatebad~ iqna miCneuli.
romauli igav-arakis Janris yvelaze mniSvnelovani warmomadgeneli iyo fed-
rusi (Zv. w. 18 _ ax. w. 55), romelmac esoposis tradiciebi gaagrZela romSi.
neronis mmarTvelobis dros (ax. w. 54 _ 68 ww.) sakmaod mniSvnelovani gaxda epi-
kuri Janris aRorZineba. lukanusi (ax. w. 39-65) qmnis cnobil poemas `farsalia~.
saintereso figura aris petroniusi (gardaicv. ax. w. 66 w.). persiusi (34-62) da
iuvenalisi (60-130) qmnian satirebis cnobil krebulebs.
am epoqis literaturis erT-erT damaxasiaTebel niSans warmoadgens epikuri
tradiciebis gagrZeleba. staciusi (45-96) qmnis mraval nawarmoebs, maT Soris, or
cnobil poemas: `Tebaisi~, àqileisi~ da Cvenamde armoRweul Txzulebas `germanu-
li omis Sesaxeb~. igi aris, rogorc Cans, pantomimisaTvis Seqmnili libretos àga-
ves~ avtoric da aseve TemebiTa da sazomebiT Wreli krebulisa `tyeebi~.
sakmaod popularuli iyo epikosi valerius flakusi (ax. w. I saukunis meore na-
xevari).
silius italikusi (26–101) Tavis epikur muzas punikuri omebis, ufro sworad,
meore punikuri omis gadmocemas uTmobs. sayuradReboa, rom romaeli epikosebi-
saTvis poeturi enisa da poeturi principebis gamoyenebis ZiriTadi wyaro ukve
aris ara homerosi, aramed vergiliusi. rasakvirvelia, es exeba ufro metad poe-
tur enasa da xatovan formebs da ara informaciul safuZvels.
epigramatulma poeziam Tavisi brwyinvale gamoxatuleba hpova marcialisis
(40-102) SemoqmedebaSi.
romSi mWevrmetyvelebis erT-erT aRiarebul maswavleblad SeiZleba miviCni-

oT kvintilianusi (35-96).
e. w. kvazimecnieruli prozis udides warmomadgenlad unda CaiTvalos plinius
ufrosi (23/24-79). misi `bunebrivi istoria~ iyo WeSmariti enciklopedia, rom-
lis 37 wigni, faqtobrivad, warmoadgenda asi avtoris 2000-ze meti naSromis sa-
ocrad didi moculobis informaciis gadamuSavebis Sedegs. frontinusma (35-104)
Seqmna naSromebi: `romis wylebis Sesaxeb~ da òmis oinebi~. es ukanaskneli warmo-
adgens anekdotebis krebuls jaris cxovrebidan. amis sapirispirod pirveli na-
warmoebi sakmaod seriozulad ganixilavs romis wyliT momaragebis problemebs.
II saukune romis istoriaSi stabilurobiTa da mSvidobianobiT gamoirCeva,
rac, bunebrivia, kulturis met rafinirebulobaSi aisaxa, Tumca ver vityviT, rom
es procesi yovelTvis SemoqmedebiTi potencialis gamovlenis Zalis Sesabamisi
iyo.
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom am periodis erT-erT udides figuras warmoadgens kor-
nelius tacitusi (55-117/120).
Zalze popularuli iyo svetoniusis (suetonis) (75-150) Txzulebebi.
cnobilia apuleiusis (125-170) romani `metamorfozebi~.
II saukuneSi, rodesac aSkarad igrZnoba mcire formebis poeziis deficiti, ro-
maul literaturaSi iwyeba moZraoba, romelic garkveulwilad III saukuneSic ga-
dadis. mas qmnian Cvenamde, samwuxarod, sakmaod cudad moRweuli e. w. àxali poe-
tebi~ (Poetae novelli). rogorc cnobilia, ukve Zv. w. I saukuneSi Seiqmna poeziaSi e. w.
neoterikuli mimarTuleba, romlis erTgvari gamoZaxili iyo poetTa gaaqtiure-
ba II-III saukuneebSi. rogorc Cans, am axali mimarTulebis poetebs hqondaT preten-
zia, siaxle ufro faqizi, rafinirebuli da, Tanamedrove terminologias Tu ga-
moviyenebT, avangardistuli formiTac ki warmoedginaT. am mimarTulebis mraval-
ricxovan poetTa Soris Tavisi adgili daimkvidra xelovnebisa da literaturis
didma qomagma, imperatorma hadrianusma. mas Tavadac Seuqmnia leqsebi, romelTa
mcire fragmentebma Cvenamdec moaRwia. rogorc Cans, am mcire poeturi formebisa-
ken ltolva sakmaod gadamdebi aRmoCnda. am process mravalma sxvadasxva JanrSi
moRvawe poetma auba mxari. kerZod, III saukuneSi Seqmnila cnobili `venusis Ramis
dResaswauli~. es 93 kataleqturi troqeuli tetrametris Semcveli poeturi
qmnileba gadmogvcems Ramis rituals, romelic gazafxulis dawyebasa da siyvaru-
lis qalRmerTis dabadebas eZRvneba. es ar aris religiuri sakulto daniSnule-
bis leqsi an himni. es ufro poeturi nawarmoebia, romelic eZRvneba siyvarulis
gamoRviZebas gazafxulis Rames.
am periodSi iqmneba mcire zomis sxvadasxva poeturi nawarmoebebi, epigramebi,
romelTac Anthologia Palatina-Si moiyares Tavi.
III saukunidan TandaTanobiT aRmavlobas iwyebs laTinurenovani qristianuli
literatura. apologeturi literaturis pirveli warmomadgenlebi, romlebic
laTinur enaze werdnen, arian tertulianusi (150-230) da minukius feliqsi (ax. w. II
s.). tertulianusis apologetika sakmaod radikaluria da igi totalurad upiris-
pirdeba antikuri azrovnebisa da esTetikis principebs. SedarebiT mcire apologe-
tebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT kiprianusi (200/210 – 258) da komodianusi (ax. w. IV s).
g v i a n a n t i k u r o b a. gvianantikuroba rogorc laTinurenovan, ise berZnu-
lenovan literaturaSi warmarTuli da qristianuli tradiciebis gamokveTili
WidiliT aRiniSna. warmarTuli tradiciebis damcvelad SeiZleba miviCnioT ise-
Ti gramatikosebi da komentator-gamomcemlebi, rogorebic iyvnen markelusi (ax.
w. IV s.), donatusi (IV saukunis meore naxevari) da sxvani.
makrobiusis (ax. w. IV s.) 7 wignis Semcveli `saturnalia~ warmoadgens sam dReze
ganawilebul dialogs, romelic moicavs romaelTa religiuri Tu inteleqtua-
luri cxovrebis sxvadasxva aspeqts. simaqusi qmnis panegirikebs anu sityvebis kre-
buls. igi, faqtobrivad, warmogvidgeba IV saukunis udides mWevrmetyvelad, Tavi-
si ritorikuli potencialis praqtikaSi gamtareblad.
keisar konstantines ediqtis gamocemis Semdeg iwyeba e. w. meore apologetikis
aRorZineba. aq TavianTi naSromebiT gamoirCevian arnobiusi (III-IV), laktanciusi (III-
IV), firmikus maternusi (gardaicv. 384 wlis Semdeg). qristiani avtorebi konstan-
tines epoqamde, ZiriTadad, prozauli formiT qmnidnen TavianT naSromebs. e. w.
religiuri Tavisuflebis mopovebis Semdeg ki, ax. w. IV saukuneSi asparezze gamo-
dian ukve qristianuli Tematikis poetebi: iuvenkusi, optatianusi da tiberianusi.
IV saukuneSi, faqtobrivad, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom laTinurenovani warmarTuli
istoriografia aRmavlobis yvela niSans gviCvenebs. am periodSi moRvaweobdnen:
avrelius viqtori, evtropiusi, e. w. Historia Augusta-s (keisrebis istoria) Semqmne-
lebi (ax. w. IV s.), gvianantikurobis albaT erT-erTi mniSvnelovani istorikosia
amianus markelinusi (333-395), romelic antikuri istoriografiis saukeTeso
tradiciebs agrZelebs. am e. w. warmarTuli tendenciebis gverdiT sul ufro da
ufro gamokveTil adgils ikavebs qristianuli istoriografiis sakmaod sainte-
reso forma _ hagiografia (qristian wmindanTa, monazonTa, saeklesio pirTa
cxovrebis aRwera).
am sakmaod ekleqtikur epoqaSi didi warmatebiT sargeblobda romanis Sefe-
rilobis mqone ambebi, romelnic aRmosavlur Temebs Seicavdnen. magaliTisaTvis,
SeiZleboda dagvesaxelebina `trois omis dRiuri~, ~aleqsandre didis istoria~
da a. S.
miuxedavad imisa, rom religiur Tu ideologiur frontze viTareba sakmaod
daZabuli iyo, keisrebis sasaxleebSi agrZelebdnen Zvel tradiciebs da isini,
garkveuli TvalsazrisiT, kulturul centrebad gvevlinebodnen. aq keisrebis
iniciativiT kvlavac imarTeboda sxvadasxva xasiaTis sanaxaobebi, poetTa gamos-
vlebi. IV saukunis meore naxevris yvelaze cnobili poeti, albaT, aris avsoniusi,
ritorikis maswavlebeli da keisar gracianusis aRmzrdeli da mrCeveli. igi Ta-
vis `mozelaSi~ bunebis sxvadasxva suraTebis aRweriT sazogadoebaSi e. w. turis-
tuli interesebis gaRviZebas isaxavda miznad. Tavad qristiani avsoniusi srulia-
dac ar Takilobda imas, rom misi poezia antikuri literaturuli tradiciebis
gamgrZelebeli iyo. warmoSobiT berZeni klavdianusi, romelic Tavdapirvelad
miTologiur Tematikaze berZnul enaze wers, Semdeg mTlianad gadadis laTinuri
enis gamoyenebaze da Tavisi Semoqmedebis ZiriTad Janrad irCevs istoriul eposs.
prudenciusi gansakuTrebiT cnobili xdeba Tavisi liturgikuli himnebiT.
pavlinusi (ax. w. V s.), avsoniusis moswavle, epistolarul JanrSi muSaobs. igi
cnobilia sxvadasxva metriT dawerili `simRerebiT~, romlebic eZRvneba ara mar-
to wmindanebs, aramed ubralo xalxsa da xalxur dResaswaulebs.
poeziisken Semobruneba garkveulad niSnavda dramisaken Semobrunebas. cnobi-
lia aSkarad plavtusisa da terenciusis gavleniT Seqmnili komedia `buzRuna~,
romelic vinme galiels unda Seeqmna.
rogorc vxedavT, IV saukuneSi warmarTul da qristianul literaturas ar
hqonda erTmaneTTan Seurigebeli xasiaTi, ufro metic, xSirad isini Tanaarsebob-
dnen erTi poetis, erTi moRvawis SemoqmedebaSic ki. magram es sulac ar niSnavs
imas, rom am dros ar xdeboda aSkara aRmavloba qristianuli kulturisa da daR-
masvla warmarTuli antikuri kulturisa. gvianantikurobis bolo periodi aRi-
niSna asparezze iseTi cnobili qristiani avtorebis gamosvliT, rogorebic iy-
vnen: ambrosiusi (340-397), hieronimusi (345/348-420). laTinurenovan qristian av-
torTa Soris, albaT, udidesi iyo avgustinusi (354-430), romlis Txzulebebi
qristianuli azrovnebisa da Teologiis erT-erT mniSvnelovan sayrdenad iqca.
romis imperiis gayofa – antikurobis saboloo dacemis erT-erTi niSani – laTi-
nurenovan samyaroSi antikuri literaturis daqveiTebis aSkara mauwyebeli iyo.

marTalia, iqmneba marcianus kapelas (gardaicv. daaxl. 470 wlisaTvis) enciklope-
diuri Txzuleba `filologia~, magram, Tuki misi naSromis da àvgustusis isto-
riis~ Seqmnis periodSi, anu IV saukuneSi, istoriografiaSi jer kidev warmarTi
istoriografosebi dominirebdnen, TandaTanobiT aqac wamyvan poziciebs ukve
qristiani qronikosebi da istorikosebi orosiusi da salvianusi ikaveben.
antikurobis ukanasknel laTinurenovan poetad miCneulia rutilius namacia-
nusi (ax. w. V saukunis pirveli naxevari). am galiuri warmoSobis poetis e. w. samog-
zauro xasiaTis nawarmoebma `sakuTari dabrunebis Sesaxeb~, romelic elegiuri
distiqebiT iyo dawerili, faqtobrivad, laTinurenovan samyaroSi amowura anti-
kuri poeziis muza da amis Semdgom laTinur enaze, faqtobrivad, aRaraferi Seq-
mnila iseTi, rac SeiZleba gviCvenebdes antikuri warmarTuli tradiciebisadmi
erTgulebas.
boeTiuss (daaxl. 480-524 ww.) zogjer ùkanasknel romaelsac~ uwodeben. igi
ara marto Tavisi moRvaweobis periodiT, aramed Semoqmedebis xasiaTiTac amar-
Tlebs amgvar `tituls~.
lukanusi 369
lukanusi
(ax. w. 39 – 65)
`Laetius est, quoties magno sibi constat honestum - miT ufro dasafasebelia gmiroba,
rac ufro Znelad miiRweva igi~. ase mimarTavda lukanusis `farsalias~ erT-erTi
mTavari moqmedi piri, katoni Tavis meomrebs afrikaSi, rodesac saTaveSi Caudga
maT keisris winaaRmdeg sabrZolvelad. es sityvebi, dResac araa aqtualobas
moklebuli, miuxedavad imisa, rom misi daweridan araerTi saukune gavida.
markus aneus lukanusi daibada kordobeSi (espaneTi) 3 noembers, ax. w. 29. igi
iyo senekas Zmis aneus melas ZmisSvili. ax. w. 40 ojaxTan erTad sacxovreblad
romSi gadavida, sadac miiRo saukeTeso ganaTleba. misi maswavlebeli iyo stoeli
aneus kornutusi, romlis skolaSic daumegobrda persiuss. saukeTeso gonebrivi
SesaZleblobebis wyalobiT dauaxlovda neronis wres da moiazreboda kidec
princepsis erT-erT axloblad. kanoniT gansazRvruli minimaluri asakidan
lukanusi iyo kvestori da avgurTa kolegiis wevric. neronis 60 wlisTavze sagan-
gebod am TariRisaTvis dawerili saxotbo sityviT warsdga (Laudes Neronis). maleve
gamoaqveyna `farsalia~-s sami wigni, ramac neronis guliswyroma gamoiwvia. am
wyromis mizezebi ucnobia,1 zogierTi wyaro amtkicebs, rom nerons literaturu-
li Suri gauRvivda, xolo sxva wyaroebi mizezs poemis ideebSi xedaven. poema ki
marTlac gamsWvalulia respublikis nostalgiiT. imperatorTan dapirispirebis
Semdeg lukanusi Camoscilda kars da gaius kalpurnius pizonis SeTqmulebas Seu-
erTda. mas Semdeg, rac gegma gamJRavnda, lukanusma, iseve rogorc danarCenebma,
TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocxle 26 wlis asakSi 30 aprils, ax. w. 65. unda
aRiniSnos, rom im pasaJSi, sadac svetoniusi misi sicocxlis ukanasknel dReebs
aRwers, lukanusi sakmaod aramomxiblavad da mxdal adamianad gamoiyureba.
lukanusis umTavresma nawarmoebma `f a r s a l i a m~ an `s a m o q a l a q o
o m i s S e s a x e b~ Cvenamde `srulad~ moaRwia. Bellum Civile-s saTauriT nawar-
moebi Zvel biografiebsa da xelnawerebSia moxseniebuli, xolo Tavad avtori mas
Pharsalia-s uwodebs (9. 985) farsalusidan, geografiuli adgilidan gamomdinare,
sadac omi keisarsa da pompeuss Soris moxda. aTi wignisgan – 8060 heqsametrisgan
Semdgari poema dausrulebelia avtoris sikvdilis gamo (amis gamo movitaneT
sityva `srulad~ abzacis dasawyisSi brWyalebSi Casmuli). meaTe wigni, romelic
yvela danarCenze moklea, moulodnelad wydeba. rogorc Cans, lukanuss Cafiqre-
buli hqonda Tormetnawiliani poemis dawera.
CvenTvis cnobilia lukanusis adreul nawarmoebTa saTaurebi da ramodenime
mcire fragmenti. esenia: Iliacon – poema troas omze; Catachthonion – poema qvesknelis
mkvidrze, romelic, SesaZloa, orfevsis ambavi iyos; De Incendio Urbis; Saturnalia; Medea
1
saintereso cnobebs gvawvdis lukanusisa da neronis urTierTobaze svetoniusi (De Poeta, Luc.).
370 lukanusi
– dausrulebeli tragedia; Silviae-is aTi wigni anu sxvadasxva Temaze Seqmnil poe-
maTa krebuli; zemoT naxsenebi Laudes Neronis; uamravi epigrama; pantomimebisaTvis
`libretti~ da sxvadasxva sityva.
saTaurebidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom maTi umravlesoba
neronis saameblad iyo Seqmnili, mis mier SeTxzul siuJetebze ki imperatoris
gasarTobad dadgmebi xorcieldeboda. amaTgan sruliad gansxvavebuli Janrisaa
`farsalia~. lukanuss gegmaSi hqonda siuJetad aerCia romelime movlena romis
istoriidan da is aRewera, Tundac ganerisxebina neroni. bolos airCia samo-
qalaqo omi keisarsa da pompeuss Soris, xolo weris procesSi warmoCnda kidec
lukanusis simpaTiebi, rodesac ganadida Zveli respublikuri Tavisufleba da
aRiara imperiuli reJimis uvargisoba.
cnobebi lukanusis Sesaxeb SegviZlia amovikiTxoT svetoniusTan (De Poetis), Co-
dex Vossianus II-Si, aseve staciusTan (Silvae 2.7), tacitusTan, romelic me-15 wignSi
gviambobs pizonis SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb. Zalian sainteresoa Suasaukuneebis is eg-
zegetikuri xasiaTis SeniSvnebi, romelTa fesvebic gvian antikur xanaSi unda
veZioT.
`farsalia~ – 1. poema iwyeba neronis grZeli qebiT da mxolod amis Semdeg
gvamcnobs lukanusi omis dawyebis mizezebs. Semdeg Txroba Seexeba keisris mier
mdinare rubikonis gadalaxvas. aRwerilia uamravi avbediTi niSani, rac gardu-
val katastrofas moaswavebs. 2. romaelebi moTqvamen da ixseneben Zvel samoqalaqo
konfliqts mariussa da sulas Soris, Tumca imasac grZnoben, rom omi keisarsa da
pompeuss Soris bevrad ufro saSineli iqneba. RamiT brutusi da katoni (um-
crosi) msjeloben imis Taobaze, xom ar ajobebda konfliqtidan Sors Tavis daW-
era, vinaidan nebismier SemTxvevaSi gamarjvebuli srul batonobas moipovebs. an
xom ar iqneboda ufro gonivruli pompeusis mxares dadgoma im imediT, rom masze
kidev SeZleben raRac gavlenis moxdenas. katoni brutuss meore alternativas ar-
Cevinebs. 3. sizmarSi pompeuss gamoecxadeba pirveli coli iulia, romelic keis-
ris qaliSvili iyo. igi qmars mosalodneli ubedurebis Sesaxeb afrTxilebs. kei-
sari ki Sedis romSi da sazogado qonebas daisakuTrebs. pompeusi Sekrebs mo-
kavSireebs, romelTa grZel siasac CamogviTvlis lukanusi, rogorc Cans, ìli-
adas~ cnobili xomaldTa katalogis gavleniT. amis Semdeg gadavinacvlebT
marselSi, romelic keisris mieraa alyaSemortymuli. imarTeba sazRvao brZola
adgilobriv mosaxleobasa da keisris laSqars Soris. 4. es wigni aRwers keisris
saomar qmedebebs espaneTSi, pompeusis momxreebis sagmiro saqmeebs, aseve keisris
mxares mebrZol axalgazrda partizanis kuriosis sikvdils. 5. romidan devnili
senatis wevrebi epirusSi ikribebian. pompeusis momxre apiusi delfos orakulTan
midis rCevisaTvis, magram orakulis pasuxi orazrovania. mosalodneli ajanyebis
aRkveTis Semdeg keisari Tavis jarebs epirusSi gadasxams. antoniusis meTauro-
biT razmis dagvianebis gamo gaRizianebuli keisari TviTonve cdilobs masTan
SeerTebas da patara naviT daapirebs mgzavrobas. saSineli qariSxali gamoriyavs
napirze. pompeusi Tavis cols, kornelias, kunZul lesbosze gaxiznavs usafrTxoe-
bis mizniT. col-qmari cal-calke wuxs iZulebiTi ganSorebis gamo. 6. pompeusi
Tavis jarTan erTad alyaSemortymulia diraqiumSi. keisris erT-erTi saxelova-
ni jariskaci uamrav sagmiro saqmeebs Cadis. pompeusisa da keisris SeiaraRebuli
nawilebi Tesalias aRweven, romelic saboloo Setakebis adgili unda gaxdes.
seqstusi – pompeusis vaJiSvili – rCevisaTvis akiTxavs grZneul erixTons. Tavisi
jadoebis wyalobiT, erixToni sicocxles ubrunebs brZolaSi daRupul erT-erT
jariskacs, romelic seqstuss uwinaswarmetyvelebs ara marto misi ojaxis ganad-
gurebas, aramed mTeli romauli politikuri wyobilebis dacemas. 7. sizmrad pom-
peusi Zvel didebas ixsenebs, xolo gamoRviZebuli cdilobs, Setakeba
gadaaTqmevinos TaTbirze Sekrebil xalxs, magram partizanebi, da maT Soris ci-
lukanusi 371
ceronic, omis mosurneebi arian. saomari moqmedebis dawyebamde pompeusi da kei-

sari gamamxnevebeli sityvebiT mimarTaven TavianT jarebs. iwyeba brZola, keisari
imarjvebs, xolo pompeusi Tavs gaqceviT Svelis. keisari uars ambobs cxedrebis
sapatio dakrZalvaze, Rame ki mas ucnauri xilvebi ufrTxobs Zils. 8. pompeuss
korneliac uerTdeba. omis sasworis Secvlis imedi parTielTa daxmarebazea da-
mokidebuli, Tumca es azri ukugdebulia lentulusis mgznebare sityvis Semdeg.
pompeusi egvipteSi gadadis, sadac mas ptolemaiosi, daaxloebul pirTa rCeviT,
CamosvlisTanave klavs. uTavo cxedars vinme kordusi mokrZalebulad damarxavs. 9.
pompeusis sikvdilis Semdeg katoni Caudgeba saTaveSi respublikuri jaris nar-
Cenebs da gadakveTs libiis udabnos, sadac mravali gasaWiri – qviSis qariSxali Tu
gvelebi – Sexvdeba. igi amonis orakuls ar mimarTavs rCevisTvis, radgan momavlis
codna brZen kacs gadawyvetilebas ver Seacvlevinebs. keisari Cadis egvipteSi, sa-
dac mas pompeusis Tavs miarTmeven ZRvenis saxiT. 10. aleqsandriaSi keisari ewveva
aleqsandre didis saflavs, romelic faqtobrivad misi maswavlebelia tiraniaSi.
aqve gamarTavs brwyinvale nadims, romelsac kleopatrac eswreba. aleqsandrielebi
keisris winaaRmdeg ajanyebis mowyobas cdiloben.
aq Txroba wydeba.
rogorc sqoliasturi tradicia da gramatikosTa (serviusi) Tu ritorTa
(kvintilianusi, frontusi) Sexedulebebi gvimowmebs, lukanuss xSirad sayvedu-
robdnen poemis stilis gamo. igi xom xSirad mimarTavs da uadgilodac ki iyenebs
sentenciebs, rac nawarmoebis stils oratorul sityvas amsgavsebs. aseve misi
Txrobis manerac TiTqmis analisturia, es ki istoriografiis da ara poeziis
xerxia. aq CamoTvlili yvela `nakli~ siaxle iyo epikuri JanrisaTvis, ramac
kritikosTa zusti, Tumc ukmayofilo Sefaseba gamoiwvia. marTlac, Cven ar viciT,
ramdenad morCilad misdevs istoriul faqtebs lukanusi. is istoriografiuli
masala, romelsac igi eyrdnoboda (liviusi da seneka ufrosi) xom dakargulia.
albaT, istoriuli faqtebi damaxinjebulia ideologiuri mxaris ukeT warmoCe-
nis mizniT. amgvari gadaazrebis Sedegia faqtebis Seferadeba, xolo zogierT
adgilas lukanusi urTavs iseT epizodebs, romlebsac realobasTan aranairi
kavSiri ar hqonia. erTia nekromantiis scena, aseve ciceronis yofna farsalusSi.
magram, Tuki obieqturni viqnebiT, lukanusis Semotanili siaxleebi warmatebuli
iyo. amis dasturia marcialisisa da staciusis mtkiceba, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT
gviani xanis epikuri poeziis aSkara mimbaZvelobiT xasiaTze. aseve verc Txrobis
analisturi manera CaiTvleba naklad, piriqiT, eniusis ànalebis~ popularoba
imdenad didi iyo gviani respublikisa da adreuli imperiis xanisaTvis, rom manac
garkveuli roli Seasrula naratiuli struqturisadmi keTili ganwyobis
CamoyalibebaSi.
CvenTvis cnobilia, rom avgustusis epoqaSi sxvadasxva poetebi irCevdnen samo-
qalaqo omis Temas (kornelius severusi, rabiriusi).
sainteresoa, rom jer kidev pirveli kritikosebi aRniSnavdnen msgavsebas lu-
kanussa da vergiliusis èneidas~ Soris. TumcaRa, poema xasiaTdeba ufro
rogorc àntieneiduri~, xolo avtori àntivergilianuri~. am konteqstSi in-
teresmoklebuli ar iqneba, Tuki poemis Sesavals gavixsenebT. poemis dasawyisSi
neronis xotba ukavSirdeba èneidas~ pirvel wignSi iupiteris sityvebs, romelic
uwinaswarmetyvelebs venuss axali oqros xanis dadgomas, samoqalaqo omis das-
rulebas rom mohyveba (sc. avgustusi). lukanusisTvis ki es xana TiTqos neronis
xana unda iyos da amiT vergiliusis pirvel wignSi iupiteris winaswarmetyveleba
vergiliusis oponentobad gadaiazreba. aseTi interpretacia, zogierTi mkvle-
varis azriT, mis xotbas neronis mimarT met gulwrfelobas hmatebs. TumcaRa isic
unda iTqvas, rom teqstis amgvar wakiTxvas yvela ar iziarebs. piriqiT, jer kidev
Zveli sqoliastebi neronis xotbis Sesxmis epizodSi ironias xedavdnen. es mosaz-
372 lukanusi
reba arcTu usafuZvloa, radgan `farsaliaSi~ neronis dideba `mkvaxed~ JRers da

mas poeti sxvagan arsad axsenebs. antivergilianur magaliTad gamodgeba poemis
Semdegi striqonebic (7. 39): `maSin laTinTa Zveli saxeli mxolod naSTiT gacxad-
deba: miwiT dafaruli nangrevebi ZlivsRa gvaxsenebs gabiuss, veiuss, koras~. esaa
inversirebuli striqonebi èneadadan~ (6. 773-6).
rodesac lukanusi gardaicvala, misi poema dausrulebeli iyo. magram
miuxedavad amisa, igi msoflio literaturis erT-erTi yvelaze warmatebuli ni-
muSia. mis popularobaze metyvelebs or wignad arsebuli komentarebi, oTxasi
xelnaweri, romelic mTel evropaSi iyo gabneuli da mis mimarT Sua saukuneebSi
arsebul interess adasturebs. marcialisi gvimowmebs, rom poema mis xanaSi gansa-
kuTrebuli interesiT ikiTxeboda (14. 194); tacitusi `dialogebSi~ lukanuss
homerossa da vergiliuss adarebs (20); staciusi da florusi aRfrTovanebulni
iyvnen poemiT da amuSavebdnen mas.
poemis popularobis erT-erTi mizezi is xSiri literaturuli polemikacaa,
romelic mis garSemo arsebobda. petroniusis Bellum Civile (ix. petroniusis
`satirikoni~) xSirad mis kritikul gansjad moiazreboda, anu rogor unda ga-
moiyenos lukanusis masala epikosma. aqebda ra lukanuss, kvintilianusi erT
rCevasac iZleoda: misTvis poetebs ki ara, oratorebs miebaZaT. lukanuss yvelaze
meti sayveduri stilis gamo Sexvda, radgan amCnevdnen mis gadatvirTulobasa da
zedmetsityvaobas. amitomac serviusi mas aRiarebs ara rogorc poets, aramed
rogorc istorikoss.
es gansxvavebuli mosazrebebi met xibls aniWebs lukanussa da mis poemas da
amitomac Txzulebas dRes didi interesiTa da siamovnebiT vkiTxulobT.
Txzuleba: `samoqalaqo omis Sesaxeb~ (sc. `farsalia~).

seneka 373
seneka
(Zv. w. 4 – ax.w. 65)
`Non vitae, sed scholae discimus – ara cxovrebisTvis, aramed skolisTvis

vswavlobT~ – ase sayvedurobda erT-erT Tavis werilSi (CVI, 12) seneka kabinetis
filosofosebs, romelTaTvisac samecniero moRvaweobis mizani mxolod TavianTi
konkretuli filosofiuri skolis dacva iyo. mwerlis es cnobili gamonaTqvami
bevrisTvis araa ucxo, oRond Secvlili saxiT: `Non scholae, sed vitae discimus – ara
skolisTvis, aramed cxovrebisTvis vswavlobT~.
lukius aneus seneka daibada Zveli welTaRricxvis bolo wlebSi, SesaZloa, 4
wels kordobeSi (espaneTi), respublikuri tradiciebis mimdevar qalaqSi,
romelic pompeuss uWerda mxars samoqalaqo omis periodSi. misi ojaxi sakmaod
SeZlebuli iyo – mamamisi seneka ufrosia. male seneka romSi gadavida, sadac
saukeTeso oratorul skolebSi miiRo ganaTleba, im mizniT, rom politikur da
filosofiur karieras gaikeTebda. mis maswavlebelTa Soris iyvnen stoeli ata-
lusi da papirius fabianusi. es ukanaskneli adre cnobili mWevrmetyveli iyo da
daaxloebuli seqstiis stour-piTagoruli mimarTulebis skolasTan, romelic
aseve asketuri tendenciebiT gamoirCeoda, Tumc sabunebismetyvelo sagnebisadmi
interesic axasiaTebda. ax. w. 26 seneka gadavida egvipteSi, prefeqti biZis mfarve-
lobis qveS. xuT weliwadSi isev romSi dabrunda, daiwyo iurisprudenciaSi
moRvaweoba da politikuri karieris Seqmnaze zrunva. etyoba, aSkara warmate-
bisTvisac unda mieRwia, radgan, Tuki simarTles Seesabameba, misi oratoruli
didebis gamo eWviT Sepyrobilma kaligulam (37-41) sikvdilis ganaCeni gamoutana.
misi sisruleSi moyvana ar moxda, vinaidan imperatoris sayvarelma daixsna
axalgazrda seneka.1 amisda miuxedavad, igi ver gaeqca imperator klavdiusis mier
wayenebul axal sasjels. mas brali dasdes germanikusis umcrosi qaliSvilisa da
kaligulas dis iulia livilasTan kavSirSi. magram klavdiusis Canafiqri iyo,
dartyma mieyenebina germanikusis ojaxis garSemo Sekrebili politikuri opo-
ziciisaTvis. seneka gadaasaxles arastumarTmoyvare korsikaze 49 wlamde, sanam
agripinam, imperatoris meore colma, ar miaRwia klavdiusisgan mis Sewynarebas.
gadasaxlebidan dabrunebul senekas ki daevala pirveli qorwinebidan agripinas
vaJiSvilis, momavali imperatoris neronis aRzrda. am saqmes mis garda pretoris
rangis prefeqtma afrikanus burusmac mohkida xeli. 54 wels senekam monawileoba
miiRo neronis taxtze asvlaSi da im dRidan moyolebuli saxelmwifo marTvaSi
CaerTo. es iyo neronis mmarTvelobis saukeTeso wlebi, dafuZnebuli princepsis
Zalauflebisa da senatis harmoniuli urTierTobisaken swrafvaze. ramdenime
weliwadSi yvelaferi Seicvala (neronma dedamisi mokla 59 wels) da filo-
1
kaligulas moaxsenes, mZime seniTaa Sepyrobili da isedac male mokvdebao.
374 seneka
sofoss seriozul kompromisebze wasvla mouxda. burusis sikvdilis Semdeg

senekam sruliad dakarga neronze gavlena. neroni pompeas gavlenis qveS moeqca da
daiwyo misi mmarTvelobis saSineli xana. seneka mixvda, rom rogorc politikurma
mrCevelma sruli kraxi ganicada. nel-nela CamoSorda sazogadoebriv saqmeebs da
xeli mihyo filosofias. igi aRar sargeblobda karis simpatiebiT, aRarc
endobodnen da sruliad bunebrivia, rom neroni mas sastikadac gausworda. 65
wlis aprilSi senekas bralad dasdes pizonis SeTqmulebaSi monawileoba,
romlis Sesaxebac man ki icoda, magram ar hqonia kavSiri. seneka mohyva am
SeTqmulTa mimarT ganxorcielebul represiebSi, neronma mas sikvdilis ganaCeni
gamoutana da imave 65 wels senekam TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocxle.
dawvrilebiTi informacia senekas sikvdilis Sesaxeb SegviZlia amovikiTxoT
tacitusTan (15.62-64). Tavad senekac sakuTar nawarmoebebSi avtobiografiul
cnobebs gvawvdis, gansakuTrebiT, `werilebSi~ da `sanugeSo werilSi dedis mi-
marT~. sxva wyaroebidan, garda tacitusisa (12-15), aRsaniSnavia berZeni isto-
rikosis dio kasiusis cnobebi da zogierTi adgili svetoniusis biografiebidan
kaligulas, klavdiusisa da neronis Sesaxeb.
senekas im uzarmazari memkvidreobidan, romelmac Cvenamde moaRwia, umetesi
nawili filosofiuri xasiaTis Txzulebebia. am naSromTa nawili senekas sik-
vdilis Semdeg gaaerTianes Tormet wignad Dialogi-is (`dialogebi~) saxeliT (es sa-
Tauri ukve kvintilianusisTvisaa cnobili). Tumca mas wminda dialogis forma
ara aqvs, magram metnaklebad Seesabameba filosofiuri dialogis im tradicias,
romelic platonidan momdinareobs. aseve SemorCenilia traqtatebi eTikuri da
filosofiuri xasiaTis sakiTxebze. maTi saTaurebia: 1. `bedisweris Sesaxeb~; 2.
`brZenis simtkicis Sesaxeb~; 3-5. `risxvis Sesaxeb~; 6. ùSfoTveli cxovrebis Ses-
axeb~; 7. `mocaleobis Sesaxeb~; 8. `sulis simSvidis Sesaxeb~; 9. `sicocxlis
mswraflmavlobis Sesaxeb~; 10-12. `sanugeSo werilebi~ marciusTan, dedasTan da
polibiosTan. sxva filosofiuri xasiaTis Txzulebebi, romlebmac Cvenamde da-
moukideblad moaRwia, aris Svidi wigni `qvelmoqmedebis Sesaxeb~, `klementias
Sesaxeb~, romelic nerons eZRvneba (sami wignidan mxolod pirveli da meores
dasawyisi gadarCa), oci wigni, romelic Seicavs 124 werils `zneobis sakiTxebze
luciliusis mimarT~ (ocze meti unda yofiliyo, radgan naxsenebia ocdameore
wigni). samecniero saxis Txzulebebidan gvaqvs `bunebis sakiTxebi~ Svid wignad,
romelic albaT rva wignisgan Sedgeboda. aseve senekas kalams ekuTvnis berZnuli
Tematikidan cxra tragedia (`herkulesi~, `troeli qalebi~, `finikieli qalebi',
`medea~, `fedra~, òidiposi~, àgamemnoni~, `Tiestesi~, `herkulesi etas mTidan~ –
am TanmimdevrobiTaa dalagebuli yvelaze sando da avtoritetul xelnawerSi);
aseve SemorCenilia `RvTaebrivi klavdiusis gakvaxeba~ – meniposiseuli satira,
romelic imperatoris ucnaur apoTeozze mogviTxrobs. es nawarmoebi dRes ukve
avTenturad miiCneva, gansxvavebiT im epigramebisagan, romlebic eWvs iwveven, rom
senekas kalams ekuTvnis. dakarguli nawarmoebebi sxvadasxva Tematikazea Seqmnili:
mamamisis biografia, uamravi sityva, mravalferovani traqtatebi fizikis,
geografiisa Tu eTnografiis sferodan, filosofiuri Txzulebebi, romelTa
Sorisac iyo Moralis Philosophiae Libri, romelsac Tavad seneka araerTxel axsenebs.
aseve aris ramodenime naSromi, romelic saeWvoa, rom mas ekuTvnoda. erT-erTi
udavod mogvianebiTaa Seqmnili. esaa cnobili mimowera senekasa da pavle moci-
quls Soris dawerili im mizniT, rom gaemarTlebinaT da daecvaT senekas repu-
tacia qristianul Sua saukuneebSi.
`s a n u g e S o w e r i l i m a r c i u s i s m i m a r T~ – Seiqmna kaligulas
mmarTvelobis dros, daaxloebiT 40 wels, istorikos kremecius kordusis qal-
iSvilis sanugeSod, romelmac dahkarga vaJi. nugeSis es werili agebulia ramden-
ime sakacobrio sakiTxze – drois mswraflmavlobaze, sicocxlis arasaimedobaze,
seneka 375
sikvdilze, rogorc adamianTa garduval xvedrze da sxv. am maradiul sakiTxebs

seneka ubrundeba sxva or sanugeSo werilSi, romlebic gadasaxlebis drosaa
Seqmnili. `s a n u g e S o w e r i l i d e d i s m i m a r T~ (albaT 42 wels dawe-
rili) arwmunebs dedas, rom gadasaxlebaSi myofi SvilisTvis sargeblis momtania
ganmartoeba, mravali dadebiTi mxare aqvs am mdgomareobas, erT-erTi SemecnebiT-
mWvretelobiTi mocaleobaa (otium). `s a n u g e S o w e r i l i p o l i b i o s i s
m i m a r T" (43 w.?) SeZlebul moqalaqes klavdiuss anugeSebs Zmis dakargvis gamo.
stouri eTikis zogierTi aspeqti gadmocemulia dialogebSi. aseTia sami
wignisagan Semdgari `r i s x v i s S e s a x e b~, romelic dawerilia senekas gadas-
axlebaSi yofnis pirvel naxevarSi, magram kaligulas sikvdilamde ar `gamoqvey-
nebula~. aq aris ganxiluli adamianuri vnebebi, analizdeba am vnebaTa warmoSobis
fesvebi da mocemulia maTi SeCerebis gzebi (kerZod, mesame wigni Seexeba mrisxane-
bas). es naSromi eZRvneba senekas Zmas novatuss; wlebis Semdeg, roca novatusma sax-
eli gaiTqva da gaxda galio (Tavisi mamobilis orator iulius galios saxelis
mixedviT), filosofosma mas miuZRvna ù S f o T v e l i c x o v r e b i s S e s -
a x e b~, sadac dasmulia bednierebis problema da komfortisa da fufunebis
roli mis misaRwevad. da mainc, bednierebis Ziri RirsebaSia da ara fufunebaSi
(epikurelebisken mimarTuli polemika), Tumc seneka ar uaryofs fufunebis
dadebiT rols am Rirsebis misaRwevad. ar aris aucilebeli sibrZne da fufuneba
erTmaneTs daupirispirdes, aravin amjobinebs siRaribes sibrZnes (23). seneka arc
kinikosTa models misdevs, romelsac is saxifaTod asocialurad miiCnevs. ada-
mianma, romelic eswrafvis sapientia-s (sc. goniereba, ideali, romlis srulad
ganxorcieleba TiTqmis SeuZlebelia), unda aitanos, daiTminos fufuneba – ro-
melic cxovrebiseulma garemoebebma moutana – ise, rom ar moeqces mis tyveobaSi.
umTavresia, sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, ara adamianma daipyros simdidre, aramed
Tavad simdidrem ar daipyros TviTon adamiani.
sibrZnisa da miwieri moulodnelobebis gancalkeveba aris im sami dialogis
(`brZenis simtkicis Sesaxeb~ (41 w.), `m o c a l e o b i s S e s a x e b~ (62 w.?), `s u -
l i s s i m S v i d i s S e s a x e b~ (62 w.)) gamaerTianebeli Tema, romelic senekam
megobar serenuss miuZRvna. `sicocxlis mswraflmavlobis Sesaxeb~ ufro adre
unda daewera, daaxloebiT 49-52 wlebSi da miuZRvna paulinuss – prefeqts, ro-
melsac sakvebis momarageba exeboda da iyo senekas meore colis naTesavi. aqac wa-
myvani Temaa drois mswraflmavloba da sicocxlis xanmokleoba.
dialogi `bedisweris Sesaxeb~, romelic xsnis Tormetnawilian krebuls, magram
sicocxlis ukanasknel wlebSia Seqmnili, luciliuss eZRvneba. aq ganxilulia prob-
lema im winaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb, romelic arsebobs winaswarganzraxul gegmas, ro-
melic adamianTa cxovrebas ganagebs (polemika epikurelTa warmodgenis Sesaxeb
RvTaebriv Caurevlobaze) da bedis, rogorc am gegmis amrevis, aRiarebas Soris.
xSirad bedi xom usamarTlod ajildoebs borots, keTils ki daumsaxureblad sjis.
senekas pasuxia, rom ubedureba, romelic gadaxdeba kacs, ar ewinaaRmdegeba winas-
wargansazRvrul gegmas, aramed sworedac rom adasturebs RvTaebriv nebas, ro-
melic gamocdis da amowmebs keTils. stoelTa sapiens exmareba mis racionalur bune-
bas, gaacnobieros mdgomareoba, romelic mas mianiWa logosis mier gamarTulma kos-
miurma wesrigma, imisaTvis rom Seeguos mas mTlianad.
`b u n e b i s s a k i T x e b i~ Svid wignad senekas Cvenamde moRweuli erTa-
derTi samecniero naSromia. is daiwera sazogadoebrivi saqmeebidan CamoSorebis
Semdeg da aseve luciliuss eZRvneba. es aris Sromatevadi kompilaciis Sedegi
stouri wyaroebidan (mag. posidoniusi) da Seexeba sxvadasxva atmosferul da
ciur movlenebs, qariSxlebidan dawyebuli miwisZvrebiTa da kometebiT dam-
Tavrebuli. sxva filosofiuri naSromi, romelmac dialogebidan damoukide-
blad moaRwia, rogorc aRvniSneT, aris `q v e l m o q m e d e b i s S e s a x e b~
376 seneka
Svidi wigni. igi eZRvneba senekas megobars ebotius liberaliss da TiTqmis

imave droiT TariRdeba (seneka gvimowmebs luciliusisadmi miZRvnil werilSi
(81. 3), rom muSaoba daasrula 64 wlisTvis). werili Seexeba qvelmoqmedebas,
kavSirs qvelmoqmedsa da mis obieqts Soris, movaleobebs, romlebic maT aer-
TianebT da moralur valdebulebebs (aq SeniRbulia misdami neronis mopy-
roba).
senekas gviani nawerebidan yvelaze cnobili aris sxvadasxva sigrZis wer-
ilebis krebuli `zneobis sakiTxebze luciliusis mimarT~. luciliusi aris
sakmaod mokrZalebuli warmomavlobis axalgazrda, romelmac Tavisi ZalebiT
miaRwia sxvadasxva politikur-administraciul Tanamdebobebs, igi Tavadac
iyo mwerali. mimowera realurad arsebobda Tu es mxolod senekas fantaziis
nayofia, dRemde sakamaToa. Tumca arc isaa safuZvels moklebuli, rom lucil-
iusi pasuxobda werilebs. magram, rogorc Cans, bevri werili senekas arc gaug-
zavnia, magram `gamoqveynebis~ momentSi daumata krebuls. naSromma Cvenamde
arasruli saxiT moaRwia da TariRdeba 62-63 wlebiT, e. i. politikuri saqmee-
bidan senekas ganridebis Semdeg wlebs miekuTvneba. esaa filosofiisa da lite-
raturis Seudarebeli Txzuleba. megobrebisadmi mimarTuli werilebis
SeTxzvis idea senekam platonisa da epikuresgan isesxa. igi gulwrfelad amayia,
rom laTinurenovan literaturaSi axal Janrs aZlevs dasabams. misTvis sama-
galiTo modeli epikurea, romelic megobrebisadmi mimarTul werilebSi ax-
erxebs SesaniSnavad SeaTavsos erTmaneTTan sulieri aRzrda da ganaTleba. am
xazis gagrZelebas araCveulebrivad axerxebs seneka luciliusisisadmi mimar-
Tul werilebSi. es werilebi miznad isaxavs warmoadginos sapientia-s gzaze mi-
maval yoveldRiuri gamarjvebebis nusxa. seneka gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas
aniWebs im moments, rom epistolaruli Semoqmedeba SesaZleblobas iZleva ga-
marTos colloquium megobarTan, raTa Seqmnas mWidro urTierToba, iyos cxovre-
baSi pirdapiri magaliTi, aCvenos, rom es gza pedagogiurad ufro mravlis-
momcemia, vidre damrigebluri miTiTebebi. filosofiuri literaturis sxva
Janrebisgan gansxvavebiT werili yvelaze axlos dgas yoveldRiur cxovrebas-
Tan, misgan iRebs sxvadasxva wvrilmans, iyenebs moraluri msjelobebisas
aTvlis wertilad da Cinebulad aTavsebs filosofiaSi yoveldRiur varjiS-
Tan. TumcaRa werilebis Tematikas asazrdoebs metad mravalferovani da
gansxvavebuli cxovrebiseuli gamocdileba, magram umetesad igi sesxulobs
Temebs diatribuli (vinmes gamosaaSkaravebeli sityva) tradiciidan.
tragediebs mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia senekas memkvidreobaSi. cxra maTgani
avTenturad miiCneva (aqedan eWvebs mxolod `h e r k u l e s i e t a s m T i d a n~
aRZravs) da yvela berZnul miTologiur siuJetebs efuZneba. Cven Zalian cota ram
viciT maT Sesaxeb, sad an rogor ganxorcielda maTi dadgma an rodis daiwera is-
ini. vinaidan SeuZlebelia maTi Seqmnis qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobis dadgena,
aq CamovTvliT ise, rogorc es sando xelnawerSia mocemuli. `h e r k u l e s i~
evripides `herakles~ mixedviTaa Seqmnili da aRwers herkulesis gaxelebas,
Wkuidan SeSlas, romelic iunom gamoiwvia. gaSmagebuli herkulesi klavs col-
Svils, magram, rodesac gons moegeba da Tavis danaSauls gaigebs, unda, rom Ta-
vadac moiklas Tavi. Tumca amis nacvlad aTenSi midis gansawmendad.
`t r o e l e b S i~ gaerTianebulia evripides ori tragedia, `troeli qalebi~ da
`hekabe.~ moTxrobilia troeli qalebis ambavi, sanam poliqsenesa da astianaqsis
msxverplad Sewirva moxdeba. `f i n i k i e l i q a l e b i~ eyrdnoba evripides
amave dasaTaurebis tragedias, aseve sofokles tragedias òidiposi kolonosSi~.
asaxulia oidiposis mware xvedri da misi vaJiSvilebis – eteoklesisa da polini-
kesis – ganxeTqileba. `m e d e a~-c, ra Tqma unda, evripides piesas daefuZna, magram,
SesaZloa, ovidiusis amave saxelwodebis nawarmoebsac, romlis dadgmac warmate-
seneka 377
biT ganxorcielda, magram Semdeg daikarga. ambavi mogviTxrobs kolxi asulis

ukuRmarT bedze, romelmac iasonTan ganSorebis Semdeg mokla vaJiSvilebi
qmarze SurisZiebis mizniT. `f e d r a~ evripides `hipolitosi~-is Temas iRebs,
aRwerilia fedras gaumarTlebeli siyvaruli geris mimarT da is dramatuli am-
bavi, romelmac Tesevsis vaJi, hipolitosi, daRupa dedinacvlis siyvarulis
ukugdebis gamo. sofokles òidipos-mefe~ aris ò i d i p o s i s~ safuZveli, sa-
dac moTxrobilia kargad nacnobi miTi oidiposis Sesaxeb – laiosis uneblie
mkvleloba da iokastes colad moyvana, simarTlis gaxsnis Semdeg ki oidiposis
mier Tvalebis daTxra, riTic Tavis udanaSaulobas aCvenebs. à g a m e m n o n i~
esqiles amave saxelwodebis tragediis mixedviTaa Seqmnili da troadan
dabrunebuli mefis mkvlelobas eZRvneba klitemnestrasa da egisTosis mier.
`T i e s t e s i~ sazarel ambavs mogviTxrobs: Seuracxyofili atrevsi Zmis – Ti-
estesis mier, SurisZiebaze ocnebobs. Sesarigebel nadimze Zmas Tavisi xeliT
gangmirul ZmisSvilebs miarTmevs saWmelad. mamas, romelmac, bunebrivia, ar uwyis
araferi, jer mokveTil Tavebs aCvenebs da mxolod maSin gaagebinebs daundobel
simarTles, rodesac Tiestesi cxedrebs dasamarxad moiTxovs.
senekas tragediebSi garegnuli formebi Zveli berZnuli tragediisa darCa –
monologebi, dialogebi, qoros lirikuli partiebi, aseve siuJetebi. saintere-
soa, rom evripides Semdeg tragedia paTetikisa da ritorikisken ixreba. trage-
dia ara scenisTvis, aramed wasakiTxad iwereba. Zv. w. I saukuneSi am tipis tragedia
romSic Semodis. senekas TiTqmis yvela tragediaSi aris mkacri, Zlevamosili, ga-
budayebuli `tirani~. mas upirispirdeba tanjuli `mowame~. gmirebs axasiaTebT
gansja, itanjebian ra isini, hyvebian kidec maT Sesaxeb, axdenen am gancdebis
klasificirebas. swored deklamaciuri xasiaTis TviTanalizi iyo gvianantikuri
literaturis monapovari. am TvalsazrisiT seneka e. w. àxali stilis"' warmo-
madgenelia, rac deklamaciur paTetikas (rodesac ikveTeba gameorebiT, grada-
ciiT, hiperboliT, SekiTxvebiTa da wamoZaxiliT, metaforebiTa da SedarebebiT)
da lakoniur sentenciebs warmoaCens.
aseve aRsaniSnavia, rom klasikur berZnul tragediaSi mkvleloba scenis ukan
xdeboda. senekasTan es tradicia araa daculi. medea erT Svils monologisas
klavs, meores ki iasonis Tvalwin. iokastec da fedrac Tavs scenaze iklaven,
herkulesic Svilebs xocavs scenaze.
da bolos, Cven gvaqvs senekas stilSi dawerili tragedia ò q t a v i a~. igi
klavdiusis qaliSvili da neronis meuRlea, romelic ara marto uaryo qmarma,
aramed, popeas intrigis wyalobiT, mokla kidec. neroni am tragediaSi tipuri
`tirania~, amitomac popeas roli Sesustebulia da yvela mankiereba nerons miew-
ereba. nawarmoebis avtorma icis is garemoeba, romelSic neroni kvdeba da winas-
warmetyvelebis saxiT ambobs, CvenTvis ki gasagebi xdeba, rom tragedia 68 wlis
Semdeg daiwera da amitomac igi ar SeiZleba, senekas ekuTvnodes. TumcaRa esaa
erTaderTi tragedia, romelic romis istoriul Tematikazea Seqmnili.
WeSmaritad gamorCeuli Txzuleba senekas mravalferovani Semoqmedebidan
aris Ludus de Morte Claudii (rogorc mas ori umTavresi Cvenamde moRweuli xelnaw-
eri uwodebs), an Divi Claudii Apotheosis per Saturam (mesame xelnaweris mixedviT), an
kidev rogorc yvelaze ufro xSirad moixsenieben misi berZnuli saTauriT Apo-
colocyntosis, igi daumkvidra istorikosma dio kasiusma (60-35). es saTauri Seicavs
sityva to; kolokivnqa-s, romelic iTargmneba rogorc `kvaxi~ da albaT ganasaxierebs
sulelis, Steris simbolos. dios mixedviT, nawarmoebi `g a k v a x e b a~ war-
moadgens klavdiusis apoTeozis parodias, romelic misi sikvdilis Semdeg
daadgina senatma. vinaidan teqstSi arc kvaxzea saubari da faqtobrivad arc misi
apoTeozi ar xdeba, dio kasiusis mier xsenebul nawarmoebsa da ludus-is identifi-
kaciis Sesaxeb seriozul eWvebsac gamoTqvamdnen. dRes es eWvebi sruliad gafan-
378 seneka
tulia. ucnauri termini unda gavigoT ara rogorc `kvaxad gadaqceva~, aramed
`gogrisTavas apoTeozi~. igi miuTiTebda im arcTu saxarbielo reputaciaze, ro-
melic imperator klavdiuss gaaCnda. meore gaugebroba im faqtma gamoiwvia, rom
tacitusTan (13.3) moTxrobilia, TiTqos imave senekam dawera Laudatio Funebris im-
peratoris sikvdilis Semdeg. magram zogierTi mkvlevari SecdomiT asaxelebs
pamfletis Seqmnis TariRad 60 wels, TiTqos senekam sarkastuli gamosavali
mouZebna Tavis gabrazebas imperatoris ganaCenis gamo gadasaxlebis Taobaze. ma-
gram pamflets maSina aqvs azri, Tuki is gamoqveyndeba (Tundac anonimurad) mov-
lenaTa kvaldakval. iseTma movlenam ki, rogoricaa klavdiusis gaRmerTeba-
apoTeozi, Tumca gamWvirvale safariTaa SeniRbuli, ironia aRZra samefo karTan
daaxloebul wreebSi. amitomac pamfleti ver Seiqmneboda 54 welze adre. masSi
moTxrobilia klavdiusis sikvdili da misi asvla olimpos mTaze im fuWi imediT,
rom RmerTTa Soris daivanebda. olimpiuri senatis dadgenilebiT igi dedamiwis
gavliT (sadac sakuTar dakrZalvas ixilavs) miwisqveSeTSi xvdeba. Txzuleba mie-
kuTvneba meniposiseul satiras.1 am Janris models warmoadgens vinme menipos
gadareli (siria), romelic moxetiale filosofosi iyo. igi Txzavda cinikur
satiras da masSi prozas poezia enacvleba, xolo poeziisTvis bevrnairi sazomi
aqvs gamoyenebuli. Saturae Menippeae – es termini daamkvidra varom. da mas Semdeg
cinikuri xasiaTis satirul nawarmoebs, sadac Janrebi erTmaneTs Tavisuflad
enacvleba, menipeur satiras vuwodebT (ix. petroniusi). Tavad termins satura-s
aranairi kavSiri ara aqvs satirebTan. Satura lanx adreul romSi niSnavda RmerTe-
bisadmi miZRvnil sxvadasxva areuli produqtiT momzadebul sakurTxs. aqedan
gamomdinare, Saturae Menippeae aucileblad sxvadasxva literaturuli Janrebis
nazavs gulisxmobs.
senekas filosofiuri proza popularuli iyo saukuneebis manZilze, miuxeda-
vad mis garSemo atexili perioduli polemikisa da winaaRmdegobisa (ukve ka-
ligula uaryofda mis stils, rogorc `qviSas kiris gareSe~). ai, tragediebi ki
TiTqmis sruliad ugulvebelyofili iyo (garda kvintilianusisa da gramati-
kosebisa, romlebic mis citirebas axdendnen da sidonius apolinariusisa, ro-
melic acalkevebs seneka filosofossa da seneka – tragediebis avtors). mwerlis
Tanamedrove romauli proza gavlenasac ki ganicdida misi basri, mkveTrad ga-
moxatuli stilis gamo, magram I saukunis bolos kvintilianusma, axali cicero-
nianizmis saxeliT, mkacrad gaakritika igi da mis mier damkvidrebul modas ayo-
lili imitatorebi, magram Semdeg saukuneSi frontusi da avlus geliusi
rogorc arqauli gamarTuli stilis damcvelni ukve kvintilianuss uteven. gvian
antikurobaSi qristiani avtorebi xSirad ixseneben senekas. miuxedavad mwerlis
aRmsareblobisa, isini mas miiCnevdnen moralurad seriozul filosofosad. mo-
sazreba gamyarda cnobili mimoweriT wm. pavlesTan. es mimowera SeTxzulia IV
saukuneSi, xolo mas pirvelad hieronimusi axsenebs, ris Semdegac seneka kidev
ufro popularuli xdeba mTeli Sua saukuneebis manZilze. albaT, qristian av-
torTa aseT aRiarebas unda vumadlodeT, rom senekas nawarmoebebma Cvenamde
moaRwies. seneka imdenad popularuli gaxda, rom VI saukuneSi martin bragelma
misi gavleniT dawera De Ira – mrisxanebis Sesaxeb. aseve mis kalams ekuTvnis Formula
Honestae Vitae – Rirseuli cxovrebis formula, romelic senekas dakarguli
1
esaa sxvadasxva Temaze Seqmnili prozisa da poeziis nazavi. SemorCenilia fragmentebi da 90-
mde saTauri. maT mixedviT Cven SegviZlia warmodgena SeviqmnaT Janrze. erT-erTs hqvia Tri-
karanos – samTaviani urCxuli da mimarTulia triumviratis winaaRmdeg. Marcopolis – utopiur
qalaqzea, Sexogesis – im kaczea, romelmac bavSvobaSi CaiZina da samoci wlis asakSi gaiRviZa.
mas romSi yvelaferi Secvlili daxvda uaresobisaken. saTaurebi ZiriTadad gamogonili
terminebia. maT xSirad enigmaturi xasiaTi aqvT, Tumca zogi saTauri andazaa berZnul enaze,
zogierTis saTauri ki tragediis personaJTa saxelia.
seneka 379
Txzulebis (SesaZloa, De Officiis-is, romelic sakmaod aRiarebuli iyo) plagiati

unda iyos. bevrma naSromma, romelic Sua saukuneebSi cnobilic da aRiarebulic
iyo, Cvenamde ver moaRwia., mag. laktanciuss citata moaqvs Exhortationes, De Immatura
Morte Moralis Philosophiae Libri-dan, hieronimuss – De Matrimonio-dan, avgustines – De Su-
perstitione-dan, kasiodoross – De Forma Mundi-dan. yvela es Txzuleba dRes dakar-
gulia. mxolod erTi III Tu IV saukunis xelnaweri Seicavs sxva ori dakarguli
nawarmoebis fragments. esaa Quomodo Amicitia Continenda Sit da De Vita Patris. `zneobis
sakiTxebze luciliusis mimarT~ ki gadaurCa dros, magram or jgufadaa dayo-
fili (1-88 da 89-124). orivem erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad moaRwia da mxolod
XII saukunidan gaaerTianes. iyo SemTxvevebi, rodesac romelime avtori pirdapir
sulac ar icnobda senekas nawarmoebs, magram stilis gamo modaSi iyo misi
citireba, zogjer ki mTliani nawyvetebis motanac ki. erTi aseTi iyo Liber Senecae
an Liber Senecae de Mortibus da mas avtoritetulad miiCnevdnen, rameTu 567 welsaa
naxsenebi.
dantesTvis seneka aris `Seneca Morale~, rojer bekoni da sxva Sua saukuneebis
filosofosebi ki mas ciceronze ufro xSirad mimarTaven.
filosofiuri Semoqmedebisgan gansxvavebiT senekas poetur Txzulebebs ufro
mZime xvedri ergo. XIII saukunemde `gakvaxeba~ mwerlis Txzulebebs Soris yvelaze
naklebad cnobili nawarmoebi iyo. sxva prozauli naSromebi ki aRorZinebis
xanidan imdenad ganTqmulia, rom maT ukve 1475 wels gamoscemen. `bunebis sa-
kiTxebi~ – Naturales Quaestiones `mxolod~ 1490 welsaa gamoqveynebuli, 1484 wels tra-
gediebi, xolo `gakvaxeba~ – Apocolocyntosis 1513 wels naklul xelnawerze dayrdno-
biT, magram XVI-XVII saukuneebidan isic popularuli gaxda senekas sxva nawarmoe-
bebTan erTad. ai, aseTi gza gaiara senekas Semoqmedebam, sanam is Cvenamde moaR-
wevda.
sainteresoa, rom kvintilianusi, romelic senekas kritikosadaa miCneuli, aseT
rames werda mweralze: `senekas mravali Rirseba hqonda – farTo da yovelmxrivi
goneba, udidesi sibejiTe, veeberTela codna. . . mas mravali mSvenieri ga-
monaTqvami ekuTvnis, bevri maTgani Cveni zneobis gasakeTilSobileblad unda
wavikiTxoT~. . . (de Orat. 10. 1, 130)
ai, zogierTi is gamonaTqvami, romelic senekas kalams ekuTvnis:
Aditum nocendi perfido praestat fides – ndoba, romelsac moRalatis mimarT viCenT, mas
vnebis saSualebas aZlevs.
Aliena vitia in oculis habemus, a tergo nostra sunt – sxvisi mankierebani Tvalwin gvaqvs, sa-
kuTari ki zurgs ukan.
Homines plus in alieno negotio videre quiam in suo – sxvis saqmeSi adamianebi mets xedaven,
vidre TavianT sakuTarSi.
Copia ciborum subtilitas animi impeditur – sakvebis siWarbe gonebis gamWriaxobas uSlis
xels.
Deest remedii locus, ubi, quae vitia fuerunt, mores fiunt – araa wamlis adgili iq, sadac is,
rac mankierebad iTvleboda, Cvevad iqceva.
Homines, dum docent, discunt – adamianebi, aswavlian ra, Tavad swavloben.
Homines amplius oculis, quam auribus credunt – adamianebi Tvalebs ufro endobian,
vidre yurebs.
Quod non vetat lex, hoc vetat fieri pudor – ris keTebasac ar krZalavs kanoni, krZalavs
sindisi.
380 seneka
Mors dolorum omnium et solution est et finis, ultra quam mala nostra non exeant – sikvdili ga-
mosavalia da yvela tkivilis dasasruli, sazRvari, romelsac Cveni tanjva
ver gadaabijebs.
Non refert quam multos, sed quam bonos habeas (libros) – mTavaria, gana ramdeni, aramed
ramdenad kargi (wignebi) gaqvs.
Otium sine litteris mors est et hominis viri sepulture – mocaleoba mecnierebis gareSe sik-
vdili da cocxlad kacis damarxvaa.
Talis hominibus fuit oratio, quails vita – iseTi sityvebi aqvT adamianebs, rogori
cxovrebac hqondaT.
Vulgus pessimus rerum interpres – brbo yvelaze uaresi msajulia.
Txzulebebi: tragediebi; `gakvaxeba~; werilebi zneobis sakiTxebze

luciliusisadmi mimarTuli; dialogebi; sanugeSo werilebi,
samecniero werili.
petroniusi 381
petroniusi
(ax.w. I s.)
`Domi leones, foris vulpes – saxlSi lomebi, saxlis gareT ki – meliebi~ (44, 4); `Cave
canem – gafrTxildi, ZaRlia~ (29). . . da kidev uamravi frazaa Sesuli frTosan
gamonaTqvamTa rigebSi erT-erTi yvelaze popularuli romaeli mwerlis,
petroniusis gaxmaurebuli nawarmoebidan – `satirikoni~.
Tuki `satirikonis~ avtori aris is pirovneba, romelic tacitusma aRwera
ànalebSi~ (16. 17f.), maSin igia titus petronius arbiteri, ax. w. 62 konsuli, ro-
melmac ax. w. 66 neronis brZanebiT TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocxle. misi
prenomeni saTuoa, radgan, zogierTi tradiciiT, is titusi ki ara, gaiusi unda
yofiliyo. `satirikonis~ xelnawerebi avtors kognomen arbiteriT moixsenieben.
tacitusi mis mier aRweril pirovnebas aseve uwodebs elegantiae arbiter-s (moxde-
nilobis, daxvewilobis msajuls). petroniusis saxeliT mesame saukunemde mwerals
aravin moixseniebs.1
erTi versiis mixedviT, Cvenamde moRweuli vrceli prozauli fragmenti gam-
didrebuli poeturi CanarTebiT dasaTaurebuli unda yofiliyo rogorc Satyrica.
saTauri grecizmia da Seicavs sityvas, romelic miTiur satirebs aRniSnavs da
derivatul sufiqss, romelic xSirad gamoiyeneboda sxva avtorTa mier saTaure-
bis sawarmoeblad (mag. `georgika~ an èTiopika~). meore mosazrebiT, nawarmoebis
saTauri Saturae unda yofiliyo, romelic laTinuri sityvidan momdinareobs da
RmerTebisadmi sxvadasxva produqtebisgan Semdgar sakurTxs niSnavs (menipo-
siseuli satiris Sesaxeb ix. senekas `gakvaxeba~). Tumca aqve aRvniSnavT, rom saTau-
ris gavrcelebuli forma Satyricon arcTu ise swori formaa. esaa saSualo sqesis
saxelis mravlobiTi ricxvis naTesaobiTi brunvis forma da Sesabamisad, mis win
unda igulisxmebodes sityva wignni – libri (iseve rogorc Georgicon libri aris Georgica).
Cvenamde moRweuli teqsti Seicavs sruli Txzulebis me-14 da me-16 wignis
nawilebs da mTlianad me-15 wigns. es ukanaskneli igivea, rac e. w. `lxini tri-
malqionTan~. CvenTvis ucnobia, sul ramden wigns Seicavda Txzuleba, arc is
viciT, ekuTvnis Tu ara petroniusis kalams sxva romelime nawarmoebi. Anthologia
Latina (V-VI saukuneebSi Sedgenili sxvadasxva avtorTa leqsebis vrceli krebuli)
Seicavs ramdenime poetur fragments, romlis avtoradac petroniusi saxeldeba.
stilisturi msgavsebidan gamomdinare, SesaZloa, es Txzulebani marTlac
`satirikonis~ nawili yofiliyo.
`satirikoni~-is teqsts Zalian ucnauri da mZime xvedri ergo. igi araerTgzis
daanawevres da daCexes gvian antikur xanaSi, amitomac araa gamoricxuli, rom mas
1
unda aRiniSnos, rom neronTan daaxloebuli petroniusis Sesaxeb gadmogvcems plinius uf-
rosic (37. 20).
382 petroniusi
interpolatorTa daRi dasmoda. `satirikonis~ yvelaze ufro cnobili epizodis

`lxini trimalqionTan~ (Cena Trimalchionis) xelnaweri mxolod me-17 saukuneSi aR-
moCnda dalmatiis qalaq trogirSi (traguriumSi). sxva epizodebs ki 1423 wlidan
moixsenieben italieli humanistebi. moraluri mosazrebebidan gamomdinare,
petroniusis teqsts gzas uRobavdnen, skolebSi mis kiTxvas krZalavdnen. magram
me-15 saukunis evropuli romanis ganviTarebaSi didi gavlena iqonia Txzulebis
komikur-satirulma mxarem. aseve sayovelTaodaa cnobili misi gavlena flober-
isa da joisis SemoqmedebiT eqsperimentebze.
rogorc aRvniSneT, msoflio literaturis Zalze cota Sedevrs ergo aseTi
orWofuli xvedri: avtoric, saTauric, Seqmnis TariRic daudgenelia, rom aRa-
raferi vTqvaT mis Janrobriv Taviseburebebze. magram nawarmoebis mxatvruli
didebuleba, gansakuTrebuli gamorCeuloba mxolod aZlierebs mis mimarT
mkiTxvelis interess. es interesi ormagdeba, rodesac aRmovaCenT, rom arcerTi
Zveli avtori ar gviambobs saidumloebiT mocul petroniusze, romlis saxelsac
xelnawerebi ukavSireben nawarmoebs. erTaderTi, risi Tqmac dazustebiT Seg-
viZlia, is aris, rom Seqmnis TariRi ver gascdeba meore saukunis bolos. am cod-
nis paralelurad gvaqvs tacitusis cnoba, rom neronis karze moRvaweobda cno-
bili elegantiae arbiter. damoukideblad arsebul am or faqts dRes mkvlevarebi erT-
maneTTan ajereben da tacitusis petroniuss `satirikonis~ avtorad aRiareben.
marTlac avtoriseuli parodia da istoriuli petroniusis gamorCeuli sik-
vdili araCveulebrivad esadageba erTimeores. 66 wels istoriulma petroniusma
TviTmkvlelobiT daasrula sicocxle. es aqti ar iyo mis mier stouri sixistis
Cveneba, piriqiT, misi aRsasruli parodia ufroa reJimis oponentTa Teatral-
izebuli TviTmkvlelobebis fonze. venebgadaxsnilma petroniusma gamiznulad
gaixangrZliva arseboba – bolo saaTebi nadimze gaatara, sadac poeziiT iyo da-
kavebuli, anderZSi ki amxila da CamoTvala princepsis yvela mankieri Tviseba da
uxamsi saqcieli. am qmedebis provokaciuloba da petroniusis gamWriaxoba, lit-
eraturuli gemovneba, movlenaTa basri kritikuli xedva, esaa Tvisebebi, romle-
bic ecnobaT `satirikonis~ mkiTxvelebs. mxolod `satirikoni"-is msgavsi lit-
eraturuli parodiis avtors SeeZlo ase parodiulad daesrulebina Tavisi
sicocxle.
petroniusis ambis gavrcelebas farTo masebSi xeli Seuwyo nobelis premiis
laureatis poloneli mwerlis senkeviCis mier Tavis kaTolikuri tendenciis ro-
man-epopeaSi `Quo Vadis?~ petroniusis gamoyvanam warmarTuli aristokratiis
zneobrivi krizisis simbolod. aseve sainteresoa is faqtic, rom XVII saukunis
bolos frangma oficerma nodom gamosca `satirikonis~ Sevsebuli teqsti im xel-
naweris mixedviT, romelic man TiTqosda belgradSi ipova. magram maleve
damtkicda, rom teqstis Sevsebuli adgilebi Tavad nodos ekuTvnoda da aranairi
srulyofili xelnaweri ar arsebobda. miuxedavad amisa, mTeli rigi gamocemebi,
iseve rogorc Targmanebi, nodoseul variants efuZneba (Tumca CanarTebi
frCxilebSi gadmoaqvT).
sainteresoa, cnobili iyo Tu ara tacitusisTvis `satirikonis~ arseboba?
dadebiTi pasuxis SemTxvevaSic ki, igi ar iyo valdebuli, exsenebina teqsti,
Tumca, SesaZloa, mis mier xsenebuli anderZi swored `satirikonis~ miniSnebaa.
marTlac, iyo Tu ara `satirikonis~ avtori neronTan daaxloebuli piri? miC-
neulia, rom petroniusis arCevani, aRweros dabali socialuri fenebi, neronis
gemovnebas ostaturad akmayofilebs. radgan istorikosebisgan cnobilia neronis
midrekilebebi Rameuli gasaidumloebuli cxovrebisken, aseve xSirad miuTiTeben
mis poetur gemovnebaze, romelic kargad esadageba teqstis poetur CanarTebs.
nawarmoebis daweris SesaZlo TariRic neronis mmarTvelobis xanaa an ufro
adreuli periodi. mxolod, Tuki nawarmoebi ufro adrea Seqmnili (neronis
petroniusi 383
mmarTvelobamde), maSin avtori da tacitusis petroniusi ver iqneba erTidaigive

pirovneba. nawarmoebis daTariRebisas erTi ramac gasaTvaliswinebelia. Tuki
miviCnevT, rom `satirikonis~ gmiris sc. evmolpusi mier SeTxzuli istoriuli
poema Bellum Civile Seicavs farul miniSnebas lukanusis `farsaliaze~, maSin da-
TariRebis dros zogierTi ram asaxsneli darCeba: lukanusma Tavi moikla taci-
tusis petroniusze mxolod erTi wliT adre ise, rom ver moaswro poemis das-
ruleba. gamodis, rom tacitusis petroniusis sicocxleSi ukve mimoqcevaSi iyo
poemis pirveli nawili mainc, romelsac sazogadoeba icnobda. yovelive amis gaT-
valiswinebiT, rogorc vxedavT, bevri sakiTxi avtorsa da mis nawarmoebze gasark-
vevi rCeba, magram isic unda vaRiaroT, rom nawarmoebi kargad esadageba neronis
xanis literaturul aminds.
am yvelaferTan erTad, kritikosebisTvis erT-erT urTules amocanas war-
moadgens nawarmoebis Janris gansazRvra. aseve sainteresoa enac, romelzedac
meorexarisxovani gmirebi metyveleben trimalqionis saxlSi gamarTul nadimze;
es ena sruliad gansxvavdeba literaturuli laTinurisagan da saintereso
kvlevis masalas warmoadgens enis specialistebisTvis vulgaruli laTinuris
Seswavlisas.
ambavs mogviTxrobs protagonisti enkolpiusi. igi romanis TiTqmis yvela epi-
zodSi gvxvdeba, masTan erTad mTavari gmiria gitoni. enkolpiuss mTeli rigi
usiamovnebani gadaxdeba. Txrobis ritmic mudmivad icvleba, zogjer avtori
sityvaZunwia da SemWidrovebuli, Sesabamisad moqmedeba, romelsac is aRwers,
TiTqos wyaliviT miedineba, xolo xandaxan, Tundac wveulebis aRwerisas, tempi
neli da dinjia, aRsavse umniSvnelo detalebis dasaxelebiTac ki.
`satirikonis~ Sinaarsi aseTia: enkolpiusi, axalgazrda kaci, romelsac sak-
maod kargi ganaTleba aqvs, gaicnobs ritorikis maswavlebels, saxelad agamemnons,
visTanac arCevs oratoruli xelovnebis dakninebis problemas. es problema waa-
gavs im sakiTxs, romelic ganxiluli aqvs tacituss (sc. Dialogus de Oratoribus). magram
epizodidan aSkaraa, rom agamemnoni arc pirveli da arc meorexarisxovani spe-
cialistia Tavisi dargis. enkolpiusi, rogorc vgebulobT, mogzaurobs faT-
erakebis moyvarul, Wreli warsulis mqone axalgazrdasTan – askiltusTan. maT
Tan axlavT kargi garegnobis Wabuki gitoni: saxezea sasiyvarulo samkuTxedi. av-
tors axali personaJic Semohyavs. esaa kvartila, vnebian survilebs ayolili
qalbatoni, romelic samives Caabams RmerT priaposisadmi miZRvnil ritualSi.
RmerTs saTanado adgili aqvs mikuTvnebuli enkolpiusis moyolil yvela ambavSi.
mas Semdeg, rac Tavs daaRweven qalbatons, samive moxvdeba trimalqionis saxlSi
gamarTul wveulebaze. trimalqioni TvalSisacemi simdidris patronia da mis
sasaxleSi mimdinare nadimi uzustesi uxvi detalebiTaa gadmocemuli, Teatra-
luradaa warmodgenili fufuneba da mdabio gemovnebis Serwyma. enkolpiuss aq
pasiuri roli aqvs mikuTvnebuli, radgan Warbobs maspinZlis megobarTa saubari.
garkveuli incidentiT Sewyvetili nadimis Semdeg (abanoSi gamarTuli orgiisa
da trimalqionis iluzoruli dakrZalvis Semdeg gmirebi sargebloben xanZris
gamo atexili aurzauriT da iparebian sasaxlidan), wina planze wamoiwevs enkol-
piusisa da askiltusis homoseqsualuri metoqeoba, Wabuk gitonis mimarT ori
mamakacis eWviani siyvaruli. paeqrobaSi imarjvebs askiltusi da gitonTan erTad
ganerideba damarcxebuls. imedgacruebuli enkolpiusi axal nacnobs SeiZens, ro-
melic mis Semdgom mogzaurobaSi mTavar adgils daiWers. es axali nacnobi
evmolpusia, xanSi Sesuli moxetiale poeti, romelic daukmayofilebeli da xel-
mocarulia yvela sferoSi. evmolpusi avlens Tavis poetur SesaZleblobebs da
mis mier SeTxzul qmnilebas troas dapyrobis Sesaxeb kiTxulobs. am poemiT
mkiTxvels uTuod ambiciuri ritori agamemnoni gaaxsendeba. swrafad monacvle
mTeli rigi uiRblobebis Semdeg enkolpiusi mizans aRwevs da ibrunebs gitons.
384 petroniusi
nawarmoebidan qreba askiltusi, samagierod axla evmolpusi ixibleba ymawviliT.

ase ikvreba axali sasiyvarulo samkuTxedi. aqamde moqmedeba iSleboda Graeca urbs-
Si, kampaniis berZnul sanapiro qalaqSi. am adgilis zusti identifikacia Wirs,
SesaZoa, petroniusi arc erT konkretul qalaqsac ar gulisxmobda. sameuli naC-
qarevad tovebs qalaqs; ise rom vinaobas ar amxelen, sxdebian savaWro gemze. gzaze
gairkveva, rom xomaldis mesakuTre enkolpiusis dauZinebeli mteria. vaWar
liqass aqvs SurisZiebis mizezi (es albaT moTxrobilic iyo nawarmoebis dakar-
gul nawilSi), masTan erTad mgzavrobs saeWvo znis qalbatoni – trifene, ro-
melic aseve icnobs enkolpiuss. sulelur mcdelobas erTmaneTi gaixsenon, katas-
trofamde mihyavs enkolpiusi – igi ukve liqasis SurisgebisTvisaa xelmisaw-
vdomi. evmolpusi sxvadasxva xrikebiT cdilobs saqmis mogvarebas, erT-erT jerze
ki mogzaurebs dawvrilebiT uyveba efesoeli matronas uxams istorias. am daZa-
buli movlenebis fonze amovardeba qariSxali: liqasi gembanidan gadavardeba,
trifene navSi CajdomiT Svelis Tavs, gemi iZireba, sameuli ki napirze aRmoCndeba.
iwyeba TavgadasavalTa axali wyeba. evmolpusi gaigebs, rom qalaq krotonis max-
loblad arian. qalaqi, romelsac didebuli warsuli hqonda, samarcxvino saqmoa-
nobaSia CarTuli – memkvidreobis devna. mTeli qalaqi imiT aris dakavebuli, rom
qonebis umemkvidro patroni gamoiWiron da misi qoneba xelSi Caigdon. amisaTvis
ki ras aRar kadruloben. evmolpusi gegmas adgens: is gaiTamaSebs SeZlebul uS-
vilo xanSiSesul mamakacs, xolo enkolpiussa da gitons monebad waradgens.
qalaqisken mimaval megzurebs evmolpusi epikuri poeziis sakiTxebze esaubreba da
gancxromiT ukiTxavs grZel poemas keisarsa da pompeuss Soris omze, e. w. Bellum
Civile-s (ix. lukanusi). aq TxrobisTvis Tvalis gadevneba Wirs petroniusis teqstis
naklulobis gamo. Tavdapirvelad evmolpusis gegma amarTlebs da samive kargad
moewyoba memkvidreobaze monadireTa xarjze. enkolpiuss Tavgadasavalic ki aqvs
kirkesTan. RmerTi priaposisgan devnili, moulodnelad kargavs mamakacur Zalas,
Tumca aseve moulodnelad ibrunebs mas. amis Semdeg evmolpusis gegma aRar
amarTlebs – kritonis mosaxleoba Seityobs simarTles. Cvens xelT arsebul
teqstis bolo epizodSi evmolpusi axal gasarTobs igonebs. esaa absurduli an-
derZi, romlis mixedviTac, iman, visac evmolpusis qoneba swadia, unda SeWamos
misi gvami (avadaa Tu Tavs aCvenebs, TiTqos mkvdaria, nawarmoebSi ara Cans). qonebis
Cagdebis surviliT dabrmavebuli maZieblebi mzad arian kanibalebad iqcnen. mTa-
vari gmiri isev gansacdelSia, teqsti wydeba da Cven ar viciT, riT sruldeba
krotonSi dawyebuli es uazroba. arc is viciT, kidev gadaxdaT Tu ara axali
Tavgadasavlebi gmirebs, arada, arc winaswarmetyveleba SegviZlia. arc erTi epi-
zodi ar gvaZlevs gasaRebs, arc is viciT, win ra uZRoda yvelafers da vin aris
enkolpiusi sinamdvileSi. is ki arada, aris Tu ara `satirikoni~ romani dRevan-
deli gagebiT, imis Tqmac Znelia.
arc erT im termins, romliTac dRes Cven vsargeblobT, raTa aRvniSnoT mxat-
vruli narativi (novela, romani), ara aqvs klasikuri tradicia; arc Zveli
samyaro icnobs raime imdagvars, rac am terminebs miesadageba. klasikur epoqaSi
narativs zogadi terminebiT aRniSnavdnen – historia an fabula, an gamoiyeneboda ter-
mini milesia. dRes mkvlevarebi Cveneuli gagebiT `romans~ uwodeben im periodis
ori kategoriis nawarmoebTa jgufs: a) ori erTmaneTisgan damoukidebeli
laTinurenovani teqsti, petroniusis `satirikoni~ da apuleiusis `metamor-
fozebi~. b) berZnuli teqstebi, romlebic I-IV saukuneebSia Seqmnili xaritonidan
heliodorosamde. am teqstebs erTi ram saerTo aqvs – siuJeti. yvela romanSi siy-
varuli amaRlebulia da sufTa, riTic gansxvavdeba am jgufis teqstebi wina
jgufisgan. is ki ara, petroniusis gmirebisTvis ar arsebobs moraluri faseu-
lobebi, isini arc xorcieli siyvarulis daufarav gadmocemas eridebian, xSirad
siyvarulis obieqtebi mamakacebi arian. amitomac aris, rom mkvlevarTa nawili ar
petroniusi 385
gamoricxavs da miiCnevs, rom `satirikoni~ aris berZnuli romanis amaRlebuli

siyvarulis parodia. magram petroniusTan ara marto berZnuli romanis litera-
turuli damuSaveba xdeba. Zv. w. I saukunidan moyolebuli didi warmatebiT
sargeblobda e. w. moTxroba-novelebi, romlebic agebuli iyo pikanturi da amo-
raluri Sinaarsis mqone komikur siuJetebze. amgvar novelebs uwodebdnen fabula
Milesia – s (miletur moTxrobebs), ramdenadac misi warmoSoba unda ukavSirde-
bodes im dros gaxmaurebul aristidesis berZnulenovan nawarmoebs Milesiaca (sa-
TaurSi mcire aziis qalaq miletis saxeldeba xdeba). aristidesis mokle
moTxrobebi romSi lucius kornelius sisenam Semoitana (es Janri kargi masala
iyo mimebisTvis), petroniusma ki gamoiyena Tavis romanSi. mag. efesoeli matronas
ambavi (III, 12) tipuri mileturi moTxrobaa. aseT novelebSi erTi metad damax-
asiaTebeli tendencia ikveTeba: kacebi sulelebi arian, xarbi qalebi ki yve-
lafrisgan sargebels elian. Cven mxolod imis varaudi SegviZlia, rom es popu-
laruli Janri, romelic albaT Sua saukuneebSi ganadgurda amoraluri Sinaar-
sis gamo, mravalferovan literaturul formebsa da saxeebs Seicavda. egvipteSi
aRmoCenili papirusebis fragmentebis wyalobiT SegviZlia ase Tu ise vimsjeloT
Janrze, gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, rom mokle moTxrobebis garda mileturi
vrceltaniani nawarmoebebic arsebobda. am TvalsazrisiT, apuleiusisa da
petroniusis romanebi bevr msgavs niSans avlenen.
`satirikonis~ forma kompleqsuria da prozaul Txrobas xSirad enacvleba
poeturi CanarTebi. am CanarTebis nawils moqmedi pirebi warmoTqvamen, magram
bevri mTxrobelis Carevasac warmoadgens, romelic wina ambis ganmartebis mizniT
axali ambis Txrobas iwyebs. am ganmartebas Zalze xSirad ironiuli elferi
dahkravs. magram ara imitom, rom es CanarTebi cudi poeziaa (piriqiT, petroniusi
avlens SesaSur teqnikur mravalferovnebas), aramed imitom, rom es poeturi ko-
mentarebi uadgiloa im situaciis gansamartavad, romlisTvisac Seiqmna. am eq-
sperimentis Sedegi ki is aris, rom viRebT kontrasts, Tavisufal monacvleobas,
rac ukve araa niSandoblivi mileturi moTxrobisTvis. aseT literaturul for-
masTan yvelaze axlos meniposiseuli satira dgas. kinikos filosofos, gadarel
meniposis saxelze dayrdnobiT, varom mis satirul nawarmoebebs `meniposiseuli
satira~ uwoda (ix. senekas `gakvaxeba"). SemorCenili fragmentebiT Tuki vimsje-
lebT, satiris es tipi Tavisuflad anacvlebda ara marto Temebs, aramed lit-
eraturul formebsac. rogorc wesi, prozaul teqsts enacvleba sxvadasxva tipis
poeturi CanarTebi – iqneba es klasikos avtorTa citireba, originalis parodia
Tu gamiznulad SeTxzuli gariTmuli nawilebi. es ki meniposiseul satiraSi
gvaZlevs teqstis doneze seriozuli Tu saxaliso literaturis Tanamezoblo-
bas. magram arc marto es Janria petroniusis nawarmoebis modeli. petroniusis
erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli aris realizmis SegrZneba. tri-
malqionis cnobil scenaSi es realizmi lingvistur fenomenadac iqceva. avtors
martooden sxvadasxva socialuri klasis azrovnebis wesi ki ara, maTi yoveldRi-
uri salaparako enac ki ipyrobs. Tumca ver vityviT, rom realizmi literaturis
sxva Janrebis maxasiaTebeli ar aris. mxolod gansxvaveba isaa, rom realizmi sati-
raSi, rogorc wesi, garkveul socialur tipebs Seexeba – muqTaxorebs, sulel
mdidrebs, vai-poetebs, viTomda Rirseul qalebs – da maTi warmoCena moralur
WrilSi xdeba. satirikoss hyavs Tavisi ideali, romlis poziciidanac axedebs
mkiTxvels yovelive mankierze. petroniusi ki aranairi iaraRiT ar amaragebs Ta-
vis mkiTxvels gansjisaTvis. iqac ki, sadac enkolpiusi movlenebis ironizebas
iZleva, mkiTxveli ver xedavs pozitiur ideologias. radganac gmirebi, romlebic
morals qadageben, Tavadac ar arian ubadloni. amgvarad, romani ar aris wminda
wylis satira, TumcaRa masSi dominirebs parodia. rodesac evmolpusi akritikebs
istoriul poezias da samagaliTod Txzavs Bellum Civile-s, cxadia, rom miniSneba
386 petroniusi
gvaqvs lukanusis poemaze, aris Txzulebis imitireba, magram ar ikveTeba

petroniusis mcdeloba, mogvces saistorio poemis pozitiuri modeli. piriqiT,
misi gmiri ver daimsaxurebs mkiTxvelis simpatias, radgan Tavad aris ambiciuri
da xelmocaruli, amitomac, aRwerili situacia Rimilismomgvreli ufroa.
arafrismomcemia is sqema, TiTqos petroniuss miznad lukanusis masxrad agdeba
daesaxos. priaposisgan devnili enkolpiusi Tavis Tavs poseidonisgan devnil
odisevss adarebs. òdiseasTan~ msgavseba sxvaganac iCens Tavs (kirkes epizodi),
amitomac bevri mkvlevari faTerakebian mogzaurobaze dayrdnobiT Seqmnil ro-
mans homerosis poemis parodiad miiCnevs.
magram dakvirvebul Tvals arc is faqti gamoepareba, rom petroniusi TiTqmis
yvela kulturuli miTis, Janris (eposis, dramis, istoriis, filosofiis) Tu
popularuli literaturis (sentimentaluri romanis, novelis, maqciebze da
grZneulebze zRaprebis) parodirebas axdens. igi qmnis imperiuli romis litera-
turuli enciklopediismagvar nawarmoebs.
dabolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom `satirikonis~ teqsti saukuneTa manZilze ver
audioda gadakeTebas, Camatebas, daCexvas. petroniusi arasodes gamxdara Sua sau-
kuneebis sayvareli avtori, magram masa da mis nawarmoebs amaze bevrad uaresi
xvedric SeiZleboda rgeboda. sabednierod, nawarmoebi gadaurCa srul ganad-
gurebas; xolo XVII saukunidan petroniusi popularul da misabaZ avtoradac ki
iqca. laibnici erT-erT werilSi ixsenebs `Cena Trimalchionis~-is Teatralur dadg-
mas, romelic hanoverSi Sedga 1702 wels. aRarafers vityviT gustav floberisa
da jeims joisis araCveulebriv nawarmoebebze, romlebic udavod petroniusis
gavleniTa da STagonebiTaa Seqmnili.
Txzuleba: `satirikoni~.
pliniusi 387
pliniusi
(61/62 – 113/114)
plinius kekilius sekundusi (Plinius Caecilius Secundus), romaeli saxelmwifo

moRvawe da mwerali, werilebisa da sityvebis avtori daibada komumSi (dRevan-
deli komo), romelsac man mogvianebiT Tavisufali bavSvebis aRzrdisaTvis,
azatebis daxmarebisa da dasaflavebisaTvis gankuTvnili mdidari fondi gadasca
da SesaniSnavi Termebi da biblioTeka auSena.
kekiliuss mama adre gardaecvala da igi dedis Zmam, plinius ufrosma iSvila,
aRzarda, memkvidred gaixada da Tavisi saxeli, pliniusic misca; ase Seemata
romaul literaturas meore pliniusi anu plinius umcrosi. plinius ufrosi,
enciklopediuri naSromis, `sabunebismetyvelo istoria~, avtori vulkan vezu-
viusis amofrqvevisas (Cv.w. 79 w.) daiRupa. ìstoriisTvis Seuferebeli~, rogorc
Tavad plinius umcrosi aRniSnavs, magram sinamdvileSi vezuviusis amofrqvevis
Sesaxeb yvelaze realuri da saukeTeso ori werili Tavis megobars, istorikoss
tacitus misi ìstoriisaTvis~ biZis mematine diswulma miawoda.
pliniusma Tavisi drois saukeTeso ganaTleba miiRo jer enciklopedisti bi-
Zis ojaxSi (plinius ufrosi Wabuks wignebs urCevda, wakiTxulis gagebas aswavli-
da, amonawerebs akeTebinebda), mere gramatikul skolaSi, sadac safuZvlianad Sei-
swavla berZnuli ena, berZnuli da romauli literatura da bolos saritoro
skolaSi, sadac mWermetyvelebas mas kvintilianusi aswavlida. aq Seiyvara demos-
Tenesi (`Sevecade, demosTenesTvis mimebaZa~) da ciceroni (`msurs, SemoqmedebiT
misi (ciceronis) msgavsi viyo~), romlebTan gatolebasac igi sicocxlis bolomde
cdilobda.
plinius umcrosi pirvelad sityviT forumze Tavisi ufrosi Tanamedrove
tacitusis mibaZviT gamovida da rogorc Tavad ambobs, xalxis smena miipyro da
didebis kari SeaRo. SemdgomSi ki romis saxelmwifo moxelis TiTqmis yvela
Tanamdebobaze imuSava: samxedro tribunad siriaSi (iq igi, rogorc misi weri-
lebidan vigebT, filosofosebsac usmenda), kvestorad (89 w.), saxalxo tribunad (92
w.), pretorad (93 w.), jaris xazinis mcvelad (94 an 95 w.), saturnusis taZris
saxelmwifo xazinis mcvelad (98 w.), tiberisis napirebisa da romis kloakebis
(Casadeni milebi) zedamxedvelad, konsulad (100 w.), legatad (111 – 112 ww.), Semdgom ki
biTviniis mmarTvelad; `bedis wyalobiT~ avgurobis pativic daimsaxura da didad
eamayeboda, rom Tavis droze ciceronic avguri iyo. ase rom, misi saqmiani cxovreba
sulac ar Seefereboda filosofosis mSvidi, aumRvreveli cxovrebis wess, ramac
SemdgomSi mis literaturul Semoqmedebas zedapirulobis daRi daasva.
pliniusi biTviniaSi gardaicvala.
mravalmxriv da sakmaod nayofier literatorsa da orators tragedia, ele-
giebi da iseTi leqsebic dauweria, rom mosabodiSeblad seriozuli mwerlebis
388 pliniusi
(ciceroni, brutusi, seneka, vergiliusi, eniusi, katulusi da sxva) avtoritetis

moxmoba dasWirda: ~am leqsebiT mocaleobisas oTxTvalaSi, abanoSi, sufrasTan
verTobi. vxumrob, vTamaSob, miyvars, mtkiva, vCivi, vmrisxaneb, aRvwer xan
ramdenadme mokled, xan amaRlebulad da mxolod mravalferovnebiT vcdilob
Tavi movawono raRaciT mavans da raRaciT, SesaZloa, yvelasac. Tu zogierTi
leqsi cota ufro Tamami mogeCveneba, Sen ganswavlulobas uTuod gaaxsendeba,
rom didebuli da pativcemuli xalxic, romelic aseTnairad werda, aramc Tu
Seuferebeli Temebisagan, aramed daufaravi sityvebisganac Tavs ar ikavebda. me
aseTebs Tavs varideb, imitom ara, rom TavSekavebuli var (anda saidan?), ubralod
meSinia~ (wer. 4, 14, 2).
am leqsebidan (e.w. hendekasilabusebi anu TermTmetmarcvliani, rogorc Tavad
uwoda) man Seadgina da gamosca calke wigni, romelsac kiTxulobdnen, iwerdnen
da kiTaraze an liris akompanimentiT ara marto romaelebi, aramed berZnebic
mRerodnen. rogorc pliniusi Tavmomwoned acxadebs: `berZnebs am wignis
siyvarulma laTinuri ena aswavla~ .
pliniuss didi warmodgena hqonda Tavis poetur talantze: `mwerlebis umete-
soba Cemi megobaria: TiTqmis aravinaa iseTi, visac literatura uyvardes da amas-
Tanave ar vuyvarde me~. Tumca erTaderTi Cvenamde moRweuli cametstriqoniani
leqsi mis niWierebaze sulac ar metyvelebs.
pliniuss Tavisi saxelis ukvdavsayofad istoriisTvisac undoda moekida xeli,
Tumca ver SeZlo siuJetis amorCeva da es survili ganuxorcielebeli darCa:
`ginda damiyolio istoriis dasawerad, Sen marto ara xar: bevrma xSirad dami-
Jina, da mec minda, imitom ara, rom mgonia, rogorc saWiroa, ise davamuSaveb
(qarafSutobaa, gjerodes imis, rac Tavad ar gamogicdia), aramed imitom, rom, Ce-
mis azriT, araferia imaze meti, rom ukvalod ar gaqren adamianebi, romlebsac
maradisoba Sehferis da sxvis saxelTan erTad Tavisic datovos. me ki maradiul
siyvarulze metad araferi msurs da maRelvebs, rasac imsaxurebs adamiani, Tu
araferi dauSavebia da STamomavalTa xsovnis ar eSinia~ (wer. 5, 8, 1); pliniuss
sjeroda, rom adamians daviwyebas mxolod literaturuli saqmianoba aacilebda
Tavidan da ukvdavebas is aziarebda.
mravalricxovani sityvebi, romlebic mas samoqalaqo da sisxlis samarTlis
saqmeebze warmouTqvams, sakmaod mniSvnelovan movlenebs exeboda da didi warmate-
bac hqonda, magram Cvenamde arc erTma ar moaRwia. ritorikaSi ganswavluli
`sxvadasxva adamianze sxvadasxva saSualebebiT~ zemoqmedebda, gamosvlebisas
yuradRebas aqcevda ara marto sityvis sidides (`TvalTmaqcobaa saTqmelis gamo-
toveba, TvalTmaqcobaa agreTve naCqarevad da mokled Seexo imas, rac unda Cau-
Wedo, aRubeWdo, gaumeoro~), Zalas (`sityvas xSirad Zvlebi, muskulebi, nervebis
gaSiSvleba Seefereba; is mogwons sisxartiT, pewiT da agreTve momxibvlelobiT~),
aramed Jestebs, mimoxvras (àmas daumate Jestebi, mixvra-moxvra, aqeT-iqiT siaruli,
sulis TiToeuli moZraobis Sesaferisi sxeulis energia; Tvalebi, xelebi~) da im
efeqtebs, riTac oratorebi msmenelze gavlenas axdendnen; saerTodac, ritoruli
skolis mizani sasamarTlo oratoris momzadeba da Sesabamisad, sityvis Zalis
gageba da Seswavla ufro iyo, vidre safuZvliani ganaTlebis miReba.
STamomavlobas srulad pliniusis mxolod literaturuli werilebi SemorCa.
isini ori korpusisagan Sedgeba: 1. Tavad pliniusis mier Sedgenili da gamocemuli
kerZo werilebi 9 wignad (247 werili) da 2. me-10 krebuli erT wignad, mimowera im-
perator traianusTan (122 werili). es krebuli misi sikvdilis Semdeg gamoica.
werilis Janri gansakuTrebiT mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli cxovrebasTan, Sesaba-
misad, pliniusis werilebis Sinaarsic mravalferovania: miZRvna, milocva, reko-
mendacia, madliereba, saqmianoba, cxovrebis wesi, axloblebis cxovreba da sikvdi-
li, politika, megobrebis daxmareba, samarTliani saqmis dacva, Tavis ukvdavebaze
pliniusi 389
zrunva, sxvebis aRiareba, sizmrebi, moCvenebebi, mogzaurobebi, bunebis movlenebi,

qveSevrdomebisadmi samarTliani damokidebuleba, xumrobebi, literaturuli
saqmianoba da urTierTobebi, Sexedulebebi, literaturuli saRamoebi da a.S.
pliniusis werilebi Cv. w-is I s-is romauli sazogadoebis cxovrebisa da
urTierTdamokidebulebis, adamianebis, maTi znis, azrebis, Sexedulebebis, in-
teresebis, Tavad pliniusis pirovnebisa da gansakuTrebiT mis Tanamedrove lit-
eraturul cxovrebis gasacnobad mdidar da saintereso masalas gvawvdis.
pliniusi werilebze bevrs da gulmodgined muSaobda, maT formaze zrunavda,
jer viwro wreSi megobrebs ukiTxavda an ugzavnida, raTa Semdgom maTi azri
moesmina, SeniSvnebi gaeTvaliswinebina, gadaekeTebina, gaesworebina da mere gamoe-
ca wignad: `saTxovari meqneba SenTan, egeb gadaxedo sityvas, romelic me Cemianeb-
Tan biblioTekis gadacemisas warmovTqvi. maxsovs, Sen ukve gqonda SeniSvnebi, ma-
gram ufro zogadi; amitom axla gTxov, ara mxolod mTlians miaqcio yuradReba,
aramed, rogorc gCvevia, wvrilmanic ar gamogrCes. Sesworebis Semdeg Cemi
gadasawyveti iqneba, gamovce wigni, Tu ise davtovo~, anda tacitusisadmi miwer-
ili werili: àxla velodebi Cems wigns Seni SeniSvnebiT~.
me – 10 wigni imperatorsa da mis nacvals Soris Cveulebrivi oficialuri mi-
moweris nimuSia da pliniusis biTviniaSi samsaxuris periods ganekuTvneba (111 – 112
an 112-113 ww.).
am mokle werilebidan Cans gapartaxebuli provinciis saqmeebis momwesrigebe-
li patiosani kaci, romelic Tavdauzogavad zrunavs mosaxleobis mdgoma-
reobaze, sazogadoebriv mSeneblobaze, adgilobriv biujetze, qristianebTan da-
mokidebulebaze, romelTa mimarT, rogorc Cans, ara marto pliniusi, aramed
traianusic Semwynareblur damokidebulebas iCens da a.S.
rogorc irkveva, pliniusi damoukideblad verc erT sakiTxs ver wyvets, da-
myoli qveSevrdomi yvelafers imperator traianuss uTanxmebs: `me miCveuli var,
mbrZanebelo, yvelaferze, razec veWvob, Sen mogelaparako. vis SeuZlia ukeT
damakvalianos da gamarkvios~ (wer. 96).
saerTod werilebidan yvelaze metad Tavad pativmoyvare pliniusis saxe war-
modgeba. TviTkmayofili adamiani (`vici, ra Semefereba da ra, ara~), romelic
cdilobs Tanamedroveebsa da STamomavlebze STabeWdileba moaxdinos. amave
dros kargad Cans pliniusi, rogorc samagaliTo moqalaqe (ìseve xSirad,
rogorc me da Sen, is ilaparakebs movaleobebze, rac winaprebma daakisres, imaze,
rogori adamianebis Rirsi unda iyos~), gulmowyale, mzrunveli patroni (`vxedav,
rogori mimtevebeli xar Seni monebis mimarT da amitom mec daufaravad gagicxa-
deb, rogori Semwynarebeli var Cemebis mimarT. sulSi maqvs CabeWdili homerosis
sityvebi: mamasaviT moyvaruli da Cveneburi gamoTqma òjaxis mama~), mgrZnobiare
meuRle (àxla gansakuTrebiT minda Sens gverdiT yofna; davrwmunde, rom Zalebi
Segemata, moimate~ an ` xSirad momwere, Seni werilebi tkivilamde bedniers
mxdian~), erTguli megobari (`ra SesaniSnavia, daimsaxuro wyaloba da gasce kidec,
Sen erTisTvisac unda Segaqo da meorisTvisac, rac Tavad daimsaxure, sxvebs
uwilade. minda, misTvis (viRac CvenTvis ucnobzea laparaki) es wyaloba iseTive
sasiamovno iyos, rogorc Cemi SenTvis~ – `Tormeti keisris cxovrebis~ aRmwer is-
torikoss svetoniusisadmi miwerili werili; anda werili, romelSic marcial-
isis daxmarebaze saubrobs: `gavacile gzaze. gaviRe megobrobisTvis da im leqse-
bisTvisac, romelic me momiZRvna~), yvelasadmi keTilganwyobili da gulisxmieri
adamiani (ùzneoba da mavneblobaa, ar aRfrTovande adamianiT, romelic aRfr-
Tovanebas imsaxurebs~).
rogorc Cans, pliniusi sakuTari siqvelis warmoCenas TviTmiznurad cdilob-
da. mas undoda Seeqmna moqalaqis saxe, romelic Tavis niWsa da Tavis SesaZleb-
390 pliniusi
lobebs megobrebsa da samSoblos moaxmarda da imavdroulad oratori,

politikosi da rac mTavaria, kargi adamiani (vir bonus) iqneboda.
pliniusis arcTu didad seriozuli Sinaarsisa da originalurobis litera-
turuli werilebi daxvewili stiliTa da eniT gamoirCeva, ìsini arc istoriaa
da arc biografia, is Zvirfas gaelvebebze stilizebuli formis cocxali Txro-
baa~ (mixail fon albrexti). pliniusis Tematuri (TiToeuli werili erT gark-
veul Temas exeba) da saguldagulod damuSavebuli werilebi mkiTxvelis darwmu-
nebasa da amave dros mis siamovnebas isaxavs miznad.
werilebis kompozicia ostaturadaa dajgufebuli Sinaarsisa da tonis vari-
aciis principiT; monacvleobis mravalferovneba da stilis kontrasti pliniusis
sayvareli saSualebaa da amitomac igi erTdroulad azianelebis maRalfardo-
van, manerul da aticistebis ubralo da naTel stilsac iyenebs.
pliniusis kidev erTi Txzuleba `panegirikusi~ (xotba, 95 Tavi), albaT, yvelaze
sustia mis oratorul nawarmoebebs Soris. miuxedavad amisa, igi SemdgomSi (ci-
ceronis `marcelusis dasacvad~ da senekas `zomierebis Sesaxeb~-Tan erTad)
saxotbo miZRvnis nimuSad iqca, radgan kargi (princeps bonus) da cudi mmarTvelis
(princeps malus) dapirispireba yvela droSi aqtualuri darCa.
konsulis Tanamdebobis miRebiT gaxarebulma pliniusma samadlobeli sityva
miuZRvna traianuss, mere, rogorc Cveoda, gadaamuSava da Seavso igi. `pa-
negirikusi~ RvTis rCeul `saukeTeso princepsis~ cxovrebas, mmarTvelis Rvawls,
samxedro talants, saxelmwifo qvelobebs (Tavebi 24 – 80), mis pirad cxovrebas
(Tavebi 81 – 89) aRwers; Semdgom pliniusi madlobas ucxadebs imperators konsu-
lobis boZebisaTvis (Tavebi 90 – 95) da amTavrebs `panegirikuss~ iupiterisadmi
locviT. miuxedavad am JanrisTvis damaxasiaTebeli maameblobisa, pliniusi, Ziri-
Tadad, samarTlianad afasebs traianusis damsaxurebas (gansakuTrebiT sa-
samarTlo reformas) romauli sazogadoebis winaSe, romelsac ganaTlebuli da
mimtevebeli axali imperatori winamorbedTan SedarebiT Svebad moevlina.
`panegirikusSi~ pliniusi sinamdvileze metad sasurvels aRwers. miuxedavad
sinamdvilis Selamazebuli warmodgenisa, igi Tavisi Tanamedrove movlenebis sak-
maod saintereso istoriul-SemecnebiTi wyaroa.
xelovnuri paTosi, mravalsityvaoba, azris simwire, maamebloba, `gapoxili da
yvavilovani~ stili, rogorc Cans, ara marto panegirikuss, aramed pliniusis
sityvebs saerTod axasiaTebda: `me momeCvena, rom Sen Cems nawerebSi gada-
pranWulad CaTvale is, rasac me amaRlebulad miviCnev, Tavxeduri, rac me Tamami
megona, gadatvirTuli, rac me sruli megona~, an `saWiroa miuSva mWermetyvelebis
aRviri da ar SeboWo niWis aRmafrena viwro sazRvrebiT~. gamkicxvelebis aseTi
braldebebisgan icavda Tavs pliniusi megobrebisadmi miweril werilebSi.
pliniusis werilebma (zogjer èpigramebi prozaSi~ rom SegiZlia uwodo) ara
mxolod gvianantikurobaze (apolinariusi), aramed petrarkasa da nacionalur
enebze (frangul, inglisur) Seqmnil epistolografiazec moaxdina didi gavlena.
pliniusma romaul literaturaSi sityvisa da saqmis harmoniul erTianobas
miaRwia.
Txzulebebi:: `werilebi~, `panegirikusi~.
marcialisi 391
marcialisi
(ax. w. 40 _ 104)
romauli literaturis meore aRmavlobas, egreT wodebul `vercxlis

saukunes~, marcialisis epigramebi amTavrebs. maTi maRalostaturi, maRalniWieri,
magram ukve sakmaod SemRvreuli poeturi nakadi jer isev did klasikas
ganekuTvneba. maT mere mkveTri TavdaRmarTi, dacemis xana, iwyeba. marcialisis
Semoqmedeba orive periodis niSan-Tvisebebs atarebs.
marcialisis biografiac, mravali sxva romaeli poetis msgavsad, misive
nawarmoebebidan xdeba cnobili, magram, Janruli specifikis wyalobiT, es cnobebi
bevrad ufro mravalricxovania. cxovrebis mTeli qargis aRdgena maTi
saSualebiT sakmaod damajereblad xerxdeba.
markus valerius marcialisi daibada espaneTis qalaq bilbilisSi. erT-erT
epigramaSi (10,24), romelic savaraudod oTxmocdaaTiani wlebis bolos daiwera,
igi Tavadve gvauwyebs, rom dabadebula martis kalendebze anu pirvel ricxvebSi,
ormocdaCvidmeti wlis win, ris mixedviTac dabadebis TariRad daaxloebiT ax. w-
is 40 wels deben. mSobliur qalaqSi mas miuRia gramatikuli da ritorikuli
ganaTleba, Semdeg ki, 64 wels, romSi gadasula sacxovreblad, sadac uaxlovdeba
filosofos senekasa da epikos poets _ lukanuss. es megobroba xanmokle aRmoCnda,
radgan sul erTi wlis Semdeg imperatorma neronma, SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis
sababiT, orive maTgans TviTmkvlelobiT daamTavrebina cxovreba.
marcialiss represiebi ar Sexebia, magram mZime finansur mdgomareobaSi
aRmoCnda, iZulebuli Seiqna, mdidar patronebs dasdgomoda klientad da Tavi
amiT gaetana. igi ar cdilobs arc advokatur da arc politikur sarbielze
gasvlas, risi SesaZleblobac uTuod hqonda. igi, rogorc Cans, am xanidanve Tavs
mxolod profesiul poetad moiazrebs. flaviusebis, gansakuTrebiT ki
domicianusis imperatorobis dros, rogorc poeti, did popularobas ixveWs,
amgvari popularoba sicocxleSi arc erT romael poets ar Rirsebia. es arc aris
gasakviri, radgan misi Semoqmedeba ZiriTadad masobriv mkiTxvelzea
orientirebuli.
flaviusebi mas keTili TvaliT uyureben, imperatorma titusma `sami Svilis~
privilegia uwyaloba, xolo imperatorma domicianusma mxedris wodeba uboZa,
rac Semdgom epoqaTa raindis wodebas eTanabreba. `sami Svilis~ privilegia, rac
erTgvar ekonomiur upiratesobasac iZleoda, romSi mas Semdeg dawesda, roca
Sobadoba katastrofulad daeca. mizani demografiuli viTarebis gamosworeba
iyo, magram droTa ganmavlobaSi am privilegiam formaluri xasiaTi miiRo:
imaTac ki eniWebodaT, visac col-Svili saerTod ar hyavda. `sami Svilis patroni
Sevqmnilvar, mSvidobiT, colo, meti Svilic aRar mWirdeba, _ xumrobs poeti, _
mbrZaneblis ZRvens azri xom ar unda gamovacalo~.
392 marcialisi
mamisa da ufrosi Zmisagan gansxvavebiT, domicianusi droTa ganmavlobaSi

sisxlian tiranad gadaiqca, magram marcialisTan misi urTierToba Zveleburad
Tbilia. amaSi gansakuTrebuli wvlili SeiZleba imasac miuZRodes, rom domi-
cianusi, mamis msgavsad, Zalze enamaxvili kaci iyo da icoda kargi iumoris yadri.
marcialisic valSi ar rCeba da maameblur striqonebs ar iSurebs, epigramebis
yovel axal krebulSi mis mimarT axal-axal sadideblebs aRavlens. amave xanebSi
uaxlovdeba cnobil swavlulsa da ritors _ kvintilianuss, poet silius itali-
kuss, satirikos iuvenaliss da plinius umcross, romelTac Tavis qmnilebebSi
didi aRmatebiTa da siyvaruliT moixseniebs.
daaxloebiT oTxmocian wlebSi marcialisi aqveynebs epigramaTa pirvel kre-
buls _ `sanaxaobaTa wigni~, romelsac pirveli warmateba mohyveba. 84 wels gamo-
dis kidev ori wigni _ `qseniebi~ da àpoforetebi~. maTSi Tavmoyrilia saCuqrebsa
da suvenirebze wasaweri ortaepedebi. antikur xanaSi amgvari warwerebi didad
gavrcelebuli iyo.
85-96 wlebi markus valerius marcialisis akmes xanaa, TiTqmis yovelwliurad
erTmaneTis miyolebiT gamodis misi wignebi da poeti sul ufro da ufro met
saxels ixveWs. 88 wels droebiT tovebs roms da cizalpur galiaSi miemgzavreba,
magram dros uqmad arc iq kargavs, romSi epigramebis axal wigns agzavnis. erTi
wlis mere isev romSi brundeba da kidev ramdenime wigns aqveynebs. domicianusis
gardacvalebidan ori wlis Semdeg ki, 98 wels, xelaxla tovebs roms, amjerad
ukve samudamod, da mSobliur espaneTSi brundeba. rogorc varaudoben, axali
imperatorebis, nervasa da traianusis, keTilganwyoba veRar moipova da gacla
amjobina. Tumca arc is aris gamoricxuli, rom es gamgzavreba domicianusis sik-
vdils ar ukavSirdebodes da sul sxva mizeziT iyos gamowveuli _ asakiT,
janmrTelobis mdgomareobiT, siyrmiseuli adgilebis monatrebiT. imperatorTa
es axali dinastia, romelic `naSvilebTa dinastiis~ saxeliT Sevida istoriaSi,
humanurobiTa da samarTlianobiT iyo gamorCeuli da ar mogvepoveba arc erTi
cnoba, rom maT dros romelime mweralsa Tu swavluls upatiod mohpyrobodnen.
marcialisi espaneTidan kidev erTxel agzavnis epigramebis wigns. rogorc am
wignidan vigebT, mas iqac gamosCenia mdidari mfarveli, vinme marcela, romelmac
poets patara mamuli aCuqa. marcialisi roms Zalianac ar mistiris. Tu rames wuxs,
mxolod imas, rom epigramebs Zveleburi intensiurobiT veRar wers, radgan mkiTx-
velisa Tu msmenelis uSualo reaqcias isaklisebs, samagierod, kmayofilia, rom
iqaur simyudroveSi, rogorc iqna, daisvena, kargad gamoiZina.
gardaicvala 104 wlis axlo xanebSi, am ambavs pliniusis werilidan vigebT.
`Sevityve, gardacvlila valerius marcialisi, _ wers igi, _ am ambavma Zalian
damamwuxra~. laparakobs mis maRalniWierebaze, maxvilgonierebaze da, zogierTi
Zveli mkvlevarisda gasakvirad, mis alalmarTlobaze, wrfel gulze. iyo dro,
roca epigramebSi asaxul amoralur yofas poetis cxovrebis wesTan aigivebdnen,
mxatvruli simarTle anu poeturi fiqcia realur faqtebs uTanabrdeboda. am
saSiSroebas marcialisi winaswar xvdeboda da erTgan sruliad garkveviT ambobs:
`Cemi wignis zogierTi gverdi, SesaZloa, Zalze uxamsic iyos, magram cxovreba
sufTaa~ (1,4).
marcialisis poeturi memkvidreoba vrceli da mravalferovania, magram misi
TxuTmetive wigni mxolod epigramis Janrs miekuTvneba.
es Janri berZnulidan momdinareobs da, rogorc saxelwodebidanac Cans,
Tavdapirvelad zedwarweras niSnavda (επι _ ze, γραµµα _ warwera);
epigramebi ufro xSirad saflavis qvaze an raime tropeonze keTdeboda, an
kidev RvTaebisadmi Sewirul nivTebze. Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli berZnuli epi-
gramebi ganekuTvnebian Zv. w. VII saukunes. gviandelma epigramam dakarga Tavisi pir-
vandeli mniSvneloba da poeziis erT-erT Janrad iqca, magram SeinarCuna Tavisi
marcialisi 393
ZiriTadi Tviseba _ sisxarte da simokle. SemdgomSi igi mravalferovani Sinaar-

siT daitvirTa, gaCnda erotikuli, sufruli, misaloci, gzis dasaloci, miZRv-
niTi xasiaTisa anda raime uecari STabeWdilebis gamomxatveli. yoveli axali
mniSvnelovani epigramatisti kidev ufro afarToebda Tematur wres, magram si-
mokle da sisxarte yvela SemTxvevaSi epigramis aucilebel pirobad rCeboda.
berZnuli epigramebis pirveli krebuli Zv. w. I saukuneSi Seiqmna. marcialisi,
rasakvirvelia, kargad icnobda berZen epigramatistTa nawerebs, magram maTgan
didadac ar Cans davalebuli, misi ZiriTadi wyaro mainc laTinuri epigramaa. Ta-
vis winamorbedTagan igi Zalze xSirad axsenebs katuluss, ramdenjerme moxsenie-
buli hyavs pedonusi, hetulikusi, magram marcialisis epigramebi ara imdenad
literaturuli wyaroebiT, ramdenadac romauli cxovrebis wesiTa da romauli
zepirsityvierebis skabrezuli nakadiT unda iyos STagonebuli. isini cocxlad
da STambeWdavad gadmogvcemen dedaqalaqis cxovrebis ritms, TiTqmis yvela
kuTxe-kunWulSi gvaxedeben.
marcialisis epigramebis udidesi nawili satiruli xasiaTisaa, zogi maTgani
gesliania, zogic laRi da mxiaruli. poeti ar erideba aranair Tematikas, ra sa-
CoTiro da mdabalic ar unda iyos, da bilwsityvaobis magaliTebic iSviaTi ar
aris. amas igi Janris specifikiT amarTlebs. miaCnia, rom metismetad gawmendili,
steriluri epigrama Tavis daniSnulebas ver asrulebs.
ra gemo eqneba ise, Tu cxares ar uzam saWmels?
an ra eSxi aqvs Rimils, Tu ar daaCnda foso?
(7,25)
igi Tavisi farTo popularobis erT-erT mizezad swored skabrezulobas

miiCnevs da, albaT, arcTu mTlad usafuZvlod. saxealanZuli lukrecia ganze
moisvris mis wigns, Tu, ra Tqma unda, brutusi iqvea. magram brutusis wasvlisTa-
nave _ ra ggoniaT? _ kvlav gafacicebuli miubrundeba (11,16). poeti erTi SexedviT
metismetadac ki amayobs Tavisi popularobiT, magram es èspanuri trabaxi~
Rimilnarevia. `me gaxlavarT marcialisi, ganTqmuli romis mTel imperiaSi da,
rogorc marwmuneben, mis farglebs gareTac. magram dacxriT, Zalianac nu Seg-
SurdebaT. ama da am sadoRe cxenze ganTqmuli namdvilad ara var~ (10,9).
marcialisis epigramebi winamorbedebisgan gansxvavdeba metruli mravalfe-
rovnebiTac. tradiciulad epigrama elegiuri distiqiT iwereboda, man ki sxva
sazomebic CarTo: heqsametri, iamburi trimetri, falekosis TerTmetmarcvliani,
holiambi. aseve mravalferovani gaxada man epigrama Sinaarsobrivi Tvalsazrisi-
Tac: xSiria literaturuli deklaraciebi, peizaJis aRwerebi, saxotbo xasiaTis
epigramebi, sadac aRvlenilia qeba cnobili moRvaweebisa da imperatorebis mi-
marT.
magram satiruli epigramebi, poetis farTo popularoba rasac emyareboda da
dRemde riTic aris cnobili, yvelaze metia. poeti erTgan aRniSnavs, rom igi das-
cinis da aqilikebs biwierebas, magram pirovnebebs ar exeba. es, albaT, mTlad mar-
Talic ar aris, magram amgvari tendencia marTla SeiniSneba. mas situaciis sa-
sacilo mxare ufro izidavs da didi ostatobiT SeuZlia ubralo SemTxveva poe-
tur groteskad aqcios. katulusi, romelic pirvel rigSi swored misTvis
arasasurvel pirovnebebs èrCoda~, erT-erT maTgans cxvirsaxocebis qurdobaSi
adanaSaulebs, cxvirsaxoci im droSi gacilebiT iSviaTi da ZviradRirebuli ram
iyo, vidre dRes. amiT katulusi dasaxelebuli pirovnebis Seuracxyofas isaxavs
miznad.
marcialisisTvis igive situacia mxolod amosavali wertilia (12,28). vinme her-
mogenesi, romlis pirovnebac poets naklebad ainteresebs, yovel nadimze
cxvirsaxocebs iparavs da ise daostatebula am saqmeSi, xel-fexic rom Seukra, maT
394 marcialisi
moparvas mainc moaxerxebs. cxvirsaxoci Tu ar iqna, sufras moiparavs, qsovilis

sidide TandaTan groteskulad izrdeba da, bolos, hermogenesis gamoCenaze
zRvaSi gasuli menaveebi anZebidan afrebs xsnian da saguldagulod malaven. aq
ukve sasaciloa ara imdenad pirovneba, ramdenadac TviTon groteski.
mcire zomis epigramebi lamis logikuri silogizmis wesze igeba. pirveli
monacemi _ pirovneba, meore monacemi _ Cveva an situacia da, bolos, maTgan gamom-
dinare daskvna. magram daskvna yovelTvis moulodnelia da komikurad Seusabamo.
lesbia ulamazoa, lesbia ufasod aravisTan wveba. ki magram rogor? fuls Tvi-
Tonve ixdis.
aseve moulodnelobis efeqtzea agebuli Semdegi epigrama:
me RmerTebisTvis gamdidreba ar miTxovia,
is mixaroda, Tuki rame mciredi mqonda,
RmerTo, simdidre! gamecale xelmokleobav!
raa mizezi, uecrad rom ase gavxarbdi?
zoili yulfSi Tavgayrili minda, vixilo!
(4,77)
magram zog SemTxvevaSi amgvari efeqti CvenTvis dakargulia. is realiebi da

situaciebi, romelTac iumori emyareba da maSindeli mkiTxvelisaTvis uTqme-
ladac gasagebi iyo, CvenTvis gaugebaria. teqstSi Camaluli miniSnebani Znelad
iSifreba, xolo roca iSifreba, moulodnelobis efeqts kargavs. garda amisa, Ta-
vad marcialisi sulac ar miiCnevda, rom yvela xumroba kargi gamosdioda. wignSi,
romelsac axla kiTxulob, avitus, zogi epigrama kargia, ufro meti cudia, bevric
ise ra. magram, Tu ginaxavs, avitus, qveynad sxvagvari wigni (1,16)?
amas zed erTvis iumoris erovnuli da epoqismieri specifikurobac, ris gamoc
mravali da mravali epigrama dRes mxolod filologiuri kvlevis sagania. magram
aSkarad gamoirCeva epigramebis imgvari wre, dResac rom Zveleburad gvxiblavs.
Cveni epoqisaTvis ufro misaRebi mainc, albaT, imgvari teqstebia, sadac iumori
rbilia, lirikaSi gardamavali:
es iustinasi _ Svidi, esec leviasi _ eqvsi,
xuTi, oTxi da sami _ likass, lidas da idas.
Sevyevi falernul Rvinos, vzivar da gogoebs vuxmob.
sad xarT, ar modis arvin. Sen mainc modi, Zilo.
(1,71)
leqsis dasasrulis lirikuli da TviTironiuli efeqti axlac Zlieria, ma-
gram pirvel or striqonSi saxelebisa da ricxvebis CamoTvla, sadRegrZeloTa
ricxvi rom gvgonia da mTlad bunebrivadac ar gveCveneba, sinamdvileSi savsebiT
bunebrivi yofila, specifikurad romaul Cveulebas emyareba. visime sadRegrZe-
los win TasSi patara, lamis saTiTisodena sawyaoTi imdenjer asxamdnen Rvinos,
ramden asosac sadRegrZelebeli pirovnebis saxeli Seicavda. es TiTqosda um-
niSvnelo detali leqsis lirikul mdinarebas raRac mniSvnelovans matebs. saxeli
`levia~, romelic qarTulad xuT asos Seicavs, laTinurSi eqvsi asos Semcvelia,
`Laevia~ iwereba.
marcialisis epigramebSi komikurobis efeqti xSirad im Seusabamobis Cvenebis
xarjze miiRweva, romelic arsebobs adamianis garegnul mxaresa da Sinagans So-
ris. marcialisis Tvisebaa, yvelasTvis misaRebi da gasagebi moulodneli kuTxiT
Semogvitrialos da sxvagvarad dagvanaxos da gagvaazrebinos. am virtualur
svlebs igi araerTxel iyenebs Tavis epigramebSi, magram aqvs iseTi epigramebic,
romlebic ufro martivadaa agebuli da aragasaRimar ganwyobaze gvayenebs. isini
gulSi Camwvdomia TavianTi lirizmiTa da siRrmiseuli gancdiT. gavixsenoT Tun-
dac marcialisis mSobliuri qalaqidan megobrisadmi romSi miwerili epigrama,
marcialisi 395
sadac aRwerilia provinciuli qalaqis myudro, aumRvreveli cxovreba, anda

patara mona-gogona erotias sikvdilTan dakavSirebuli ori epigrama. ai, erT-
erTi maTgani:
udroo saflavSi wevs aq erotia, patara gogo,
eqvsi zamTari naxa _ ase ewera bedad.
gibareb memkvidrev Cemo am Cemi saxlis da miwis,
yovelwliuri ZRveni Sen miagebe saflavs.
gamravldes saxloba Seni, larebi gfaravdes mudam
da sawuxari SenTvis mxolod es qvaRa iyos.
(10,61)
marcialisi im gamonaklis mweralTa ricxvs miekuTvneba, romelTac leqsSi
globaluri filosofiuri problemebis gadmoSla saWirod ar miaCnia da gan-
yenebul abstraqtul msjelobebsa da moralur Segonebebs gverds uvlian. gul-
grilia igi agreTve miTologiuri siuJetebis mimarT. misi TqmiT, rasac igi wers,
bevrad ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre romelime kiklopisa an dedalosis Tav-
gadasavlis moyola. marcialisi wers imaze, rasac Cven cxovrebiseul sinamdviles
vuwodebT. cxovrebidan iRebs Tavisi leqsebisTvis uSualo STabeWdilebebs da
Rimilnarevi bunebriobiT gvawvdis. mas xSirad sayvedurobdnen uxamsobas, rom
misi leqsebi keTilSobili matronebisTvis ar iyo gankuTvnili da maT gau-
wiTleblad ver waikiTxavdi. igi ki Tvlida, rom poeziaSi yvelafers Tavisi sax-
eli unda rqmeoda.
erTi nawili marcialisis epigramebisa literaturul Tematikazea Seqmnili.
igi didi aRfrTovanebiT saubrobs katulusze da mis memkvidred Tvlis Tavs,
aseve didi aRtacebiT ixseniebs vergiliuss da gaocebas ver malavs, rom zog-
zogni Zvel eniuss aZleven upirstesobas. bevrs saubrobs igi cud meleqseebze,
fuWmesityveebze, gapranWul grafomanebze. marTalia, Tavad marcialisis epi-
gramebi xSirad sxarti eqspromtis STabeWdilebas toveben, magram maT miRma didi
ostatoba imaleba, saerTod marcialisis poeturi stilisTvis damaxasiaTebelia
uaRresi bunebrioba.
marcialisis epigramebma mis sicocxleSive didi aRiareba moipoves, amis das-
turad gamodgeba is uamravi gamocema, romlebic maSinve Seiqmna, gamomcemlebi
erTmaneTs ejibrebodnen am saqmeSi, marcialiss icnobdnen mTel romis imperiaSi,
amis Sesaxeb poeti Tavadve wers. mas mimbaZvelebic gamouCndnen: IV saukunis poeti
avsoniusi da V saukunis poeti sidonius apolinariusi misi mibaZviT qmnidnen Ta-
vianT qmnilebebs. Sua saukuneebSic kargad icnobdnen marcialiss sxvadasxva an-
Tologiis meSveobiT. XIV saukuneSi bokaCom aRmoaCina misi epigramebis xelnaweri
da gamoaqveyna. aRorZinebis xanaSic marcialisi iyo yvelaze popularuli da
kiTxvadi romael poetTagan. misma epigramam didi roli iTamaSa XVI-XVII saukunee-
bis epigramebis Camoyalibebaze. lesingi (XVIIIs.) misi gavleniT qmnis Tavis Teorias
epigramis Sesaxeb.
rusi poetebidan marcialisis SemoqmedebiT didad gatacebuli iyo puSkini.
rusul enaze marcialisis epigramebi araerTxel iTargmna, 1994 wels gamoica
sruli krebuli. qarTulad Targmnilia mxolod calkeuli epigramebi. statiaSi
CarTulia Cven mier naTargmni ramdenime epigrama.
lirika: epigramebis TxuTmeti wigni.

396 kvintilianusi
kvintilianusi
(ax. w. 35-96ww.)
`kvintilianusi, axalgazrdobis megzuri, romauli togis dideba~ – ase ax-

asiaTebda marcialisi antikurobis erT-erT udides pedagogs, kvintilianuss
(Martial, II., 90. 1-2.). markus fabius kvintilianusi, cnobili romaeli oratori da
pedagogi, daaxloebiT ax. w. 35 wels daibada kalagurisSi (espaneTi) da gar-
daicvala ax. w. 96 wels. mamamisi warmatebuli oratori iyo, romelmac Svili
romSi gauSva saswavleblad. swavlis dasrulebis Semdeg igi, rogorc Cans, sam-
SobloSi dabrunda. 68 wels man isev roms miaSura da male gaiTqva saxeli,
rogorc mWevrmetyvelebis Cinebulma maswavlebelma. mis moswavleebs Soris iyvnen
plinius umcrosi da savaraudod, tacitusi. kvintilianusi imperatorTan daax-
loebuli piri iyo da oratorul xelovnebas aswavlida domitilas (domicianu-
sis dis) or vaJs. kvintilianuss pirvels, romelsac ergo vespasianusis mier ax. w.
72 wels daarsebuli oratoris savarZeli. man pirvelma daaarsa ritorikis sax-
elmwifo skola da amisaTvis saxelmwifosgan gasamrjelos iRebda. kvintilia-
nusis pedagogiuri moRvaweoba didi warmatebiT gagrZelda 20 weliwads.
siberis Jams kvintilianusma dawera CvenTvis cnobili sami nawarmoebi: `mWevr-
metyvelebis gadagvarebis mizezebis Sesaxeb~, `mWevrmetyvelebis swavleba~ da
nevius arpinianusis dasacavi sityva. es sami nawarmoebi mis sicocxleSive gamo-
qveynda. kvintilianusis sxva sajaro gamosvlebi misi survilis sawinaaRmdegod
xelnaweris saxiT vrceldeboda. garda amisa, misma moswavleebma gamosces
saleqcio Canawerebis ori seria. Cvenamde moaRwia mxolod erTma nawarmoebma. es
aris “mWevrmetyvelebis swavleba~. kvintilianusi, gamocdili pedagogi da ora-
tori, am wigniT mimarTavs pedagogebs da detalurad uxsnis maT, Tu ra aris
saWiro kargi mWevrmetyvelis aRzrdisaTvis da ras niSnavs, iyo sityvis xelovani.
wigni 12 Tavisagan Sedgeba. Txzuleba warmoadgens oratoruli xelovnebis swav-
lebis srul kurss, romelic moicavs aRzrdis mTel periods dawyebuls yrmo-
bidan sazogado asparezze gamosvlamde. masSi aRwerilia srulyofili mWevr-
metyveli, romelic, kvintilianusis azriT, ara mxolod sityvis didostati unda
iyos, aramed zneobrivad daxvewilic. es aris Txzulebis ZiriTadi idea, romel-
sac avtori ramdenjerme ubrundeba: kargi oratori aucileblad unda iyos kargi
adamiani.
pirvel TavSi kvintilianusi exeba bavSvis zogad ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebul
sakiTxebs. rodesac orators kargi zogadi ganaTleba aqvs, es mis sityvebs dama-
jereblobas sZens. misi azriT, bavSvis aRzrda adreuli asakidanve unda daiwyos.
mniSvneloba aqvs imasac, Tu rogor metyvelebs bavSvis ZiZa. mSoblebs gansakuTre-
buli pasuxismgebloba akisriaT. isini Tavad unda iyvnen nimuSebi bavSvebisTvis.
saskolo ganaTlebas upiratesoba eniWeba kerZo gakveTilebTan SedarebiT,
kvintilianusi 397
radgan bavSvebi Tanatolebis garemocvaSi ukeT swavloben. kvintilianuss bavSve-

bis ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT ramdenime saintereso gamonaTqvami aqvs:
`wvrilyelian WurWelSi araferi Cava, Tu erTianad bevrs CavasxamT~ da `bavSvi,
romelic jer ar aris im asakSi, rom uyvardes gakveTilebi, ar unda miviyvanoT im
donemde, rom swavla SesZuldes. swavla saxaliso unda iyos.~ ufro dawvrilebiT
saubrobs kvintilianusi oratorisTvis gramatikis, musikis, geometriis da as-
tronomiis swavlebis mniSvnelobaze. mWevrmetyvelma, romelic ganswavlulia
musikaSi, icis, rogor unda imoZraos, rogori riTmiT unda gaawyos Tavisi sityva
da rogor unda waikiTxos leqsebi. maTematika argumentaciisas exmareba ora-
tors.
meore wigni sainteresoa msjelobiT oratoris niWisa da misi daxelovnebis
Sesaxeb. kvintilianusis sityviT (II, 15-16), ritorika aris xelovneba, amitom
mxolod niWi ar aris sakmarisi WeSmariti sityvakazmulobis misaRwevad (II, 17).
imis gamo, rom buneba mxolod materiaa, xolo mecniereba – xelovneba, `xelovneba
materiis gareSe araferia, materias ki xelovnebis gareSec aqvs fasi. magram
maRali xelovneba yvelanair materiaze maRla dgas~ (II, 19, 3). am sityvebiT kvintil-
ianusi ewinaaRmdegeba cnobili berZeni oratoris lisiasis Sexedulebas, rom
mWevrmetyvelebisTvis sakmarisia mxolod niWi. kvintilianusi meore wignSi
cdilobs daamtkicos, rom ritorika aris xelovneba, rom is aris saWiro, rom is
amave dros aris siqvele da, rom yvelaferi SeiZleba gaxdes ritorikis sagani.
mesame wigni oratoruli xelovnebis istorias eZRvneba. avtori saubrobs
oratoruli xelovnebis warmoSobis, sxvadasxva oratoris, mwerlis Sesaxeb. aqve
gansazRvravs warmosaTqmeli sityvebis sam kategorias: 1) saqebi (an salanZRavi), 2)
ganmsjeli 3) sasamarTloSi warmosaTqmeli sityvebi (III, 3, 1,). Semdgom mwerali gan-
sakuTrebul yuradRebas uTmobs sasamarTloSi warmosaTqmel sityvebs. meoTxe
wignSi CamoTvlilia, Tu ras unda miaqcios yuradReba oratorma sasamarTlo
sityvis Sedgenisas. igi bevr teqnikur detalze saubrobs, iqneba es sityvis age-
buleba, mosamarTlis gulis mogebis xelovneba, Tu rogor unda mas gaaxsenos
miviwyebuli faqti da a. S.
VI Tavis dasawyisSi oratorisTvis sasargeblo rCevebis aRwera wydeba da
mkiTxveli xedavs kvintilianuss, romelic tiris. igi dastiris Tavis 19 wlis
meuRles da nugeSad darCenil or vaJs, romlebic aseve gamoecala xelidan. es
aris gulisamaCuyebeli teqsti, dawerili mosiyvarule mamis mier. amgvari Canar-
Tebis ukan dgas kvintilianusi, Tbili da humanuri adamiani. aseTive siTbo
igrZnoba, rodesac igi Tavis moswavleebze saubrobs.
piradul CanarTebs sxvagan iSviaTad vxvdebiT. kvintilianusi oratoruli
xelovnebis detalebis aRweras ganagrZobs. sainteresoa misi Sexedulebebi sity-
vebis SerCevis mniSvnelobis Sesaxeb (VIII). sityvebi unda iyos eleganturi, martivi,
provincialobisgan Tavisufali. oratori unda eridos ucxo sityvebis gamoyene-
bas da ormniSvnelovan an orazrovan sityvebs. sisadave aris kvintilianusis ide-
ali, am idealis ganxorcieleba ki ciceronia. magaliTisaTvis kvintilianusi
ganixilavs sxvadasxva avtoris stils, enas, metaforikas. es Tavi sainteresoa,
rogorc literaturuli mimoxilva da exmianeba X Tavs, romelic literaturis
istoriis mcire nimuSs warmoadgens. am TavSi kvintilianusi xazs usvams ora-
torisaTvis kiTxvis mniSvnelobas. mWevrmetyvelisTvis erTnairad aucilebelia,
icnobdes poezias, istoriografias, filosofias da CamoTvlis im avtorebs, ro-
melTa Seswavlac, misi azriT, sasargebloa. berZen da romael mwerlebs orato-
ruli TvalsazrisiT ganixilavs. ganxilul avtorebs Soris arian: homerosi,
esqile, sofokle, demosTenesi, virgiliusi da mravali sxva. gansakuTrebul
yuradRebas uTmobs cicerons, romelic misTvis idealia da upirispirebs mas se-
398 kvintilianusi
nekas, romelic manerizmis magaliTad mohyavs. kvintilianuss misi stili de-

gradaciad miaCnia da, zogadad, bunebriobis momxrea.
amave TavSi exeba kvintilianusi mibaZvis anu mimesisis sakiTxs, berZeni
filosofosebis sayvarel Temas. kvintilianusi eyrdnoba aristoteles Sexed-
ulebas, rom mibaZva xelovnebis aucilebeli pirobaa.
XI Tavi eZRvneba sityvis warmoTqmis xelovnebas, xolo XII TavSi igi mWevrmety-
velebis sam stilze saubrobs: atikurze (mas axasiaTebs, rogorc mokles, wmindas,
Zliers), aziurze (mokazmuli da carieli) da rodosulze (orives nazavi, Suale-
duri). `Zlieri stiliT~ werdnen magaliTad, homerosi, esqile, sofokle, arqi-
loqosi, eniusi, Tukididesi, platoni, demosTenesi (X wigni).
garda am detalebisa, romelic ufro metad pedagogebisTvis aris gankuTvnili,
XII TavSi sistemurad aris Camoyalibebuli nawarmoebis mTavari idea. es idea
wignSi ramdenime sxva adgilasac aris naxsenebi. kargi oratori unda iyos kargi
kaci (da is unda iyos filosofosi). wignSi ramdenime adgilas meordeba Sexed-
uleba, rom ritorika aris sikeTe/siqvele, sikeTis keTeba ki mxolod keTil ada-
mians SeuZlia.
oratoroba kargad saubris xelovnebaa, kargad saubari ki mxolod karg kacs
SeuZlia. “kargi kaci, gamocdili mosaubre~ _ katon ufrosis sityvebi, romelTac
emyareba mTeli nawarmoebi. kargad moubari, upirveles yovlisa, unda iyos kargi
adamiani. kvintilianusi ambobs: `me ara mxolod imas vamtkiceb, rom oratori
kargi kaci unda iyos, aramed darwmunebuli var, rom SeuZlebelia iyo oratori,
Tu ara iyo kargi adamiani~ (XII, 1, 3), radgan ver uwodeb mas Wkvians, visac aqvs ar-
Cevani sikeTesa da borotebas Soris da borotebas irCevs. mas miaCnia, rom sayov-
elTaod miRebuli azria, da ar mxolod filosofosebSi gavrcelebuli, rom
cudi kaci aucileblad sulelia, xolo suleli verasdros gaxdeba oratori (XII,
1, 14). moralurobas, zneobriobas bunebrivi safuZveli aqvs, magram igi aRzrdiT
unda daixvewos. amitom adamianma kargad unda iswavlos, ra aris samarTliani, pa-
tivsacemi da Rirseuli (XII, 2). codnis gareSe ver iqnebi verc kargi adamiani da
verc kargi moubari. amiT igi ewinaaRmdegeba mosazrebas, rom zneobrioba in-
tuiciuria da mas ar sWirdeba swavla. kvintilianuss miaCnia, rom oratorma au-
cileblad unda Seiswavlos filosofia. igi am ori sferos kavSirze saubrobs:
filosofias da ritorikas aqvT saerTo fesvebi, saerTo iaraRi, magram gansxvave-
buli samoqmedo areali. sibrZneze, samarTlianobaze, WeSmaritebaze saubrisas
filosofosebi ritorikis iaraRs iyeneben, oratorma ki saganTa Sesaxeb
filosofosebisgan unda iswavlos. kvintilianusi XII wignSi filosofiis sami
nawilis: fizikis, eTikisa da dialeqtikis Sesaxeb msjelobs.
kvintilianusis naSromi mravalmxriv aris sayuradRebo. igi sainteresoa ro-
mauli iumoris sakvlevadac. am Temas uZRvnis igi VI Tavs, romelic mdidaria ro-
mauli anekdotebiT.
sainteresoa kvintilianusis msjeloba imis Sesaxeb, rom xandaxan oratori, ro-
melic misive mtkicebiT, kargi da moraluri adamiania, iZulebulia, Tqvas tyuili,
rom damnaSavis udanaSaulobaSi daarwmunos mosamarTle. mosazrebas, rom Sedegi
amarTlebs iaraRs, kvintilianusi ramdenjerme imeorebs (II, 17, 26, V, 7, 13-14).
kvintilianusi Tavis idealad ramdenjerme asaxelebs cicerons, Tumca Tavad
kvintilianusis laTinuri, ciceronis vercxlis laTinurisgan gansxvavebiT, ufro
movercxlils hgavs, miuxedavad imisa, rom xSirad baZavs cicerons.
kvintilianusis swavlebas didi gavlena hqonda antikurobaSi. am gavlenas
vxedavT Cven pliniusis werilebSi, tacitusis dialogebSi, svetoniusis nawereb-
Si. Sua saukuneebSi kvintilianusis nawerebs naklebad icnobdnen, radgan mxolod
wignis fragmentebi iyo gavrcelebuli. 1415/1416 wlebSi aRmoCnda wignis sruli
versia. aqedan iwyeba kvintilianusis namdvili popularoba. misiT aRfrTo-
kvintilianusi 399
vanebuli iyvnen petrarka, lorenco vala, romelic mas ciceronze maRla ayenebda,
luTeri, melanhToni, erazmus roterdameli da iohan sebastian baxi. goeTes
amokrefili hqonda kvintilianusis wignidan sayvareli gamoTqmebi. barokos pe-
riodSi dawerili ritorikis saxelmZRvaneloebi da saskolo sistema ZiriTadad
kvintilianusis naSroms eyrdnoboda. gansakuTrebiT popularuli iyo igi ganma-
naTleblebs Soris. romantizmis gavrcelebasTan erTad naklebad moduri gaxda
ritorika da masTan erTad kvintilianusic.
kvintilianusis naSromi qarTul enaze ar aris naTargmni. ramdenadac cno-
bilia, mas ar icnobda arc Zveli da arc axali qarTuli mwerloba, rac dasanania,
radgan wigni mdidaria saintereso rCevebiT da mosazrebebiT.
Txzuleba: `mWevrmetyvelebis swavleba~

400 tacitusi
tacitusi
(daaxl. ax. w. 55_120 ww.)
tacitusi iyo romauli istoriografiis TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli da didi

oratori. misi saxeli, savaraudod, aris publius (an gaius) kornelius tacitusi.
dabadeba-gardacvalebis TariRebic miaxloebiTaa dadgenili _ 55 _ 120 ww.
sxvadasxva wyaroebiT aRadgenen tacitusis biografiis ZiriTad Strixebs: igi iyo
mxedarTa wridan; miiRo kargi ganaTleba; daqorwinda cnobili mxedarTmTavris,
agrikolas, asulze; ekava mniSvnelovani Tanamdebobebi saxelmwifo aparatSi.
imperator traianusis dros iyo provincia aziis prokonsuli. tacitusi iyo
Cinebuli oratori. misi cxovrebis bolo wlebis Sesaxeb cota ram viciT.
tacitusis Cvenamde moRweuli naSromebia: ìulius agrikolas cxovrebis
Sesaxeb~ (mokled, àgrikola~), `germanelTa warmoSobisa da adgilmdebareobis
Sesaxeb~ (mokled, `germania~), `dialogi oratorebis Sesaxeb~, ìstoriani~,
ànalebi~. am mSrali biografiuli monacemebisa da TxzulebaTa CamonaTvalis
miRma dgas Rrmad moazrovne, Rirseuli pirovneba, Tavisi qveynis erTguli Svili.
misi Semoqmedebis gaazreba da mecnieruli Sefaseba aRorZinebis xanidan daiwyo.
tacitusi Seracxes saukeTeso istorikosTa TanavarskvlavedSi.
à g r i k o l a~ tacitusis mcire zomis Txzulebaa. igi aris micvalebulis
saqebrad warmoTqmuli sityva e. w. laudatio funebris. Tumca Znelia, es nawarmoebi
miakuTvno romelime konkretul Janrs. specialistTa azriT, àgrikola~ aris
biografia, romelic gadadis istoriuli ambebis TxrobaSi; aqve ikveTeba
politikuri pamfletis elementebic.
rogorc aRvniSneT, iulius gneus agrikola iyo tacitusis simamri _ friad
pativsacemi da damsaxurebuli pirovneba. mis saxelTanaa dakavSirebuli romis
samxedro-politikuri warmatebebi britaneTSi. TxzulebaSi ori mTavari gmiria:
imperatori domicianusi da agrikola, romelTagan erTi aris yovelmxriv
uaryofiTi, meore _ yovelmxriv dadebiTi, SeiZleba iTqvas, srulyofili. titus
flavius domicianusi tiranis yvela Tvisebas atarebda: ar cnobda kanonis
uzenaesobas, sZulda yvela adamianuri siqvele; iyo laCari, sastiki, pirferi,
qveSqveSa da gaiZvera. araferi gaegeboda sabrZolo xelovnebisa. agrikola misi
antipodia: didi mxedarTmTavari, Tavmdabali da gulTbili adamiani. igi brZo-
lisas win uZRoda laSqars; ar gahyviroda Tavis gamarjvebebze, iyo obieqturi
da pirdapiri. tacitusi Zalas ar iSurebs agrikolas srulyofili portretis
Sesaqmnelad: igi provinciidan iyo; ganaTlebuli, saSualo SeZlebis, saqmiani,
sando qveSevrdomi, yvelaferSi zomierebisa da wesrigis momxre. misTvis
amosavali iyo qveynis interesebi. am TvisebaTa gamo agrikola sanimuSo
moqalaqed da pirovnebad iTvleboda. aqedan gamomdinare, tacitusis mwuxareba am
Rirseuli kacis gardacvalebis gamo scildeba privatul farglebs; igi
TvalsaCino moRvawis zogad tips warmoadgens. tacitusi ase mimarTavs agrikolas
tacitusi 401
suls: `Sen namdvilad bednieri xar, agrikola, ara mxolod imitom, rom cxovrebis
saxelovani gza ganvle, aramed imitomac, rom droulad gardaicvale~ (45). Txzu-
lebis paTosi kargadaa gamokveTili bolo sityvebSi: `yvelaferi, rac Cven
gviyvarda da aRgvafrTovanebda, darCa da iqneba adamianTa sulebSi... gardasul
droTa bevr warCinebul mamrs gadahfarebia daviwyebis burusi... magram agriko-
la, romlis saxec gamoiZerwa da aRiwera STamomavlobisaTvis, yovelTvis
cocxali iqneba~ (44).
àgrikolaSi~ aRwerilia agreTve britanelTa yofa, zne-Cveulebebi, romaelTa
sabrZolo operaciebi.
`germania~ Sedgeba 2 nawilisagan: zogadi (1-27) da konkretuli. I nawilSi war-
modgenilia mokle da zusti cnobebi germanelTa geografiul sazRvrebze; Semdeg
aRwerilia maTi zne-Cveulebebi, religiuri Sexedulebebi, crurwmenebi. taci-
tusi ase warmogvidgens germanelTa yofas: isini Zalian Raribebi arian,
primitiul qoxebSi cxovroben; zamTrobiT ki _ ormoebSi, romlebic saqonlis
pativiTaa daxuruli. maTi bavSvebi SiSvlebi da binZurebi arian. germanelTa mTa-
vari simdidre saqonelia; faqtobrivad, saqonelTan erTad cxovroben. mcenareu-
li kulturebidan mxolod maTTvis sakmarisi marcvleuli mohyavT. drois did
nawils RreobebSi atareben. germanelTa yofaSi ar aris aranairi esTetika da
swrafva kulturisaken. ar ician wera-kiTxva. maTi religiuri ritualebi sisas-
tikiT gamoirCeva da dafuZnebulia SiSze. ritualebi sruldeba tyeebSi, xSiria
adamianTa msxverplSewirvebi. germanelebs ara aqvT saxelmwifoebriobis Segneba;
maT mefeebs aqvT SeuzRudavi Zala-ufleba. germanelebs ara aqvT disciplina.
miuxedavad imisa, rom mTel dros Tavdasxmebsa da Zarcva-glejaSi atareben, ar
SeuZliaT organizebuli saomari operaciebis warmoeba. iq yvela Tavisi Tavis ba-
tonia. germanelTa àrqauli Tavisuflebas~ mxolod tirania imorCilebs. isini
emterebian yvelas da yvelafers, maTi agresia saSiSia da angariSgasawevi.
tacitusi wers, rom germania da romi dauZinebeli mtrebi arian. maTi omebi
TiTqmis ori saukunea, grZeldeba. am konfliqtis mizezi cxovrebis ori
urTierTgamomricxavi wesis dapirispirebaa. erT mxaresaa Imperium _ saxelmwifo,
romelic efuZneba centralizebuli xelisuflebis saomar Zlierebas; meore
mxares _ Germanorum libertas (germanuli Tavisufleba), esaa qaosi _ adgilobrivi in-
teresebisa da egoisturi TviTnebobis nazavi. am naSromSi tacitusma srulyo-
filad gamokveTa opozicia: kultura _ veluroba. TxzulebaSi aSkarad ikveTeba
avtoris qedmaRali damokidebuleba germanelTa naxevrad veluri tomebisadmi.
tacitusi germanelebs saSiS mezoblebad Tvlis da mouwodebs Tanamemamuleebs,
ar moadunon yuradReba.
es narkvevi fasdaudebelia germanelTa tomebis cxovrebis Sesaswavlad. arc
tacitusis biografiiT, arc teqstis mixedviT ar dasturdeba, rom avtori Tavad
iyo germaniaSi. rogorc Cans, mis xelSi Tavi moiyara mravalma dokumentma,
zepirma da werilobiTma wyaroebma. `germaniis~ analizisa da sxva wyaroebTan Se-
jerebis safuZvelze mecnierebma gamoavlines calkeuli Secdomebi da uzusto-
bani, magram es ar amcirebs tacitusis naSromis mniSvnelobas.
tacitusis mesame mcire zomis Txzulebaa `d i a l o g i o r a t o r e b i s
S e s a x e b~. XVI s-is moRvaweTa Soris gaCnda eWvi, rom es Txzuleba ar ekuTvnoda
tacituss. eWvis safuZvels qmnida gansxvavebuli stili. amJamad es azri uaryo-
filia. am nawarmoebs `laTinuri literaturis margalits~ uwodeben; miaCniaT,
rom es aris `yvelaze mniSvnelovani Txzuleba romauli literaturisa, romelmac
Cvenamde moaRwia~ (RE).
dialogSi monawileobs I s-is 70-iani wlebis sami gamorCeuli oratori: markus
aperi, vipstan mesala da kuriacius maternusi. aperisaTvis sulieri moRvaweobis
umaRlesi saxea sasamarTlo da politikuri mWevrmetyveleba. amis dasturia
402 tacitusi
rogorc praqtikuli, ise Teoriuli Sedegi: sasamarTlo da politikur mWevr-

metyvelebaSi daostatebas moaqvs saxeli, fuli, Zalaufleba; akmayofilebs ada-
mianis pativmoyvareobas da ganapirobebs ama qveynis ZlierTa keTilganwyobas (5.
10). meore mxriv, sasamarTlo oratoris saqmianobaSi yvelaze mTavaria kavSiri
mimdinare cxovrebiseul movlenebTan, maTSi uSualo monawileoba. ra siamovneba
unda miiRos adamianma `mtvriT dafaruli siZveleebis~ qeqviT? ùnda vaRiaro,
rom zogi Zveli oratoris kiTxvisas Zlivs vikaveb sicils, zogisas ki _ Zils~, _
ambobs aperi. misTvis cnebaSi `mSveniereba~ igulisxmeba cxovrebiseuli keTil-
dReoba, fufuneba, simdidre, tkboba: `me msurs, rom adamiani iyos gabeduli,
sisxlsavse da SemarTuli~. aperis sityvebiT gamoxatulia principatis epoqis
msoflmxedveloba.
mesala (igi `senatis umravlesobis~ pozicias gamoxatavs) mimoixilavs romaul
mWevrmetyvelebas (25) da yuradRebas amaxvilebs ukve miviwyebul cnebebze: zneoba,
moqalaqeobrivi pasuxismgebloba. Tanamedrove mWevrmetyveleba degradirebulia
imitom, rom zerelea. Zveli drois oratorebi bevrs Sromobdnen da swavlobdnen,
euflebodnen mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargebs, hqondaT Rrma codna, rac rTuli
problemebis gansjaSi uwyobdaT xels. maT icodnen yoveli sityvis fasi (30).
mWevrmetyvelebis daqveiTeba asaxavs sazogadoebis moralis degradacias (28). ka-
maTisas unda amovideT ara iqidan, Tu ra aris sasiamovno, aramed _ ra aris faseu-
li. faseuli ki aris ara oratoris gawafuli metyveleba, aramed saxelmwifosaT-
vis sasargeblo sazogadoebrivi pasuxismgeblobis Segneba (32). aseT pasuxismge-
blobas kargad grZnobdnen respublikis epoqis oratorebi (25). mesalas mxars
uWers maternusi. maternusi adre warmatebuli politikuri da sasamarTlo ora-
tori iyo. man yvelafers daaneba Tavi da literaturas mohkida xeli. am pativce-
mulma stumrebma swored mis saxlSi moiyares Tavi maternusis bolo Txzulebaze
sasaubrod. maternusisaTvis xelovneba Semoqmedebis yvelaze Rirseuli saxea, ro-
melsac sul sxva samanebSi gadahyavs adamianis suli da aTavisuflebs mas amqveyni-
uri amaoebisagan (12-13). Tavdapirvelad mWevrmetyveleba arc dasaZraxi iyo, arc
cudi. cudia is forma, romelic man amJamad miiRo: axla is gaxda àngarebiani da
daundobeli~.
am dialogSi tacitusi mkiTxvels sTavazobs originalur azrs: oratoruli
xelovnebis dakninebis mizezi romis saxelmwifo wyobaSia saZebari. oratoruli
xelovnebis ganviTarebisaTvis saukeTeso niadagi iqmneba demokratiuli wyobisas.
namdvili da `didi~ mWevrmetyveleba iyo aTenSi demosTenesis dros da romSi _
ciceronis periodSi. e. i. maSin, rodesac mimdinareobda cxare brZolebi politi-
kur jgufebs Soris; roca sasamarTlo procesebi xSirad politikur elfers
iZendnen. maSin mWevrmetyveleba iyo sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis marTvisa da stim-
ulirebis mZlavri iaraRi. imperiis pirobebSi mWevrmetyvelebas veRar eqneba
amgvari funqcia, radgan saxelmwifo saqmeebs sjis èrTaderTi da brZenTabrZeni~.
ì s t o r i a n i~ tacitusis vrceli istoriuli naSromia, romelSic aRwer-
ilia samoqalaqo omebis ambebi. Cvenamde moaRwia am Txzulebis oTxma wignma da me-
5-s nawilma. varaudoben, rom naSromi 14 wignisgan Sedgeboda.
I wigni mogviTxrobs, ra xdeboda romSi neronis gardacvalebis Semdeg ianvar-
martis ganmavlobaSi; aRwerilia galbas laSqroba espaneTidan romisken da misi
xanmokle mmarTveloba; oTos mier Zalauflebis mitaceba da germanelTa Tav-
dasxmebis mogerieba. II wignSi aisaxa 69 wlis marti-seqtembris ambebi; vespasianusis
amboxeba CrdiloeT italiaSi; viteliusisa da vespasianusis mier umaRlesi Zala-
uflebis xelSi Cagdeba. III wignSi aRwerilia 69 wlis agvisto-dekembris ambebi. aq
moTxrobilia viteliusisa da flaviusis momxreTa orTabrZolebis Sesaxeb; fla-
viusis gamarjveba. IV wignSi ki aRwerilia 70-iani wlebis ianvar-ivlisis peripe-
tiebi. avtori mogviTxrobs senatisa da senatis dajgufebebis Taobaze; galebisa
tacitusi 403
da germanelebis ajanyebebze romis winaaRmdeg. V wignis SemorCenil nawilSi

tacitusi wers iudeis viTarebaze, vidre mas romi daipyrobda. wignis bolo
nawili asaxavs sabrZolo operaciebs germaniaSi.
erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi romSi sami imperatori Seicvala: galba daamxo
oTom, es ukanaskneli _ viteliusma. sisxlian weliwads mohyva axali dinastiis _
flaviusebis aRzeveba. am dinastiis pirveli imperatori iyo flavius vespa-
sianusi. rogorc Cans, naSromis umetesi nawili eZRvneboda periods vespasia-
nusidan domicianusis sikvdilamde. tacitusis mizania, miakvlios `mimdinare
movlenaTa mizezebsa da Sinagan kavSirebs~ (I, 4,1). mwerali uaryofiTad afasebs
flaviusebis mosvlas saxelmwifos saTaveSi, aaSkaravebs am reJims da ase axasia-
Tebs: `Seiryvna Zveli adaT-wesebi, saojaxo kavSirebi; zRva gaivso gemebiT,
romlebsac mihyavdaT gaZevebuli braldebulebi, mTa-borcvebi moirwya mok-
lulTa sisxliT. romSi ki ufro saSineli sisastike mZvinvarebs: yvelaferi
danaSaulad iTvleba: warCinebuloba, simdidre, maRali Tanamdebobebi (ro-
melic ekava adamians, an romelzec uari Tqva), yoveli siqvele garduvali da-
Rupvis sawindaria~ (I, 2, 2-3).
Tavis Txzulebas tacitusi iwyebs erTgvari SesavliT, romelSic Camo-
yalibebulia avtoris pozicia _ istorikoss unda axasiaTebdes ori Tviseba: ambis
ostaturad, maRalmxatvrulad gadmocemis unari da simarTle. ar unda gamoCndes
avtoris piradi ganwyobileba, Txroba unda warimarTos sine ira et studio (I,1).
à n a l e b i~. es naSromi TviT avtorma ase daasaTaura `RvTaebrivi avgustusis
gardacvalebis Semdgom~ (Ab excessu Divi Augusti). samecniero mimoqcevaSi miRebulia
am Txzulebis mokle saxeldeba ànalebi~. termini analebi momdinareobs sityvi-
dan annus (weliwadi) da aRniSnavs movlenaTa yovelwliur aRweras (JamTaRwera).
ànalebi~ da ìstoriani~, faqtobriv, erT mTlian Sromas warmoadgens, romel-
Sic moTxrobilia romis istoria 14-dan 96 wlamde. marTalia, ànalebi~ ìstori-
anis~ Semdeg daiwera, magram masSi aisaxa romis istoriis ufro adreuli peri-
odi. zogi varaudiT, tacitusma ànalebi~ Caifiqra, rogorc titus liviusis
naSromis (Ab urbe condita libri) gagrZeleba. saqme isaa, rom ànalebSi~ Txroba iwyeba
iqidan, sadac Sewyvita liviusma. ànalebma~ arasrulad moaRwia. gadmocemiT,
Txzuleba 30 wignisgan Sedgeboda. aqedan TiTqmis naxevari dakargulia. Txroba
iwyeba 14 wlidan _ avgustusis gardacvalebidan; aRwerilia tiberiusis, kali-
gulas, klavdiusis, neronis epoqebi. TxrobaSi bevri CarTuli epizodia, romleb-
Sic gadmocemulia miTosuri, geografiuli informacia. magaliTad: damwerloba
gamoigones egviptelebma, maTgan gadaiRes finikielebma, finikielebisgan _
berZnebma da etruskebma, romlebmac Seitanes romSi. tacitusi uyuradRebod ar
tovebs erTi SexedviT umniSvnelo ambebs. igi wers: ùmniSvnelo movlenebisgan...
arc Tu iSviaTad iwyeba seriozuli cvlilebebi saxelmwifoSi~ (IV, 32, 3).
tacitusi ufro vrclad aRwers Tavis Tanadroul ambebs. amasTan, igi eyrd-
noba mraval pirvelwyaros. aSkaraa, rom mwerals sZuls imperatorebi, maT
`siqveleTa (virtus) mtrebad~ miiCnevs. igi cdilobs am virtus- ebis gadarCenas.
CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania tacitusis SromebSi Semonaxuli in-
formacia amierkavkasiasa da kerZod, saqarTveloze. es Txzulebebi rom ara, aR-
niSnuli periodis saqarTveloSi mimdinare procesebi CvenTvis ucnobi iqneboda
(ix. al. gamyreliZis `tacitusisis cnobebi saqarTvelos Sesaxeb~).
tacitusi mogviTxrobs romisa da parTiis dapirispirebis ambavs. am konfliqt-
Si monawileobdnen iberia da somxeTi. qarTuli tomebi pirvelad ànalebis~ II
wignSia moxseniebuli; aq saubaria henioxebze, IV wignSi _ iberebze. VI wignSi ta-
citusi wers, rom imperatorma tiberiusma moindoma somxeTis taxtze iberTa me-
fis, farsmanis, Zmis _ miTridates dasma. Semdeg TavebSi aRwerilia brZola
somxeTis taxtisaTvis roms, iberiasa da parTias Soris (VI, 32-36). am informaciis
404 tacitusi
mixedviT, im droisaTvis iberia Zlieri saxelmwifo iyo. mas angariSs uwevda

romi. TxzulebaSi xatovnadaa gadmocemuli iberTa da albanelTa mier par-
Tielebis damarcxeba; farsmanis mier parTielebis sardlis daWra (VI, 35). mom-
devno TavSi moTxrobilia parTiis mefis _ artabanis laSqroba iberiaze da
qarTvelTa vaJkacuri daxvedra. XI TavSi awerilia miTridates xelaxla gamefeba
somxeTSi (XI,8). sayuradRebo informacias Seicavs XII wignis 44-e Tavi, romelSic
gadmocemulia 51 wlis ambebi: somex-iberTa orTabrZolebi. aqve vecnobiT qarT-
vel ufliswuls radamists; mis brZolas somxeTis taxtisaTvis; radamistisa da
zenobias tragikuli siyvarulis ambavs. radamisti Semdgom sakuTarma mamam
moakvlevina, rogorc moRalate (XIII, 37).
sayuradReboa III wigni, romelSic gadmocemulia aniketis ajanyebis ambebi. es
ajanyeba moxda Savi zRvis samxreT-aRmosavleT sanapiroze, ZiriTadad, Zveli
kolxeTis regionSi. rogorc Cans, ajanyeba mimarTuli iyo romis winaaRmdeg da
socialuri safuZveli hqonda. aniketi iyo mona. imperator vespasianuss sagangebo
RonisZiebaTa gatareba dasWirda ajanyebis CasaxSobad.
ànalebis~ VI wignSi moTxrobilia argonavtebis miTis is versia, romlis mixed-
viT, iberielebi da albanelebi TesalielTa STamomavlebad arian miCneulni (VI,
34).
ànalebSi~ tacitusi warmodga, rogorc publicisti da moralisti. igi wers:
ànalebis~ umTavres daniSnulebad vTvli, daicvas siqveliT gamorCeuli ambebis
xsovna; win aRudges ukeTur Worebsa da saqmeebs; sircxviliT Zrwola Caunergos
(ukeTurT) STamomavlobis winaSe~ (III, 65). faqtebis obieqturad gansjis parale-
lurad, tacitusi cdilobs, gaiazros da axsnas aRwerili movlenebi; surs, Caw-
vdes arss da ipovos mizezebi. amgvar analizs ori mizani hqonda: erTi mxriv,
romis istoriis retrospeqtiuli xedva; meore mxriv, daSvebul SecdomaTa gaT-
valiswineba TanamedroveTa mxriv. tacitusisaTvis mmarTvelobis yvelaze saZul-
veli forma tiraniaa. Sesabamisad, igi muq ferebSi xatavs tiberiuss, nerons.
amavdroulad igi eqspansiis apologetia. tacitusis azriT, yoveli saxelmwifo
unda zrunavdes sazRvrebis gafarToebaze (analebi, IV, 32). istorikosi mxolod im
xalxebisa da saxelmwifoebis mimarT iCens Semwynareblobas, romlebic proro-
manulad arian ganwyobilni. mwerlis simpaTias ar iwvevs imperiis aRmosavluri
nawili; mas arc berZnebi exateba gulze, miuxedavad imisa, rom maT didi kultura
Seqmnes. tacitusi mtruladaa ganwyobili axalfexadgmuli qristianobis mi-
marTac.
miuxedavad didi aRiarebisa, mecnierebi aRniSnaven tacitusis istoriuli
Sromebis calkeul xarvezebs. ànalebisa~ da ìstoriebis~ avtori jerovnad ver
gaerkva Tavisi epoqis mniSvnelovan politikur situaciaSi. qalaqma romma, ro-
melic didi xnis ganmavlobaSi wamyvani politikuri centri iyo, ukve avgustusis
epoqaSi dakarga es mniSvneloba da pirveloba dauTmo mTel italias. I saukuni-
saTvis (daaxloebiT adrianusis epoqidan) politikuri movlenebis centrSi mo-
eqca aRmosavleTi. es procesi tacitusma ver SeniSna.
tacitusi ambebs dinamiurad gadmoscems. yoveli wigni agebulia erTiani mxat-
vruli kompoziciiT da kargad jdeba saerTo sqemaSi. Txrobas axasiaTebs drama-
tizmi. tacitusi literaturuli portretis Seqmnis ostatad iTvleba. antiku-
robaSi tacitusi ar iyo sakmarisad dafasebuli. momdevno epoqebSi igi aRiares,
Seiswavles. bevri xelovanisaTvis tacitusisis Semoqmedeba STagonebis wyarod
iqca (pier korneli, rasini).
Txzulebebi: ìulius agrikolas cxovrebis Sesaxeb~ (àgrikola~),

`germanelTa warmoSobisa da adgilmdebareobis Sesaxeb~ (`germania~),
`dialogi oratorebis Sesaxeb~, ìstoriani~, ànalebi~.
valerius flakusi
(ax.w. I s.)
`...wminda galusis monasteri am qalaqidan (konstancidan) ociode milis moSo-

rebiT mdebareobs. iq, nawilobriv, TavSesaqcevad, nawilobriv ki, wignebis mo-
saZieblad gaveSureT. gvsmenoda, rom monasterSi didi wignTasacavi iyo... wignebi,
unda mogaxseno, mniSvnelobisda mixedviT ki ar iyo dalagebuli, zed koSkis
ZirSi bnel, binZur sapyrobileSi eyara, sadac, albaT, ukanasknel damnaSavesac ki
ar daamwyvdevdnen...~ _ ityobineboda broCilione pojo 1416 wels. werilSi
moxseniebul `wignebSi~ kvintilianusis, askonius pedianusisa da valerius
flakusis axladaRmoCenili manuskriptebi igulisxmeboda.
gaius valerius flakus setinus balbusi, romaeli poeti, ax.w. I saukuneSi
cxovrobda da moRvaweobda. misi biografiis Sesaxeb verafers vityviT garda
imisa, risi amokiTxvac àrgonavtikaSi~ xerxdeba.
igi senatorTa fenas ganekuTvneboda da iyo e.w. quindecimvir sacris faciundis, anu
`TxuTmetTa kolegiis wevri, romelic wminda ritualebs aRasrulebs~ (I, 5-7).
qurumTa es dajgufeba apolons emsaxureboda, kumeli sibilas wignebis mcveli
iyo da romSi ucxo kultTa aRsrulebas meTvalyureobda. valerius flakusi ax.w.
96 wlamde unda gardacvliliyo. rogorc poemis Sesavlidan Cans, valerius
flakuss Txzuleba ierusalimis aRebis Semdeg da jer kidev vespasianusis
mmarTvelobis dros dauweria, anu ax.w. 70 wlis Semdeg. IV wignSi naxsenebia vezu-
vis amofrqvevac, romelic ax.w. 79 wels unda momxdariyo (4, 507-511). ase rom, à r -
g o n a v t i k i s~ daweris TariRi da Sesabamisad, valerius flakusis moRvaweo-
bis savaraudo epoqis dadgenac am monacemebs eyrdnoba.
àrgonavtika~, valerius flakusis Cvenamde moRweuli erTaderTi poema, rva
wignisgan Sedgeba. VIII wigni daaxloebiT SuaSi wydeba, Tumca dRemde ucnobia, po-
emis dasruleba Tavad avtors ar dascalda, Tu wignis nawili ubralod dakar-
gulia.
w i g n i I : poema iwyeba mokle SesavliT. poeti jer apolons mimarTavs da Sem-
weobas Txovs, Semdeg ki vespasianuss. moTxrobilia friqsosisa da heles ambavi,
rogorc erTgvari motivacia kolxeTSi laSqrobisTvis. iasonma peliasisTvis
oqros sawmisi unda moipovos. minervas SemweobiT argos ageben, iuno ki iasonis
megzurad saxelovan gmirebs eZebs. misda samwuxarod, laSqrobaSi monawileobis
survils misi geri herkulesic gamoTqvams. caze arwivis gamoCena iasonisTvis
keTilismauwyebeli RvTaebrivi niSania. igi peliasis Zesac, akastussac arwmunebs,
rom masTan erTad gaemgzavros. laSqrobis win iasoni sakurTxevlebs agebs, neptun-
usisadmi locvas aRavlens da or misnobas ismens. gamosamSvidobebel zeimze or-
fevsi friqsosisa da heles Sesaxeb mReris. sizmarSi iasons mfarveli demoni ev-
lineba, rac mas amxnevebs da imeds STaunergavs. igi emSvidobeba mSoblebs. CaWrian
406 valerius flakusi
Tu ara bagirs, iupiteri argonavtebs gasamxneveblad elvas mouvlens. qariSxlis

Semdeg, romelsac neptunusi daacxobs, iasoni kvlav RmerTebs evedreba da msxver-
pls swiravs. peliasi iasonis mSoblebs xocavs.
w i g n i I I : mTeli Rame curvis Semdeg àrgo~ kunZul lemnoss miuaxlovdeba.
lemnosze kacTmoZule qalebi cxovroben, romlebsac qmrebi dauxocavT. maTi
dedofalia hifsipile. lemnoselebi argonavtebs umaspinZleben da isinic manamde
darCebian, vidre herkulesi gzis gagrZelebisken ar mouwodebs. herkulesi troas-
Tan hesiones aTavisuflebs. gzaSi mezRvaurebs hele gamoecxadebaT. gmirebi mefe
kizikosis samflobeloSi gadasxdebian.
w i g n i I I I : argonavtebi gzis gagrZelebas lamoben, magram dineba maT isev ki-
zikosTan riyavs. gmirebi adgils mxolod mogvianebiT, sisxlismRvreli Setakebis
Semdeg cnoben. berZnebi glovoben, micvalebulebs marxaven da gansanwmendel ritu-
alebs aRavlenen. male uaxloes sadgomzeve ymawvili hilasi ikargeba. herkuless, ro-
melic mis saZebrad miemarTeba, Tanamgzavrebi napirze toveben.
w i g n i I V : wylis zedapirze nimfas mier motacebuli hilasis xilva amSvidebs
herkuless. man axla promeTe unda gaaTavisuflos. orfevsi argonavtebs umReris.
argonavtebi bebrikosTa qveyanas miadgebian. poluqsi muSti-krivSi amarcxebs maT
mefes _ amikoss. moTxrobilia ios Sesaxeb, raTa bosforis dasaxeleba ganimartos.
Semdegi gaCereba argonavtebs finevsTan eliT. rodesac boriadebi gandevnian
harpiebs, romlebic mosvenebas ar aZleven finevss, misani madlierebis niSnad argo-
navtebs winaswarmetyvelebas amcnobs da rCeva-darigebebs aZlevs. àrgo~ gacdeba sim-
plegadebs da miriandinielTa qveyanaSi Cava.
w i g n i V : argonavtebi did danakliss ganicdian _ misani idmoni da mesaWe
tifisi raRac sneulebas emsxverplebian. sinopeSi argonavtebs sami axali
Tanamgzavri SeematebaT. minielebi kolxidaSi Cadian. iuno da minerva TaTbiro-
ben. iasoni, romelic argonavtebs aietisken miuZRvis, medeas Sexvdeba. mefis asuli
avismomaswavebel sizmars auRelvebia. medea iasons sasaxlisaken gzas miaswavlis.
sasaxlis karibWe sxvadasxva gamosaxulebiT moukazmavT. aieti stumrebs guliTa-
dad maspinZlobs da daxmarebas sTxovs _ misi qalaqisTvis persess alya Semourt-
yams. marsi, iupiteri da minerva bWoben, Semdeg ki nadimoben.
w i g n i V I : marsi miwaze Camodis, raTa minielebi gaanadguros. Sua brZolis
dros iuno daxmarebas venuss sTxovs. man medeas iasonisadmi siyvaruli unda STau-
nergos. iuno medeas misi dis, qalkiopes saxiT evlineba da galavnidan masTan erTad
adevnebs Tvals iasonis gmirobebs brZolis velze.
w i g n i V I I : maSin, rodesac trfobaSepyrobili medea sakuTar Tavs esau-
breba, ganrisxebuli aieti iasons axal ulmobel davalebebs aZlevs. iuno venuss
agzavnis, romelic kirkes saxes miiRebs da medeas iasonTan miuZRvis. jado-
balaxis meSveobiT medea iasons cecxlismfrqvevel xarebs moaTvinierebinebs da
miwidan aRmocenebul mxedrebsac daaxocinebs.
w i g n i V I I I : axla oqros sawmisis mopovebaRa rCeba. medea drakons monusxavs
da iasons sawmiss moatacebinebs. argonavtebi medeasTan erTad garbian. mdevars sa-
TaveSi afsirtosi Caudgeba da gaqceulebs dunais SesarTavTan wamoeweva. iuno ar-
gonavtebs kvlav exmareba da saSinel Storms moavlens, raTa xeli SeuSalos
kolxebs. iasoni medeas dabrunebas fiqrobs...
amgvaria valerius flakusis poemis sqematurad warmodgenili siuJeturi qarga.
poema kolxeTSi oqros sawmisisis mosapoveblad gamgzavrebuli minielebis ambavs
gadmoscems. Tanamedrove mkiTxvels saSualeba aqvs Tvali gaadevnos im avtorebs,
romlebsac flakusi argonavtebis Temis damuSavebisas eyrdnoboda: homeross, pin-
daross, apolonios rodosels, vergiliuss, ovidiuss, lukanuss. dReisTvis mxo-
lod apolonios rodoselis àrgonavtikis~ terencius varo atacinusiseuli Tar-
gmania dakarguli, romelic flakusisaTvis ueWvelad mniSvnelovan paradigmas war-
moadgenda. valerius flakusis Txzuleba, faqtobrivad, swored Zv.w. III saukunis ber-
Zeni epikosis, argonavtTa Tqmulebis sistematizatoris, apolonios rodoselis
eposis Tavisufal da niWier interpretacias warmoadgens.
romaelma poetma apoloniosiseuli oTxi simReris safuZvelze rvawigniani po-
ema Seqmna, Tanac ise, rom poemis mTliani moculoba ar gauzrdia.
mainc ram STaagona romaeli poeti, xeli moekida flaviusebis epoqisaTvis amdenad
Soreuli da Tanac sakmaod moyirWebuli TemisTvis? miT umetes, rom rodoselis
poemas romaul samyaroSi ukve kargad icnobdnen. amgvari STagonebis wyaro, upirve-
les yovlisa, romaeli imperatorebis sagareo politika iyo, orientirebuli aRmo-
savleT provinciebSi romis batonobis ganmtkicebasa da gafarToebaze, aseve
vespasianusis eqspedicia britaneTSi. SesaZloa, valerius flakusi Zveli sagmiro
ambebis SexsenebiT romaelTa gmiruli sulis gamoRviZebas cdilobda. pirvel wignSi
iupiteri aziis dacemasa da eladis aRmavlobas winaswarmetyvelebs (1, 542-560), arc
berZnebs eliT ukeTesi dRe _ codviT damZimebul elinebs romaelebi enacvlebian.
romi xom axal troad unda iqces (2, 573)! albaT, amiTve aris ganpirobebuli, rom
flakusiseuli iasoni radikalurad gansxvavdeba rodoselis prototipisgan. Tuki
apoloniosTan iasoni aqcentirebulad antiheroikuli, susti da unebisyofo perso-
naJia, flakusTan igi gambedavi, Tavdajerebuli, Rirseuli gmiria, anu iseTi, ro-
goric WeSmariti romaeli unda yofiliyo. valerius flakusiseuli suliskveTebis
warmosaCenad Tundac àrgonavtikis~ gmirebis ZiriTadi maxasiaTeblebi gamodgeba:
heroizmi, didebisaken ltolva, brZolis Jini, simamace, RvTismosavoba.
`Tesalieli tiranis eSmakuri didsulovneba ki ar maqezebs, RmerTma, RmerTma
mogvca marjve niSani! Tavad iupiterma moindoma, rom mis qveyanaSi mimosvla iyos
da mravali adamianis garja da Zalisxmeva ireodes. wamodiT, mamrebo, CemTan erTad
saorWofo CaidineT saqmeebi, romelTa xsovnac gagvaxarebs Cvenc da Cvens STamo-
mavlebsac!~ (1 245-49) _ ase mimarTavs iasoni megobrebs da ukve aqedanve ikveTeba
gansxvaveba apolonios rodoselis personaJTan. flakusTan iasoni peliasis
`msxverpli~ ki ar aris, aramed gmiri, romelsac SesaniSnavad aqvs gaazrebuli sa-
kuTari saqcieli.
misdevs Tu ara romaeli poeti berZnul paradigmas da ramdenad originaluria
igi tradiciuli ambis damuSavebisas? albaT, es aris is ZiriTadi kiTxva, romelsac
valerius flakusis poema aRZravs. unda aRiniSnos, rom berZnulma modelma va-
lerius flakusTan marTlac ganicada garkveuli saxecvlileba, oRond es naklebad
Seexo poemis Sinaarsobriv mxares da ZiriTadad gmirTa moqmedebis motivaciaTa
cvlilebaSi aisaxa. albaT, pirvel rigSi, swored tradiciad qceul motivaciaTa
transformacia aris is, rac valerius flakusis Txzulebas originalursa da sain-
teresos xdis. rogorc ukve iTqva, sruliad gansxvavebul WrilSi moCans iasonis ga-
dawyvetileba, rodesac igi saxifaTo laSqrobisTvis emzadeba. gansxvavebulad aris
motivirebuli medeas saqcielic, rodesac igi ucxotomels exmareba. marTalia,
medeas saqciels, erTi mxriv, RmerTebis neba gadawyvets, magram igi Tavadac aRSfo-
Tebulia mamis usamarTlobiT, romelmac stumrisTvis micemuli sityva gatexa.
sainteresod aris gadawyvetili afsirtosis scenac. tradiciis Tanaxmad, medeam
satrfos mcirewlovani da daucveli afsirtosi aakuwina. valerius flakusi ki mas
mamac, daundobel barbarosad warmogvidgens, romelic iasonsac emuqreba da mis sam-
Soblosac (VIII, 270-9). marTalia, aq flakusis poema wydeba da afsirtosis mkvleloba
aRwerili aRar aris, magram mkiTxvelisTvis cxadia, rom iasoni afsirtosis mokvliT
mxolod sakuTar Tavs ki ara, samSoblosac daicavs.
flakusis Txzulebas gansxvavebul elfers aniWebs isic, rom poetma gamotova
zogierTi epizodi (glavkosis epizodi, argonavtTa Tavgadasavali egeosis zRvaSi da
sxva) da gantvirTa poema mravali mosawyeni, skrupulozuri detalisgan. flakusma, Ta-
vis mxriv, Caamata kidec zogierTi pasaJi. magaliTad, persesisa da aietis brZola. va-
408 valerius flakusi
lerius flakusisTvis, erTi mxriv, mniSvnelovani iyo istoriul-geografiuli in-

formacia, romelic Cadebuli iyo argonavtebis miTSi, radganac es, rogorc aRiniSna,
exmianeboda romis imperiis eqspansias anatoliasa da SavizRvispireTSi. amave dros,
rogorc mwerlisTvis, saintereso iyo wminda mxatvruli aspeqtic. marTlac, mra-
valplaniani Tqmuleba, daxunZluli faTerakebiani mogzaurobis, ZalauflebisTvis
brZolisa da trfobis motivebiT, imTaviTve saukeTeso masala unda yofiliyo Semo-
qmedisTvis. valerius flakusma Seqmna poema, romelic TiTqosda erTmaneTisgan damou-
kidebeli, magram erTmaneTTan mWidrod gadawnuli ambebisgan Sedgeba. misi mxatvruli
teqnika rTulia da amave dros, daxvewili. romaeli poeti axerxebs imgvarad aagos
Txroba, rom mkiTxvels erTgvari ukmarisobis gancda daeuflos, moTxrobili ambavi
Tavis TavSi ar amoiwuros, daumTavrebeli darCes da gaaRvivos Semdgomi interesi.
amgvar `Sewyvetil~ ambebs poeti, rogorc wesi, Semdeg kvlav agrZelebs. aseTia Tundac
medeas siyvarulis amsaxveli metad lakonuri scena (7, 1-25), romelic odnav mogviane-
biT iSleba da viTardeba (7, 103-140).
valerius flakusTan, romelic apolonis qurumi iyo, gansakuTrebul rols
TamaSobs religia. flakusiseuli iasoni RvTismosavi personaJia, romelsac
RvTebrivi ganzraxva warmarTavs. flakusis poemaSi mosalodneleze xSirad aris
aRwerili iasonis mier msxverplis Sewirvis scenebi, winaswarmetyvelebebi. da Tu
iasoni mainc ar aris idealuri da srulyofili garkveuli adamianuri sisustee-
bis TvalsazrisiT, es imiT aixsneba, rom igi mainc mokvdavia da Tanac ara roma-
eli. aRsaniSnavia isic, rom valerius flakusTan adamianuri Tavisuflebis saz-
Rvrebi gacilebiT ufro SezRudulia, vidre Tundac apolonios rodoselTan.
mokvdavi uZluria RvTaebrivi nebis winaSe. magaliTad, medea, miuxedavad Tavisi
magiuri Zlevamosilebisa, sakuTari nebiT ki ar moqmedebs, aramed kirke-venusis
brZanebis morCilia. marTalia, msgavsi motivi apolonios rodoselTanac gaiJRe-
rebs (apoloniosTan medeas siyvarulis isars erosi styorcnis), magram berZen po-
etTan aqcenti gacilebiT Serbilebulia.
amgvarad, valerius flakusi cdilobs imgvarad daamuSavos tradiciuli am-
bavi, rom is aqtualuri da saintereso gaxados Tavisi epoqis romaeli mkiTxveli-
saTvis da axerxebs kidevac amas.
valerius flakuss kiTxulobdnen da afasebdnen ukve antikur epoqaSi. miniS-
nebebs mis poemaze vxvdebiT staciusTan, siliusTan, drakonciusTan. àrgonavtika~
citirebulia Sua saukuneebis florilegiebSi. mis Txzulebas icnobdnen
XII-XIV s-is cnobili mwerlebi: ioseb iskanusi, albertino musato, jefri Coseri.
da mainc, flakusis poeturi niWis Sefaseba araerTgvarovania, Tuki kvintilianes
sityvebs moviSveliebT, antikurma samyarom `bevri dakarga valerius flakusis
saxiT~, romauli literaturis istorikosis, karl biuxneris azriT, `valerius
flakusi rigiTi romaelisTvis aranakleb rTuli aRsaqmeli unda yofiliyo, vid-
re Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis~, romauli literaturis kidev erTi cnobili
mkvlevari, mixail fon albrexti ki flakusis poemas èpikuri teqnikis triumfad~
miiCnevs.
poema: àrgonavtika~.
iuvenalisi 409
iuvenalisi
(ax. w. 60 _ 140)
satiris Janri romaul literaturaSi sxva Janrebis msgavsad berZnulidan ar

Sesula, romSive warmoiSva. oRond sityva satiras Tavidan is mniSvneloba ar
hqonda, romliTac axla vxmarobT, _ igi narevs niSnavda, ufro zustad narev
saWmels, daaxloebiT Cvenebur `domxalsa~ Tu àjafsandals~. dRevandeli
mniSvneloba am sityvam mogvianebiT, iuvenalisis gavleniT SeiZina, xolo TviTon
iuvenalisis saxeli satirikosis sinonimad iqca.
decimus iunius iuvenalisi daibada laciumSi, qalaq akvinaSi (dRevandeli
akvino), misi dabadebisa da gardacvalebis zusti TariRebi cnobili ar aris,
viciT mxolod is, rom dabadebula neronis, xolo gardacvlila antoninus piusis
imperatorobis dros, oTxmocs gadacilebuli. amdenad, misi cxovreba
daaxloebiT ax. w. 60 _ 140 wlebiT TariRdeba. warmomavlobac zustad cnobili ar
aris, cxovrebis aRwerebi metad bundovan cnobebs gvawvdian, saidanac SeiZleba,
davaskvnaT, rom igi dabali warmoSobisa iyo da mamam Tu mamobilma, yofilma
monam, gazarda. man momaval satirikoss romSi sakmaod kargi gramatikul-
ritorikuli swavla miaRebina, magram, etyoba, arc iseTi mdidari iyo, rom
ymawvili kaci skolis damTavrebis Semdegac erCina. iuvenalisi deklamaciebis
Txzvas Seudga, romelTac TviTonve asrulebda.
Tavisi cnobili satirebis wera man mogvianebiT daiwyo, domicianusis gar-
dacvalebis Semdeg (ax. w. 96 w.), roca Tavisufali sityva Zveleburi sisastikiT
aRar idevneboda. TandaTanobiT mis deklamaciebSi satirebi sul ufro da ufro
met adgils ikavebs da warmatebiT aRfrTovanebuli satirikosi am saqmes Tavis
umTavres xelobad aqcevs. misi gardacvalebis Sesaxeb gviandeli versia aseT cno-
bas gvawvdis: erT-erTi epigrama, romelic iuvenaliss didi xnis winaT hqonda
dawerili, romeliRac gavlenianma, imperatoris karTan daaxloebulma msaxiobma
SecdomiT Tavis Tavze miiRo. satirikoss friad sapatio samxedro wodeba miani-
Wes da oTxmoci wlis berikaci egviptesa Tu britaneTSi laSqrad gaamgzavres,
sadac male kidevac gardaicvala. magram mkvlevarTa umetesoba am versias legen-
dad miiCnevs.
iuvenalisis saxeliT Cvenamde moRweulia heqsametriT Sesrulebuli Teqvsmeti
satira, romlebic man ax. w-is daaxl. 100 wlidan 127 wlamde xuT wignad gamoaqveyna.
pirveli, saprogramo satira Janris apologias warmoadgens. iuvenalisi ukle-
bliv gmobs Tavisi drois yvela poetur Janrs, elegiidan dawyebulsa da sadek-
lamacio tragediebiT damTavrebuls. sarkazmiT CamoTvlis maTSi Tavmoyril
yvelaze gavrcelebul miTologiur saxeebs, _ yovelive es misTvis mxolod
mkvdari tvirTia. TviTon am ferxulSi, cxadia, verasgziT ver Caebmeba, magram,
raki qaRalds mainc aravin zogavs, gadawyvita, didi luciliusis kvalze Sem-
410 iuvenalisi
dgariyo, anu satirebi ewera. Semdgom amisa, igi Tavisi gadawyvetilebis

mizezebze gvesaubreba.
`Znelia, satirebi ar wero, roca saWurisi qals irTavs da guSindeli dalaqi
patriciusis adgilas wamoWimula~, anu roca qveyana Tavdayira damdgara, zneoba
dacemula da yovelgvari biwiereba aRzevebula, roca sabolood dakargulia
sircxvili, sindisi, patiosneba. `niWic rom ar gqondes, _ acxadebs igi, _ leqss
mxolod aRSfoTeba dagawerinebs~. es sityvebi niSandoblivia. poeziis xelovne-
baze, formis silamazeze aq laparaki ukve aRar aris. axla mTavaria uzneobis
mxileba, mware sityvebiT gulis mooxeba. horaciusis gakveTilma am periodisaT-
vis nayofi ver gamoiRo.
Semdeg iuvenalisi konkretul SemTxvevebze gadadis, magaliTs magaliTi mos-
devs. Cven Tvalwin borotmoqmedTa Tu saeWvo pirTa mTeli galerea Caivlis:
TaRliTebi, damsmenebi, crumowmeebi, Sxamis mlesvelebi, axloblebs rom mousav-
leTSi gzavnian memkvidreobis xelSi Casagdebad... da kidev mravalni da mravalni,
saqmiT _ sxvadasxvani, xolo zneobiT _ erTni. umTavresi ki mainc is aris, rom dRes
yvelafers fuli wyvets, sulerTia, ra gziTaa naSovni, da wyeulma oqrom yovlad
uRirsi xalxi, maT Soris aRmosavleTidan CamoTeslili guSindeli monebi gaaba-
tona. am CamoTvlebSi yvelani erT sibrtyeze ganixilebian, isic, vinc colis say-
varels eloliaveba, rom misi qoneba xelSi Caigdos an sulac Sxamis mlesvelia, da
isic, visac avtori aranaklebi aRSfoTebiT mxolod imis gamo risxavs, rom Turme
cxenebisaTvis fuli ar ezogeba. aseTi ganurCevloba mamxilebel paToss dro-
dadro sakmaod anelebs.
magaliTebi, romlebic pirvel satiraSi CamoiTvala, Semdgom satirebSi Tema-
turad jgufdeba da ganvrcobili saxiT mogvewodeba. meore satira imaT wi-
naaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, vinc maRal zneobas qadagebs, TviTon ki sapirispirod
iqceva. yovlad gaxrwnili adamianebi Tavs zneobis filosofosebad asaReben.
mamakacebi, romlebic qalebis garyvnilebas mosTqvamen, qalis tansacmelSi ga-
mowyobilebi quCa-quCa dawanwaleben da zogjer kidevac Txovdebian. odesRac
mkacri zneobiT gamorCeulma romma aseTi arabunebrivi kavSirebiT TviT aRmo-
savleTis qveynebsac ki gadaameta.
mesame satiraSi poeti acxadebs, rom mzad aris, yinulovani okeanis piras sar-
matebs Soris icxovros, oRond ki romSi gamefebul sazarel yofas gaeqces. ma-
gram, rogorc irkveva, arsadac ar garbis da Tavis satiraSi vinme umbriciuss
alaparakebs, romelsac romi miutovebia, oRond iqve, italiaSi, zRvispira lamaz
qalaqSi dasaxlebula. romSi patiosani SromiT verafers miaRwev, ambobs igi,
berZnebisa Tu sxva cbieri aRmosavlelebis intrigebisagan saSveli aRar aris.
warCinebulTa da mdidarTa mier ubralo moqalaqis Cagvra romSi bevrad ufro
sazarelia, vidre sxvagan. patara qalaqSi simSvide mainc aris, RamRamobiT quCaSi
gavlisa ar SegeSindeba.
meoTxe da mexuTe satira gastronomiuli xasiaTisaa. meoTxeSi komikuri ambavia
moTxrobili, parodiis stiliT dawerili, rac iuvenalisis mTel SemoqmedebaSi
erTaderTi SemTxvevaa: misi nawarmoebi RimilisaTvis ar aris gamiznuli. imper-
ator domicianusis brZanebiT ikribeba didi saxelmwifo sabWo, unda gadawydes
friad mniSvnelovani sakiTxi, ra uyon uzarmazar kambalas, romelic meTevzem im-
perators miarTva. sakiTxis mTeli siZnele imaSi mdgomareobs, rom langari, ro-
melzec es Tevzi dauWrelad daeteoda, ar aRmoCnda. sabWos wevrebi erTimeoris
miyolebiT warmoTqvamen maRalfardovan sityvebs da bolos gadawydeba, rom sas-
wrafod gaakeTebinon specialuri langari, radgan saimperatoro sufraze Tevzis
naWer-naWer gatana yovlad samarcxvino saqme iqneba. Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad
maxvilgonivrulad miiCnevdnen am monaTxrobs iuvenalisis msmenelebi, magram imis
Tqma ki dabejiTebiT SeiZleba, rom satirikosma igi sakmaod marjved gamoiyena
iuvenalisi 411
domicianusis kariskacTa gamanadgurebeli daxasiaTebisTvis, isini yvelani Tav-

TavianTi namdvili saxelebiT figurireben.
mexuTe satira imaze mSfoTvarebs, rom sanadimod miwveul stumrebs sim-
didrisa da warCinebis mixedviT urCeven kerZebs, mdidrebsa da Raribebs Tana-
brad ar umaspinZldebian, rac avtors didi sinanuliT aTqmevinebs, rom klientis
xvedri maTxovrisaze uaresia.
meeqvse satira romael qalebs risxavs, maT Soris erTic ar moiZebneba, wesiere-
bisa da patiosnebis natamali rom SerCenodes. colis SerTvas apireb, postumus?
furiebi xom ar gdevnian an gvelma xom ar daggesla? arsebobs Toki da maryuJi,
arsebobs maRali sarTulebi, bolos da bolos, arsebobs emiliusis xidi, raRa
yvelaze ubeduri xvedri agirCevia? poetis azriT, romSi uklebliv yvela qali
garyvnilia, verc erT maTgans ver ipovi, rom komediants, gladiators, atlets ar
eZleodes. imperatrisa mesalina, keTilSobili britanikusis deda, saroskipoebSi
meZaobda liciskas saxeliT, iqaurobas yvelaze gvian tovebda da Sin mainc dauk-
mayofilebeli brundeboda. axlandeli qalebi yvelani imave jiSisa da jilagi-
sani arian. iuvenalisi erTmaneTze axvavebs maTi znedacemulobis amazrzen su-
raTebs.
magram misi risxva amiT ar amoiwureba. igi qalSi verafer kargs ver xedavs:
sianCxle, fuqsavatoba, mflangveloba, ampartavneba, Seubralebloba, mxolod
Cacma-daxurvasa da sakuTar silamazeze fiqri _ ai maTi Tvisebebis arasruli Ca-
monaTvali. Svilebi aRar undaT, qmrebi jadoqruli sasmelebiT hyavT dabanguli,
Tu sulac sawamlavi ar Seapares, rom maT qonebas srulad daepatronon. Tavs la-
mazad ar CaTvlian, aTenel qalebs Tu ver daemsgavsnen. samarcxvinod miaCniaT, ena
Tu berZnulad ar aWartales, viTom mSobliuri enis arcodna ufro samarcxvino
ar iyos. iuvenalisi ver egueba berZnebs da yvelaferi berZnuli mis aRSfoTebas
iwvevs.
saidan wamovida yvela es ubedureba? simdidrisagan, fufunebisagan. uwin
qalebs mTeli am mankierebisagan Sroma kurnavda, ojaxze, qmar-Svilze zrunva, rac
warsuls Cabarda. simdidris garda, amaSi didi wvlili xangrZliv mSvidobasac
miuZRvis, am mSvidobiT isargebles dapyrobilma xalxebma, sibarisidan, rodosi-
dan, miletidan, tarentidan roms Semoesivnen da TavianTi Sxami Semoitanes,
warxoces romauli zneoba. yovelive es TiTqos maRali wris qalebs ufro exebaT,
magram ara, aRSfoTebuli poeti arc Raribebs indobs da didi dagemovnebiT gvaw-
vdis im uzneobaTa nusxas, xelmokle qalebi rom sCadian.
qalTa gaxrwnilebis Temas iuvenalisi gansakuTrebuli enTuziazmiT amuSavebs:
es satira danarCenebze orjer da samjer vrcelia. Tumca satirikosi am mxriv arc
mamakacTa zneobazea ukeTesi azrisa, es sakiTxi merve satirad aris gamotanili,
magram aq masala iseTive siuxviT ar gamoirCeva, satirikosi erTaderT SemTxvevas
gvTavazobs, dialogs Zvel nacnobTan, romelic mWmunvare filosofosis saxiT
dadis, gamxdara, gacrecila, sikvdilis feri dasdebia. am kacis valia, rogorc
misi monaTxrobidan vigebT, erTdroulad moemsaxuros patronsac, visi klientic
gamxdara, da patronis meuRlesac, magram mag mZime SromaSi ise mcire gasamrje-
los iRebs, rom Tavi Zlivs gautania. satira masalis simcires skabrezuli ga-
moTqmebis simravliT inazRaurebs.
meSvide satira xelovanTa da mecnierTa mZime xvedrs exeba. yvela is, vinc wig-
nier kulturas qmnis, iseT gaWirvebaSia Cavardnili, rom maTi xelidan SeuZlebe-
lia, raime Rirebuli gamovides. mecenatebi aRar arian,, axlandel mdidrebs
xelovnebisa da mecnierebisa araferi gaegebaT. arada, poeti mxolod STagonebiT
ver icxovrebs, mas dRiuri sazrdoc sWirdeba. TviT horaciusic ki verafers
Seqmnida, mis gverdiT mecenati rom ar mdgariyo. unda memkvidreobiT lu-
kanusiviT an kvintilianusiviT mdidari iyo, rom guldamSvidebiT SeZlo Seni
412 iuvenalisi
saqmis keTeba, magram aseTi gamonaklisebi iSviaTia. kaci, romelmac TavauRebeli

SromiT uzarmazari codna daagrova, iZulebulia, ymawvils daudges mwvrTne-
lad, am saqmidan ki weliwadSi imdensac ver iRebs, ramdensac gladiatori erT
dReSi, cirkis erT Camovlaze...
amgvaria pirveli sami wignis Tematika, rasac iuvenalisis saxeli da dideba em-
yareba. danarCen or wignSi mamxilebeli paTosi Camqralia. rogorc varaudoben, aq
moTavsebuli satirebi Rrma sibereSi daiwera. aRSfoTebis emocia mkiTxvelamde
veRar aRwevs, radgan swored is mrisxveli Zala aklia, iuvenalisis mTavar Rirse-
bas rac Seadgens. bolo or wignSi maTi adgili filosofiur-moralisturma
gansjam daikava. poeti ganyenebulad msjelobs imaze, Tu rogor unda icxovros
kacma, rom sulier simSvides miaRwios, ascdes sindisis qenjnas da ase Semdeg da
Semdeg, magram misi msjeloba verc azrobrivad da verc gamosaxvis saSualebebiT
Zvelebur interess veRar aRZravs. mTeli es sibrZne stoikosTa debulebebis
ubralo gadamRerebas warmoadgens da savsebiT banaluria.
saerTodac, iuvenalisis Semoqmedeba racionaluri sawyisis siRrmiTa da simax-
viliT naklebad gamoirCeva, igi Cvenze emociis ZaliT zemoqmedebs, dramatizmiT,
ritorikuli mgznebarebiT. iuvenalisi wignis dasawyisSive gvicxadebs, rom aq
moqceulia kacTa mTeli cxovreba, _ rogorc TviTon CamoTvlis, `survili, SiSi,
mrisxaneba, siame, sixaruli, intrigebi~, magram sinamdvileSi ganuwyvetliv imeo-
rebs erTsa da imave braldebebs da es CamonaTvali, romlis ucnaur Tanmimdevro-
basac saleqso sazomi ganapirobebs, sanaxevrodac ar aris realizebuli. koncen-
trireba mxolod adamianTa mankierebebze xdeba.
es erTferovneba ostaturad daxatuli yofiTi suraTebis simravliT aris
anazRaurebuli. iuvenaliss SeuZlia ramdenime zusti StrixiT namdvilobis,
cxovelmyoflobis iluzia Seqmnas, Tumca yovelive is, rasac mogviTxrobs, mamx-
ilebluri mizandasaxulobis Sesabamisad, Zalze tendenciurad aris mowvdili.
satirikosi cxovrebaSi avis mets verafers xedavs.
marTalia, iuvenalisi meTvramete saukunis evropaSi `did tiranTmebrZolad~
ganixileboda, magram Semdgomi periodis mkvlevarni am azrs bolomde ar iziare-
ben, umravlesoba miiCnevs, rom misi mamxilebeli paTosi politikuri xasiaTisa ar
aris. Tumca igi Savi ferebiT xatavs imperatorebs, xolo respublikis momxreni
umetes SemTxvevaSi simpaTiurad gamoiyurebian, magram es ufro pirovnuli simpa-
Tia-antipaTiis gamoZaxilia, vidre politikuri tendenciebisa. ar arsebobs raime
politikuri an Tundac socialuri Zala, romelsac igi TanaugrZnobdes. ganur-
Cevlad risxavs didgvarovansa Tu gamdidrebul mdabios, da maTTan erTad imasac,
vinc simdidres ver ewia.
misi risxva axlo warsulisaken, ZiriTadad domicianusis epoqisaken, aris mi-
marTuli, uSualod Tanamedroveobas ar exeba. TviTon amas sifrTxiliT xsnis,
Tumca iqve dasZens, rom ebrZvis kacTa mankierebebs, romlebic yvela droSi erT-
nairia. miuxedavad amgvari pesimizmisa, romis warsuli mainc idealad esaxeba. si-
namdvileSi mas naklebad ainteresebs istoriuli simarTle, radgan Zveli romi
misTvis mxolod kvarcxlbekia da am kvarcxlbekze Sedgoma moralur uflebas
aZlevs, dRevandeloba dagmos da SeaCvenos.
misi poeturi da sityvieri ostatoba arc ise maRalia. stili ZiriTadad
maRalfardovania, zeaweuli, magram gauwonasworebeli, sadac SigadaSig uxeSi
metyveleba, zogjer bilwsityvaobac iWreba. iumori, Tundac gasaRimari ironia,
iuvenalisisaTvis ucxoa. misi ironiaca da groteskic yovelTvis kuStad se-
riozulia. satirebis kompozicia qaoturia, maTi gabmiT kiTxva did moTminebas
moiTxovs, ufro msmenelisaTvis aris SeTxzuli, vidre mkiTxvelisaTvis. rogorc
aRniSnaven, ritorikulma da deklamaciurma gamocdilebam mTavari roli iTamaSa.
azri da emocia arsaiT miedineba, deklamaciis dros amis saWiroeba aki arc aris,
iuvenalisi 413
yvelaferi Tavze erTbaSad unda dagvacxres, SegvZras, amosunTqvis saSualeba ar

mogvces.
ucnobia, ra gamoZaxili hqonda iuvenalisis Semoqmedebas antikur xanaSi, sax-
eldebiT mas mxolod marcialisi moixseniebs, magram moixseniebs, rogorc mego-
bars, mis Semoqmedebas ar exeba. umcrosi pliniusi ambobs, rom TanamedroveTa
Soris arian satirikosebi, romlebsac momavali Taobebi didad daafaseben, ma-
gram dasaxelebiT aravis asaxelebs. miCneulia, rom igi iuvenaliss gulisxmobda.
Sua saukuneTa saeklesio qadagebebSi xSirad gamoiyeneboda misi striqonebi,
roca mqadageblebi zneobis dacemaze laparakobdnen, oRond es striqonebi mkac-
rad iyo SerCeuli, yovelgvari skabrezulobisagan gawmendili. maTgan mcire sas-
wavlo anTologiebic ki Seadgines, romelTa gavleniTac iuvenaliss èTikuri po-
eti~ ewoda. nacnoboba mis poeziasTan faqtobrivad amiT amoiwureboda. aRorZi-
nebis xanaSi mas, rogorc Cans, ufro srulad icnobdnen, dadasturebulia oriode
SemTxveva misi motivebis gamoyenebisa, ramdenjerme moxseniebuli hyavs rables,
magram iuvenalisis SemoqmedebiT gansakuTrebuli aRtaceba ar SeiniSneba.
iuvenalisis gandideba ganmanaTleblobis epoqaSi daiwyo, antimonarqistulad
ganwyobilma wreebma misi poezia farze aitaces da misgan tiranTmebrZolisa da
anTebuli respublikelis idealizebuli saxe Seqmnes. amgvari damokidebuleba
mecxramete saukunis pirvel naxevarsac gamohyva. aseTad xedavda mas viqtor
hiugo, Tavadve anTebuli respublikeli. Semdgom xanebSi iuvenalisis Semo-
qmedebiT aRtacebam SesamCnevad iklo. satiris Janri, romelic iuvenalisis gav-
leniT erT dros mTel evropas moedo, savsebiT miviwyebulia, dRes ukve aRar
arsebobs. satirulma motivebma Tavi sxva Janrebs Seafares.
magram meTvramete saukunis mimarTeba iuvenalisisadmi, risma gamoZaxilmac
TiTqmis Cvens dromde moaRwia, mxolod subieqturobiT ar aixsneba. am tipis po-
eti arc antikur da, SesaZloa, arc Semdgomi periodis evropas ar hyolia. iu-
venalisis Semoqmedeba garkveuli TvalsazrisiT unikaluria.
satirebi: iuvenalisis Teqvsmeti satira.

414 svetoniusi
svetoniusi
(daaxl. 70-140 ww.)
gaius svetonius trankvilusi Tavisi drois uganaTlebulesi adamiani da er-

Tob mravalferovani mwerali unda yofiliyo. svidas cnobil leqsikonSi war-
modgenilia am romaeli avtoris qmnilebaTa arasruli nusxa, romelmac mkvle-
varT SesaZlebloba misca esaubraT mis enciklopediur SesaZleblobebze. mar-
Tlac, Tu svidas nusxis mixedviT vimsjelebT, unda vaRiaroT, rom sventoniuss
erTnairad ainteresebda keisarTa, mefeTa Tu heteraTa biografiebi, ciceronis
TxzulebaTa komentireba, romauli sanaxaobebi, berZnuli saymawvilo TamaSebi,
samosis nairsaxeobani da sxva. samwuxarod nusxaSi warmodgenil qmnilebaTagan
Cvenamde moaRwia mxolod 1. `T o r m e t i k e i s r i s c x o v r e b a m~ (srulad);
2. Txzulebam `s a x e l o v a n k a c T a S e s a x e b~ (arasrulad); 3. f r a g m e n -
t e b m a sxva nawarmoebebidan. metad mcire ram aris cnobili maTi avtoris cxov-
rebazec. svetoniusis dabadebis da gardacvalebis zusti TariRebic ki daudgene-
lia. umniSvnelo miniSnebebs mwerlis biografiis Taobaze Tavad misive qmnilebeb-
Si vxvdebiT, moixsenieben mas plinius umcrosi da zogierTi sxva avtori. am cno-
bebze dayrdnobiT svetoniusis cxovrebasa da moRvaweobaze SeiZleba iTqvas Sem-
degi: igi 70-iani wlebis dasawyisSi unda dabadebuliyo. misi ojaxi romael mxe-
darTa fenas miekuTvneboda. mis mamas imperator oTos legionSi tribunis Tanam-
deboba unda sWeroda. Tavad svetoniusma romSi miiRo ganaTleba jer gramati-
kosTa, xolo Semdeg oratorTa skolaSi, romlis dasrulebis Semdegac moxvda
plinius umcrosis wreSi. pliniusi aTi wliT Tu iqneboda svetoniusze ufrosi,
Tumca ukve ganaTlebuli adamianisa da saintereso mwerlis saxeli hqonda moxve-
Wili. man Seiyvara enciklopediuri niWiT dajildovebuli axalgazrda kaci da
cxovrebis bolomde misi erTguli mfarveli iyo.
romSi mxedarTa fenis warmomadgenlis kariera, Cveulebriv, samxedro samsaxu-
riT iwyeboda, magram svetoniuss ar xiblavda cxovrebis es gza. pliniusis daxma-
rebiT is romSi darCa da qurumTa ori kolegiis wevrobis ufleba miiRo. sveto-
niusi advokatis saqmianobiTac iyo dakavebuli, Tumca uSedegod. am periodSi
wers igi Tavis pirvel Txzulebas, albaT `saxelovan kacTa Sesaxeb~, romelmac na-
wilobriv moaRwia Cvenamde. svetoniusi pliniusis daxmarebiT romis maxloblad
yidulobs mamuls, raTa mSvidi cxovrebisa da samwerlo moRvaweobis saSualeba
mieces (ix. pliniusi, werili I, 24).
117 wels mebrZol traianuss saimperatoro taxtze cvlis ganswavluli hadria-
nusi, mecnierebisa da xelovnebis qomagi da damfasebeli. svetoniuss moulodnelad
sasaxlis karze samsaxuris SesaZlebloba eZleva: mas saimperatoro kancelariaSi
iwvevn da sazogadoebriv biblioTekaTa meTvalyureobas avaleben; Semdeg kidev
svetoniusi 415
ufro sapatio Tanamdebobas sTavazoben _ igi mTavari mrCeveli xdeba koresponden-

ciaTa sferoSi (ab epistulis). sasaxlis karze muSaobam svetoniuss saxelmwifo arqivTa
kari gauxsna, rac didad daexmara mas mTavari Txzulebis `Tormeti keisris cxovre-
bis~ dasrulebaSi. wigni svetoniusma pretorianelTa armiis meTaurs, septikius
klaruss miuZRvna. Cans, mwerali mas pliniusis wreSi dauaxlovda. pliniusis gar-
dacvalebis Semdeg ki misi saxiT axali mfarveli SeiZina. miZRvnas Cvenamde ar mouR-
wevia, radganac am Txzulebis dasawyisi xelnawerebSi dakargulia.
svetoniusis kariera sasaxlis karze xanmokle aRmoCnda. 122 wels imperatorma
mweralica da misi mfarveli pretorianelic Tanamdebobidan gaaTavisufla. had-
rianusis biografosis, spartianusis Tanaxmad, amis mizezad imperatrisa sabina-
sadmi maT zedmetad Tavisufal damokidebulebas asaxelebdnen (`hadrianusi~, 11, 3).
mkvlevarebi Tavs uflebas aZleven eWvi Seitanon am gadmocemaSi, Tumca sxva versi-
is SemoTavazebasac ver axerxeben. svetoniusi im dros 50 wlis unda yofiliyo. is
Tu rogor warimarTa misi Semdgomi cxovreba, istoriisTvis ucnobia, Tumca svi-
dasTan dasaxelebul TxzulebaTa raodenobis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, mas kidev
didxans unda ecocxla. varaudoben, rom svetoniusi ax.w. 140 wlidan 150 wlamde
SualedSi unda gardacvliliyo.
rodesac svetoniusma daaxloebiT 120 wels Tavisi umTavresi qmnileba `T o r -
m e t i k e i s r i s c x o v r e b a~ gamoaqveyna, romis imperia arsebobis 150 wels
iTvlida. miuxedavad amisa saxelovan imperatorTa biografiis am krebulSi ver-
sad SevxvdebiT epoqaTa Tu movlenaTa analizs an filosofiuri xasiaTis msje-
lobebs imperiis bedze. amas ubralo axsna aqvs: svetoniusi ar iyo politikosi da
arc Rrmad moazrovne filosofosi. misi Txzuleba sxva TvalsazrisiT aris mniS-
vnelovani: rom araferi vTqvaT masSi warmodgenili faqtebis siuxveze, igi doku-
mentia im epoqisa, rodesac `ganaTlebuli monarqiis~ Teoria Camoyalibda. biog-
rafiebi erTian WrilSi srulad gvisabuTeben im programas, Tu risi ganxorcie-
leba marTebs mbrZanebels gabatonebuli klasis keTilganwyobisaTvis. am progra-
mis zogi Tezisi specifikuri iyo da mas mxolod viwro, epoqaluri mniSvneloba
hqonda, zogma ki, universalurobis gamo dRemde SeinarCuna aqtualoba. swored
amitom es Txzuleba erTiani interesiT ikiTxeboda momdevno ocsaukunovani is-
toriis yvela etapze. es gaxda mizezi imisa, rom svetoniusis mravalricxovan
qmnilebaTagan man erTad-erTma moaRwia srulad Cvenamde (ara Cans mxolod da-
sawyisi).
krebulSi warmodgenilia iulius keisris, avgustusis, tiberiusis, kaligulas,
klavdiusis, neronis (neros), galbas, oTos, viteliusis, vespasianusis, titusisa
da domicianusis (domitianusis) cxovrebaTa aRwerilobani. unda aRiniSnos, rom
am Janris nawarmoebebi adreul epoqebSic iqmneboda, magram maT umeteswilad an
moraluri, an istoriuli an saxotbo daniSnuleba hqondaT. svetoniusis qmnileba
gansxvavebulia maTgan imiT, rom msgavs daniSnulebaTagan Tavisufalia. mwerali
ki ar irCevs imperatorebs, aramed qronologiuri TanmimdevrobiT warmogvid-
gens maT da Cvens Tvalwin mxatvrul suraTebad Caiqroleben romauli saxelmwi-
fos òqros xanisa~ da momdevno epoqis dauviwyari saxeebi. mniSvnelovania isic,
rom svetoniusi xotbas ki ar asxams keisrebs, aramed piruTvnelad aRwers maT
kargsa Tu ukeTur Tvisebebs. misi mizani naTelia: ki ar axsnas, aramed mxolod Sea-
fasos movlenebi, mogvawodos faqtebi yovelgvari urTierTkavSiris gareSe; ki
ar dagvmoZRvros, aramed ubralod _ dagvainteresos! swored es mizani gansazR-
vravs svetoniusiseul biografiaTa agebulebis Taviseburebas, rogorc faqtebis
SerCevis, aseve ganawilebis TvalsazrisiT.
faqtebis SerCeva svetoniusTan ganpirobebulia avtoriseuli arCevaniT: dag-
vixatos imperatoris da ara imperiis suraTi. amitom istoriuli foni Txzuleba-
Si ukana planzea an sulac ar Cans. svetoniusi mogviTxrobs ara istoriul movle-
416 svetoniusi
nebze, aramed imaze, Tu ras iqmoda am movlenebisas imperatori. ase magaliTad, si-
ciliuri omis gadamwyvet brZolas mxolod imitom moixseniebs igi, rom aRniSnos,
Tu ra mkvdariviT eZina oqtavianuss wina Rames. svetoniusis mzera mxolod mTavar
gmirzea SeCerebuli. igi CamogviTvlis imperatoris mier ganxorcielebul yvela
saqmes _ gamocemul kanons Tu ediqts, aSenebul taZars Tu arkas, aRmarTul sam-
sxverplos, daarsebul qalaqs, mogebul oms, dawesebul sanaxaobas; agviwers mis
damokidebulebas senatTan da senatorebTan, samsjavros moRvaweobas, magram uyu-
radRebod tovebs im saxelovan adamianebs, romlebic mis gverdiT dganan: avgus-
tusis biografiaSi moixseniebian mxolod agripa da mecenati (mekenasi); neronis
biografiaSi adgili ar rCeba senekasaTvis da a.S.
svetoniusis xelwerisaTvis niSandoblivia agreTve yuradRebis gamaxvileba ke-
isarTa pirad cxovrebaze. Cans, misi epoqis mkiTxvels es gansakuTrebiT aintere-
sebda (gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom epoqebi icvlebian, xolo mkiTxvelTa interesi
ucvleli rCeba). keisris satrfialo Tavgadasavlebze svetoniusi ufro mets mog-
viTxrobs, vidre mis mier galiis dapyrobaze; vespasianusis biografiaSi Tavmoy-
rilad aris warmodgenili am imperatoris xumrobani da araferia naTqvami senat-
Tan dakavSirebuli misi cnobili dadgenilebis Taobaze da a.S. magram es biogra-
fosis ufleba iyo: igi xom pirovnebis cxovrebis aRwerilobas gvTavazobda da
ara istorias.
svetoniusis biografiebSi gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eniWeboda faqtebis
ganawilebas. am mxriv avtors sakuTari sqema hqonda SemuSavebuli, rasac gvam-
cnobda kidec avgustusis biografiaSi (9). es sqema ar aris universaluri, Tumca
zogadad misi warmodgena SesaZlebelia am saxiT:
1. imperatoris modgma; 2. dabadebis adgili da dro; 3. bavSvobis xana (midreki-
lebani da winaswarmetyvelebani); 4. karieris dasawyisi, Tanamdebobani; 5. taxtze
aRzeveba, aRsrulebuli saqmeebi araqronologiuri TanamimdevrobiT; imperiis
Sina da sagareo politika, imperatoris roli saxelmwifoSi; 6. imperatoris ga-
regnoba, simaRle, agebuleba, Tvalebi, gamometyveleba; 7. imperatoris xasiaTi,
romlis naTelsayofadac avtori istoriul movlenebs warmogvidgens qronolo-
giis daucvelad; 8. imperatoris literaturuli moRvaweoba an misi damokidebu-
leba xelovnebisadmi; 9. vrceli aRwera im movlenebisa, romlebmac ganapirobes im-
peratoris gardacvaleba. am SemTxvevaSi mwerali maqsimalurad zustia da pi-
ruTvneli.
svetoniusis Txrobis amosavali principia Tanmimdevroba ara drois, aramed
movlenaTa (neque per tempora, sed per species) Sesabamisad. am kompoziciur wyobas eqvem-
debareba Txzulebis stilic. mwerals portretebis Sesaqmnelad sWirdeba sizus-
te, sinaTle da lakoniuroba. igi wers ara stilisturi tradiciis Sesabamisad,
aramed ise, rogorc amas iTxovs mis xelT arsebuli masala. svetoniusis stili
ufro saqmiania, vidre mxatvruli. albaT, es saimperatoro karis kancelariaSi ga-
tarebulma wlebma ganapirobes. ras warmoadgenda es stili? frazaTa erTferov-
neba, frazis dawyeba mTavari sityviT, dasruleba _ zmniT, Tanwyoba nacvlad
qvewyobisa, kavSiris ugulebelyofa, pleonazmebi cnebis dasazusteblad da a.S.
magram amisda miuxedavad svetoniuss SeuZlia Tavi daaRwios erTferovnebas. igi
ostaturad marTavs Txrobis temps, xan movlenaTa zogad suraTs gvTavazobs, xan
detalurad aRwers portretisaTvis saxasiaTo faqts. mwerals kargad hqonda ga-
azrebuli, rom werda ara swavlulTaTvis, aramed cnobismoyvare mkiTxvelTaTvis.
da marTlac, yvela epoqis cnobismoyvare mkiTxvelebma ufro meti keTilganwyo-
biT miiRes misi qmnileba, vidre profesionalma istoriografosebma. es ukanas-
knelni miiCnevdnen, rom svetoniuss aklda istoriis grZnoba, ar hqonda fsiqoana-
lizis unari, literaturuli sinatife da a. S. magram isini yurad ar iRebdnen im
faqts, rom svetoniuss sulac ar miaCnda Tavi istoriografosad (tacitusis
svetoniusi 417
msgavsad) an moralistad (plutarqosis msgavsad). mas surda Tavad mkiTxvelisaT-

vis miendo movlenebi Sesafaseblad. amitomac Tavs ikavebda da sakuTari azris ga-
moTqmas gaurboda. Cans, igi ar iyo Rrmad moazrovne filosofosi da arc gamor-
Ceuli niWiT dajildoebuli mwerali. Tumca gasaocari sizustiT aRiqvamda mov-
lenebs da daxvewili gemovnebiT alagebda maT erTiani biografiuli tilos Se-
saqmnelad. `keisrebma~ gamosvlisTanave miipyro sazogadoebis yuradReba. mogvia-
nebiT ki svetoniusis TiTqmis yvela qmnilebam farTo aRiareba hpova. maTi mibaZ-
viT mravali Txzuleba Seiqmna. `cxovrebaTa aRwerilobis~ svetoniusiseuli sqema
yvela epoqis biografosTa nimuSad iqca. cnobilia, rom marius maqsimuss (daaxl.
165-230 ww.) dauweria `keisrebis~ gagrZeleba, romelsac Cvenamde ar mouRwevia,
magram igi safuZvlad dasdebia e.w. ìmperatorTa istoriis eqvsi mwerlis~ Txzu-
lebas, romelSic warmodgenilia 117-284 wlebSi moRvawe keisarTa biografiebi.
Sua saukuneebSi svetoniusis gavleniT einhardma dawera `karlos didis cxovre-
ba~. mniSvnelovani aRmoCnda `keisrebi~ istoriuli TvalsazrisiTac, saukuneTa
manZilze mas mravali istoriografosi da mwerali mimarTavda, maT Soris viqtor
avreliusi, dio kasiusi, avsoniusi, petrarka da sxvebi.
ase rom, filologosTa da istoriografosTa Sefasebebis simkacrem veraferi
avnes svetoniusis popularobas. misi umTavresi qmnileba _ `Tormeti keisris
cxovreba~, es umniSvnelovanesi Zegli, romelmac Taviseburi gavlena iqonia evro-
pul kulturaze, Tanamedrove samyaroSic antikurobiT dainteresebuli ganaT-
lebuli mkiTxvelis samagido wignia.
Txzulebebi: `Tormeti keisris cxovreba~ (srulad);

`saxelovan kacTa Sesaxeb~ (arasrulad);
fragmentebi sxva Txzulebebidan.
418 markus avreliusi
markus avreliusi
(121-180 ww.)
markus avreliusma Tavisi saxeli ukvdavyo berZnul enaze dawerili filoso-

fiuri traqtatiT `s a k u T a r T a v T a n~ (`T a; e ij " eJ a u t w' n ~)1, romelsac mi-
si gardacvalebis Semdeg miagnes. es gaxlavT marTlac `sakuTar TavTan~ darCeni-
li adamianis fiqrebi, sadac gasaocari siRrmiT aRibeWda diadi imperiis keTil-
Sobili mbrZaneblis cxovrebiseuli mrwamsi: ìyavi, rogorc kldovani koncxi, _
werda igi, _ romelsac RrialiT awydebian talRebi, is ki mSvidad dgas da mis
garSemo TandaTan cxreba boboqari wylis mZvinvareba~ (`fiqrebi~, IV, 49). am Segne-
biT gaatara markus avreliusma Tavisi xanmokle sicocxle. igi 59 wlis asakSi
gardaicvala borotmzraxvelTa da SeTqmulTa xeliT ki ara, umetes romael impe-
ratorTa msgavsad, aramed mZime seniT, romelic romSi mZvinvarebda da romelsac
Savi Wiri erqva saxelad.
markus avreliusi daibada 121 wlis 26 aprils romSi, warCinebulTa mdidar
ojaxSi, romlis warmomadgenlebic aqtiur monawileobas iRebdnen imperiis po-
litikur cxovrebaSi. misi papa, anius verusi senatorTa wres ganekuTvneboda da
mudam ekava pretorisa Tu konsulis (samgzis) sapatio Tanamdebobebi.
sami wlis iqneboda markusi, rodesac gardaecvala mama, romelsac aseve anius
verusi erqva da Semdgom ukve misi aRzrda papam iTava.
romauli elitis wreSi aRzrdilma ymawvilma, romelic Tavisi gonierebiT ga-
moirCeoda, imperator hadrianusis (hadrianes) yuradReba miipyro. eqvsi wlis
asakSi igi mxedarTa wreSi Caricxes (imperiis periodSi mxedrebs anu ekvitebs uf-
leba hqondaT daekavebinaT maRali Tanamdebobebi saxelmwifoSi), ori wlis Sem-
deg ki saliebis qurumTa kolegiaSic miiRes. imperatorma hadrianusma Tavis rCe-
uls ùmarTlesi~ (Verissimus) Searqva, saukeTeso moZRvrebi SeurCia da piradad
iTava mis ganaTlebaze zrunva. swored hadrianusis ZalisxmeviT iqca igi Tavisi
epoqis saukeTeso moazrovned.
Tormeti wlis asakidan daiwyo markusma filosofiis Seswavla. gansakuTrebiT
dainteresda igi saxelovani stoikosis, epiqtetesis moZRvrebiT, romelsac apo-
lonios qalkedonelma aziara. stoikosTa filosofiis erTguli darCa markus av-
reliusi cxovrebis bolomde: igi qeduxrelad itanda bedis siaveT da yovelgva-
ri gasaWiris Jams inarCunebda sulis simSvides da samarTlianobis grZnobas. `da-
ucadeblad izrune misTvis, rom is, rasac dRes akeTeb, _ vkiTxulobT mis `fiqreb-
Si~ _ akeTo ise, rogorc Sehferis romaels da mamrs _ WeSmariti sidinjiT da si-
1
antikuri xanis am brwyinvale Zeglis qarTuli Targmani saxelwodebiT `fiqrebi~, romelic
ramdenimejer gamoica, ekuTvnis baton baCana bregvaZes. amonaridebs warmovadgen wignidan:
markus avreliusi, fiqrebi. Zveli berZnulidan Targmna, winasityvaoba da SeniSvnebi daurTo
baCana bregvaZem, Tbilisi, 1972.
darbaisliT, kacTa mimarT siyvaruliT, sruli TavisuflebiTa da simarTliT; xo-

lo ganiride yvela sxva sazrunavi. Sen SeZleb amas, Tu yovel saqmes aRasruleb,
rogorc ukanasknels Sens sicocxleSi~ (II, 5).
138 wels hadrianusi gardaicvala da taxtis memkvidred gamocxadda misi Svi-
lobili, antoninus piusi, romelic roms TiTqmis meoTxedi saukune marTavda (138-
161 ww). gardacvlili imperatoris anderZis Tanaxmad, antoninusma iSvila Wabuki
markusi da elius verusis (saimperatoro taxtis memkvidre 138-137 ww.) umcrosi va-
Ji, lukius verusi. imperators Tavisi Svilebic hyavda, magram Tavidanve cxadi
iyo, rom taxtis memkvidreTa Soris upiratesoba swored markus avreliuss eniWe-
boda. mas colad unda SeerTo antoninusis qaliSvili ania galeria faustina.
qorwili niSnobidan eqvsi wlis Semdeg Sedga. am xnis ganmavlobaSi ki antoninusma
igi saxelmwifos marTvis xelovnebas aziara, daniSna ra umaRles saxelmwifo Ta-
namdebobebze. istoriaSi iSviaTad daiZebneba mamaSviluri siyvarulis ufro na-
Teli magaliTi. antoninusi mxolod mamis magivrobas ki ar uwevda Svilobils,
aramed igi misi megobari da moZRvaric iyo. mogvianebiT markusi Tavis `fiqrebSi~
aseT Canawers gaakeTebs: `mamobilis wyalobiT veziare Tvinierebas. is maswavlida,
arasodes meRalatna xangrZlivi bWobis Sedegad miRebuli gadawyvetilebebis-
Tvis, arad Camegdo fuWi idea, myvareboda Sroma da yuradRebiT movkidebodi yve-
lafers, rasac odnavi sargeblobis motana mainc SeeZlo erisaTvis; maswavlida,
rogor mimego TviTeulisTvis misi kuTvnili, rogor gamerCia, sad mlmobeli vyo-
filiyavi, sad _ ulmobeli, rogor momekveTa mamaTmavlobis bilweba da rogor
davdebodi mtlad qveynis interesebs... mas surda aRmoefxvra memkvidris sulidan
yovelgvari mzvaoba da sanacvlod ubraloeba da Tavmdabloba Caenerga misTvis.
is maswavlida, SeiZleba sasaxlis karze cxovrobdes kaci, magram ar saWiroebdeso
sxeulis mcvelT, arc mdidrul samoss Tu maSxalebs, qandakebebs da sxva misTanaT,
radgan sasaxlis mkvidrsac xelewifebis Turme mdabioriviT ubralod icxovros,
magram ise ki, rom am ubraloebas ar umsxverplos hegemonis movaleobani, romel-
sac xalxi da saxelmwifo akisrebs mas~ (I, 16, 17).
161 wlis 7 marts antoninus piusi gardaicvala. am droisTvis markusi imperiis
samarTavad ukve mzad iyo. acnobierebda ra im sirTuleebs, rac win eloda da
grZnobda ra udides pasuxismgeblobas samSoblos winaSe, markus avreliusma se-
nats mimarTa TxovniT, mis Tanabaruflebian Tanamosaydred ecno lukius verusi.
maT, miuxedavad verusis mcirewlovanebisa da gamoucdelobisa, erTad unda emar-
TaT imperia. romis istoriaSi imperiis taxtze pirvelad aRmoCnda ori mbrZanebe-
li. unda aRiniSnos, rom lukius verusis Zalaufleba, faqtobrivad, nominaluri
iyo. istoriografosebi erTxmad aRiareben, rom igi hedonizmisken ufro iyo mid-
rekili, vidre saxelmwifos marTvisken, Tumca usazRvrod scemda pativs Tavis
brZen Tanamosaydres da yovelnairad cdilobda ar SeebRala misi saxeli.
antoninus piusis xangrZlivi mmarTvelobis periodSi romsa da provinciebSi
imata daZabulobam, rac markusis dros kidev ufro gamwvavda. stiqiur ubedure-
bebs (arnaxuli wyaldidobani italiaSi, miwisZvrebi mcire aziaSi, rasac Sedegad
mohyva qalaqebis ngrevac) daerTo areulobani dasavleTis provinciebSi. brita-
neTSi amboxebulma legionebma imperatorad gamoacxades TavianTi mTavarsarda-
li priskusi. aRmosavleTSi ufro mZime mdgomareoba Seiqna: parTielebma ganizra-
xes armeniaSi SeWra. amitom parTielTa mefem, vologesus III 162 wels brZola da-
iwyo da romaelTa ori armia daamarcxa. markus avreliusma mis winaaRmdeg luki-
us verusi gagzavna didZali jariTa da sando mxedarTmTavrebiT. mZime da sis-
xlismRvreli brZolebis Semdeg verusis legionebma armenia daibrunes da 163
wels iq romis morCili axali mbrZanebeli dasves taxtze, xolo somxeTis cixeebSi
romaelTa garnizonebi Caayenes.
kidev ufro mniSvnelovani warmatebebi moipoves romaelebma siriaSi. maT jer

evfrats gadaRma gadarekes parTielebi, Semdeg aiRes mTavari qalaqebi (edesa, ni-
sibini, selevkia, ktesifoni) da Semoimtkices axali teritoriebi (osroena, karhe).
iqauri mosaxleobis samarTavad saWiro iyo Zlieri pirovneba. markus avreliusma
aseT mbrZaneblad avidius kasiusi miiCnia da 165 wels igi siriis prokonsulad
daniSna.
parTiis omma oTx weliwads gastana. am xnis ganmavlobaSi markus avreliusi de-
daqalaqSi iyo da saimperatoro taxtze mjdomi erTdroulad xelmZRvanelobda
brZolebsac, sagareo politikasac da saSinao saqmeebsac. swored am periodSi ga-
naxorciela man Tavisi administraciuli, sameurneo, sameurveo da iuridiuli re-
formebis umetesoba.
166 wels romaelebma sabolood daamarcxes parTielebi da mesopotamia kvlav
roms SemouerTes. amis aRsaniSnavad markus avreliussa da lukius veruss romSi
triumfi mouwyves.
gamarjvebebs kvalad didi ubedureba mohyva. aRmosavleTSi mebrZolma legio-
nebma iq moaruli mZime seni, Savi Wiri, imperiaSi Camoitanes, rasac milionobiT
romaeli emsxverpla. ra ar iRona imperiis mbrZanebelma, magram senis mZvinvareba
ver daacxro.
167 wlisaTvis epidemia roms moedo.
am Jamianobisas dasavleTis provinciebi axali safrTxis winaSe aRmoCndnen.
germanuli modgmis markomanebi da kvadebi, agreTve sarmatebi, romlebic dunais
samanebTan mosaxleobdnen, veRar uZlebdnen aRmosavleTidan gadmonacvlebul
xalxTa Semotevebs. es mosamane tomebi romis teritoriebs unda dauflebodnen,
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi maTi daRupva gardauvali iyo. ase daiwyo saSineli marko-
manuli omebi, romlebic markus avreliusis sicocxlis bolomde gagrZelda.
175 wlisaTvis markus avreliusi varaudobda, rom yvelaferi mzad iyo grandi-
ozuli operaciisaTvis, romlis warmatebiT dagvirgvinebas unda mohyoloda mar-
komanebisa da kvadebis daCoqeba da romaelTa mier barbarosTa teritoriebis
dapyroba. am gegmis ganxorcielebas xeli SeuSala avidius kasiusis amboxebam si-
riaSi. es is kasiusi iyo wlebis win fasdaudebeli daxmareba rom gauwia impera-
tors parTielebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. mas avreliusi gansakuTrebiT endoboda
da barbarosebTan brZolisas aRmosavleTis provinciebis erTpirovnuli ganmgeb-
lobac ando. zogierTi istoriografosi gvamcnobs, rom avidius kasiusTan faru-
lad iyo Sekruli imperatrisa faustina.
senatma kasiusi xalxis mtrad gamoacxada. markus avreliusma barbarosebTan
omi Sewyvita da aRmosavleTisken daiZra, raTa kasiuss SebrZoleboda. magram vid-
re romaelebi erTmaneTs Seebmebodnen, moRalate mTavarsardali sakuTarma ken-
turionebma sicocxles gamoasalmes.
176 wels romSi dabrunebuli markus avreliusi dunael tomebTan gadamwyveti
omisaTvis moemzada. Tavis vaJiSvil komodusTan erTad man iseTi marcxi agema mar-
komanebsa da kvadebs, rom 179 wlisaTvis es tomebi miwis pirisgan aRgvis samanTan
aRmoCndnen. markusic amas isaxavda miznad: igi emzadeboda axal provinciaTa dasa-
fuZneblad, rac romaelTa batonobis CrdiloeTiT gavrcelebis SesaZleblobebs
qmnida. amaze ocnebobdnen avgustusic, traianusic da es rom momxdariyo, istori-
is gza sxvagvarad warimarTeboda.
markusis Canafiqrs aRsruleba ar ewera. 180 wels mas Savi Wiri Seeyara. grZnob-
da ra aRsasrulis moaxloebas, imperatorma ixmo Tavisi Ze komodusi da am diadi
saqmis dagvirgvineba sTxova.
180 wlis 17 marts markus avreliusi gardaicvala. dunais sanapiroze mdebare
qalaq vindoboneSi (Tanamedrove vena).
mamis ukanaskneli Txovna ar aRasrula taxtis memkvidrem. man ar isurva samxed-

ro banakSi cxovreba, naCqarevad dado samSvidobo zavi barbarosebTan da romSi
dabrunda. es iyo pirveli nabiji, ramac kardinalurad Secvala imperiuli poli-
tika.
imperatori Turme xSirad imeorebda platonis sityvebs: `saxelmwifoebi aR-
mavlobis gziT ivlidnen, Tuki filosofosebi iqnebodnen mbrZaneblebi an mbrZa-
neblebi iqnebodnen filosofosebio~ (iulius kapitolinusi, markusi, XXVII, 7;
platoni, saxelmwifo, 473 c-d).
saxelmwifo saqmeTagan mocaleobis Jams, sakuTar TavTan ganmartoebuli impe-
ratori, Cans, xSirad fiqrobda im gzaze, romelic mas WeSmaritebasTan miaaxlo-
ebda: `kacis sicocxle _ wamia mxolod; misi arsi _ marad medini; SegrZneba _ bun-
dovani; aRnagoba sxeulisa _ xrwnadi; suli _ cTomiliviT moxetiale; bedi _ idu-
mali; dideba _ fuWi. erTis sityviT, yvelaferi sxeuliseuli nakads waagavs, su-
liseuli _ sizmars, kvamls, nisls. cxovreba brZolaa da xetiali ucxo mxareSi;
sikvdilSemdgomi dideba _ daviwyeba. maS, raRas mivyveT, ra gviwinamZRvrebs? sib-
rZnis siyvaruli mxolod da mxolod. sibrZnis moyvare ki isaa, vinc xrwnilebisgan
icavs da umwikvlod amyofebs sakuTar sulSi damkvidrebul demons, raTa es uka-
naskneli marto Zlevdes gancxromis yvela survilsa da yvela salmobas, raTa mis-
Tvis ucxo iyos yovelgvari siSlege, sicrue da pirmoTneoba... raTa yvelafers,
rac xdeba an wilad xvdeba mas, umzerdes, rogorc imave sawyisisgan warmomdgars,
romlisganac Tavad moiqca yofad, da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, raTa udrtvinvelad
ucdides sikvdils, rogorc ubralo Slas da rRvevas im stiqionTa, romelTaga-
nac igeba da iTxzvis yvela cocxali arsi~ (`fiqrebi~, II, 17).
JamTaaRmwerebi, moyolebuli uZvelesi saukuneebidan, saqebar sityvebs ar iSu-
rebdnen markus avreliusisaTvis. ùzomo iyo siqvele am RvTaebrivad moazrovne
adamianSi, _ vkiTxulobT erT-erT biografiaSi _ rameTu yvela gasaWiris Jams is
mfarvelad evlineboda adamianebs. markusi im dros rom ar dabadebuliyo, mTeli
romauli samyaro wamisumal daingreoda~ (avreliusi viqtori, epitome, XVI).
romaelma xalxma markus avreliusi `keTilmowyale RmerTad~ (`Deus propitius~)
aRiara; mis pativsacemad aago taZari da daarsa qurumTa kolegia; romaelebi mis
gamosaxulebebs saTuTad inaxavdnen sakuTar penatebSi, xolo misi xsovnis winaSe
krZalviT ixridnen qeds saxelovani imperatorebi.
markus avreliusis gardacvalebisTanave dasrulda romauli imperiis òqros
xana~, radganac komodusis mmarTvelobis Jams romma ulmoblobis da sibilwis mo-
revSi iwyo CaZirva.
albaT, arasodes ufiqria markus avreliuss, rom Tavis saxels literaturis
istoriaSic Cawerda. magram moxda ise, rom filologosebma misi qmnileba antiku-
ri literaturis unikalur movlenad miiCnies. es unikaloba dakavSirebulia
imasTan, rom `fiqrebi~ (anu `sakuTari Tavisadmi~) ar yofila gaTvlili farTo
mkiTxvelze, SesaZloa, mas dRiurebis saxiT werda misi avtori. ase iyo Tu ise, an-
tikuri literaturis istoriaSi msgavsi formisa da Sinaarsis nawarmoebi pirve-
lad gamoCnda.
romauli literaturis istorias amSvenebs `fiqrebiviT~ brZolis velze dawe-
rili sxva Sedevri, romlis avtoric aseve saxelovani imperatori iulius keisari
iyo. misi `g a l i i s o m i s C a n a w e r e b i~ Cveulebrivi saistorio Txzule-
baa, sadac uzado literaturuli gemovnebiT, daxvewili eniT, epiuri sidarbais-
liTa da ubraloebiT warmodgenilia brZolaTa suraTebi, politikur-diploma-
tiuri intrigebi, geografiuli da eTnografiuli xasiaTis aRwerebi. es aris da
es. avtori ar gvimxels sakuTar damokidebulebas dafiqsirebuli movlenebisad-
mi. piriqiT, didi gulmodginebiT malavs Tavisi dampyrobluri politikis miznebs
da ufro metic, cdilobs gaamarTlos es politika. iulius keisris mizani naTe-
lia _ igi Zalauflebis xelSi Casagdebad iRwvis da, upirveles yovlisa, saxelis
moxveWas lamobs. swored amitom Tavis namoRvawars dasrulebisTanave aqveynebs.
`fiqrebi~ ki, rogorc aRvniSneT, mxolod markus avreliusis gardacvalebis
Semdeg gaxda cnobili. igi adreul filosofiur TeoriaTa fragmentalur anTo-
logias ufro gvagonebs, vidre erTian nawarmoebs. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom es
anTologia Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis ufro sainteresoa, vidre Zveli filo-
sofosisaTvis, romelsac SeeZlo srulad gacnoboda nebismier Txzulebas.
markus avreliusi ar yofila originaluri moazrovne. erTmaneTTan daukavSi-
rebel CanawerebSi antikurobis mcodne mkiTxveli umal SeigrZnobs stoelTa fi-
losofiis kvals. amaze Tavad mweralic migvaniSnebs (V, 10). mas filosofia ainte-
resebs ara rogorc mecniereba, aramed rogorc saxelmZRvanelo sulieri da eTi-
kuri cxovrebisaTvis.
adamianSi sulieri sawyisis uaRresobaze xSirad msjelobs imperatori da am
SemTxvevaSi misi msjeloba ufro mkveTria, vidre amas orTodoqsuli stoicizmi
qadagebs: `gulisxmayav, ras moiTxovs sakuTari buneba Sengan, rogorc saerTo bu-
nebis nebismyoflisgan. mere hqmen is, rasac moiTxovs da hyav misi neba, Tu ra Tqma
unda, Seni, rogorc cocxali arsis buneba uaresisken ar miidrikeba amiT. Semdgom
amisa, gulisxmayav, ras moiTxovs Seni, rogorc cocxali arsis buneba Sengan da
uyoymanod dahmorCildi mis neba-survils, Tu, ra Tqma unda, Seni, rogorc gonie-
ri arsis buneba uaresisken ar miidrikeba amiT. magram gonieri moqalaqeobrivicaa
amave dros~ (X, 1-2).
bunebrivia, markus avreliusma Tavisi drois stoikosTa moZRvreba gacilebiT
ufro srulad icoda, vidre es Tavis CanawerebSi aqvs warmodgenili. Tumca `fiq-
rebSi~ mxolod zogierT Teoriasa da debulebas exeba, isic imitom ki ara rom
ganmartos, aramed imitom rom maTi meSveobiT gaimyaros is ganwyobileba, weras
rom aiZulebs. am SemTxvevaSi markus avreliusi fiqrobs ara filosofiur siste-
maze, aramed imaze, rac mas aRelvebs an awuxebs. yvelaze xSirad igi exeba sicocx-
lis azrs, adamianur biwierebebs, moqalaqeobriv pasuxismgeblobas, sikvdils, sa-
xelis moxveWas... imperatori Tavs ase imSvidebs: `nurafriT aimRvrev suls, radgan
yvelaferi, rac xdeba, saerTo bunebis Tanaxmad xdeba, da radgan male mtvradqce-
uli, samaradisod SeerTvi araraobas, rogorc hadrianusi an avgustusi. da mere,
daZabe mzera sulisa da agre umzire Senive zrunvis sagans. gaxsovdes, rom movale
xar keTili kacis saxeli gerqvas. gaxsovdes, ras moiTxovs Sengan kacis buneba da
rasac ityvi, sTqvi ise, rogorc TviTon miiCnev umjobesad da marTebulad. amas-
Tan, ganiride borotmosurneoba, mzvaoba da pirmoTneoba~ (VIII, 5).
stoas filosofiurma sistemam mniSvnelovani gavlena iqonia ra neoplatonur
da qristianul moZRvrebebze, markus avreliusis Semdeg TandaTan dakarga popu-
laroba (mas XVI-XVIII saukuneebSi daubrundebian). es imis mauwyebeli iyo, rom im
droisaTvis man ukve amowura Tavisi SesaZleblobebi. amaze migvaniSnebs impera-
toris zogi Canaweric. markus avreliusi Tavisufali iyo aRmosavleTis ideur-
religiuri gavlenebisganac, platonizmisa da neopiTagoreizmis cxovrebiseuli
mrwamsisganac, Tumca `sakuTar TavTan~ darCenili xSirad fiqrobda am moZRvre-
bebzec. igi Tavisi azrovnebiT ufro konservatori iyo, tradiciul religiur
da eTikur normaTa erTguli. miuxedavad usazRvro swrafvisa filosofiuri az-
rovnebisadmi, markus avreliuss arasodes ucdia, yofiliyo Tanmimdevruli sto-
ikosi an romelime filosofiuri mimarTulebis mimdevari. igi iseve, rogorc yve-
la sxva berZeni Tu romaeli moazrovne, umaRles zneobriv principad bunebis Ta-
naxmad cxovrebas saxavda. bunebis Tanaxmad cxovreba ki, imperatoris azriT, niS-
navs imas, rom adamiani daundoblad unda Trgunavdes sakuTar TavSi mdabal in-
stiqtebs, xorciel vnebebs da mxolod kacTa sasikeTod unda iRwvodes: `yoveli
arsis buneba Tavisi TaviT kmayofilia, roca wrfelsa da WeSmarit gzas misdevs.
gonieri arsebis buneba ki WeSmaritebis gzas adgas maSin, roca ar iziarebs war-
modgenaTa mcdarobas da bundovanebas, roca Tavisi swrafvis sagnad mxolod sa-
zogado sikeTes saxavs, roca mieltvis, an gaurbis mxolod mas, rac Cvenzea damo-
kidebuli da roca udrtvinvelad iRebs yvelafers, rasac saerTo buneba argu-
nebs wilad~ (VIII, 7).
adamiani bunebis Tanaxmad cxovrobs mxolod maSin, Tuki igi yovelmxriv ganvi-
Tarebuli da srulqmnilia. am srulqmnilebas stoelebi siqveles (àrete~, `vir-
tus~) uwodebdnen. marTalia, markus avreliusi stoikosTaTvis damaxasiaTebeli
erTgulebiT qeds ixris gonebis winaSe, siqvelis winaSe, magram stoikosTa filo-
sofiis miRma darCenili àdamianis emociur bunebasac~ Wvrets da sakuTar TavTan
ganmartoebuli sulier simSvidesa da erTianobaze, sulis ubraloebaze fiqrobs:
`rodisRa eziarebi, sulo Cemo, sikeTes da ubraloebas? rodisRa iqnebi mTliani
da Sens siSiSvleSi, ufro cxadi, vidre Seni garemomcveli sxeuli? rodisRa ige-
meb megobrobis da siyvarulis WeSmarit sitkbos? rodisRa aRivsebi simSvidiT
da daiclebi yovelgvari survilis Tu sinanulisgan? rodis aRar isurveb rasme _
sul erTia, suliers Tu usulos, _ martooden gancxromisaTvis, arc dros, am gan-
cxromis gasagrZeleblad, arc sxva adgils anda sxva mxares, arc ufro keTilad
Sezavebul havas Tu ufro meti erTsulovnebiT Sekrul kacTa Soris cxovrebas?
rodisRa igrZnob kmayofilebas Seni dRevandeli dRiT da dRevandeli xvedriT?
rodis irwmuneb, rom yvelaferi, rac wilad gxvdeba, keTilia SenTvis, rom yvela-
feri RmerTebisgan iRebs dasabams, da rom keTili iqneba isic, rac saTno uCans uk-
vdavT da rasac isini arguneben srulqmnils, keTils, samarTliansa da SvenebaSe-
mosil arss, romelic yofad moaqcevvs, moicavs da icavs yvelafers, rac iSleba,
raTa dasabami mieces axals, Tavissave msgavss? rodis iqcevi ukvdavTa da mokvdav-
Ta Rirseul Tanamodared Tu TanamoZmed, romelic arc vis hyvedris rasme da arc
sxvebs aZlevs Tavisi gmobis sababs?~ (X, 1).
xSirad markus avreliuss `bolo stoikoss~ uwodeben. da marTlac, misi `fiq-
rebi~ bolo Txzulebaa, sadac stoas filosofiuri skolis ideebia warmoCenili
azrovnebis talRaze SemarTuli imperatoris sxva msjelobaTa gverdiT.
markus avreliusis Canawerebi, miuxedavad imisa, rom literaturul nawarmoe-
bad arc yofila Cafiqrebuli, Taobebma Tavis sayvarel sakiTxav wignad aRiares.
jer kidev Sua saukuneebSi daiwyes am qmnilebis gadaazreba da avtors samyaros-
gan gandgomis, pesimizimis, bedis morCilebis da sxva SexedulebaTa qadageba mia-
weres, raTa misi religiuroba qristianobasTan mieaxlovebinaT. Tumca `fiqrebi~
imdenad aris dakavSirebuli elinTa sulieri kulturis tradiciebTan, rom az-
risa da literaturuli formis siaxle sulac ar iTvleba mis mTavar Rirsebad.
mainc riT daimsaxura am qmnilebam esodeni aRiareba garda imisa, rom stoikosTa
moZRvrebas gvamcnobs?
`filosofosi msoflio imperiis taxtze~ _ ase uwodes ganaTlebulma adamia-
nebma markus avreliuss da savsebiT samarTlianadac. igi cxrameti weli marTavda
roms, aqedan TxuTmeti weli brZolaSi gaatara. misi filosofiur-humanisturi
mrwamsi mudam ewinaaRmdegeboda hegemonis pasuxismgeblobis grZnobas. tragizmma,
romelic am winaaRmdegobas sdevda Tan, daafiqra yovlisSemZle imperatori sam-
yarosa da adamianTa bedze. fiqrma kalami moiTxova da ramdenadac avreliuss
arasodes ganuzraxavs sxvaTaTvis wera, sxvaTa damoZRvra, `sakuTar TavTan~ dar-
Cenili is uaRresad gulwrfeli iyo. misi qmnilebis umTavresi Rirsebac swored
es aris: `fiqrebi~ Zveli samyaros uzarmazari imperiis yovlisSemZle da znekeTi-
li mbrZaneblis tragikuli sulis gulwrfeli aRsarebaa.
filosofiuri traqtati `sakuTar TavTan~.

424 apuleiusi
apuleiusi
(dabadebulia ax. w. 125 w.)
„Cvens afrikelebs Soris yvelaze cnobili afrikeli~, – ase moixseniebs lukius

apuleiuss IV saukunis saeklesio moRvawe netari avgustinusi, romelic Tavadac
afrikaSi iyo dabadebuli.
apuleiusi Tavisi drois brwyinvale oratori da filosofosi iyo, magram
msoflio aRiareba mas saTavgadasavlo romanma „metamorfozebi~ moutana.
apuleiusis am nawarmoebma didi gavlena moaxdina Sua saukuneebisa da aRorZi-
nebis xanis literaturis mxatvrul azrovnebaze.
gamosvlisTanave „metamorfozebma~ mkiTxvelis didi interesi gamoiwvia, rasac
Tavad avtoris skandaluri reputaciac uwyobda xels.
apuleiusis cxovreba mravali Worisa da miTqma-moTqmis sababs aZlevda
rogorc mis TanamedroveT, ise momdevno epoqaTa mkvlevrebs.
mwerlis biografiuli monacemebis mniSvnelovani nawili mocemulia mis
„a p o l o g i a S i~, romelic avtors cxovrebis yvelaze cnobil aurzaurs
ukavSirdeba, – Txzuleba warmoadgens apuleiusis Tavdasacav sityvas sa-
samarTlo procesze, romelzec mas magiaSi adanaSaulebdnen.
apuleiusi dabadebulia daaxloebiT ax. w. 125 w. romis provincia numidiis
qalaq madavraSi, SeZlebul ojaxSi. Tavdapirvelad apuleiusi – madavraSi, xolo
Semdeg karTagenSi swavlobda. ganaTleba man aTenSi daasrula, sadac eufleboda
filosofias, ritorikas, geometrias, musikas da poezias. erTxans apulieusi rom-
Si cxovrobda, sadac saadvokato samsaxurSi iyo. mwerali bevrs mogzaurobda,
gansakuTrebiT, aRmosavleTis qveynebSi. bolos igi afrikas daubrunda, coli
SeirTo da qalaq eaSi dasaxlda.
yvela es cnoba im ambebs asaxavs, romelic mwerals sasamarTlo procesamde Tavs
gadaxda. varaudoben, rom am dros apuleiusi ormoci wlisa iqneboda. misi
cxovrebis Semdgomi movlenebis Sesaxeb informacia Cvenamde moRweuli araa.
sabolood apuleiusis arc gardacvalebis TariRia dadgenili, Tumca, amis Ses-
axeb mravali Tvalsazrisia gamoTqmuli.
oriode sityva Tavad am procesis Sesaxeb. apuleiusis winaaRmdeg misi meuRlis
naTesavebi amxedrdnen, romlebic mwerals colis mojadoebaSi adanaSaulebdnen.
momCivanTa azriT, apuleiusma mdidari qvrivis xelSi Casagdebad magias mimarTa.
am sasamarTlo procesze apuleiusi gaamarTles da amaSi gadamwyveti roli
misma Tavdasacavma sityvam Seasrula.
„apologiaSi~ naTlad gamoCnda apuleiusis iuridiuli codna, farTo ganaT-
leba, maxvilgoniereba da stilis sinatife.
(am sasamarTlo procesze miniSnebebs „metamorfozebSic~ vxvdebiT).
apuleiusi 425
apuleiusi, punikur enasTan erTad, flobda berZnuls da laTinurs. swored am

ukanasknel or enaze Seqmna man mravali nawarmoebi, romelTac siamayiT CamoTvlis
„f l o r i d e b S i~ (IX, 37). am Txzulebebs axseneben gviandeli avtorebic (plan-
diadusi, sidoniusi, priskianusi, kasiodorosi, qarisiosi da sxv.).
Cvenamde apuleiusis mxolod laTinurenovanma nawarmoebebma moaRwies: romanma
„metamorfozebi~, romelsac gviandeli avtorebi „oqros virsac~ uwodeben,
„apologiam~, „floridebma~ – amonaridebma sityvebidan da deklamaciebidan da
filosofiurma dialogebma (esaa sami filosofiuri traqtati: „p l a t o n i s a
d a m i s i d o g m i s a T v i s~, „s o k r a t e s R m e r T i s a T v i s~, „s a m y a -
r o s a T v i s~), romlebSic mocemulia platonis swavlebis popularuli versia:
demonebisa da doqtrinis Sesaxeb 3 wignad, naturfilosofia, eTika da logika.
miuxedavad imisa, rom apuleiuss „madavrel platonikossac~ uwodebdnen,
rogorc aRvniSneT, igi literaturis istorias SemorCa ara rogorc sofisti-
kisa da filosofiuri problematikis Semswavleli, aramed rogorc uniWieresi
mwerali.
misi romanis meore saxelwodeba „o q r o s v i r i~ pirvelad ax. w. IV saukuneSi
dasturdeba avgustinusTan. sagulisxmoa, rom epiTeti „oqrosi~ avgustinusis
epoqaSi saukeTesos aRniSnavda da miuTiTebda romanis did warmatebaze.
nawarmoebis Seqmnis TariRi romanSi naxseneb keisar antoninus piusis (III, 29; XI,
17; XI, 26) mixedviT dgindeba – es Txzuleba romSi ax. w. 123 w. unda gamoCeniliyo.
gavecnoT Sinaarss nawarmoebisa, romelic avtors TerTmet wignad aqvs dayo-
fili.
romanis mTavari gmiri lukiusi deduleTSi, TesaliaSi, miemgzavreba saqmeebze.
gzad mas ori mxedari Semoxvdeba. damgzavrebuli axalgazrdebi erTmaneTs
TavSesaqcevi ambebiT arToben. maTi saubari TesaliaSi Zalze gavrcelebul magias
utrialebs.
hipataSi Casuli lukiusi naTesav milonTan dabinavdeba. quCaSi SemTxveviT Sex-
vedril dedis naTesavisagan lukiusi Seityobs, rom milonis meuRle magiaSia gan-
swavluli. igi „pirvel kudianad da sulebis Semlocvel-gamomZaxeblad iTvleba.
SeuTqvams joxs, kenWs an sxva raime ubralo sagans da varskvlavebian kamaras jo-
joxeTSi Caamxobs, samyaros saSinel qaosSi CanTqavs~. axalgazrda lamaz vaJebsac,
lukiusis dedis naTesavis, birenas TqmiT, xSirad acdunebs da Rupavs, xolo
urCebs raime sagnad an pirutyvad aqcevs.
birenas monaTxrobi lukiuss SiSis magivrad cnobismoyvareobas aRuZravs da
gadawyvets jadoqars daemowafos.
lukiusi milonis msaxur qals, fotiss, gaumijnurdeba da miznis misaRwev geg-
mebs dasaxavs.
fotisi mijnurs saidumlod daaswrebs qalbatonis Citad gardasaxvas.
lukiusi fotiss jadosnur malamos gamostyuebs da tanze waisvams, magram Citis
nacvlad virad gadaiqceva. marTalia, jados moxsnis saSualeba arsebobs (virma
vardebi unda miirTvas), magram am advili saqmis Sesrulebas lukiusi vera da ver
axerxebs. lukiusi xan yaCaRebs Cauvardeba xelSi, romlebic mas cemas da dasjas ar
akleben, xan – xarb mejoges, xan – mewisqviles, xan – sirieli RmerTqalis
moxetiale Tayvanismcemlebs, xan jariskacs. bolos lukiuss ori Zma iyidis, rom-
lebic sazrian virs batons mihgvrian. batons igi Zalian moewoneba da fufunebaSi
acxovrebs. viri male saxels gaiTqvams da zogierTi warCinebuli qali masTan
Ramis gatarebasac ar Takilobs.
erTxelac viri am oqros galiidan Tavs daixsnis da gaiqceva. RamiT mas
mravalsaxiani da erTarseba qalRmerTi isisi moevlineba, romelic Seiwyalebs
lukiuss. qalRmerTi ubrZanebs lukiuss gaswios dResaswaulze da qurumis
xelidan vardebis gvirgvini miirTvas. lukiusi adamianad gardaisaxeba da axal
426 apuleiusi
cxovrebas iwyebs – qalRmerTis TayvaniscemiT, marxviT, locviT, ubiwoebis dac-

viT vaJi sxva adamianad iqceva.
lukiuss Tavs gadaxdenili ambavi mxolod qargaa apuleiusis Txzulebisa, ro-
melSic alag-alag CarTulia sxvadasxva istoriebic.
SeiZleba Tamamad iTqvas, rom am CanarTebma ufro metad gauTqves saxeli „meta-
morfozebs~ vidre Tavad romanma.
apuleiusis e.w. „noveluri CanarTebi~ paralelebs gviCvenebs rogorc antikur
miTologiasTan, ise aRmosavlur TqmulebebTan (egvipturi, induri („panCa-
tantra~)).
mTlianad „metamorfozebSi~ daaxloebiT 16 CanarTia, romlebSic sxvadasxva
istoriaa moTxrobili. yvela maTgans ori Tema aerTianebs: „siyvaruli~ da „sao-
cari ambavi~. TiTqmis yvela istoria (gamonaklisia istoriebi yaCaRebze, winas-
warmetyvel diofanosis ambavi da monaTxrobi bazarze) am or Tematur mimar-
Tulebas efuZneba.
zogierTi mkvlevari axdens am `novelebis~ klasifikacias da maT oTx jgufad
warmoadgens:
I jgufi _ magiuri saidumlebisa da jadoqrobis burusiT moculi ambebi (I, 5-19;
II, 21-30);
II jgufi _ avazakuri yofis amsaxveli novelebi (IV, 9-11; IV, 12; IV, 13-21);
III jgufi _ col-qmruli gautanlobis amsaxveli novelebi (VIII, 22; IX, 14-31);
IV jgufi _ kacTmoZulebis amsaxveli ambebi (IX, 33-38; X, 2-128 X, 23-28).
sainteresoa, rom apuleiusi `metamorfozebSi ganuxrelad icavs nawarmoebSi
`novelaTa~ CarTvis e. w. `jgufobriv~ princips.
apuleiusi TxzulebaSi jer I, Semdeg II, III da bolos IV jgufSi gaerTianebul
novelebs CaurTavs xolme:
apuleiusis CanarTebSi gansakuTrebuli adgili ganekuTneba zRapars amorsa
da fsiqeaze (V, 28 – VI, 24). igi sayuradReboa ara mxolod imiT, rom mas sxva nove-
lebTan SedarebiT didi moculoba aqvs, aramed imitom, rom misi Txrobis poe-
turi manera sagrZnoblad gansxvavdeba nawarmoebis sxva CanarTebisagan. zRa-
pruli da yofiTi detalebi sainteresodaa Serwymuli. Txroba moklebulia
pirquS kolorits, eqstremalur emociebs.
qalRmerTi venusi, romelic ganrisxebulia mSvenier fsiqeaze, gadawyvets Seay-
varos mas uRirsi mokvdavi. am miznis gansaxorcieleblad venusi dedamiwaze sa-
kuTar vaJs agzavnis. amori moixibleba ra fsiqeas silamaziT, Tavad Seiyvarebs mas
da dedis uCumrad colad SeirTavs. amori fsiqeas uxilavi msaxurebiT dasaxle-
bul mSvenier sasaxleSi gadaiyvans. amori mxolod RamiT evlineba fsiqeas da
saxes ar uCvenebs. boroti debisa da sakuTari cnobismoyvareobiT waqezebuli
fsiqea daarRvevs akrZalvas – igi RamiT mZinare amors sanaTuriT daaTvalierebs
– mxarze SemTxveviT dawveTebuli cxeli zeTi amors gamoaRviZebs da igi gaqreba.
fexmZime fsiqea mis saZebrad gaeSureba. amori Wrilobas dedasTan iSuSebs, ro-
melic fsiqeas lanZRviT Sexvdeba. RmerTebi, Tavad iupiteri Seyvarebulebs daex-
marebian da fsiqeas ukvdavebas mianiWeben.
apuleiusi pirveli ar iyo, romelmac es miTologiuri siuJeti mxatvrul
literaturaSi gamoiyena, magram mwerali gamoirCeva am mSvenieri zRapris mate-
rialur samyarosTan morgebis mcdelobiT. kerZod, venusis RvTaebrivi aRzeveba
olimposze (VI, 6) mezoblobs qalRmerTis mdabiur lanZRvasa da rZlis cema-
tyepasTan (VI, 9-10), amoris poeturi silamaze (V, 22) _ mis anCxl xasiaTTan.
apuleiusi ufro Sors midis – mas berZnul miTSi romauli realiebi Semoaqvs
(VI, 4, 4; VI, 7, 3; VI, 8, 2 da sxv.). romauli realiebis CarTvas apuleiusi ara mxolod
realisturi suraTis, aramed iumoristuli efeqtis Sesaqmnelad iyenebs. mag.,
venusi, romelic amoris fsiqeasTan qorwinebas ewinaaRmdegeba, Seaxsenebs Svils,
apuleiusi 427
rom romauli kanonebis mixedviT, mamis Tanxmobisa da mowmeebis daswrebis gareSe

saqorwino rituali baTilad iTvleba (VI, 9, 5).
erTgan iuno fsiqeas uars eubneba daxmarebaze, radgan monis damalvisaTvis mas
kanonebi dasjian (VI, 7, 3; VI, 4,4).
miuxedavad ambavTa siWrelisa, apuleiusi axerxebs maTi mTliani da erTiani
siuJetis garSemo Tavmoyras lukiusis monawileobiT moqmedebis ganviTarebaSi.
oriode sityva `metamorfozebis~ siuJetis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. mniSv-
nelovania, rom Tavad apuleiusi miuTiTebs „metamorfozebSi~, rom igi berZnul
wyaros efuZneba~ (I, 1).
mecnierTa dava ar cxreba imis Taobaze, Tu romeli nawarmoebi aris „metamor-
fozebisTvis~ pirvelwyaro siuJetis TvalsazrisiT.
apuleiusis „metamorfozebSi~ moTxrobili ambis analogiuri istoria moce-
mulia or nawarmoebSi. erTi lukianosis avtorobiT cnobili Txzuleba „luki-
osi an viria~, xolo meore – fotiosis „biblioTekaSi~ naxsenebi dResdReobiT
ucnobi „metamorfozebi~ vinme lukius patrelisa. fotiosi aRniSnavs, rom
lukius patrelis da apuleiusis nawarmoebebs erTmaneTTan bevri ram aqvT
saerTo.
Tanamedrove mecnierebi fotiosis azrs mTlianad iziareben da miiCneven, rom
apuleiusis „metamorfozebi~ swored am armoRweuli Txzulebis gadamuSavebas
unda warmoadgendes.
rac Seexeba meore nawarmoebs, romelsac lukianoss miaweren, mas „metamor-
fozebTan~ mxolod fabulis zogadi monaxazi akavSirebs.
mokled gadmogcemT „l u k i o s i a n u v i r i s~ Sinaarss.
TeatrSi, warmodgenis win saidanRac gamoCenili viri vardebs SeWams da ue-
crad adamianad gadaiqceva. lukiosi magistratTan midis da sakuTar Tavgadasav-
als uambobs. magistrati masSi sakuTari megobris Svils amoicnobs. lukioss Zma
CamoakiTxavs, visTan erTadac igi samSobloSi unda gaemgzavros. gamgzavrebamde
vaJi im qalis sanaxavad midis, romelsac igi virad yofnis dros dauaxlovda.
lukioss saxlidan gamoagdeben, radgan misi nazi Seyvarebuli miiCnevs, rom viris
tyavis dakargviT vaJs yvela Rirseba xelidan gamoecala.
rogorc vxedavT, nawarmoebebs erTmaneTisagan bevri ram gansxvavebs. pirvel
rigSi ki – ideuri da mxatvruli koncefcia.
kidev erTi sakiTxi, romelic mecnierebaSi ganixileboda apuleiusis „meta-
morfozebTan~ dakavSirebiT – ramdenad avtobiografiulia romani. saqme isaa,
rom istoria, romelic nawarmoebis mTavar gmirs Tavs gadaxda, fantastikuri
elementebis miuxedavad, savsebiT damajereblad eCvenebodaT.
zogierTi avtori, maT Soris avgustinusic, imasac ki fiqrobda, rom es ambavi
namdvilad apuleiuss gadaxda Tavs, romelsac, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, magiaSi
ganswavlulad miiCnevdnen.
cxadia, es erT dros „seriozuli~ problema Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi saer-
Tod ar ganixileba, miTumetes, rom apuleiusi Tavad miuTiTebs, rom igi nasesxeb
siuJets iyenebs.
Tavad apuleiusi am gardasaxvas ironiuli TvalsazrisiT uyurebs. lukiusis
bedi komikuria da miuxedavad viris tanjva-wamebisa, mravali satiruli epizodis
gaSlis mosaxerxebel fons warmoadgens. apuleiusis ironia kulminacias aRwevs
VIII wignSi, sadac sirieli RmerTqalis garyvnili qurumebia asaxuli.
Tumca, romanis bevri epizodis satirulobis miuxedavad, Znelia
erTmniSvnelovnad ganvsazRvroT ras warmoadgens „metamorfozebi~ – esaa eroti-
kuli romani, filosofiuri Txzuleba, religiuri propaganda, satiruli bu-
fonada, mistikisa da magiis ilustracia Tu sxva.
428 apuleiusi
apuleiusis romanSi arsebuli es Tematuri mravalferovneba Janris genezisis

Sesaxeb im versias exmianeba, romlis mixedviTac romanis warmoSobas safuZvlad
udevs garkveul siuJetur CarCoSi moqceul novelaTa erTianoba.
Cveulebriv, apuleiusis Semoqmedebis ganxilvas mecnierebi misi nawarmoebis
petroniusis „satirikonTan~ SedarebiT asruleben xolme. es sakiTxi mniSvnelova-
nia ara mxolod romeliRac ori Txzulebis urTierTmimarTebis dasadgenad, ara-
med Janris ganviTarebis TvalsazrisiT.
jer kidev makrobiusi „scipionis sizmris~ komentarebSi (I, 28) aRniSnavda, rom
am or romans bevri ram aqvs saerTo. pirvel rigSi Tema – siyvaruli.
orive romanSi yofiTi movlenebia asaxuli, mTavari gmirebi mraval gaWirvebas
ganicdian. orive mwerali ironiiT umzers uzneo, uvic da crurwmeniT Sepyrobil
personaJebs.
amiT, SeiZleba iTqvas, apuleiussa da petroniuss Soris msgavseba mTavrdeba.
apuleiusis romani movlenebs gacilebiT seriozulad udgeba. „metamor-
fozebSi~ naklebadaa religiuri skepsisi da dacinva, romelic petroniusis ro-
manisTvis aris niSandoblivi. ufro metic, „oqros viris~ daskvniTi nawili misti-
kuri ganwyobiT xasiaTdeba.
Semdegi mniSvnelovani gansxvaveba petroniussa da apuleiuss Soris ganisaz-
Rvreba imiT, rom petroniusi klasikuri laTinuri literaturiT sazrdoobda,
xolo apuleiusi, rogorc amas Tavadac aRniSnavs, berZnuli originaliT
(igulisxmeba lukios patrelis nawarmoebi „metamorfozebi~).
apuleiusSi metia tragikuli da melodramatuli elementi (I, VIII, 1-4; I, IX, 33-38),
rac saerTod ar dasturdeba petroniusTan, romelic nebismier situacias far-
sad gardaqmnis.
apuleiusis mxatvruli stilic sxvaobas avlens petroniusisagan. „metamor-
fozebSi~ aRwerilobani mravladaa, „satirikonSi~ Txroba lakonuria da orna-
mentulobisagan daclili.
apuleiusSi metia ritorikuli wiaRsvlebi, antiTezebi, metaforebi.
apuleiusis „metamorfozebi~, romelic petroniusis Txzulebis daweridan 100
wlis Semdeg Seiqmna, „satirikonTan~ SedarebiT romanis ganviTarebis axal etaps
warmoadgens. es ukve aRaraa novelaTa krebuli, aramed Camoyalibebuli srul-
fasovani romani Tavisi Camoyalibebuli siuJetiT da mTavari gmiris fsiqolo-
giuri daxasiaTebiT. es ukve garkveul ideas daqvemdebarebuli Txrobaa, romel-
Sic avtoris emociuri monawileoba mkveTradaa gamoxatuli.
apuleiusis „metamorfozebis~ maRalmxatvrulma Rirsebam da Txrobis Tavise-
burebam mravali mimbaZveli gauCina ara mxolod mis Tanadroul epoqaSi, aramed
momdevno saukuneebSi.
Sua saukuneebSi romanistis mier Seqmnilma saxeebma didi gavlena moaxdines
misi Tanamemamulis, marcianus kapelas (V s.) nawarmoebis „filologiis da merku-
riusis qorwinebis Sesaxeb~ alegoriul samyaroze.
dasavleTis yvelaze mniSvnelovani qristiani poetis prudenciusis (IV-VII s.s.)
„fsiqomaqia~ „metamorfozebis~ mxatvruli samyaros gavleniTaa Seqmnili.
aRorZinebis xanis yvelaze mkafio nimuSi apuleiusis stilis gavlenisa bokaCos
(1313-1375) „dekameronia~, romlis teqstSi mravladaa gamoyenebuli „metamorfoze-
bis~ CanarTebi (VII dRis II novela; IX wignis pirveli ambavi da mravali sxva).
Txzulebebi: `metamorfozebi~, `floridebi~, àpologia~, `platonisa da misi

dogmisaTvis~, `sokrates RmerTisaTvis~, `samyaros Sesaxeb~.
boeTiusi 429
boeTiusi
(ax. w. 480-524ww.)
rodesac zogadad antikurobis dasasrulze msjeloben, xSirad ver

Tanxmdebian imis Taobaze, Tu ra iyo misi bolo wertili. antikuri literaturis
bolo avtors ki ufro martivad pouloben: boeTiusi, igive anikius manlius
severinus boeTiusi, ukanaskneli romaeli da pirveli mniSvnelovani sqolas-
tikosi mwerali iyo, romelmac udidesi gavlena iqonia Sua saukuneebze. igi
daibada ankiebis warCinebul ojaxSi ax. w. 480 wels. boeTiusis biografiaSi
ramdenime TariRia ueWveli. viciT, rom man axalgazrdobaSive miaRwia
politikur warmatebas, Semdeg ax. w. 510 wels konsuli gaxda, xolo ax. w. 522 wels
magister officiorum (anu yvela sakaro da saxelmwifo samsaxuris ufrosi). amave
periodSi boeTiusi politikur uTanxmoebaSi gaexvia aRmosavleT goTebis mefe
Teoderixis karze. Teoderixma igi RalatSi daadanaSaula da sikvdili miusaja.
ax. w. 524 wels ganaCeni aRasrules.
politikur sarbiels boeTiusi warmatebiT uTavsebda pirad interesebs. igi
romaelTa Soris erT-erTi yvelaze ganswavluli adamiani iyo. boeTiusi brwyin-
valed flobda berZnul enas, rac mas saSualebas aZlevda, eTargmna da komentare-
biT gamoeca aristotelesa da platonis naSromebi da neoplatonuri filosofia.
boeTiusis mravalricxovani Sromebi pirobiTad SeiZleba daiyos oTx jgufad:
Sromebi klasikuri kvadruviumis (anu oTxi mecnierebis: ariTmetikis, musikis,
geometriis da astronomiis) Sesaxeb, Txzulebebi logikaSi, TeologiaSi da erTi
filosofiuri nawarmoebi: `filosofiis nugeSi~, romelsac gansakuTrebuli
mniSvneloba eniWeba.
logikis problemebs boeTiusi exeba nawarmoebebSi: `silogizmebis kategorie-
bis Sesaxeb~, `Sesavali silogizmebis kategoriebSi~, `silogizmebis Sesaxeb~,
`sxvadasxva sakiTxis Sesaxeb~.
boeTiuss miznad hqonda dasaxuli, laTinurad eTargmna platonis da aristo-
teles mTeli Semoqmedeba. samwuxarod, man es srulad ver ganaxorciela. boeTiu-
sis mier Targmnil platons Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. aristoteles nawarmoebebidan
man laTinurad Targmna òrganoni~ (logikis Sesaxeb). me-12 saukunemde misi
komentirebuli Targmani aristoteles erTaderTi laTinurenovani Targmani iyo.
me-13 saukuneSi aristoteles dakarguli nawarmoebebis aRmoCenamde Suasau-
kuneebi aristoteles mxolod boeTiusis mier Targmnili òrganoniT~ icnobda.
boeTiusma aseve dawera porfiriusis ìsagoges~ komentari, sadac aristote-
les `kategoriebia~ ganmartebuli. am wignze dayrdnobiT warmoiSva dapi-
rispireba, romelmac didi gavlena moaxdina Suasaukuneebze da universaliebis
dapirispirebadaa cnobili.
boeTiusi saredaqcio da ganmartebiTi muSaobiTac iyo dakavebuli. mis kalams
ekuTvnis ciceronis wignebis komentarebic.
430 boeTiusi
garda filosofiuri nawarmoebebisa boeTiusi aris maTematikuri naSromebis

avtori. misi survili iyo, rom berZnuli mecniereba, ufro sworad oTxi
mosamzadebeli sagani (quadruvium): ariTmetika, geometria, musika da astronomia,
gaecno laTini mkiTxvelisTvis. am mizniT dawera man àriTmetikis Sesaxeb~,
`musikis Sesaxeb~, èvklidesis geometria gadmocemuli boeTiusis mier~ da
savaraudod naSromi astronomiaze klavdios ptolemaiosis mixedviT, romelsac
Cvenamde ar mouRwevia. geometriis Sesaxeb naSromis mxolod fragmentebia
SemorCenili. wigni ariTemtikis Sesaxeb nikomaqosis Txzulebas eyrdnoba. misive
gavleniTaa dawerili naSromi `musikis Sesaxeb~ xuT wignad.
boeTiusi aseve aris Teologiuri traqtatebis avtori. Teologiur naS-
romebSi igi TiTqmis ar iyenebs citatebs bibliidan da mkacri mecnieruli anal-
izis princips misdevs. igi gonierebis rwmenasTan dakavSirebas cdilobs. boeTi-
usi lakonuri da faruli, maTematikuri stilis momxrea. `faruli~ misTvis
specifikur mecnierul enas niSnavs. am stilis gamoyenebisTvis aucilebeli iyo
terminologiis ganviTareba, raSic Tavisi wvlili Seitana boeTiusma. misgan
modis iseTi terminebi, rogoricaa: principi, substancia, subieqti da a. S. mis
erT-erT mniSvnelovan damsaxurebad iTvleba pirovnebis definicia. boeTiusis
mier SemoTavazebul pirovnebis gansazRvrebas eyrdnoba Toma aqvineli, rodesac
wers, rom: pirovneba aris gonieri bunebis individualuri substancia~ (c. Eut. 3).
boeTiusis moRvaweobis mravalferovnebis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs Teoderixis
erTi werili: `boeTiusma laTinurad Targmna musikosi piTagora, astronomi
ptolemaiosi, ariTmetikosi nikomaqosi, geometri evklidesi, Teologi platoni,
logikosi aristotele, meqanikosi arqimedesi~.
boeTiusis filosofiur SromebSi gansakuTrebul rols asrulebs Txzuleba
`filosofiis nugeSi~, romelic man cixeSi dawera.
`filosofiis nugeSi~ aris antikurobis erT-erTi ukanaskneli filosofiuri
naSromi da Sua sakuneebis erT-erTi yvelaze sayvareli wigni. boeTiusi Tavis
erT TxzulebaSi ambobda, rom filosofia misi cxovrebis nugeSia. sikvdilmis-
jils marTlac mxolod filosofia darCa nugeSad da wignsac es saxeli uwoda.
`filosofiis nugeSi~ xuTi wignisagan Sedgeba da dialogis principzea age-
buli. platonis zedmiwevniT mcodne boeTiusisTvis filosofiuri msjelobisas
dialogis formis gamoyeneba bunebrivi unda yofiliyo. dialogebs Soris Tema-
turad aris CarTuli leqsebi. zogierTi maTgani didi poeturi Rirebulebisaa.
nawarmoebSi erTmaneTs esaubrebian personaJi `boeTiusi~ da `qalbatoni
filosofia~ – personificirebuli filosofia. igi anugeSebs gamomwyvdeul
boeTiuss da amqveyniuri sitkboebis warmavlobas uCvenebs. nawarmoebis RerZs
warmoadgens msjeloba nebis Tavisuflebisa da RvTiuri yovlismWvretelobis
Sesaxeb, romelic rTul logikur jaWvzea agebuli.
pirveli wigni garkveuli Sesavalia zogadi saubriT sikeTisa da bednierebis
Taobaze. adamiani gonierebis nayofia, amitom udardelad unda Sexvdes yve-
lafers, rac xdeba.
meore wignis dasawyisSi filosofia fortunas anu bedisweris rolSi gadadis
da urCevs boeTiuss, naklebi samduravi Tqvas, radgan misi cxovreba bednie-
rebiTac iyo savse. avtori msjelobs iseT seriozul filosofiur problemebze,
rogoricaa umaRlesi sikeTe da umaRlesi bedniereba, romelic ar SeiZleba vinmem
dakargos. aqedan daskvna: yvelaferi, rac warmavalia, ar aris umaRlesi bed-
niereba.
`Tuki is, rac umaRles sikeTes warmoadgens, SeiZleba vinmem waarTvas adamians,
maSin igi sul imis dardSi unda iyos, rom is ar dakargos. Sesabamisad, umaRlesi
sikeTis floba ubedurebis momtani iqneboda (radgan sadardels aCens). es absur-
boeTiusi 431
dulia. amitomac daimaxsovre: is, rac umaRlesi sikeTea, imis warTmeva SeuZle-
belia.~ `filosofia~ msjelobs amqveyniuris warmavlobasa da sulis ukvdavebaze.
rogorc Cans, aristoteles Rrmad mcodne boeTiusma farTod gamoiyena misi
`protreptikosi~. gavrcelebuli mosazrebiT igi aseve unda eyrdnobodes ucnob
neoplatonur Txzulebas. mesame wignidan nawarmoebi mdidaria neoplatonuri
ideebiT da masSi cotaa qristianuli an originaluri. nawarmoebis pirvel
naxevarSi `filosofia~ uxsnis tyves amqveyniuris warmavalobas, ganumartavs, ras
ar unda eswrafvodes amaod, meore nawili pozitiuria da filosofia imis axsni-
Taa dakavebuli, rac arsebobs: srulyofili sikeTe arsebobs; yvelaferi, rac
arasrulyofilia, aucileblad gulisxmobs srulyofilis arsebobas. es sruly-
ofileba ki devs RmerTSi; ar arsebobs araferi RmerTze ukeTesi. RmerTis yov-
lisSemZleoba ganusazRvrelia; mas ar exeba boroteba, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi,
RmerTsac SeeZleboda borotebis Cadena. Sesabamisad, samyaros marTavs sikeTe.
radganac srulyofili sikeTe amasTanave WeSmariti netarebacaa, is aris RmerTi.
amis gamo samyaroc bednieri unda iyos.
meoTxe wigni borotebis sakiTxs exeba. borotebas ara aqvs substancia, is
ararsebulia. radganac adamiani Seqmnilia, rom iyos keTili da netari, cudi ada-
mianebi ubedurebi arian, radgan araswori saqcieliT TavianT arss ver pouloben.
maTi arsi aris bedniereba. adamiani Tavad wyvets, iqneba Tu ara keTili da Sesa-
bamisad, bednieri. amqveyniuri bedniereba da ubedureba araferia samyaros wes-
rigTan mimarTebaSi, romelic wesrigis da samarTlianobis principzea agebuli.
Cven am wesrigs aRviqvamT bednierebad, radgan is CvenSi moqmedebs. adamianma unda
moaxerxos amis Semecneba. am SecnobaSi adamians exmareba filosofia, adamianis nu-
geSi.
mexuTe wigni logikurad asrulebs nawarmoebs da aq mwerali exeba adamianis
arCevnis Tavisuflebis sakiTxs. ukve meoTxe wignSi wamoiWra problema RvTae-
brivi winaswarWvretisa da bedisweris winaswargansazRvrulobis Taobaze. am
msjelobiT mzaddeba niadagi Semdgomi mniSvnelovani platonuri dapirispirebis
warmosaCenad. es aris, erTi mxriv, maradiuli, erTi (anu RmerTi) da meore mxriv,
dros mijaWvuli, mravali (anu samyaro). SemdgomSi boeTiusi vrclad msjelobs
Tavisuflebis fenomenze. gansakuTrebiT exeba is nebis Tavisuflebas. Tavisufle-
bas srulad flobs RmerTi. danarCen arsebebs TavianTi wili aqvT masSi TavianTi
gonebis Sesabamisad. adamiani aris Tavisufali, Tuki igi orientirad irCevs
RmerTs. aqedan gamomdinare is, vinc naklebad axlosaa RmerTTan anu sikeTesTan,
naklebad Tavisufalia.
RmerTis winaswarWvretis an codnis mimarTeba adamianis TavisuflebasTan
boeTiusTan ganxiluli erT-erTi mniSvnelovani filosofiuri sakiTxia. masze
msjelobisas boeTiusi iTvaliswinebs cicerons, avgustines da aristoteles.
`filosofiis nugeSSi~ igi cdilobs am opoziciis moxsnas: RmerTis maradiuloba
sxvagvaria, vidre samyarosi. RmerTi ùJamo Jamia~: arsebobs awmyoSi, warsulSi
da momavalSi. is, rac adamians gadaxdeba Tavs an ukve gadaxda, misTvis erTnaiarad
xilulia, TvalnaTlivia. Tumca es RvTaebrivi winaswarWvreta ar uaryofs ada-
mianis Tavisuflebas. rodesac RmerTi Wvretis unaris gamo xedavs, rac xdeba, mas
SeuZlia gansazRvros, ras emyareba es qmedeba, aucileblobas (rogoric iqneboda,
magaliTad, mzis amosvla) Tu adamianis Tavisufal gadawyvetilebas. adamiani
pasuxismgebelia Tavis qmedebaze.
boeTiusis msjeloba imdenad naklebad qristianuli iyo, rom me-19 saukuneSi
gavrcelda mosazreba, rom igi arc iyo qristiani da rom Teologiuri
traqtatebi mas SecdomiT miewereboda. problema gadawyda erTi fragmentis aR-
moCeniT, sadac kasiodorosi adasturebs, rom misma megobarma boeTiusma `dawera
wigni samebis Sesaxeb, amasTanave ramdenime dogmaturi Tavi da wigni nestoriusis
432 boeTiusi
winaaRmdeg.~ sakiTxis gadawyvetas isic aadvilebs, rom boeTiusi am wignSi arsad

ewinaaRmdegeba qristianobas, ubralod, igi mas naklebad eyrdnoba.
boeTiusis `filosofiis nugeSi~ Sua saukuneebis erT-erTi sayvareli wigni
iyo, romelmac didi gavlena moaxdina am epoqis azrovnebaze. boeTiusis mier
danaxuli samyaro, romelic siyvaruliTaa garemoculi (4. leqsi 6), dantesTvis
`RvTaebrivi komediis~ qvakuTxedad iqca. boeTiusis gardacvalebis Semdeg papma
gregorma, romelic gatacebuli iyo gamokvlevebiT musikis Sesaxeb, aitaca
boeTiusis himnebi da maTSi Tavisi ideebis dadastureba ipova. man gadaakeTa es
musikaluri nawarmoebebi da eklesias gadasca. boeTiusis musikas man axali
teqstebi daado bibliidan. am gadamuSavebis safuZvelze Seiqmna gregorianuli
musika.
Txzulebebi: `filosofiis nugeSi~, àristoteles zogierTi adgilis

interpretacia~, `sofistebis ganmarteba~, `ciceronTan zogierTi adgilis
komentari~, `porfiriusis isagoges komentarebi. meore gamocema,~
àristoteles kategoriebis Sesaxeb~, àristoteles `ganmartebis Sesaxeb~,
komentarebi~, `kategoriebis silogizmis Sesaxeb~, `Sesavali kategoriebis
silogizmSi~, `hipoTeturi silogizmis Sesaxeb~, `dayofis Sesaxeb~,
`sxvadasxva Temaze~, àriTmetikis swavlebis Sesaxeb~, `musikis swavlebis
Sesaxeb~, `geometriis da ariTmetikis xelovneba~ (avtoris vinaoba sakamaToa).
Teologiuri naSromebi: `ratom aris sameba erTi RmerTi da ara sami

RmerTi~, `mamis, Zisa da suliwmidas Sesaxeb~, `ramdenad arian substanciebi im
punqtSi, rom isini „arian~, keTili~, `msoflio rwmenis Sesaxeb~, èvtixis da
nestoris winaaRmdeg~, `wigni pirovnebisa da ori bunebis Sesaxeb~.
434 rCeuli bibliografia
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T
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G. B. Townend, Sueton and his Influence, in: T. A. Dorey (Hrsg.), Latin Biography, 1967, 79-111.
U. Lambrecht, Herrscherbild und Prinzipatsidee in Suetons Kaiserbiographien, 1984.
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by R. M. Ogilvie, E. H. Warmington, M. Winterbottom, 1914.
Tacitus, vol. II, Histories 1-3, Translated by Clifford H. Moore, 1925.
Tacitus, vol. III, Histories 4-5. Annals 1-3, Translated by Clifford H. Moore, John Jackson, 1931.
Tacitus, vol. IV, Annals 4-6, 11-12, Translated by John Jackson, 1937.
Tacitus, vol. V, Annals 13-16, Translated by John Jackson, 1937.
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Г. С. Кнабе, Корнелий Тацит. М. 1981.
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Tuli TargmaniT, Sesavali narkveviTa da komentarebiT, Tbilisi 1973.
G. Walser, Rom, das Reich und die fremden Völker in der Geschichtsschreibung der früheren Kaiserzeit,
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B. Walker, The Annals of Tacitus, 1952.
R. Syme, Tacitus, 2 Bde., 1958.
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Terence, vol. I, The Woman of Andros. The Self-Tormentor. The Eunuch, Edited and Translated by John
Barsby, 2001.
Terence, vol. II, Phormio. The Mother-in-Law. The Brothers, Edited and Translated by John Barsby,
2001.
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H. Haffter, Terenz und seine künstlerische Eigenart, Basel 1953 (Darmstadt 1967).
K. Büchner, Das Theater des Terenz, Heidelberg 1974.
E. Segal, Oxford readings in Menander, Plautus and Terentius, Oxford 2001.
P. Kruschwitz, Terenz, Darmstadt 2004.
E. Lefèvre (Ed.), Das romische Drama. Darmstadt 1978, 224 -308.
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Catullus, Tibullus. Pervigilium Veneris, Translated by F. W. Cornish, J. P. Postgate, J. W. Mackail, Re-
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Марк Валерий Mарциал, Эпиграммы, Санкт-Петербург, 1994.
F.-H. Mutschler, Die poetische Kunst Tibulls, 1985. Ch. Neumeister, Tibull, 1986.
F. Solmsen, Tibullus as an Augustan Poet, in: Hermes 90, 1962, 295-325.
M. Wifstrand Schiebe, Das ideale Dasein bei Tibull und die Goldzeitkonzeption Vergils, 1981.
W. Wimmel, Der frühe Tibull, 1968.
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Rhetorical Treaties
Cicero, vol. I, Rhetorica ad Herennium, A. Rhetorical Treatises, Translated by Harry Caplan, 1954.
Cicero, vol. II, On Invention. The Best Kind of Orator. Topics. A. Rhetorical Treatises, Translated by
H. M. Hubbell, 1949.
Cicero, vol. III, On the Orator, Books 1-2, A. Rhetorical Treatises, Translated by E. W. Sutton, H. Rack-
ham, 1942.
Cicero, vol. IV, On the Orator: Book 3. On Fate. Stoic Paradoxes. On the Divisions of Oratory, A. Rhe-
torical Treatises, Translated by H. Rackham, 1942.
Cicero, vol. V, Brutus. Orator, A. Rhetorical Treatises, Translated by G. L. Hendrickson, H. M. Hubbell,
1939.
Orations
Cicero, vol. VI, Pro Quinctio. Pro Roscio Amerino. Pro Roscio Comoedo. The Three Speeches on the
Agrarian Law Against Rullus, B. Orations, Translated by J. H. Freese.
Cicero, vol. VII, The Verrine Orations I, Against Caecilius. Against Verres, Part 1; Part 2, Books 1-2,
B. Orations, Translated by H. G. Greenwood, 1928.
Cicero, vol. VIII, The Verrine Orations II, Against Verres, Part 2, Books 3-5, B. Orations, Translated by
H. G. Greenwood, 1935.
Cicero, vol. IX, Pro Lege Manilia. Pro Caecina. Pro Cluentio. Pro Rabirio Perduellionis Reo B. Orations,
Translated by H. Grose HOdge, 1927.
Cicero, vol. X, In Catilinam 1-4. Pro Murena. Pro Sulla. Pro Flacco B. Orations, Translated by C. Mac-
donald, 1978.
Cicero, vol. XI, Pro Archia. Post Reditum in Senatu. Post Reditum ad Quirites. De Domo Sua. De Harus-
picum Responsis. Pro Cn. Plancio, B. Orations, Translated by N. H. Watts, 1923.
Cicero, vol. XII, Pro Sestio. In Vatinium, B. Orations, Translated by R. Gardner, 1958.
Cicero, vol. XIII, Pro Caelio. De Provinciis Consularibus. Pro Balbo, B. Orations, Translated by
R. Gardner, 1958.
Cicero, vol. XIV, Pro Milone. In Pisonem. Pro Scauro. Pro Fonteio. Pro Rabirio Postumo. Pro Marcello.
Pro Ligario. Pro Rege Deiotaro, B. Orations, Translated by N. H. Watts, 1931.
Cicero, vol. XV, Philippics, B. Orations, Translated by C. A. Ker, 1926.
Philosophical Treaties
Cicero, vol. XVI, On the Republic. On the Laws, C. Philosophical Treatises, Translated by Clinton
W. Keyes, 1926.
Cicero, vol. XVII, On Ends, C. Philosophical Treatises, Translated by H. Rackham, 1914.
Cicero, vol. XVIII, Tusculan Disputations, C. Philosophical Treatises, Translated by J. E. King, 1927.
Cicero, vol. XIX, On the Nature of the Gods. Academics, C. Philosophical Treatises, Translated by
H. Rackham, 1933.
Cicero, vol. XX, On Old Age. On Friendship. On Divination, C. Philosophical Treatises, Translated by
W. A. Falconer, 1923.
Cicero, vol. XXI, On Duties, C. Philosophical Treatises, Translated by Walter Miller, 1913.
Letters
Cicero, vol. XXII, Letters to Atticus 1-89, D. Letters, Translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, 1999.
Cicero, vol. XXIII, Letters to Atticus, 90-165A, D. Letters, Translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, 1999.
Cicero, vol. XXIV, Letters to Atticus, 166-281, D. Letters, Translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, 1999.
Cicero, vol. XXV, Letters to Friends, 1-113, D. Letters, Edited and Translated by D. R. Shackleton Bai-
ley, 2001.
Cicero, vol. XXVI, Letters to Friends, 114-280, D. Letters, Edited and Translated by D. R. Shackleton
Bailey, 2001.
Cicero, vol. XXVII, Letters to Friends, 281-435, D. Letters, Edited and Translated by D. R. Shackleton
Bailey, 2001.
Cicero, vol. XXVIII, Letters to Quintus and Brutus. Letter Fragments. Letter to Octavian. Invectives.
Handbook of Electioneering, D. Letters, Edited and Translated by D. R. Shackleton Bailey, 2002.
Cicero, vol. XXIX, Letters to Atticus, 282-426, D. Letters, Edited and Translated by D. R. Shackleton
Bailey, 1999.
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lisi 1962.
ciceroni, sityvebi (rosciusis dasacavad, katilinas winaaRmdeg, murenas dasa-
cavad, ligariusis dasacavad) laTinuridan Targmna, Sesavali werili da komen-
tarebi daurTo i. gaguam, Tbilisi 2005.
l
al. wereTeli, markus tulius ciceroni, Tbilisi 1959.
ak. uruSaZe, ciceronis cxovreba da Semoqmedeba, Tsu Sromebi, t. 114, Tbilisi 1965.
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K. Bringmann, Untersuchungen zum späten Cicero,1971.
W. Burkert, Cicero als Platoniker und Skeptiker, in: Gymnasium 72, 1965, 175-200.
C. J. Classen, Recht, Retorik, Politik, 1985.
J. Glucker, Cicero’s philosophical affiliations, in: M. Dillon, A.A. Long (Hrsg.), The Question of “Eclec-
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W. Görler, Untersuchungen zu Ciceros Philosophie, 1974.
P. MacKendrick, The Philosophical Books of Cicero, 1989.
V. Pöschl, Römischer Staat und griechisches Staatsdenken bei Cicero, 1936 (Ndr. 1976).
horaciusi
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Horace, Odes and Epodes, Edited and Translated by Naill Rudd, 2004.
Horace, Satires. Epistles. The Art of Poetry, Translated by H. Rushton Fairclough, 1926.
T
kvintus horacius flakusi, poeturi xelovnebisaTvis, laTinuridan Targmna, Sesa-
vali werili da komentarebi daurTo ak. uruSaZem, Tbilisi 1981.
horaciusi, odebi, laTinuridan Targmna m. imnaZem, Tbilisi 1982.
l
E. Lefèvre, Horaz, Der Individualist, Freiburg 1993.
E. Lefèvre, Horaz – Dichter im augusteischen Rom, 1993
R. Ancona, Time and the Erotic in Horace’s Odes, 1995.
D. Armstrong, Horace, 1989.
R. W. Carrubba, The Epodes of Horace, 1969.
N. E. Collinge, The Structure of Horace’s Odes, 1961.
E. Fraenkel, Horaz, 1963.
D. Mulroy, Horace’s Odes and Epodes, 1994.
456 umniSvnelovanes terminTa ganmartebebi
umniSvnelovanes terminTa ganmar-

tebebi
aedi (berZn. sityvidan aeidein `mRera“). homerosis epoqidan moyolebuli aedi ewodebo-
da poetsa da momRerals, romelic oTxsimiani liris TanxlebiT asrulebda poetur qmni-
lebas. antikur epoqaSi profesionali momRerali didad iyo dafasebuli, radganac ber-
Znebi Tvlidnen, rom aedebs Tavad RmerTebi STaagonebdnen. aedebs xSirad akldaT Tvalis
Cini, amitom elinebs swamdaT, rom simReris niWi maT mxedvelobis wil argunes muzebma. da-
axloebiT Zv.w. 700 wlisaTvis aedur xelovnebaSi ori mimarTuleba gamoiyo: deklamaciu-
ri (epikuri nawarmoebebis Sesruleba rafsodosTa mier) da kiTarodiuli (solo simRera
kiTaris akomponimentiT).
avgustusi, gaius oqtavianusi (Zv.w. 63 _ ax.w. 14 ww.), romis pirveli imperatori; roms
marTavda Zv.w. 27 _ ax.w. 14 ww.
azianizmi, stilisturi mimarTuleba oratorul xelovnebaSi, romelic elinistur
epoqaSi Camoyalibda mcire aziis zogierT qalaqSi. mWevrmetyvelebi, romlebic ar izia-
rebdnen atikur tradiciebs, cdilobdnen sakuTari azrebi ufro STambeWdavi, amaRlebu-
li da maRalfardovani sityvebiT gamoeTqvaT. es maRalfardovaneba, romelic TavisTavad
garkveul efeqts qmnida, mogvianebiT manerizmSi gadaizarda. ciceronma Tavis Txzulebeb-
Si (upiratesad `brutusSi“) warmoadgina azianizmisa da misi sapirispiro mimarTulebis,
atikizmis (aticizmis) analizi. gansakuTrebiT popularuli gaxda azianuri stili roma-
ul epoqaSi, misi TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia filosofosi seneka.
aleqsandre III makedoneli (Zv.w. 356-323 ww.), pirveli msoflio imperiis mbrZanebeli,
`did aleqsandred“ wodebuli; makedoniis taxtze Zv.w. 336 wels aRzevda.
aleqsandriis filologiuri skola, Zv.w. III saukuneSi egviptis aleqsandriaSi ptolema-
iosebma daarses museioni (`muzaTa savane“). es iyo mdidari biblioTekiT aRWurvili samec-
niero centri, sadac TanamSromlobdnen filologosebi, astronomebi, maTematikosebi, bo-
tanikosebi, zoologebi da sxva swavlulebi. aleqsandriel filologosTa umTavres dam-
saxurebad iTvleba Zveli samyaros am udidesi biblioTekis fondebis sistematizacia da
klasikos mweralTa Txzulebebis komentireba.
anagnorisisi (berZ. anagnorisis `gamocnoba“), dramis kompoziciuri agebulebis erT-erTi
umTavresi elementi peripetiasTan erTad. anagnorisisi saSualebas iZleva moqmedeba wari-
marTos umecrebidan Semecnebamde, rac mayurebelSi iwvevs SiSsa da TanagrZnobas (aristo-
tele). `gamocnoba~ logikurad unda gamomdinareobdes moqmedebis ganviTarebidan ise,
rom ar moxdes siuJetis xelovnuri rRveva. es mayurebelma an Tavad unda igrZnos, an moq-
medi pirisgan unda Seityos. anagnorisisis saSualebad SeiZleba iqces gmiric, adgilic da
Seqmnili situaciac.
anTologia (berZn. anthologia `yvavilTa krebuli“, `Taiguli“), krebuli literaturuli
teqstebisa, upiratesad sxvadasxva avtorTa epigramebisa. adreuli xanis berZnul epigra-
maTa sayovelTaod cnobili krebulebia: meleagros gadarelis (daaxl. Zv.w. 70 w.) `gvirgvi-
ni“; filipos Tesalonikelis (daaxl. ax.w. 40 w.) `gvirgvini“ da agaTias (daaxl. ax.w. 560 w.)
`kiklusi“ (~ciklusi“). am krebulebze dayrdnobiT daaxl. 900 wels karis mRvdelmsaxurma,
bizantielma konstantinos kefalam Seadgina anTologia, romelic ramdenime wignad dahyo.
swored am krebulis Sevsebuli variantia `palatinuri anTologia“ (Ànthologia Palatina“),
romelmac es saxelwodeba daimkvidra mas Semdeg, rac aRmoCnda haidelbergis `Codex
Palatinus“-Si.
atelana (laT. fabula Atellana àtelanuri ambavi“). qalaqi atela (Atella) mdebareobda oske-
biT dasaxlebul kampaniaSi (Sua italia). swored iq daedo dasabami xalxuri komediis ate-
lanad wodebul saxeobas. es iyo mokle, improvizebuli scena, romelsac, Cveulebriv, tra-
gediis Semdeg warmoadgendnen xolme. masSi mxilebuli iyo sazogadoebrivi da politiku-
ri cxovrebis uweso mxareebi.
atikizmi (aticizmi), stilisturi mimarTuleba sityvakazmul mwerlobaSi, romelmac
elinisturi periodis dasawyisSi iCina Tavi. aleqsandre makedonelis gardacvalebis Sem-
deg berZnuli kulturis monapovari gamocxadda ra nimuSad, aleqsandriasa da pergamosSi
daiwyes literaturuli memkvidreobis Seswavla-gadamuSaveba. leqsikografiulma da gra-
matikulma kvlevam, agreTve sagamomcemlo moRvaweobis aRorZinebam, romelsac Sedegad
mohyva `saukeTesoTa Soris saukeTeso“ berZen avtorTa nusxebis Sedgena (e.w. àleqsandri-
uli kanoni“), warmoaCina Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis atikel mweralTa da poetTa upiratesoba.
isini sanimuSo avtorebad Seracxes, xolo maTi leqsikuri arsenali da stili sayovelTao
normad gamoacxades. atikuri nimuSebis mibaZva stilistikis principad miiCnies. daiwyo
literaturuli enis kanonizacia, ris Sedegadac man dakarga cxovelmyofeloba da sayo-
velTao-literaturul enad iqca. atikizmis Teoria azianizmTan orTabrZolisas Camoya-
libda Zv.w. I saukuneSi, maSin, rodesac romSi gaZlierda interesi berZnuli ritorikisad-
mi. iq àvadmyof“ azianur stils atikistebma daupirispires `jansaRi“, anu ubralo da sa-
da atikuri stili, romelic damaxasiaTebeli iyo klasikis periodis atikeli oratorebi-
saTvis. Tavisi ganviTarebis umaRles safexurs atikizmma Zv.w. I saukuneSi miaRwia. mis sauke-
Teso warmomadgenlad dionisios halikarnaseli iTvleba.
aRmosavleT romis imperia. romauli imperiis aRmosavleT da dasavleT nawilebad da-
yofis tendencia ax.w. III saukunidan mwifdeboda. instituciurad es ganxeTqileba Seamzades
diokletianesa da konstantine I-is reformebma. es iyo periodi, rodesac monaTmflobelu-
ri wyobis krizisis Sedegad mimdinareobda mTeli saxelmwifos feodalizacia. es urTu-
lesi procesi iyo, romelsac Tan erTvoda barbarosuli tomebis Tavdasxmebi. imperiis aR-
mosavleT nawilSi, sadac monoba nakleb ganviTarebuli iyo, krizisi naklebad mwvave xasi-
aTs atarebda da amitom konstantine I-ma 330 wels dedaqalaqi gadaitana aRmosavleTSi,
strategiulad mniSvnelovan adgilas, daba bizantionSi (konstantinopolisi). dasavleT
imperiis mbrZaneblebmac miatoves mSfoTvare romi da dasaxldnen ravenasa da mediolanSi.
konstantine I-is Semdeg roms ori imperatori marTavda: erTi _ aRmosavleT nawils, meore
_ dasavleTs. imperia or nawilad sabolood Teodosios I-is memkvidreTa mmarTvelobis
Jams (395 wlis Semdgom) gaiyo. 476 wels daeca dasavleT romis imperia da saxelwodebam _
àRmosavleT romis imperia“ _ dakarga azri. TandaTanobiT mas Seerqva `bizantiis impe-
ria“, romelmac kidev 1000 wels iarseba.
berZen-sparselTa omebi (Zv.w. 500-449 ww.). omebi sparseTsa da ZvelberZnul qalaq-saxel-
mwifoTa Soris. sparseTma Zv.w. VI saukunisTvis erT-erTi uZlieresi imperia Seqmna dai-
morCila ra mTeli mcire azia, babiloni, egviptis nawili. Zv.w. V saukuneSi darios I-ma ga-
nagrZo Tavis winamorbed mefeTa dampyrobluri politika da daiZra materikuli saber-
ZneTisken. Zv.w. 490 wels sakmaod iolad miaRwia maraTons, romelsac aTenidan mxolod 42
km aSorebda. uTanasworo brZolaSi berZnebma pirveli didi gamarjveba moipoves, romel-
sac mohyva Tavganwiruli brZolebi TermopilesTan (480 w.), salamisTan (480 w.), plateasTan
(479 w.), mikalesTan (479 w.), kvlav salamisTan da Semdeg kviprosze (450 w.). berZnebma SeZles
rogorc kontinenturi saberZneTis, aseve mcire aziis berZnuli sanapiros gaTavisufleba.
didi iyo berZenTa sparselebze gamarjvebis mniSvneloba. elinTa agonistur suls Ta-
visufali samyaros dinastiuri erTmmarTvelobis meqanizmiT Sekrul veeberTela imperia-
ze gamarjvebam axali Zala STabera, rasac kulturis aRmavloba mohyva. saberZneTis isto-
riaSi daiwyo klasikad wodebuli epoqa, romelic Semdgom kacobriobis ganviTarebis um-
niSvnelovanes safexurad iqca. da rac mTavaria: berZenTa da sparselTa dapirispireba es
iyo ori kulturis, ori politikuri sistemis, saxelmwifos organizaciis ori koncefci-
is Widili. berZenTa gamarjvebam evropisa da, SeiZleba iTqvas, msoflios ganviTarebis gza
gansazRvra.
bukolikebi (berZn. bukolos `mwyemsi“), mwyemsuri simRerebi. atikuri bukolikuri poezia
mwyemsTa xalxuri poeziidan iRebs saTaves, Tumca rogorc literaturuli Janri, igi mxo-
lod Teokritosis (Zv.w. III s.) poeziaSi warmoCnda pirvelad. es iyo periodi, rodesac da-
iwyo qalaqTa intensiuri dasaxleba, rasac Sedegad mohyva sofluri cxovrebis nostalgi-
a. rac ufro scildeboda adamiani bunebas, miT ufro metad iswrafoda misken. bukoliku-
ri poeziis Semoqmedni, ZiriTadad, sazogadoebis maRali fenebis warmomadgenelni iyvnen.

isini mwyemsTa cxovrebis idealur suraTebs xatavdnen. maTTvis damaxasiaTebeli iyo sen-
timentalizmi da lirizmi. xSirad bukolikebis avtorebi idealizirebul samyaros iye-
nebdnen sakuTari gancdebis warmoCenis fonad (vergiliusi). antikurma bukolikam XVI-XVIII
saukuneebSi axali aRmavloba ganicada evropaSi pastoraluri poeziis saxiT.
`Deus ex machina“ (laT. `RmerTi manqanidan“). zogierT antikur dramaSi konfliqti ix-
sneboda ara siuJetis ganviTarebis kvaldakval, rogorc, magaliTad, sofokles òidipos
mefeSi“, aramed dramis moqmedebaSi RmerTTa an romelime sxva RvTaebrivi Zalis CarTviT.
scenaze eSveboda Teatraluri manqana (etli _ berZn. mechane, laT. machina), romelzec aR-
zevebuli iyo RmerTi da romelic ganacxadebda simarTles. evripides `medeaSi“ scenaze
eSveba heliosis gveleSapSebmuli etli, romelsac mihyavs medea, ganaridebs ra codvil
samyaros, aq tragediis gmiri Tavad xdeba `RmerTi manqanidan“.
gimnosofistebi (berZn. gymnosophistai), ase uwodes berZnebma indoel filosofosebs,
romelTa cxovrebis asketuri wesi elinistur saberZneTSi maRali zneobis nimuSad iqca.
gnomuri poezia (berZn. gnome, laT. sententia `Segoneba“). sayovelTaod miRebuli azris
formulirebas berZnebi gnomes uwodebdnen. gnomebs homerosidan moyolebuli TiTqmis
yvela avtori sTavazobda Tavis auditorias. gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT Txzavdnen maT
poeti-didaqtikosebi (hesiode, Teognisi, hiponaqsi). Zvel saberZneTSi popularobiT sar-
geblobda saxelovan poetTa gamonaTqvamebis krebulebi. am saxis mdidari masala dagrov-
da gviani elinizmis xanaSi. ax.w. V saukuneSi moRvawe filosofosma da mweralma stobeosma
gamosca ànTologia“ oTx wignad, romelSic gaaerTiana 500-mde berZeni poetisa Tu filo-
sofosis gnomebi. es krebuli mniSvnelovania imiTac, rom masSi warmodgenilia fragmente-
bi im teqstebidanac, romlebmac Cvenamde ver moaRwies.
dariosi: 1. qserqsesis mama, mefobda Zv.w. 521-485 ww.; 2. artaqserqsesis Ze, mama artaqser-
qsesisa da kiros umcrosisa, mefobda Zv.w. 424-405 ww.; 3. mefobda Zv.w. 336-330 ww. daamarcxa
aleqsandre makedonelma, mokla besosma.
dasavleT romis imperia. romis imperiis istoriis bolo safexuri, dominatis epoqad
wodebuli (284-476 ww.), xasiaTdeba mmarTveli klasebis sxvadasxva dajgufebaTa morigebis
mcdelobad. diokletianem 293 wels oTx nawilad (tetrarqia) dahyo uzarmazari imperia,
romelsac marTavda ori avgustusi da ori keisari. misTvis cxadi gaxda, rom ukidureso-
bamde misuli veeberTela imperiis centralizebuli marTva SeuZlebeli iyo; konstantine
I-ma (306-337 ww.) xangrZlivi samoqalaqo omis Semdeg mTeli imperia sakuTar Zalas daumor-
Cila (324 w.), Tumca SeinarCuna misi tetrarqiuli struqtura axla ukve prefeqturebis sa-
xelwodebiT. man mravali reforma ganaxorciela, 330 wels ki dedaqalaqi gadaitana aRmo-
savleTSi, strategiulad mniSvnelovan adgilas, daba bizantionSi, romelsac Semdgom
konstantinopolisi ewoda. imperiis dasavleT nawilis mbrZaneblebic mis kvals daadgnen
da rezidenciad jer mediolani (milani) Semdeg ravena SearCies. ori saimperatoro cen-
tris Tanaarsebobam imperia sabolood or nawilad ganacalkeva. es moxda 395 wels, Tumca
dedaqalaqd Zveleburad romi iTvleboda.
dasavleT romis imperiam 476 wlamde iarseba da mTeli am xnis ganmavlobaSi ganuwyvete-
li daqveiTebis gzas adga. igi veRar igeriebda barbarosTa Semosevebs. 410 wels vestgoTe-
bis mefe alarix I-ma SeZlo romis aReba (qalaqis karibWe monebma gaxsnes) da gaZarcva. mar-
Talia, goTebi Semdgom wavidnen, magram barbarosTa Semosevebi ar Sewyvetila. germanul
tomTa mbrZaneblobaSi TandaTanobiT gadavida britaneTi, espaneTi, afrika, galia da pa-
nonia. imperatorebi marionetebad iqcnen germanel beladTa gverdiT. im xanad dasavleT
romis armias, romelic ZiriTadad daqiravebul germanelTa laSqari iyo, sardlobda
germaneli odoakri, romelmac 476 wels saimperatoro Zalaufleba waarTva mcirewlovan
imperators, romulus avgustuluss. es TariRi iTvleba dasavleT romis imperiis dasas-
rulad. aRmosavleT romis imperiam bizantiis saxelwodebiT kidev aTi saukune iarseba.
diatribe (berZn. diatribe `drois tareba“, `saubari“, `swavleba“), filosofiur-moralu-
ri Sinaarsis mqone saubris specifikuri forma, romelic Zv.w. III saukunis elinisturi fi-
losofiis popularulma warmomadgenlebma (ZiriTadad kinikosebma) SeimuSaves. diatribe-
bi xalxTa farTo masebs izidavnen, radganac filosofosebi maTTvis gasageb enaze saub-
robdnen. isini TavianTi moZRvrebiT axalgazrdebis aRzrdas emsaxurebodnen. diatribu-
li xelovnebis umniSvnelovanes warmomadgenlebad iTvlebian: horaciusi, seneka, persiusi,
iuvenalisi, epiqtetesi, maqsimos tiroseli da sxvebi. diatribebs qristianul qadagebaTa
adreul formebad miiCneven.
didaskaliebi (berZn. didaskalia `swavleba“, `SeniSvna“), Canawerebi, romlebSic qronolo-

giuri TanamimdevrobiT iyo CamoTvlili qorikuli da dramatuli warmodgenebi. didaska-
liebSi mocemuli iyo cnobebi warmodgenaTa dawyebis droze, Janrze, poetze, qoroze; da-
saxelebuli iyo nawarmoebis saTauri, msaxiobTa wodebebi da prizebic ki. saxelovanma fi-
losofosma aristotelem gamoaqveyna aTenis didaskaliebi, romlebiTac Semdgom aleqsan-
drielma swavlulebma didad isargebles. Cvenamde moaRwies terenciusis komediaTa di-
daskaliebma.
diTirambosi (berZn. dithyrambos), dionises kultTan dakavSirebuli sagundo simRera
Zvel saberZneTSi. saxelwodeba momdinareobs SeZaxilidan `Triambe, diTirambe“. droTa
ganmavlobaSi diTirambebma literaturuli Janris ufleba daimkvidres. cnobilia, rom
diTirambuli agonebis gamarjvebuli iyo keoseli poeti simonidesi. am Janris didebul
nimuSebs vxvdebiT pindarosis da bakqilidesis poetur qmnilebebSi. Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebSi
diTirambebis mTxzvelma poetebma (filoqsenosma, timoTeosma) scades am Janris ganaxleba:
SesZines ra mas axali musikaluri ritmi, virtuozulad scades misi gardaqmna solo par-
tiad. Cvenamde Zveli berZnuli diTirambebis mdidarma koleqciam moaRwia. maT Soris mniS-
vnelovania timoTeosis diTirambuli nomosi `sparselebi“.
diTirambebs Tanamedrove kantatebs (an mcire zomis operebs) amsgavseben. diTirambebs
werdnen goeTe, holderlini, nicSe da sxva avtorebi.
distiqi (berZn. distichos òrstriqoniani“), ori striqonisagan Semdgari leqsi, romel-
Sic pirveli striqoni daqtiluri heqsametriT, xolo meore _ daqtiluri pentametriT
iyo gamarTuli. distiqi antikuri elegiis (aqedan momdinareobs saxelwodeba èlegiuri
distiqi“) da epigramis kuTvnili metruli formaa. antikuri distiqebis mibaZviT werdnen
Tanamedrove samyaros poetebic (aRsaniSnavia goeTes `romauli elegiebi“ da `qseniebi“).
ekleqtizmi (berZn. laT. `SerCeva“), gvian elinistur xanaSi aRmocenebuli filoso-
fiuri mimdinareoba, romlis warmomadgenlebic cdilobdnen platonis, aristoteles,
stoikosTa da skeptikosTa Sexedulebebis gaerTianebas. Zv.w. I saukunisTvis ekleqtizmi
TiTqmis yvela filosofiur skolaSi iswavleboda. ekleqtikosebi ar sTavazobdnen sazo-
gadoebas axal ideebs, maTi mizani adamianuri qcevis zneobriv normaTa Camoyalibeba iyo,
amitom isini ZiriTadad eTikuri problemebiT iyvnen dakavebulni. mogvianebiT ekleqtiku-
ri filosofiis centrad iqca e.w. axali akademia, romlis warmomadgenlebic, ugulebel-
yofdnen ra skepticizms, cdilobdnen aristoteles, platonisa da stoikosTa eTikuri Se-
xedulebebis SejerebiT sakuTari filosofiis Camoyalibebas. ekleqtizmi didi popula-
robiT sargeblobda stoelTa (boeTiusi) da peripatetikosTa skolebSi. eklektizmma xe-
lovnebaSic iCina Tavi (Zv. w. II s-is Suawlebi _ ax.w. II s.), misTvis. damaxasiaTebeli iyo eli-
nistur da klasikur stilTa sinTezi, rac gamoixata Sinaarsis simwiriTa da formis dide-
bulebiT. xelovnebis es stili gaTvlili iyo esTetizmiT gatacebul diletantur sazoga-
doebaze.
ekloga (berZn. ekloge `rCeuli“), rCeuli leqsebi; mas Semdeg, rac es termini gamoiyena
vergiliusma Tavisi `bukolikebisaTvis“, èkloga“ Seerqva bukolikur, upiratesad mwyem-
sur poezias.
elegia (berZn. elegas `sevdiani simRera“). varaudoben, rom elegia ioniur mcire aziaSi
warmoiSva da igi Tavdapirvelad gankuTvnili iyo micvalebulTa dasatireblad. elegiebs
mRerodnen fleitis TanxlebiT an warmoTqvamdnen deklamirebiT. maTi metruli forma iyo
elegiuri distiqi (pirveli str. _ heqsametri; meore _ pentametri). Cvenamde moRweuli uZ-
velesi elegiebi Zv.w. VII-VI-V saukuneebiT TariRdeba. maT ukve mRerodnen nadimebze. am ele-
giaTa Tematika mravalferovania. gamoiyofa sabrZolo (kalinosi, tirteosi), gnomuri (Te-
ognisi), samoqalaqo (soloni), satrfialo (mimnermosi), filosofiuri (qsenofanesi) da
sxva saxis elegiebi. Zv.w. V saukuneSi poetebi naklebad werdnen elegiebs, Tumca elinistu-
ri xanidan lirikis am Janrma kvlav daibruna Tavisi uflebebi. am periodSi igi ukve ganaT-
lebuli sazogadoebisaTvis iqmneboda da misTvis niSandoblivi iyo axali gamomsaxvelo-
biTi enis, stilisa da Sinaarsis Zieba, formis TvalsazrisiT ki _ swrafva srulyofilebi-
saken.
romSi elegiebi gansakuTrebuli popularobiT sargeblobdnen. Warbobda satrfialo
Tematika, romelic xSirad sentimentalizmSi gadadioda (katulusi, tibulusi, properci-
usi, ovidiusi). antikuri xanis ukanasknel elegikosad iTvleba maqsimianusi (daaxl. 550 w.);
Sua saukuneebSi elegiebs kiTxulobdnen skolebSi. mogvianebiT elegia Seerqva sevdiani
ganwyobilebis gamomxatvel poetur qmnilebas. xSirad Znelia erTmaneTisgan gaimijnos
elegia da epigrama, radganac formiTac da SinaarsiTac isini erTmaneTs dauaxlovdnen.

Tanamedrove epoqis poetebi xSirad weren elegiebsac, epigramebsac, Tumca umeteswilad
aRar iyeneben maT Tavdapirvel formas _ elegiur distiqs.
elinizmi (hellenismus). es termini istoriul mecnierebaSi damkvidrda mas Semdeg, rac ga-
moqveynda germaneli mecnieris, i. g. droizenis wigni saxelwodebiT èlinizmis istoria“
(1836-1843 ww.). igi aRniSnavs epoqas, romelic iwyeba aleqsandre makedonelis laSqrobidan
da mTavrdeba Zv.w. I saukuniT. Sesabamisad, elinisturi epoqa moicavs: 1. aleqsandre makedo-
nelis laSqrobaTa periods (Zv.w. 334-323 ww.); 2. diadoqosTa omis fonze aleqsandres mier
Seqmnili imperiis daSlisa da elinisturi saxelmwifoebis warmoqmnis periods (Zv.w. 323-
280 ww.); 3. am saxelmwifoTa arsebobis periods (Zv.w. 280-30 ww.). es elinisturi saxelmwi-
foebi moyolebuli Zv.w. II saukunidan romis eqspansias emsxverplnen: makedonia da saberZne-
Ti Zv.w. 148-146 wlebSi; pergamosi _ Zv.w. 129 wels; selevkidebis saxelmwifo Zv.w. 64 wels; eg-
vipte _ Zv.w. 30 wels.
elinisturi epoqa mniSvnelovania upirveles yovlisa imiT, rom swored imxanad ganxor-
cielda ori udidesi kulturis _ aRmosavlurisa da dasavluris Serwyma elinuri kul-
turis dominirebis fonze. elinistur saxelmwifoebSi SemoqmedebiT cxovrebas gansazR-
vravda gabatonebuli klasi, romelic ZiriTadad berZenTagan Sedgeboda. amitomac domi-
nanturi iyo berZnuli ena. elinistur filosofiaSi aisaxa ra im periodisTvis damaxasia-
Tebeli polisuri sistemis krizisi, umTavres mimarTulebaTa Soris gamoiyo skepticizmi,
stoicizmi da epikureizmi; religiis sferoSi SeiniSneboda gataceba misterialuri kul-
tebiT, romlebic imqveyniuri cxovrebis uaRresobas qadagebdnen. berZnul-makedonuri di-
nastiis mefeTa karis brwyinvaleba sul ufro metad izidavda xelovnebis warmomadge-
nelT, romlebic muSaobdnen SekveTiT da amis gamo gamomsaxvelobiTi xelovneba maneriz-
mis gzas daadga. rac Seexeba literaturas, igi gamdidrda aRmosavluri formebiT, legen-
debiT, apokalifsuri motivebiT. literaturuli procesebi gardasuli epoqis upirate-
sobis gacnobierebam imitaciis (imitatio `mibaZva“) gziT warmarTa, ramac gamoiwvia klasi-
cisturi stilis mozRvaveba, e.w. `ganswavluli poetis“ (Poeta doctus) saxis damkvidreba. imi-
taciur midrekilebaTa Sedegi iyo is, rom elinistur saxelmwifoebSi daarsda filolo-
giuri centrebi, romlebic emsaxurebodnen mTeli berZnuli literaturis Seswavlisa da
kritikuli gamocemis saqmes da xels uwyobdnen axali literaturuli procesebis ganviTa-
rebas. elinisturma literaturam SeinarCuna ra yvela adre arsebuli Janri, paralelu-
rad warmoqmna am tradiciul JanrTa modificirebuli literaturuli formebi (epilio-
ni, katalogiseburi eposi, idilia, axali atikuri drama, paradramatuli poezia, epigrama
da sxva).
enkomioni (berZn. enkomion; laT. laudatio `xotba“), RvTaebaTa an adamianTa pativsadebad
Tqmuli saxotbo simRera (an sityva), romelic sruldeboda sazeimo msvlelobaTa dros.
pindarosis Tanaxmad, musikalur instrumentebad gamoiyeneboda formingsi, lira an flei-
ta (avili). prozad Tqmuli enkomioni iyo igive panegiriki an oratoruli sityva, romelic
upiratesad gmiris an mis mier aRsrulebuli saqmis gandidebas isaxavda miznad. enkomio-
nebma mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvres biografiis, rogorc Janris, aRmoceneba.
epigrama (berZn. epigramma `warwera“), antikuri lirikis farTod gavrcelebuli Janri.
Tavdapirvelad epigrama ewodeboda qandakebaze amokawrul warweras. misTvis niSandob-
livi iyo azris gamoxatvis sizuste, lakonizmi da, Zv.w. VIII saukunidan moyolebuli, daka-
nonebuli metruli forma _ elegiuri distiqi. Zv.w. IV saukunidan epigramam dakarga Tavisi
ZiriTadi funqcia (warwera) da Seivso SinaarsiT, Tumca adreuli xanis epigramaTa didi
nawili saflavis qvaTa warwerebia mainc. mogvianebiT epigrama daitvirTa eTikuri, moqa-
laqeobrivi, satrfialo TematikiT, gamdidrda ritorikuli da sofisturi elementebiT,
mravalferovani gaxda formiTac.
elinistur epoqaSi cnobili iyo epigramatuli poeziis ori skola: a) peloponesuri,
romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebeli iyo Sinaarsoblivi siWarbe da b) aleqsandriul-ioniuri,
romelic Txrobis ubraloebiT gamoirCeoda (kalimaqosi). Zv.w. III saukunisaTvis epigrama-
tuli poeziis es mimarTulebebi daviwyebas eZleva da ukve Zv.w. II saukunis dasawyisSi Tavs
iCens axali, finikiuri skola, sadac dasabami eZleva parodiul epigramas (cxovelTa epi-
tafiebi). Zv.w. I saukuneSi saxelovan poetTa epigramebi gmoica erT krebulad (Antologia
Palatina).
romaul literaturaSi epigramatulma poeziam Tavidanve didi popularoba moipova.

mas euflebodnen oratorul skolebSi, raTa eswavlaT azris gamoxatvis sinaTle da la-
koniuroba. epigramebs eqspromtis saxiT werdnen ganaTlebuli romaelebic, romlebic Ta-
vianT naTqvams sul ufro metad aniWebdnen satirul xasiaTs. epigramatulma Janrma Tavisi
ganviTarebis mwvervals katulusis da marcialisis SemoqmedebaSi miaRwia. epigramebs wer-
dnen bizantiuri poeziis korifeebic (grigol nazianzeli, avsoniusi, prudenciusi da
sxvebi). epigrama popularulia Tanamedrove samyaroSic (lesingi, Sileri, goeTe, bexeri
da sxvebi).
epigrafika (berZn. epigraphe `warwera“), warweraTa Semswavleli mecniereba, romlis um-
niSvnelovanesi warmomadgenlebic iyvnen avgustus beki da Teodor momzeni; saqarTveloSi
_ TinaTin yauxCiSvili. epigrafika damxmare istoriuli disciplinaa, romlis mizanic aris
warweraTa amokiTxva da analizi. epigrafika arsebiTad amdidrebs ara marto istoriul,
aramed enisa da kulturis Semswavlel mecnierebebs.
antikuri samyaros warweraTa Seswavlas renesansis epoqaSi daedo dasabami. umniSvne-
lovanesi gamocemebia: a. bekis Corpus Inscriptionum Graecorum (4 t.; 1828-1877 ww.); misi Sevsebu-
li da gadamuSavebuli varianti _ Inscriptiones Graece (gamodis 1973 wlidan); agreTve Corpus
Inscriptionum Latinarum, romlis gamocemasac d. momzenma Cauyara safuZveli (1863 w.) 1999-2000
wlebSi profesorma TinaTin yauxCiSvilma gamosca `saqarTvelos berZnuli warwerebis
korpusi“, romlis Sevsebuli gamocema 2004 wels ganxorcielda.
epiTalamiebi (berZn. epithalamioi), saqorwino simRerebi. berZnuli lirikuli poeziis er-
T-erTi saxeoba, romlis aRiarebuli nimuSebi sapfos fragmentebSi gvxvdeba.
epikuri cikli (berZn. kyklos `wre“), anu kiklikuri poemebi. Zveli berZnuli sagmiro epo-
sis ganzogadebuli saxeli (homerosisa da hesiodes poemaTa gamoklebiT). kiklikur poe-
mebSi gadmocemuli iyo is ambebi, romlebic ar aisaxa homerosis eposSi (Tumca, Tebes cik-
lis poemebsac kiklikur ciklSi aTavseben). mTeli am uzarmazari literaturidan Cvenamde
mxolod fragmentebi SemorCa, cnobilia zogierTi avtoris saxeli. varaudoben, rom kik-
likuri poemebi homerosis eposis Semdeg iwereboda. isini mxatvruli TvalsazrisiT bev-
rad Camouvardebodnen homerosis qmnilebebs.
epilioni (berZn. epyllion `mcire eposi“), heqsametriT dawerili mcire zomis nawarmoebe-
bi. epilionebSi Warbobda miTosuri siuJetebi da satrfialo motivebi. epilionTa avto-
rebi cdilobdnen mieRwiaT mxatvruli srulyofilebisaTvis. am Janrma gansakuTrebuli
popularoba elinistur epoqaSi moipova. misi umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenelia kalima-
qosi (Zv.w. III s.), romlis `hekales“ am tipis qmnilebaTa nimuSad miiCneven.
epinikiebi (berZn. epinikia `gamarjvebis simRerebi“), omis an sportuli apsarezobis ga-
marjvebulisadmi miZRvnili saxotbo qmnilebebi, asrulebda qoro musikisa da cekvis Tan-
xlebiT. epinikia masalad sxvadasxva Temas iyenebda (miToss, adresatis winaparTa mier Cade-
nil sagmiro saqmeebs, legendebs misi samSoblos istoriidan da sxva), misi metruli stru-
qtura mravalferovani iyo, Tumca arsebiTad strofis, antistrofisa da epodosis monac-
vleobas efuZneboda. am Janris mamamTavrad simonides keoselia (Zv.w. 556-468 ww.) miCneuli,
umTavres warmomadgenlad _ pindarosi (daaxl. Zv.w. 522-446 ww.).
episodioni (berZn. epeisodion `Semomsvleli“): 1. Teatraluri sanaxaobis adreuli forma.
ase ewodeboda msaxiobis gamoCenas ukve scenaze mdgom qorosTan, romelic Tavdapirvelad
mTavar rols asrulebda berZnul dramaSi; mogvianebiT episodioni ewoda qoros partia-
Ta Soris moqceul nebismier dialogs. 2. episodionebad miiCnevdnen agreTve eposis, drami-
sa da oratoruli sityvis damoukidebel, srulyofilad warmodgenil nawilebs, romle-
bic siuJetis ZiriTad xazs ar misdevdnen, Tumca arsebiTad ukavSirdebodnen mas. Tu epi-
sodionebi mTavari TemisTvis umniSvneloni iyvnen, isini ubralo CanarTebad rCebodnen
qmnilebaSi.
epitome (berZn. epitome àmonaridi“), literaturuli forma, romelic Zv.w. IV saukuneSi
aRmocenda didi mxatvruli tiloebis Semoklebis safuZvelze. SemoklebiT ZiriTadad
prozaul nawarmoebebs gadmoscemdnen.
epodosi (berZn. epodos), damatebiTi strofi, romelic mosdevs erT an ramdenime erTgva-
rovan strofs. epodosi winamavali strofebisagan gansxvavdeba ritmiTa da agebulebiT.
uZvelesi epodosebi (epodebi) gvxvdeba arqiloqosTan. mogvianebiT epodosebi daisakuTra
sagundo poeziam (qorikam), romlis kompozicia upiratesad strofis, antistrofisa da
epodosis monacvleobas emyareboda.
eposi (berZn. epos `sityva, leqsi“). antkiuri literaturis umniSvnelovanesi Janri. epi-
kuri qmnileba es aris vrceli, farTomasStaburi nawarmoebi, romelic upiratesad heqsa-
metriT aris Sesrulebuli. Cvenamde moRweuli uZvelesi epikuri qmnilebebia homerosis
ìliada“ da òdisea“.
etruskebi (laT. etrusci, tusci; berZn. tyrrhenoi, tyrsenoi `tirenielebi“, `tirsenielebi“), ita-
liis Sua nawilSi mdebare etruriaSi mosaxle araevropuli (savaraudoa mcireaziuli)
warmoSobis xalxi. Zv.w. VI saukunidan etruskebma iwyes teritoriebis gafarToeba, ris Se-
degadac romaelebi moeqcnen etrusk mefeTa, tarkviniusTa batonobis qveS. magram samxreT
italiaSi mosaxle berZnebma SeZles etruskTa Seviwroveba: Zv.w. 524 da 474 wlebSi maT moi-
poves gamarjvebebi q. kumesTan; Zv.w. 510 wels etruskebma dakarges romi, Zv.w. 421 wels _ ka-
pua; Zv.w. 400 wels galebma gandevnes etruskebi zemo italiidan. Zv.w. 282 wlamde maT Tan-
daTanobiT ipyrobdnen romaelebi. etruskTa ukanaskneli amboxeba romaelTa batonobis
winaaRmdeg sastikad CaaxSo sulam. avgustusis mbrZaneblobis periodSi etruria italiis
VII regionad iTvleboda. diokletianusis mier axleburad organizebul imperiaSi etru-
ria umbriasTan erTad ukve romis provinciad iwodeboda. TandaTanobiT moxda misi mosax-
leobis romanizirebac.
iambi (berZn. iambos). Tavdapirvelad es termini garkveul saleqso sazoms, iambs (-4) aR-
niSnavda. iamburi trimetriT dawerili leqsebi pirvelad arqiloqosTan dasturdeba. am
marTlac didi iambografosis poeziis mixedviT Tu vimsjelebT, iamburi leqsebi Tavisi
uxamsi da damcinavi xasiaTiT gamoirCeodnen. TandaTanobiT iamburi trimetris gamoyene-
biT Seqmnili nawarmoebebis wre gafarTovda da igi dramis sadialogo partiebis kanoni-
kur saleqso sazomadac ki iqca.
idilia (berZn. eidyllion `suraTi“), momcro leqsi. Tavdapirvelad idiliuri ewodeboda
Teokritosis bukolikuri xasiaTis leqsebs. mogvianebiT idilia Seerqva yvela leqss, sa-
dac sofluri cxovrebis suraTebi iyo warmodgenili.
inveqtiva (laT, `Zageba, lanZRva“), romelime piris leqsad (upiratesad iambiT) an, SesaZ-
loa, prozadac Tqmuli mxileba-ganqiqeba. inveqtiva SeiZleboda romelime Janris qmnile-
bis nawilic yofiliyo. misi umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenlebi iyvnen arqiloqosi da ka-
tulusi. aRsaniSnavia salustiusis inveqtivebi ciceronis winaaRmdeg, ovidiusis ìbisi“
da sxva. inveqtiva, rogorc mWevrmetyvelebis Janri, iswavleboda ritorikul skolebSi.
kaTarsisi (berZn. katharsis `ganwmenda“), berZenTa rwemniT, musikasa da poezias adamianis
sulis ganwmendis unari Seswevs. piTagorelebis filosofiaSi mniSvnelovani adgili uWi-
ravs msjelobas musikis kataraqtikuli Zalis Taobaze; platonTan kaTarsisi adamianuri
sulis RvTaebasTan miaxloebis winapirobaa da yvela siqvelis (arete, virtus) erTobliobad
moiazreba. aristoteles azriT, kaTarsiss `Zrwolis efeqti“ iwvevs, igi tragediaSi iCens
Tavs da `SiSiTa da TanagrZnobiT“ axdens `vnebaTa ganwmendas“ (`katharsis pathematon“). didi
xnis ganmavlobaSi mecnierebi msjelobdnen imaze, Tu romel vnebaTa ganwmendas gulisxmob-
da aristotele. Tanamedrove gamokvlevebSi gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, adamiani tra-
gediis meSveobiT araordinaluri ubedurebis Tanaziari xdeba. am dros igi Sepyrobilia
SiSiTa da TanagrZnobiT da yvela sxva emociisagan Tavisufldeba, rac iwvevs mis ganwmen-
das.
kalokagaTia (berZn. kalos `mSvenieri“, agathos `keTili“). cneba `kalokagaTia“ esTetikur
(kalos) da eTikur (agathos) RirsebaTa erTobliobas gulisxmobs. mis safuZvelSi devs sxeu-
lisa da sulis srulyofilebis ZvelberZnuli ideali (~lamaz sxeulSi lamazi sulia“). am
idealze dafiqrebas pirvelad sapfos poeziaSi vxvdebiT (~mSveniers mxolod garegnoba
aqvs mSvenieri, // keTili umal mSvenieric mogeCveneba“); mogvianebiT `kalokagaTia“ filo-
sofosTa msjelobis qvakuTxedi xdeba.
karolinguri renesansi. es termini frankTa mefis, karlos didis (Carolus Magnus, 768-814
ww.) saxels ukavSirdeba da igi me-15 saukunidan Cndeba samecniero literaturaSi. karlos
didis politikuri programis qvakuTxedad iTvleba `renovatio Romani imperii“ (~romauli im-
periis aRorZineba“), rac kulturisa da ganaTlebis antikur-qristianuli suliT aRorZi-
nebas gulisxmobda. am programis gansaxorcieleblad karlos didma sasaxlis karze Tavi
mouyara ganaTlebul adamianebs, romlebmac misi xelmZRvanelobiTa da antkiurobis mibaZ-
viT daaarses àkademia“, sadac msjelobdnen mecnierebis, kulturisa da xelovnebis prob-
lemebze; amasTanave isini qmnidnen Tavisi drois ubrwyinvales poetur, literaturul, sa-
mecniero-Teologiur da sxva xasiaTis nawarmoebebs. karlos didis karze moRvaweobdnen
saxelmoxveWili adamianebi: swavluli alkuini, istoriografosi pavle diakvani, poeti

Teodolf orleaneli, biografosi einhardi da sxvebi. amis Sedegi iyo is, rom imperiaSi
gamococxlda kulturuli cxovreba, ganviTareba iwyo arqiteqturam, freskulma ferwe-
ram, sagamomcemlo xelovnebam; daiwyo antikuri xanis avtorTa teqstebis Segroveba da da-
muSaveba, romlis wyalobiTac Cvenamde SemorCa romauli literaturis arsebiTi nawili;
amaRlda ganaTlebis donec, Tumca yovelive amas xeli ar SeuSlia qristianuli msof-
lmxedvelobisTvis SeenarCunebina dominirebuli mdgomareoba.
kulturis aRmavloba grZeldeboda karlos didis CamomavalTa mefobis periodSic,
magram ukve IX saukuneSi imperiam daiwyo daSla, ramac kulturis daqveiTeba gamoiwvia.
kikladuri kultura. Zv.w. 2600-1110 wlebSi, spilenZisa da brinjaos xanaSi, kikladur
kunZulebze sakmaod saintereso kultura arsebobda. Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi man ganicada mi-
nosuri da mikenuri kulturebis gavlena, mecnierebi mianiSneben dasavleT anatoliur gav-
lenebzec.
kikladebi egeosis zRvaSi wred ganlagebul kunZulebs SeerqvaT (berZnuli sityva Kyk-
lades `wreze moTavsebuls“ niSnavs). maTgan SedarebiT didi kunZulebi (naqsosi, parosi, an-
drosi, tenosi) uZveles xanaSi ionielebiT yofila dasaxlebuli, xolo ufro momcro kun-
Zulebze (melosi, Tera, antiparosi) saxlobdnen dorielebi. miuxedavad imisa, rom kikla-
debze nayofieri niadagi ar iyo, mis mkvidrTa ZiriTadi saqmianoba soflis meurneobas
ukavSirdeboda. didi roli eniWeboda agreTve vaWrobas, marmarilosa (parosi, naqsosi)
da sxva wiaRiseulis mopovebas.
arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad kikladur kunZulebze aRmoCenilia gardasuli ci-
vilizaciis mravali naSTi: keramikuli WurWeli, qvis sasmisebi, marmarilos kerpebi; sagan-
gebod unda aRiniSnos Teras saocari ferweruli freskebi, romelTac antikuri xelovne-
bis SedevrTa Soris asaxeleben. gviani periodis kikladebisaTvis niSandoblivi iyo gamom-
saxvelobiT saSualebaTa polifonia, riTac safuZveli Caeyara xelovnebis sakuTriv kik-
ladur stils (Tavdapirvelad geometriuli, mogvianebiT arqauli tipis), romelic Tavisi
mrvalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda. es iyo kikladuri kulturis aRmavlobis periodi. Zv.w. V-
IV saukuneebSi kikladebi aTenis gavlenis qveS moeqcnen. Zv.w. 315 wels isini kunZulTa kav-
SirSi gaerTiandnen da jer makedonias, xolo Semdeg ptolemaiosTa egviptes daeqvemde-
barnen.
kinikosebi (laT. cynici), berZnuli filosofiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani skola, romel-
mac Tavisi saxeli miiRo sityvidan `kyon“ (ZaRli), radganac am skolis mamamTavars, antis-
Teness, miaCnda, rom adamianma unda icxovros `ZaRlurad“. kinikosTa moZRvrebis Tanaxmad,
adamianuri arsebobis mizani aris siqvele, romelic Tanxvdeba bednierebas. amis misaRwe-
vad sakmarisia mcirediT kmayofileba da borotebisgan ganrideba, rac nebisyofas moiTx-
ovs. mcirediT kmayofileba ki Tavisuflebis sawindaria. kinikosebi uaryofdnen kulut-
ras, xelovnebas, saxelmwifos, mecnierebas, sazogadoebas, ojaxs, qonebas. isini sakuTar Ta-
vebs kosmopolitebad (~msoflios moqalaqeebad“) miiCnevdnen da monoTeistur Sexedule-
bebs qadagebdnen. berZnuli kinikuri skolis umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgeneli iyo dioge-
nes sinopeli. mogvianebiT kinikosTa filosofia stoelTa filosofias SeuerTda da da-
moukidebeli arseboba Sewyvita. misi aRorZineba moxda ax.w. I saukunis romSi, sadac man IV
saukunemde iarseba.
kirosi: 1. kiros ufrosi, kambisesis Ze; sparseTis monarqiis damaarsebeli, mefobda Zv.w.
559-529 ww.; 2. kiros umcrosi, dariosis Ze; Zv.w. 408 wlidan iTvleboda sparseTis mefis-
nacvlad wina aziaSi; daiRupa Zv.w. 401 wels Tavisive Zmis, artaqserqsesis winaaRmdeg brZo-
lisas.
klasika (laT. classicus `sanimuSo“, àRmatebuli“). am terminiT aRiniSneba istoriuli
epoqac da dakanonebuli esTetikuri normac. jer kidev elinistur xanaSi winamavali epo-
qis (Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis) mxatvruli monapovari esTetikuri srulyofilebis nimuSad
aRiqmeboda. xelovnebisa da literaturis moRvaweni lamobdnen winamorbedTa mibaZvas, ra-
sac Sedegad mohyva klasicisturi da ekleqtikuri mimdinareobebis (mag. neoatikizmi) aR-
moceneba.
romaul epoqaSi klasikuri memkvidreobisaken mibrunebam axal stilur epoqaTa formi-
rebis SesaZleblobis pirobebi Seqmna, rac sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi faseulobaTa
cvliT gamovlinda. òqros xanad“ wodebuli avgustusis epoqa am procesis Sedegia iseve,
rogorc vergiliusis, horaciusisa da ovidiusis òqros laTinuri“. romauli imperiis
xanaSi klasicisturma mimarTulebebma epoqaluri mniSvneloba SeiZines (traianusisa da

hadrianusis epoqaTa klasicizmi).
romauli imperiis damxobis Semdeg erTmaneTisgan gaimijna klasikuri, berZnul-romau-
li samyaro da Sua saukuneebi. aRorZinebis epoqaSi terminiT `klasika“ (an `klasikuri“)
aRiniSneboda antikuri poezia da xelovneba, agreTve xelovanTa Sedevrebi zogadad. mog-
vianebiT am terminma ufro farTo mniSvneloba SeiZina da umniSvnelovanes kulturul mo-
napovarTa aRmniSvnelic gaxda.
klasicizmi. ase ewoda xelovnebis istoriaSi im periodebsa da tendenciebs, rodesac
xdeba antkiurobisaken mibruneba, rodesac antikuri xelovnebis formebi da Temebi esTe-
tikur etalonebad cxaddeba.
klasikuri filologia, mecniereba, romelic ikvlevs antikuri xanis literaturul
qmnilebebs.
kleoni, daiRupa Zv.w. 422 w., amfipolisTan brZolis Jams. iyo periklesis moqiSpe, pelo-
ponesosis omis mosurneTa meTauri.
koine (berZn. koine `saerTo“), sruliad saberZneTis elinTa saerTo ena, romelic elinis-
tur epoqaSi Camoyalibda, maSin, rodesac safuZveli Caeyara aleqsandre makedonelis
uzarmazar imperias. koinem gaaerTiana berZnuli enis yvela dialeqti.
kolxida (berZn. Kolchis). gavrcelebuli azris Tanaxmad, termini `kolxida“ gvian brin-
jaos xanaSi qarTveluri tomebiT dasaxlebuli sakmaod vrceli teritoriis aRmniSvneli
unda yofiliyo. mogvianebiT, rodesac qarTvelur tomTa erTianoba daiSala, igi ukve
tradiciis ZaliT gamoiyeneboda, rogorc eTnikurobis aRmniSvneli saxeli. amis Sedegad
marvali tomi, romelic ukve kolxidis farglebs gareT mosaxleobda, kolxur eTnosad
iyo moxseniebuli berZnul wyaroebSi.
kolxida mikenuri epoqis SavizRvispireTSi mdebareobda. mis centralur mdinared Zve-
li berZnuli wyaroebi asaxeleben fasiss, romelsac Tanamedrove rionad miiCneven. am mdi-
naris SesarTavTan daarsebula qalaqi fasisi, romelic dRevandel foTs miesadageba. eli-
nisturi epoqidan moyolebuli kolxTa mefe aietis rezidenciad kvitaia moixsenieba, ro-
melic axlandeli quTaisis uZvelesi saxeli unda yofiliyo.
ZvelberZnul miTologiaSi aietis samflobelo aia tradiciam kolxidas daukavSira.
mecnierebaSi ki jer kidev ar aris erTiani azri imis Taobaze, iyo Tu ara uZveles Tqmule-
bebSi dadasturebuli aia Tavidanve gaigivebuli SavizRvispireTis aRmosavleT sanapiro-
ze mdebare kolxeTTan.
komedia (berZn., varaudoben, termini warmodgeba sityvidan komos `mxiaruli msvlelo-
ba“), dionisur sawyisTan dakavSirebuli dramatuli sanaxaobis erT-erTi forma, romelic
sabolood Camoyalibda rogorc tragediis opozicia. komediis Tavdapirveli formisa
da arsis Taobaze mecnierebaSi dResac azrTa sxvadasxvaoba SeiniSneba. Tumca aravin uar-
yofs aristoteles debulebas komediis falikuri (uxamsi) simRerebidan warmoSobis Tao-
baze (dionises dResaswaulebze RviniT mTvrali da gaxalisebuli mozeimeni falosebiT
xelSi mRerodnen uxams simRerebs, romelTac, Sesabamisad, falikuri simRerebi ewodebo-
daT).
antikuri tradiciis erT-erTi versiis Tanaxmad, komediis saTaveebTan dgas atikuri Tu
megaruli warmoSobis susarioni, romelic strategos pisistratoss miuwvevia aTenSi. mas
pirvels gauerTianebia komosi da doriuli saxumaro scenebi da erT sanaxaobad, komediad
warmoudgenia aTenis scenaze.
cnobilia, rom Zv.w. 486 wlidan saxelmwifom iTava komediis dadgma `did dioniseebze“,
Zv.w. 442 wlidan ki _ leneebis dResaswaulze.
kroisosi (Zv.w. 560-547 ww.), lidiis ukanaskneli mefe, cnobili Tavisi simdidriT, rac
aisaxa kidec legendebSi, romlebic herodotosma Semogvinaxa.
lirika (berZn. lyra `lira“), antikuri literaturis umniSvnelovanesi Janri, romlis um-
Tavres Taviseburebad poetis `pirovnuli me“-s warmoCena ivaraudeba. Tavad termin liri-
kis mniSvnelobis gagebiT Tanamedroveoba da antikuroba mkveTrad gansxvavdeba erTmane-
Tisagan. antikur esTetikaSi terminebiT lirikuli (berZnuli sityvidan lyrikos) da meliku-
ri (berZnuli sityvidan melos `simRera“) aRiniSneboda is poeturi nawarmoebi, romelic
romelime musikaluri instrumentis (lira, fleita, kiTara) TanxlebiT sruldeboda da
mxatvruli saxis Taviseburi warmosaxviT ganirCeoda. termini lirika pirvelad elinis-
tur epoqaSi gamoCnda, maSin, rodesac aleqsandrielma filologosebma scades mTeli wi-
namavali literaturis klasifikacia da saukeTeso poetTa nusxebis, anu e.w. `kanonTa“ Sed-
gena. dRes, iseve rogorc elinur samyaroSi, lirikis JanrSi gaerTianebuli qmnilebebi sam
jgufad iyofian. esenia: elegia, iambi da melika (pirovnuli da sagundo anu qorika).
mecenati (mekenasi), gaius cilniusi (kilniusi), imperator oqtavianus avgustusis mrCe-
veli samoqalaqo omebis Jams; mogvianebiT, ganerida ra politikas, poetTa Semwe da mfarve-
li gaxda imperatoris karze.
melika (berZn. melos `simRera“). Zvel saberZneTSi melikuri lirikis nimuSebi simebiani
sakravis TanxlebiT sruldeboda. marTalia, Cvenamde moRweuli pirveli qmnilebebi Zv.w. VII
saukuniT TariRdeba, magram melikuri poeziis Zirebi ufro Soreul warsulSia saZiebe-
li, folklorul stadiaze. poetis saTqmelis simReriTa da cekviT Sesruleba swored
xalxuri poeziisTvis iyo niSandoblivi. mas Semdeg, rac berZnulenovani samyaro musika-
luri xelovnebis Tvisobriv gardaqmnas daiwyebs, sasimRero poezia aRmavlobis gzas da-
adgeba. am dros gamoikveTeba melosuri lirikis ori sfero _ monodiuri, romelic gamo-
xatavda poetis sTqmels da romelsac erTi pirovneba asrulebda (sapfo, alkeosi, anakreo-
ni) da qorikuli, romelic sazogadoebis interesebs ganazogadebda da romelsac mTeli
qoro asrulebda (simonides keoseli, pindarosi, bakqilidesi). melosur lirikaze Cveni
warmodgenebi ar aris srulyofili, radganac vflobT mis Semadgenel komponentTagan (mu-
sika, cekva, leqsi) mxolod erTs _ sityvierebas, masac zogierT SemTxvevaSi fragmentulad.
Sesabamisad, melosuri lirikis efeqti Tanamedrove mkiTxvelisaTvis Seucnobelia.
metrika (berZn. metron `sazomi“), leqsTwyobis ganmsazRvreli wesebis sistema, anu mecnie-
reba leqsis agebulebis kanonTa Sesaxeb. antikuri leqsTwyobis Taobaze Cveni codna arse-
biTad emyareba Cv.w. II saukunis aleqsandrieli enTamecnierisa da gramatikosis Txzulebas
saxelwodebiT `metrikis mcire saxelmZRvanelo“. igi Sedgeba 48 wignisgan da Cvenamde sru-
lad aris SemorCenili. cnobebs leqsTwyobaze vxvdebiT agreTve antikuri xanis sxva grama-
tikosebTan, romaul avtorebTan da komediografosebTan.
mimesisi (berZn. mimesis `mibaZva“), antikuri literaturaTmcodneobis erT-erTi sakvan-
Zo cneba, romelsac mniSvnelovani adgili ukavia platonisa da aristoteles esTetikaSi.
maTi saerTo aRiarebiT, mimesisi mxatvruli kulturis sxvadasxva Janris warmoqmnis sa-
fuZvelia. platonis msgavsad aristotelec xilul samyaros, mis Semadgenel sagnebsa da
movlenebs miiCnevs mibaZvis obieqtad. filosofosTa Tvalsazrisi radikalurad gansxvav-
deba imis mtkicebisas, Tu ras warmoadgenen Tavad es sagnebi; arian isini realurad arse-
bulni (aristotele) Tu obieqturad arsebul zogad ideaTa landebi (platoni). aristo-
teles Tanaxmad, mimesisi subieqtur warmodgenebSi CaZirvas ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed obi-
eqturi samyaros Semecnebisaken swrafvas.
Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi jer kidev grZeldeba dava imis Taobaze, Tu rogor esmoda
aristoteles mimesisis arsi: iyo is bunebis ama Tu im movlenis mxolod naturaluri asaxva
Tu masSi am movlenis mxatvruli ganzogadeba igulisxmeboda.
mimiambebi (laT. mimiambi `mimikuri iambebi“), mokle, improvizebuli yofiTi scenebi,
romelsac Semsrulebeli xalxis wridan hyavda. mimiambebi iwereboda qoliambiT, anu koW-
li iambiT (iambis nairsaxeoba: misi Tavisebureba is aris, rom bolo segmentSi darRveulia
iamburi metris struqtura da 4- 4- nacvlad gvaqvs 4- - 4) da sruldeboda Warbi mimikiTa da
gadametebuli JestikulaciiT.
mimosi (laT. mimus `mibaZva“), saxalxo Teatraluri warmodgenis nairsaxeoba, romelic
antikuri xanis kunZul siciliaze aRmocenda. mimosi yoveldRiuri yofis amsaxvel patara
warmodgenas ewodeboda. Tavdapirvelad es iyo improvizacia frivolur Temaze, romel-
sac asrulebda erTi an ori msaxiobi niRbis gareSe. mogvianebiT mimosma literaturuli
forma miiRo. am procesSi mniSvnelovani Rvawli miuZRoda siciliel poets, sofrons (Zv.w.
V s-is Suawlebi). misi prozad dawerili mimosebidan Cvenamde mxolod fragmentebi Semor-
Ca. mimosebs werdnen Teokritosi, herondasi da sxva saxelovani poetebi. I saukunis romSi
mimosma Secvala komediac da atelanac.
neoterikosebi (berZn. neoteroi àxlebi“). Zv.w. I saukuneSi romael poetTa Soris gansakuT-
rebuli popularobiT sargeblobda e.w. mcire literaturuli forma (epigrama, elegia,
epilioni). am Janris warmomadgenlebma misabaZ nimuSad aleqsandriuli poezia miiCnies, xo-
lo Semoqmedebis umTavres miznad `ganswavluloba“ da mxatvruli formis srulyofileba
daisaxes. romauli poeziis am midrekilebiT gamorCeul poetebs `neoterikosebi“ anu àx-
lebi“ uwodes. neoterikosebs didi wvlili miuZRviT ara mxolod romauli, aramed msof-
lio poeziis ganviTarebaSi. isini pirvelebi iyvnen poetTa Soris, romlebmac gaicnobie-
res literatura, rogorc xelovneba da miagnes intimur gancdaTa warmosaxvis Sesabamis
daxvewil formebs. srulyofilad flobdnen ra enasa da poetur teqnikas, maT poeturi xe-
lovnebis umaRlesi kriteriumebi daamkvidres. neoterikosTa skolis umniSvnelovanesi
warmomadgeneli iyo gaius valerius katulusi.
neroni (nero), klavdius drusus germanikus keisari (ax.w. 37-68 ww.), romis imperatori
54-68 ww.
paleografia (berZn. palaios `Zveli“ da graphein `wera“), mecniereba weris uZveles (upira-
tesad Zvel berZnul da laTinur) saxeobaTa Sesaxeb. paleografia antikurobisa da Sua sa-
ukuneebis xelnawerebisa da dokumentebis amokiTxvisa da daTariRebis saSualebas iZleva.
mis damxmare disciplinad kodikologia (mecniereba, romelic ikvlevs xelnawerTa garegan
saxes, maTi Seqmnis istorias) iTvleba. paleografia mxolod me-19 saukuneSi iqca damouki-
debel mecnierebad.
paliata (laT.) romauli komedia, romlis moqmedebac berZnul garemocvaSi mimdinare-
obda. msaxiobebi berZnul mosasxamebSi (maTi laTinuri saxelwodeba iyo pallium) iyvnen ga-
mowyobilni. am tipis komediebma saxelwodeba am mosasxamebis mixedviT miiRes.
panegiriki (berZn. panegyrikos `sazeimo“) ewodeboda Zvel saberZneTSi sazeimo Tavyri-
lobaze warmoTqmul sityvas. ramdenadac sazeimo sityvebSi Warbobda saxotbo Tematika,
romauli xanidan am terminiT ukve saxotbo sityvebi da leqsebi aRiniSneboda. Tanamedro-
ve samyaroSi panegiriks gadaWarbebul xotbas uwodeben.
parabasa (berZn. parabasis `gadaxra, gadaxveva, wiaRsvla“), Zveli berZnuli komediis erT-
erTi ZiriTadi nawili, sagundo partia, romelic misi saleqso sazomis gamo xSirad àna-
pestadac“ iwodeboda. mxolod komediis kuTvnilebad aRiarebuli es kompoziciuri ele-
menti savsebiT damoukidebeli nawili iyo, romelic komediografoss sakuTari saTqmelis
gamoxatvis saSualebas aZlevda (mas Tavisi struqtura hqonda da sruli formiT Svidi na-
wilisagan Sedgeboda). parabasam, rogorc politikuri da socialuri kritikis Tavisu-
falma saSualebam, demokratiis daqveiTebasTan erTad funqcia dakarga. aristofanes uka-
nasknel piesebSi mas ukve veRar vxvdebiT.
parabola (berZn. parabole `Sedareba, nimuSi“), literaturuli forma, romelic didaqti-
kur-saganmanaTleblo simbolikis datvirTvas moicavs. parabola, Cveulebriv, romelime
Janris Semadgeneli nawilia, Tumca mas zogjer damoukidebeli nawarmoebis formac SeiZ-
leba hqondes.
paradoqsografosebi (berZn. paradoxa `sawinaaRmdego azri“). elinistur xanaSi aRmocen-
da damoukidebeli saxeoba antikuri literaturisa, romelmac miznad daisaxa literatu-
rul, topografiul, eTnografiul Tu sxva saxis kuriozTa Segroveba da klasifikacia.
paradoqsografosebis moRvaweoba mkiTxvelTa garTobas ufro esadageboda, vidre ganaT-
lebas. mis umniSvnelovanes warmomadgenlebad iTvlebian bolosi, kalimaqosi da antigo-
nosi (Zv.w. III s.).
parosis qronika. kunZuli parosi egeosis zRvis auzSi mdebare kikladur kunZulTa
Soris odiTganve gamoirCeoda marmarilos sabadoebiT. iq Zv.w. IV saukunidan moyolebuli
Trakiel monebs amuSavebdnen wiaRiseulis mosapoveblad. maRali xarisxiT cnobili paro-
sis marmarilo gamoiyeneboda xelovnebis nimuSTa dasamzadeblad. istoriuli mniSvnelo-
bisa aRmoCnda e.w. Marmor Parium (parosis marmarilo). es aris marmarilos stela, romel-
zec amokawrulia k. parosis politikuri da kulturuli (upiratesad literaturuli)
cxovrebis umniSvnelovanesi movlenebi miTiuri droidan (aTenis mefe kekrofsis xanidan)
moyolebuli diogenesis arqontatamde (Zv.w. 264-263 ww.). Cvenamde moaRwia orma fragmen-
tma: erTi, romelic aRmoCnda 1627 wels kunZul smirnaze, inaxeba oqsfordSi da masze war-
modgenilia 80 mniSvnelovani TariRi Zv.w. 1581/1580 wlebidan Zv.w. 355/354 wlebamde. meore
fragmenti aRmoCnda 1897 wels k. parosze da iqve darCa. masze amokawrulia 27 TariRi Zv.w.
336/335 wlebidan Zv.w. 299/298 wlebamde.
peani (berZn. Paian `mkurnali, ganmkurnebeli“), sagundo simRera, romelic jer kidev li-
teraturamdel periodSi warmoiSva. es iyo samadlobeli, savedrebeli, sabrZolo, monani-
ebis da sxva msgavsi Sinaarsis Semcveli nawarmoebi, ufro xSirad ki _ gamarjvebis sadide-
beli. `mkurnali“ apolonis epiTeti iyo (~apolon-mkurnali“) da, Sesabamisad, peanebi mas
eZRvneboda. mogvianebiT peanebs uZRvnidnen sxva RmerTebsac da adamianebsac ki. cnobilia
pindarosis peanebi, fragmenti bakqilidesis peanidan da sxva.
peloponesis omi (Zv.w. 431-404 ww.), saberZneTSi hegemonobisaTvis gaCaRebuli brZolebi

demokratiul aTensa da oligarqiul spartas Soris. es brZolebi aRwera saxelovanma
berZenma istoriografosma Tukididesma Tavis TxzulebaSi `peloponesis omis istoria“.
sparseTze diadi gamarjvebis Semdeg damyarebuli wonasworoba or uZlieres samxedro--
politikur kavSirs (aTenis sazRvao kavSiri da peloponesuri kavSiri) Soris dairRva da
amis mizezs ase ganmartavda Tukididesi: àTenelebi TavianTi gaZlierebiT SiSs unergav-
dnen lakedemonelebs, bolos aiZules omi daewyoT“ (I, 23). brZolebi xangrZlivi da daun-
dobeli aRmoCnda. saboloo gamarjveba spartas xvda wilad. aTenis mimarT wayenebuli pi-
robebi umkacresi iyo. sparta iTxovda: `sazRvao kavSiris“ daSlas, flotSi mxolod 12 xo-
maldis datovebas, qalaqis galavnis dangrevas, gaZevebuli oligarqebis dabrunebas, aTe-
nis Sesvlas `peloponesis kavSirSi“. marTalia, spartam xelT Caigdo hegemonoba berZnul
samyaroSi, magram arsebiTad gamarjvebuli aRmoCnda sparseTis mefe, romelmac im xanidan
aqtiurad daiwyo Careva berZenTa saqmeebSi. peloponesis omis realuri Sedegi iyo is, rom
elinTa Zala daiSrita, maTi Tavdacvis unarianoba daqveiTda. daiTrguna saerTo elinuri
idealebi. berZnebma ver misdies samyaros ganviTarebis axal tendenciebs, isini polisuri
sistemis CarCoebSi Caiketnen, rasac Sedegad maTi yovelmxrivi eqspansia mohyva.
periklesi (gard. Zv.w. 429 w.), aTenis saxelmwifo moRvawe da strategosi.
poetika (berZn. poietike `poeturi xelovneba“), moZRvreba poeziis arsisa da funqciis, Se-
moqmedis xelovnebisa da daniSnulebis Taobaze. dasabuTebuli msjeloba poetikis sakiTx-
ebze pirvelad gvxvdeba sofistebTan (gorgiasi); aristotelem calke naSromi miuZRvna am
problemas da literaturis TeoriiT dainteresebul sazogadoebas dautova samagido
wigni saTauriT `poetika“. romSi aseTive xasiaTis Txzulebas qmnis saxelovani horaciusi
(Àrs poetica“). mogvianebiT literaturaTmcodneebi mravalgzis miubrundebian am qmnile-
bebs da sxvadasxva interpretaciiT SesTavazeben mkiTxvelT (bualo, lesingi, Sileri,
brexti).
propemptikoni (berZn. sityvidan propempo `gacileba“), lirikis saxeoba, romelic SeiZ-
leba iTargmnos, rogorc `gasacilebeli simRera“ an `locva Sin mSvidobiT dabrunebis-
Tvis“. propemtikonis pirvel nimuSs sapfos poeziaSi vxvdebiT (Zmisadmi miZRvnili frag-
mentebi); rogorc damoukidebeli Janri, igi elinistur periodSi iCens Tavs (Teokritosi,
kalimaqosi, parTeniosi); romSi propemtikonebs ukve mravali poeti werda (lukiliusi,
horaciusi, tibulusi da sxvebi); gansakuTrebuli popularoba moipova am Janrma renesan-
sis epoqaSi.
proskripciebi (laT. zmnidan proscribo `saxalxod gamocxadeba“), sagangebo nusxebi, rom-
lebSic moxvedrili adamianebi kanongareSed cxaddebodnen. yoveli, romelic abezRebda
an klavda am nusxaSi warmodgenil adamians, iRebda jildos, monebi Tavisufldebodnen.
proskripciebSi xvdebodnen sruliad udanaSaulo adamianebi, romelTac sikvdili elo-
daT yovelgvari Sewyalebisa da gasamarTlebis gareSe. maTi qoneba auqcionze iyideboda.
cnobilia sulas avadsaxsenebeli proskripciebi (Zv.w. 82 w.), romelTa saSualebiTac sulam
CamoiSora mowinaaRmdegeebi. paradoqsia, magram faqtia, rom saxelovani oratori cice-
ronic am nusxebSi aRmoCnda.
prosodioni (berZn. prosodion), himni, romelsac mRerodnen taZrisken mimavali mozeimeni
upiratesad fleitis TanxlebiT. Cvenamde SemorCa pindarosis da bakqilidesis prosodi-
onTa fragmentebi.
punikuri omebi (Zv.w. 264-146 ww.). romaelebi karTagenel finikielebs punebs (poeni) uwo-
debdnen. Zv.w. III saukuneSi karTageni Zlevamosil sazRvao da savaWro saxelmwifod iqca da-
savleT xmelTaSuazRvispireTSi. igi flobda koloniebs CrdiloeT afrikaSi, samxreT es-
paneTSi, siciliasa da sardiniaze. rodesac romma Zv.w. 265 wels daipyro italia, daiwyo
brZola hegemoniisaTvis. upirveles yovlisa mas karTageni unda daemorCilebina. brZola-
Ta serias, romelsac romi awarmoebda karTagenis winaaRmdeg punikuri omebi ewoda. igi
sami etapisagan Sedgeboda: I punikur omSi (264-241) karTagenma dakarga siciliasa da sar-
doniaze arsebuli samflobeloebi da amasTanave iZulebuli gaxda gadaexada msxvili kon-
tribucia (fuladi gadasaxadi). 237 wels hamilkarma romaelTa winaaRmdeg kvlav ganaaxla
brZolebi, 226 wels hasdrubalma daaarsa axali karTageni da romTan samSvidobo zavi da-
do, magram mas Semdeg, rac karTagenma daarbia romis mokavSire espanuri qalaqi sagunti,
romma omi gamoucxada karTagens. ase daiwyo II punikuri omi (218-201), romelSic hanibalma
Zv.w. 218-216 wlebSi kinaRam ar daipyro italia, Tumca male dakarga kapua (211), sirakusa
(210), tarento (209), espaneTi (206) da iZulebuli gaxda dabrunebuliyo afrikaSi (203), sa-
dac is sabolood daamarcxa skipionma (202. karTagenma dakarga Tavisi samflobeloebi da
Zlevamosili saxelmwifos saxeli, Tumca sakmaod male momZlavrda. imdenad didi iyo kar-
Tagenis winaSe SiSi, rom romaeli konsuli, markus portius kato (katoni), ra sakiTxTan
dakavSirebiTac ar unda gamosuliyo senatSi, Tavis sityvas ase amTavrebda: Ceterum censo
Carthaginem esse delendum (`garda amisa, vfiqrob, karTageni unda daingres“). romSi ganizra-
xes karTagenis saboloo ganadgureba. marTlac, III punikuri omi (149-146) romaelTa gamar-
jvebiT dasrulda. karTageni daingra, misi mosaxleoba monebad daiyida, qveyana romis
provinciad (provincia afrika) gamocxadda.
rafsodosi (berZn. rhapsodos `moxetiale momRerali“, èpikur poemaTa mTxzveli“), home-
rosis epoqaSi epikur poemaTa Semsruleblebs aedebi ewodebodaT. mas Semdeg, rac aedTa
xelovnebaSi ori mimarTuleba gamoiyo (Zv.w. VII s. ix. àedi“), rafsodosebma epikuri qmnile-
bis deklamaciurad warmodgenis gza imemkvidres, kiTaredebma _ musikalur-lirikuli.
mogvianebiT rafsodosebis popularoba Cacxra. renesansis epoqaSi moxda rafsodosis sa-
xis idealizacia; me-18 saukuneSi kvlav gamoCndnen rafsodosebi, romlebmac Zvelebis mi-
baZviT aaRorZines recitaciebi. musikalur xelovnebaSi am tradiciam warmoSva axali saxe
musikaluri nawarmoebisa, romelsac ubralod `rafsodia“ ewoda.
ritorika (berZn. techne rhetorike `mWevrmetyvelebis xelovneba“). antkiur samyaroSi saja-
rod warmoTqmul cocxal sityvas udidesi mniSvneloba eniWeboda. mxolod oratoruli
niWiT dajildoebul adamians SeeZlo moexveWa saxeli da avtoriteti, mieRwia warmate-
bisTvis politikur asparezze. yovelive aman gansazRvra mWevrmetyvelebis dauflebis au-
cilebloba. ritorikis pirveli saxelmZRvaneloebi Zv.w. V saukuneSi unda Seqmniliyo (va-
raudoben, sicilieli berZnebis mier). aTenSi mWevrmetyvelebis fuZemdeblad gorgiass mi-
iCneven, umniSvnelovanesi saxelmZRvanelos avtorad _ aristoteles (mis kalams ekuTvnis
Txzuleba saxelwodebiT `ritorika“ sam tomad). droTa ganmavlobaSi ritorikam litera-
turaSi gabatonebuli mdgomareoba moipova da udidesi gavlena iqonia sityvakazmuli
mwerlobis ganviTarebaze. man SemoqmedebiTi procesis wina planze wamoswia mxatvruli
formis daxvewiloba da swrafva saxeebiT azrovnebisaken, rac xels uwyobda qmnilebis
efeqtebiT gamdidrebas. saberZneTSi mWevrmetyvelebis xelovnebam umaRles safexurs Zv.w.
V-IV saukuneebSi miaRwia demosTenesisa da sxva oratorTa SemoqmedebaSi. ufro didi war-
matebiT ganvlo Tavisi ganviTarebis gza ritorikam romSi. aq mis udides warmomadgenlad
aRiarebulia ciceroni.
romani (frang. roman), literaturis es Janri Tumca antikur samyaroSi warmoiSva, sa-
xelwodeba Sua saukuneebSi miiRo. Tavdapirvelad igi im literaturul nawarmoebTa aR-
mniSvneli iyo, romlebic romanul enebze iqmneboda (gansxvavebiT laTinurenovani nawar-
moebebisgan), mogvianebiT es termini yvela didi prozauli tilos saxelwodebad iqca. ro-
manis, rogorc literaturuli Janris, genezisi zustad ar aris dadgenili. mis winamor-
bedTa Soris asaxeleben logografosTa moTxrobebsa da novelebs herodotosis ìsto-
riidan“, agreTve ufro gviani xanis e.w. miletur moTxrobebs, Zv.w. IV saukunidan ki sag-
rZnobi xdeba aRmosavluri literaturis gavlenac.
antikuri romanisaTvis niSandoblivi iyo satrfialo da saTavgadasavlo motivTa er-
Toblioba. siuJeti im SeyvarebulTa bedze igeboda, romlebic sevdiani ganSorebis Sem-
deg kvlav poulobdnen erTmaneTs. gmirTa saxeebs safuZvlad edoT ara individualuri xa-
siaTebi, aramed xasiaTTa tipebi. antikuri literatura romans arc teqnikuri (CarCo _ si-
uJeti, peripetiebi, dialoguri wyoba) TvalsazrisiT gaumdidrebia da arc motivebiT
(ganSoreba, xetiali, gamocnoba da a.S.). Zvel saberZneTSi igi arc sargeblobda popularo-
biT. mxolod romauli literaturis imperiis xanaSi gamoxata sazogadoebam interesi mis
mimarT. romanis, rogorc Janris umniSvnelovanes warmomadgenelTa Soris asaxeleben qse-
nofon efesels, longoss, heliodoross, apuleiuss, petroniuss da sxvebs.
satira (laT. satura, gamoTqmidan `lanx satura“ _ ase ewodeboda `mravalgvari xiliT savse
langars“, romelic keresis taZarSi SehqondaT), romauli warmoSobis literaturuli
Janri berZnuli elementebiT (iamburi sazomi, diatribe). Tavis poetur krebuls `Satura“
pirvelad uwoda eniusma (Zv.w. 239-169 ww.), riTac sakuTari azrebis gamoxatvis mravalfe-
rovnebaze mianiSna. mniSvnelovan movlenad iqca poet lukiliusis amave saxelwodebiT ga-
mocemuli krebuli, romelSic poetma Tavisi droisa da sazogadoebis kritika warmoadgi-
na. Semdeg mas sxvebmac mibaZes (horaciusi, persiusi, iuvenalisi), amitom am saxis poetur
qmnilebebs lukiliusiseuli satira uwodes.
Zv.w. I saukuneSi aRmocenda satiris sxva forma _ meniposiseuli satira (satura menippea).
mis Semoqmedad miiCneven poet varos (varons), romelmac nimuSad gaixada im xanad popula-
ruli filosofos-kinikosis, meniposis diatribebi. meniposiseuli satiris Sinaarsi msgav-
si iyo winamorbedi satirisa oRond forma hqonda sxvagvari: aq erTmaneTs enacvleboda
proza da poezia. am Janris umniSvnelovanesi qmnilebebia: senekas `RvTaebrivi klavdiusis
gakvaxeba“ da petroniusis `satirikoni“.
svasoria (laT. suasoria), sityva, romelsac oratori warmoTqvamda vinmes dasacavad an
dasarwmuneblad.
svida, ufro zustad `suda“. aseTi saxelwodebiT SemorCa Cvenamde yvelaze didi ber-
Znulenovani leqsikoni, romelic ax.w. 1000 wels unda Seqmniliyo. masSi Tavmoyrilia sxva-
dasxva xasiaTis cnobebi, axsnilia terminebi, warmodgenilia saxelovan moRvaweTa biogra-
fiebi, amonaridebi Txzulebebidan da a.S. miuxedavad imisa, rom zogi cnoba sandoobas
aris moklebuli, leqsikons fasdaudebeli mniSvneloba eniWeba imiTac, rom igi antikuri
literaturis ukanaskneli anTologiaa.
Tavad sityva `suda“ `ximinjian nagebobas“, `mravalJamian cixe-simagres“ aRniSnavs. arqi-
episkoposma evstaTios Tesalonikelma es termini SecdomiT avtoris saxelad miiCnia. mas
Semdeg `suda“ anu `grZelJamieri qmnileba“ svidas leqsikonad iqna saxeldebuli.
skolionebi (berZn. skolion), anu sufruli simRerebi. skolionebs simposionebze (nadimeb-
ze) asrulebdnen. am poeziis nimuSebi Zv.w. VI-V saukuneebidan moyolebuli sakmao raodeno-
biT Semoinaxa. es mcireformatiani simRerebi TemaTa mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda.
sofistika (berZn. sophistai `sibrZnis moZRvarni“), filosofiuri mimdinareoba, romelic
Zv.w. V-IV saukuneebis saberZneTSi gavrcelda. berZen-sparselTa omebis dasrulebis Semdeg
saberZneTSi, gansakuTrebiT ki aTenSi, aucilebeli gaxda ganaTlebis srulyofa. gamoC-
ndnen sibrZnismetyvelni, romelnic Teoriul codnas praqtikul cxovrebas usadagebdnen
da filosofiur ZiebaTa centrSi adamians moiazrebdnen. sofistebi ugulebelyofdnen sa-
yovelTaod miRebul, obieqtur WeSmaritebas da miiCnevdnen, rom nebismier saganze (an mov-
lenaze) SesaZlebelia msjeloba urTierTgamomricxavi poziciebidan, rameTu yvelafris
sazomi adamiania. sofistebis skepticizmsa da relativizms gamudmebiT akritikebdnen sxva
mimarTulebaTa warmomadgeneli filosofosebi (sokrate, platoni), Tumca Tavadac eqce-
odnen maTi gavlenis qveS. Zveli saberZneTis sofistikis umniSvnelovanesi warmomadgenle-
bi iyvnen: protagorasi, gorgiasi, hipiasi da sxvebi, romelTa originalur Txzulebebs
Cvenamde ar mouRweviaT, Tumca maTi naazrevi gabneulia sxva filosofosTa TxzulebebSi.
~meore sofistikad“ wodebuli mimdinareoba, romelic Cv.w. II saukuneSi aRmocenda rom-
Si, oratoruli xelovnebisadmi mzardma moTxovnilebam warmoSva. misi warmomadgenlebi
upirispirdebodnen filosofosebsa da mecnierebs da amitom axals verafers sTavazob-
dnen sazogadoebas, Tumca mWevrmetyvelebis daxvewilebiTa da formis srulyofis Tval-
sazrisiT maT badali ar hyavdaT. `meore sofistikis“ udidesi warmomadgenlebi iyvnen Ta-
visi drois saxelovani oratorebi da mwerlebi: favorinusi, lukianosi, aristidesi, fi-
lostratosi da sxvebi.
tragedia (berZn. tragodia). jer kidev antikur xanaSi miiCnevdnen dionisesadmi miZRvnili
tragikuli qoroebis diTirambebs tragediis aRmocenebis safuZvlad. Sesabamisad, is at-
ributebi da arsebebi (satirebi, silenosi, menadebi da sxva), romlebic dionises kultis
ganuyofel nawils warmoadgendnen, tragediasTan arsebiTad iyvnen dakavSirebulni. cno-
bilia, rom peloponesosze pirvelad poet arionis diTirambebs mReroda satirTa msgav-
sad Semosili qoro. Zv.w. VI saukunis meore naxevridan diTirambebs aTenSi ukve didi dio-
nisiebis zeimze mRerodnen. Tespidesma pirvelma moifiqra qorosTan erTad msaxiobis sce-
naze gamoyvana, riTac sadialogo partias Cauyara safuZveli. Semdeg esqilem SesTavaza ma-
yurebels ori msaxiobi, mogvianebiT ki sofoklem sami msaxiobi aametyvela. tragediis
srulyofa TandaTanobiT moxda da misi agebuleba mkacr sqemas daemorCila: prologi
tragediis is nawilia, romelic qoros orqestraze gamosvlas (parodoss) uZRoda win. es
iyo gmiris partia, romelic mayurebels mTavar Temas acnobda; parodosi _ gundis pirve-
li simRera, romelic orqestraze Semosvlisas sruldeboda; episodionebi _ scenebi, rom-
lebSic monawileobdnen msaxiobebic da gundic; stasimoni _ gundis simRera, romelic
sruldeba episodionebs (epizodebs) Soris. qoros am partiaSi winamavali episodioniT
gamowveuli emociebi iyo warmodgenili; eqsodosi _ qoros daskvniTi simRera, finali.
tragediis sasaubro partiebi gamarTuli iyo iamburi trimetrebiT, rac Seexeba sagundo
partiebs, igi sazomTa mravalferovnebiT gamoirCeoda. tragediis zemoqmedebis arsi gan-
sxvavebuli iyo eposis zemoqmedebisagan. misi umTavresi efeqti tragikuli kaTarsisi iyo.
`filogelosi“ (berZn. philogelos `sicilis moyvare“). Cv.w. III-IV saukunis berZnulenovani
krebuli, sadac Tavmoyrilia antikuri xanis saxumaro moTxrobebi, anekdotebi. maTi mTa-
vari gmiria suleli sqolastikosi, romelic yvelas moZRvravs.
florilegiebi (laT. florilegii `rCeuli qmnilebebi“). Sua saukuneebSi, rodesac sazoga-
doeba literaturiT dainteresda, safuZveli Caeyara iseTi krebulebis Sedgenas, sadac
Tavmoyrili iyo amonaridebi antikuri da Sua saukuneTa sityvakazmuli qmnilebebidan.
Tavdapirvelad florilegiebi berZnuli anTologiebis msgavsi iyo. iq warmodgenil
teqsts gadamwerebi anbanis TanmimdevrobiT alagebdnen. droTa ganmavlobaSi gadamwereb-
ma daiwyes teqstis Secvla, Semokleba Tu gazrda, ramac maTi filologiuri kvleva gaar-
Tula. miuxedavad amisa, florilegiebis saSualebiT SesaZlebeli gaxda manamde ucnob av-
torTa aRmoCenaca da maTi popularobis gansazRvrac.
xazovani damwerloba. arqeologiuri gaTxrebis Sedegad materikul saberZneTsa da
egeosis zRvis auzis kunZulebze aRmoCenilia Tixis dafebi warwerebiT. mecnierebs saSua-
leba miecaT es warwerebi or jgufad warmoedginaT aseTi saxelwodebebiT: xazovani A da
xazovani B.
A xazovani warwerebi TariRdeba Zv.w. XXI-XV saukuneebiT. maTi gaSifvra mecnierebma
ver SeZles, Tumca daadgines, rom damwerlobis es tipi unda aRmocenebuliyo kretis ide-
ografiuli damwerlobis safuZvelze.
B xazovani warwerebi ufro srulyofil STabeWdilebas toveben. maT Zv.w. XV-XIII sauku-
neebiT aTariReben. 1952 wels ingliselma maswavlebelma m. ventrisma miagno B xazovanis de-
Sifrirebis meTods, romelmac SesaZlebeli gaxada warweraTa azris gageba. dadgenilia,
rom B xazovani vokalur-konsonanturi tipis marcvlovani damwerlobaa da igi warmoad-
gens berZnuli enis uZveles dialeqts.
heqsametri (berZn. hexametron, hex-eqvsi; metron _ sazomi). ase ewodeba saleqso striqons,
romelic èqvsi muxlisgan“ Sedgeba. heqsametri antikuri leqsTwyobis uZvelesi formaa.
varaudoben, rom igi Zv.w. II aTaswleulSi warmoiSva, xolo mxatvrulad gaformebuli saxe
man homerosis poemebSi miiRo. es sazomi ZiriTadad heroikul eposSi (homerosi, vergili-
usi) gvxvdeba, upiratesad daqtiluri heqsametris saxiT. Tavad daqtili (daktylos `TiTi“)
iseTi saleqso muxlia, romelic erTi grZeli da ori mokle marcvlisgan Sedgeba (- 44). Se-
sabamisad, daqtiluri heqsametris grafikuli gamosaxuleba aseTia: - 5- 5- 5- 5- 5-4.
himni (berZn. hymnos), RvTaebisadmi miZRvnili sazeimo simRera.
hiporqema (berZn. hyporchema), sacekvao simRera, romelsac asrulebda qoro simebiani in-
strumentis, zogjer fleitis, TanxlebiT. varaudoben, rom Tavdapirvelad hiporqemebs
mebrZolebi mRerodnen k. kretaze. Semdeg (Zv.w. 665 wlidan) ki lirikuli poeziis es saxe
mTel materikul saberZneTSi gavrcelda. Cvenamde moaRwies pindarosis da bakqilidesis
hiporqemebma.
472 saxelTa saZiebeli
saxelTa saZiebeli
abati d'obiniaki, 40 aleqsandre makedoneli, 16, 17, 18, 93, 195, 196,
agave, 365 197, 228, 233, 234, 367, 371, 456, 457, 458,
agaTiasi, 456 460, 464
agaToni, 88 aleqsandrosi, 24, 38, 51
agamemnoni, 7, 24, 25, 38, 39, 40, 43, 51, 102, 114- aleqsisi, 217
118, 126, 133, 134, 139, 188, 261, 374, 377, 383 alkeosi, 4, 28, 35, 68-75, 76, 348, 465
agariste, 155, 156 alkestisi, 130, 132, 140
agesilaosi, 166, 167, 168, 170, 232 alkibiadesi, 144, 160, 161, 173, 180, 188
agorakritosi, 143, 144 alkinoe, 357
agrikola, 400, 401, 404 alkinoosi, 39, 273
agripa, 416 alkifroni, 4, 228, 241-244, 248
agripina, 373 alkmani, 35, 36, 74
adeimantosi, 155 alkmene, 23
admetosi, 132 alkoni, 119
adonisi, 215, 241 alkuini, 463
aedebi, 21 amartoli g., 225
avgeasis Tavla, 23 amasisi, 157
avgustine, 313, 379, 431 amata, 343, 344
avgustinusi, 367 ambrosiusi, 367
avgustus beki, 461 amianus markelinusi, 367
avgustusi, 19, 291, 321, 324, 326, 328, 329, 330, amikosi, 209, 406
333, 336-339, 341, 343, 345, 346, 347, 348, amintas II, 181
349, 350, 352, 353, 355-363, 365, 368, 371, amoni, 371
403, 404, 415, 416, 420, 422, 456, 458, 462, amoniosi, 199, 228, 230
463, 465 ampelosi, 270, 272
avidius kasiusi, 420 amurebi, 328
avienusi, 364 amuri, 331
avitusi, 394 amfidamasi, 55
avlus geliusi, 277, 286 amfiTeosi, 142
avlus hirtiusi, 323 amfimedo, 65
avre, 270, 271, 272 amfitrioni, 23
avrelius fuskusi, 352 anakreoni, 4, 35, 69, 87-91, 348, 465
avrelius viqtori, 367, 417, 421 anaqsagorasi, 108, 129
avsoniusi, 367, 395, 417, 461 anaqsimandrosi, 108
avtobulosi, 230 anaqtoria, 81, 83
avtonoe, 270, 272 andokidesi, 171
aTena, 22, 24, 25, 38, 39, 40, 45, 117, 118, 120, andromaqe, 51, 130, 132, 133, 134, 139, 140, 340
205, 206, 210, 239, 273 andromeda, 22, 78, 146
aTeneosi, 75, 88, 93, 198, 228 andronikos rodoseli, 182
aiaia, 40 aneus mela, 369
aiaie, 47 ania galeria faustina, 419
aiasi, 25, 47, 51, 63, 120, 121, 128 aniketi, 404
aiaqsi, 357 anius verusi, 418
aieti, 12, 24, 40, 47, 210, 273, 406, 407, 464 antigone, 114, 120, 121, 123, 124, 125, 127, 128
akontiosi, 203 antigonosi, 466
akrisiosi, 22 antimaqos kolofoneli, 209
alarix I, 458 antisTenesi, 463
albrexti m. fon, 390, 408 antifanosi, 222
alevadebi, 87, 92 antifila, 287
aleni T. v., 41 antifo, 288
antifoni, 108
antoninus piusi, 409, 419, 425
antoniusi, 233, 308, 309, 337, 348, 358, 359, 370 askiltusi, 383
anqisesi, 25, 340, 342 asklepiadesi, 199, 302
aperi m., 401, 402 asklepiosi, 119, 147, 171, 221, 236
apianosi, 228 asmusi v., 179
apiusi, 370 astiagesi, 169
apolinariusi, 390 astianaqsi, 134, 376
apolodorosi, 286 atalusi, 373
apoloni, 22, 31, 38, 78, 93, 94, 117, 118, 121, 122, atelana, 277, 283, 457, 465
127, 129, 132, 134, 135, 171, 202, 203, 204, 205, atTisi, 84
206, 209, 239, 260, 326, 328, 336, 340, 349, atisi, 304, 305
357, 405, 408, 466 atlasi, 23
apolonios molosi, 319 atosa, 112
apolonios rodoseli, 4, 198, 199, 202, 207, atrevsi, 25, 116, 377
208-211, 270, 406, 407, 408 atridi, 38, 121
apolonios tianeli, 227, 228 avlus geliusi, 378
apoloniosi, 199, 202, 208, 210 afrikanus burusi, 373
apuleiusi, 4, 300, 326, 331, 366, 384, 385, afrodite, 22, 24, 25, 31, 38, 56, 77, 78, 79, 80,
424-428, 468 81, 84, 88, 205, 210, 214, 215, 239, 248, 254,
ararosi, 141 255, 270, 273
aratosi, 198 afsirtosi, 12, 210, 262, 263, 406, 407
argo, 24, 25, 210, 405 aqavelebi, 14, 24, 25, 38, 39, 46, 120, 127, 134,
argonavtebi, 14, 23, 24, 136, 203, 209, 210, 211, 139
270, 404, 406, 408 aqilevs tatiosi, 4, 228, 245-249, 250, 251,
aresi, 22, 24, 25, 63, 88, 191, 210, 263, 273 252, 253, 259
arete, 40, 273, 423, 462 aqilevsi, 24, 25, 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 45, 50, 51,
ariadne, 23, 270, 354 63, 102, 120, 127, 133, 139, 140, 211, 250, 252,
arianosi, 228 253, 254, 273, 339, 341, 354, 357
arieti j., 179 aqteoni, 239, 270
arioni, 156, 469 aqtiusi, 140
ariosto, 253
badoaro j., 54
aristarqosi, 199
bavkisi, 357
aristenete, 203
bakqilidesi, 34, 36, 93, 95, 100, 243, 459, 465,
aristidesi, 469
466, 470466, 467, 470
aristoklesi, 171
bakqisi, 287, 288
aristoklidesi, 88
balzaki, 285
aristoni, 171, 189, 254
balio, 279, 280, 281, 285
aristotele, 4, 40, 51, 54, 94, 101, 104, 105, 109,
basili didi, 266
120, 122, 131, 132, 174, 175, 176, 181-191, 199, 224,
basusi, 327
241, 267, 293, 363, 398, 429, 430, 431, 432,
bafiklesi, 205
456, 459, 462, 464, 465, 467, 468
baqari, 225
aristofane bizantioneli, 94, 130, 199, 223
baxi i. s., 399
aristofane, 4, 91, 105, 129, 141, 142, 143, 144, 145,
baxusi, 90
146, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 223, 225, 237, 282,
bdelikleoni, 145
283, 290, 466
bedianiZe d., 214
aristraqosi, 94
beki a., 461
arifrade, 148
bekoni, 298, 379
arlekino, 285
belinski, 240
arnobiusi, 367
beraZe p., 295, 434
arsen iyalToeli, 189
berenike, 205, 304, 305
arsinoe, 205, 212
beroe, 270, 272
artabani, 404
berZeniSvili l., 141, 279
artaqserqsesi, 166, 167, 255, 256, 458, 463
besiki, 91
artemidorosi, 213
besosi, 458
artemis pergaeli, 78
bexeri, 461
artemisi, 22, 25, 78, 115, 133, 134, 203, 205, 206,
biblisi, 357
218, 239, 262, 326
bikqisi, 71
artemisia, 152
biuxneri k., 408
arqelaosi, 130
blegeni k., 47
arqidamosi, 160
blepirosi, 146
arqiloqosi, 4, 34, 62-68, 87, 208, 302, 398,
bodmeri, 323
461, 462
boeTiusi, 4, 368, 429-432, 459
arqimedesi, 199, 307, 430
boiosi, 356
arqontati, 466
bokaCo, 253, 395, 428
arqia, 310, 313
bolosi, 466
asinius polio, 324, 336, 337
bomarSe, 219, 285
askaniusi, 342
boreadebi, 209 groti j., 41

boura, 69 gurCiani q., 4
brageli m., 378 gutenbergi, 11
brasidasi, 160
d'ipolito j., 272
bregvaZe b., 100, 136, 418
dadiani n., 234
brexti b., 323, 467
davnusi, 349
briseisi, 38, 43, 354
damofile, 78
britanikusi, 411
danae, 22
broCilione pojo, 405
dante, 323, 344, 379, 432
bruno j., 298
daosi, 218, 219, 287
brutusi, 308, 309, 311, 313, 323, 345, 370, 388,
dardanosi, 273, 340
393
darios I, 152, 457
bualo, 54, 351, 467
darios II, 167
bulisi, 156
dariosi, 113, 152, 153, 155, 156, 458, 463
gabiusi, 372 darCia i., 4
gagua i., 4 dafne I, 357
gaius antoniusi, 307 dafne, 357
gaius kalpurniusi, 369 dafnisi, 213, 214, 228, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249,
gaius leliusi, 286 337
gaius memiusi, 304 de rotru, 140
galatea, 205, 214, 357, 358 dedalosi, 395
galba, 402, 415 deianira, 23, 126, 354
galio iulius, 375 delia, 331, 332
galusi, 327, 337, 405 delfine, 203
gamyreliZe al., 403 demeasi, 218, 219, 220, 288, 289
gamyreliZe e., 4 demetre, 22, 25, 31, 56, 202, 205, 206, 221
ganimedesi, 210, 211 demetrios poliorketesi, 233
garsevaniSvili i., 234 demetrios faleroneli, 217, 241
gea, 21, 56, 57 demetriosi, 79
gerionevsi, 23 demifo, 288
germanikusi, 365 demokrite, 108, 293, 296
gerceni, 240 demonaqtosi, 239, 240
geta, 221, 288 demosTenesi, 4, 109, 144, 191-196, 230, 237, 309,
getasi, 218, 219, 221, 288 311, 387, 397, 398, 402, 468
gigesi, 63, 156 demofoni, 354
gigineiSvili l., 4 deriadea, 272
giliarovi a., 180 decimusi, 309
giorgi mTawmindeli, 225 diana, 22, 25, 326, 336, 349
gitoni, 383, 384 didimosi, 94, 267
glavkosi, 205, 407 dido, 211, 339, 340, 342, 354
glikera, 217, 218 didro, 291
glikeriumi, 287 diemosi, 55
gneius nevius umcrosi, 282 dikeopolisi, 142, 143, 148, 149, 150
gneius pompeusi, 307, 313, 319 dio kasiusi, 165, 364, 374, 377, 417
gneius neviusi, 274 diogenes laertiosi, 70
gobseki, 285 diogenes sinopeli, 463, 466
goeTe v., 41, 151, 179, 183, 245, 329, 334, 399, diokletiane, 457, 458
459, 461 diomedesi, 23, 25, 275
goldoni, 219, 285 dion qrisostomosi, 248
gorgiasi, 109, 172, 173, 178, 180, 221, 222, 467, dion halikarnaseli, 195
468, 469 dion pruseli, 227
gorgo, 22, 78, 270 dionise, 71, 101, 102, 103, 123, 130, 135, 141, 178,
gordeziani r., 12, 42, 45, 48, 110, 113, 125, 130, 189, 217, 223, 239, 240, 269, 270, 271, 272,
434 273, 459, 464, 469
gotSildi, 140 dionisios halikarnaseli, 73, 227, 457
goci, 285 dioskurebi, 73, 134, 156, 215
grakqusebi, 312 disi, 22
grande, 285 diuma-Svili, 291
gracianusi, 367 difilosi, 224
gregori, 432 dolCe, 140
grigol I, 240 domitila, 396
grigol nazianzeli, 266, 461 domicianusi, 365, 391, 392, 396, 400, 403, 409,
grigol noseli, 266 410, 411, 412, 415
grilparceri f., 211 donatus eliusi., 292
grifini i., 42 donatusi, 366
doriqa, 76 epiqarmosi, 141

dorpfeldi v., 46 epiqtetesi, 238, 240, 418, 458
drakonciusi, 408 erazmus roterdameli, 240, 234, 399
drerupi e., 41 eratosTenesi, 199, 356
droizeni i. g., 197, 460 erexTevsi, 134
drususi, 348, 362 erexTeioni, 204
durisi, 363 erigiosi, 76
duSe, 261 erimanTosi, 23
eriniebi, 117, 118, 135
ebotius liberalisi, 376
erinisi, 71
egevsi, 23, 135, 137, 204
erisTavi g., 225
egisTosi, 25, 116, 117, 126, 134, 135, 377
erisi, 24
evdokia, 267
erisixToni, 206
evelpidesi, 145
erixToni, 370
evklidesi, 199, 430
erosi, 56, 57, 65, 89, 90, 125, 175, 210, 211, 214,
evklio, 278, 284, 285
246, 247, 248, 249, 252, 262, 408
evmenidebi, 117, 118, 124
erotesi, 198
evmolposi, 14
erotia, 395
evmolpusi, 383, 384, 385
erqomaiSvili m., 4
evnapiosi, 239, 266
eskulapiusi, 283
evpolisi, 142
esoni, 24, 357
evridike, 357
esoposi, 106, 365
evripide, 4, 11, 91, 100, 105, 111, 120, 129-140, 146, esqile, 4, 11, 54, 91, 96, 105, 110-119, 120, 126, 127,
147, 148, 150, 192, 223, 237, 284, 354, 376,
129, 130, 134, 135, 146, 147, 377, 397, 398
377, 458
esqinesi, 194, 195, 288, 289
evrisTevsi, 23, 132
eteoklesi, 24, 113, 114, 124, 376
evritosi, 126
efrem mcire, 189, 211, 225
evrope, 154, 270, 271, 272, 273, 357
eqvTime aToneli, 211
evsebiosi, 267
eqidne, 357
evstaTios Tesalonikeli, 469
eqo, 357
evstaTios makrembolisi, 261
evstaTiosi, 241 valerius antiasi, 362
evtropiusi, 367 valerius maqsimusi, 325, 364
evforioni, 110, 111, 300 valerius flakusi, 4, 211, 344, 365, 405-408
evhemerosi, 228 valeriusebi, 299
einhardi, 463, 417 variusi, 336, 347
eirene, 145 varo, 240, 277, 337, 378, 385, 469
elene, 24, 35, 38, 51, 83, 130, 132, 134, 135, 137, veleius paterkulusi, 318, 325
138, 139, 140, 146, 154, 156, 354 ventrisi m., 470
eleqtra, 116, 117, 118, 120, 126, 127, 128, 130, 132, venusi, 22, 25, 292, 294, 319, 327, 340, 341, 343,
134, 139, 140, 273 366, 371, 406, 408, 426
elianusi, 75, 77, 78, 228, 241, 244, 248 veraniusi, 302, 303
elioti j., 54 vergiliusi, 4, 11, 54, 60, 209, 211, 290, 291, 298,
elius aristidesi, 227 324, 335-344, 345, 347, 352, 355, 356, 360,
elius verusi, 419 364, 365, 371, 372, 388, 395, 406, 458, 459,
elius stiloni, 277 463, 470
ematiosi, 273 veresi, 307, 310, 313
emersoni r., 171 vertumnusi, 357
emiliusi, 411 vespasianusi, 396, 402, 404, 405, 407, 415, 416
empedoklesi, 108 vesta, 22, 25, 359
engelsi f., 235 viani f., 272
eneasi, 25, 38, 51, 211, 267, 319, 338, 339, 340, vidal-naqe p., 128
341, 342, 344, 354, 362 viko j., 41
enialiosi, 63 vilamovic-molendorfi u. fon, 41, 42
eniasi, 140 vilandi, 240
enipo, 62 vinkelmani i. i., 54
eniusi, 275, 294, 297, 371, 388, 395, 398, 468 viteliusi, 402, 403, 415
enkolpiusi, 383, 384, 385 vologesus III, 419
enone, 354 volteri, 235, 240, 344
eolosi, 47, 71, 210 volfi f. a., 40, 41, 118
eosi, 83 vulkanusi, 22, 25, 341
epigonebi, 24
epidikusi, 277, 285 zevsi, 21-25, 38, 39, 45, 50, 53, 56, 57, 58, 64,
epiqtetesi, 267 71, 73, 80, 83, 111, 126, 132, 203, 204, 205, 206,
epikure, 199, 217, 292-296, 298, 376 210, 211, 239, 240, 248, 270, 271, 272, 273
epimeTevsi, 58 zenobia, 404
Taileri v., 41 isisi, 232, 263, 425

Taisi, 287 iskanusi i., 408
Talesi, 52, 69, 107, 108, 205 ismene, 114, 124
Tamar mefe, 234 isokratesi, 109, 187, 237
Tamiris Trakieli, 14 iugurTa, 316, 318
Teia, 56 iuvenalisi, 4, 365, 392, 409-413, 458, 469
Teimuraz batoniSvili, 211 iuvenkusi, 367
Temisi, 56, 156 iulia, 370, 373
Temistiosi, 266 iuliane gandgomili, 266
Teognis megareli, 35 iulius kapitolinusi, 421
Teognisi, 34, 458, 459 iulius keisari, 4, 167, 233, 266, 275, 286,
Teoderixi, 429, 430 292, 293, 299, 303, 307, 308, 314, 315, 316,
Teodolf orleaneli, 463 319-323, 328, 333, 335, 338, 345, 356, 358,
Teodor momzeni, 461 365, 369, 370, 371, 384, 389, 414, 415, 416,
Teodore prodromosi, 240, 261 417, 421, 458, 466
Teodoretosi, 266, 267 iuno, 22, 25, 339, 340, 341, 354, 376, 405-406,
Teodosios I, 457 427
Teodosios II, 267 iunqsi, 215
Teoklimenosi, 138 iupiteri, 22, 25, 301, 341, 354, 357, 358, 371,
Teokritosi, 4, 198, 212-216, 242, 247, 271, 390, 406, 407, 426
335, 337, 457, 462, 465, 467 iustinianusi, 267
Teopomposi, 165 iujin o, nili, 118
Teorosi, 144 ifigenia, 25, 115, 116, 130, 132, 134, 139, 140, 261
Teofrastosi, 109, 217 iqsioni, 93
Teoqsenosi, 93
Teron akragaseli, 92 kadmosi, 23, 135, 270, 271, 272, 273
Tesalia, 24 kaideli r., 272
Tesevsi, 22, 23, 124, 132, 133, 134, 204, 270, 354, kaligula, 364, 373, 374, 375, 378, 403, 415
377 kalidorusi, 279, 280, 281
kalimaqosi, 4, 198, 199, 201-207, 208, 217, 300,
Tespidesi, 469
Tespisi, 101, 102 304, 328, 329, 356, 460, 461, 466, 467
Tetisi, 24, 38, 39, 133, 134, 270, 304, 305 kalinosi, 34, 459
Tiestesi, 377 kalisto, 357
Tirsisi, 214 kalifso, 39, 47
Tisbe, 357, 358 kalqasi, 38
Toasi, 134 kambisesi, 152, 153, 463
Toma aqvineli, 186, 430 kamila, 341
Tukididesi, 4, 46, 107, 152, 159-165, 168, 227, kanake, 354
kanti e., 180
237, 241, 296, 314, 398, 467
karlos didi, 417, 462, 463
iakqosi, 270, 271 kasandra, 115, 116, 118, 134
iambliqosi, 228, 237 kasiodorosi, 379, 431, 425
ianusi, 350, 359 kasius dio, 228
iapetosi, 56 kasiusi, 308, 420
iasiusi, 340 kastori, 73, 134
iasoni, 24, 136, 137, 188, 209, 210, 211, 354, 357, katilina, 232, 292, 307, 309, 310, 313, 315, 316,
377, 405, 406, 407, 408 317, 318, 320, 321
ibikosi, 35, 36 katoni (kato), 308, 315, 321, 316, 363, 369,
idmoni, 406 370, 371, 398, 468
ieronimusi, 313 katulusi, 4, 205, 275, 290, 292, 297, 299-305,
iTaka, 25 331, 333, 335, 348, 349, 354, 388, 393, 459,
ikariosi, 270 461, 462, 466
inaqosi, 154 keiqsi, 357
ino, 270, 272 kekeliZe k., 234
io, 154, 204, 406 kekrofsi, 204, 466
ioane damaskeli, 189 kelsiosi, 239
ioane petriwi, 189 kentavrebi, 357
ioane cece, 241 kerberosi, 23, 134
ioane xelaSvili, 211 keresi, 22, 25, 332, 468
ioane, 229, 267, 269, 271, 273 kerkilasi, 76
iokaste, 24, 121, 122, 377 kesarioni, 321
iole, 126 kefalusi, 357
ion qioseli, 100 kvartila, 383
ioni, 100, 130, 132, 134, 135, 140, 173, 180 kvinktiusi, 306
ioseliani platon, 225
iosepos flaviosi, 165, 229
kvintilianusi, 4, 151, 195, 225, 283, 322, 329, korfmani m., 47

350, 354, 362, 363, 364, 366, 371, 372, 374, krasusi, 320
378, 379, 387, 392, 396-399, 405, 408, 411 krateia, 218
kvintus eniusi, 274 kratinosi, 142
kiaksaresi, 169 kreTeisi, 37
kibele, 287, 304 kreoni, 24, 122, 123, 124, 125, 136
kidipe, 203, 354 kreofilosi, 202
kizikosi, 406 kreusa, 24, 134, 137, 340, 342
kiklopebi, 22, 40, 47, 49, 52, 130, 135, 140, 150, kriosi, 56
213, 214, 357, 358, 395 kritiasi, 88, 171, 173, 177, 180
kiknaZe z., 50 kroisosi, 153, 156, 464
kimoni, 159 kronosi, 21, 56, 57, 58, 177, 206, 238
kina, 319 ktesifoni, 195, 196,288, 289
kinesiasi, 149 kuperi l., 179
kinTia, 326, 327, 328, 329 kupidoni, 334, 353, 357
kiprianusi, 366 kuriosi, 370
kiprisi, 65, 214 kurkulio, 277, 282, 285
kiprosSobili, 81, 84 kurcius rufusi, 325
kirile aleqsandrieli, 267
labdakidebi, 121, 125
kirke, 12, 40, 47, 210, 384, 386, 406, 408
laertesi, 40
kiros umcrosi, 166, 167, 463
lavinia, 340
kiros ufrosi, 463
lavsusi, 341
kirosi, 152, 153, 156, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 458,
laibnici, 386
463
laiosi, 23, 121, 122, 377
kirxhofi a., 41, 42
laktanciusi, 235, 313, 367, 379
klavdianusi, 367
lamaqosi, 143
klavdios ptolemaiosi, 430
lampriasi, 230, 231
klavdiusi, 361, 362, 373, 374, 375, 377, 378,
laodamia, 354
403, 415, 469
laokooni, 25, 339, 340, 343
klearqosi, 167, 168
lapiTebi, 357
kleini k., 41
larebi, 283, 395
kleisi, 76
lariqosi, 76
klemens aleqsandrieli, 229
laskarisi k., 261
klementia, 374
lasosi, 95
kleoni, 143, 144, 145, 147, 149, 160, 464
lataCi i., 42
kleopatra, 321, 323, 328, 348, 371
latinusi, 340, 343
kleostratosi, 219
laxmani k., 41
klinia, 287
leda, 73
klisTenesi, 110, 162
levi-strosi k., 123
klitemnestra, 25, 114, 115, 116, 117, 126, 139, 188
levia, 394
klitifo, 287
lekleri, 140
klodia, 300
leneebi, 103, 141, 142, 143, 144, 146, 217, 223, 464
klodiusi, 292, 300, 307, 308, 309
lentulusi, 371
knemoni, 221, 222, 258, 259
leonidas tarenteli, 37, 199
kobaxiZe e., 4
leonidasi, 155
kodrosi, 171
lepidusi, 309
koiosi, 56
lesbia, 299, 300, 301, 302, 303, 305, 394
kolari p., 272
lesingi g. e., 54, 225, 291, 395, 461, 467
kolmaieri m., 54
leski a., 42, 45, 83, 137
komodianusi, 366
lestrigonebi, 47, 52
komodusi, 237, 420, 421
libaniosi, 241, 266
konstantine I, 457, 458
liberi, 283
konstantinos kefala, 456
livila, 373
kora J. de, 140
livius andronikusi, 140, 274, 275, 282
kora, 372
liviusi, 4, 344, 361-364, 371, 403
kordusi, 371, 374
likambesi, 63, 66
koribantebi, 273
likaoni, 358
korina, 95, 353
likinius makeri, 362
korneli, 140, 234, 323, 404
likonidesi, 278
kornelia, 370, 371
likosi, 134
kornelius neposi, 232, 275, 301
likofroni, 198
kornelius severusi, 371
likurgosi, 270
kornelius tacitusi, 366
linkevsi, 354
kornutusi, 333, 369
linosi, 14, 203
koroibosi, 203
lisiasi, 109, 237, 311, 397
koronisi, 204
lisistrate, 145, 148, 149, 150, 151 maqsimos tiroseli, 75, 76, 458
lifi v., 41 megabaZosi, 155
liqasi, 384 megadorusi, 278
liqsesi, 152 megaklesi, 92, 247
licinius kalvusi, 302 medea, 12, 24, 47, 102, 130, 132, 135, 136, 137, 140,
liciska, 411 154, 188, 210, 352, 354, 357, 374, 376, 377,
lobel-peiji, 70, 75 406, 407, 408, 458
lolianos efeseli, 239 melaniposi, 71
lolianosi, 236 melanqrosi, 69
lomani d., 42 melanhToni, 399
lomonosovi, 240, 298 meleagros gadareli, 199, 456
longosi, 4, 228, 244, 245, 247, 248, 249, 253, melekertesi, 270
468 melesigenesi, 37
lorenco vala, 399 melibousi, 336
lotofagebi, 47 melpomene, 349, 358
luTeri, 399 memiusi, 293, 316
luka, 229 menadebi, 101, 469
lukanusi, 4, 364, 365, 369-372, 383, 384, 386, menandrosi, 140, 150, 175, 198, 217-226, 248,
391, 406 252, 278, 286, 289, 290
lukianosi, 4, 91, 151, 227, 235-240, 244, 427, menelaosi, 24, 25, 38, 39, 133, 135, 138, 139, 140
469 meniposi, 238, 240, 374, 378, 381, 385, 469
lukiliusi, 467, 468 menoni, 72, 168, 173, 175, 178, 180
lukius verusi, 419, 420 mentesi, 39
lukius patreli, 427 merkuriusi, 22, 25, 428
lukrecia, 359, 363, 393 mesala, 330, 332, 333, 401, 402
lukreciusi, 4, 275, 292-298, 335, 338 mesalina, 411
lukiliusi, 347, 349, 374, 375, 376, 379, 380, mesenciusi, 341
409 metelusi, 316, 359
lukinius kalvusi, 299 mecenati (mekenasi), 324, 326, 328, 329, 336-
lukius akciusi, 275 338, 345-349, 411, 416, 465
lukius aneus seneka, 373 miTridate, 255, 307, 320, 403, 404
miloni, 306, 308, 425
maTe, 229 miltiadesi, 159
makarevsi, 354 miminoSvili r., 50, 341
makerma, 356 mimnermosi, 34, 324, 459
makiaveli n., 364 minerva, 22, 25, 327, 339, 405, 406
makrobiusi, 366, 428 minosi, 7, 13, 23
makusi, 277 minotavrosi, 23
malerba l., 54 minukianosi, 227
mamura, 303 minukius feliqsi, 366
mani T., 179 mira, 357
maniliusi, 307, 365 mirsilosi, 68, 69, 70
maraTusi, 332 miuli fon der p., 41, 42, 45
margitesi, 31, 38 miqael fselosi, 249, 253
mardoniusi, 155 miqelaZe T., 168
mari j., 41 mnemosine, 56, 150
marius maqsimusi, 417 mnesiloqosi, 146
mariusi, 292, 316, 319, 370 moira, 155
markelusi, 366 moirebi, 22, 50, 52, 132
markozi, 229 molieri, 219, 225, 285, 291
markus avreliusi, 4, 227, 418-423
momzeni d., 461
markus maniliusi, 225 monteverdi, 54
markus pakuviusi, 275 monteni, 234
markus portius kato, 468 mosqioni, 218, 219, 220
markus terencius varo, 275 mosqoso, 271
marsi, 22, 25, 184, 292, 406 muza, 37, 63, 75, 91, 99, 105, 170, 297, 326, 336,
marcela, 392 365, 368, 456
marcialisi, 4, 305, 318, 329, 365, 371, 372, mumiusi, 230
389, 391-395, 396, 413, 461 murena, 311, 313, 315, 317
marcianus kapela, 368, 428 museosi, 14, 250, 268
marciusi, 374
masinisa, 363 nadareiSvili q., 4
matamora, 285 navsikaa, 39, 119
maternusi k., 367, 401, 402 namacianusi, 368
maqoni, 198 nano, 34, 324
maqsime aRmsarebeli, 260 narcisi (narkisusi), 357
neviusi, 275, 283 pamfile, 218, 287, 288, 289

nemesisi, 332, 333 pamfilusi, 287, 288
neobule, 63, 65, 66 pamfosi, 14
neoptolemosi, 93, 127, 133, 134, 350 pandarosi, 38
neoterikosebi, 328, 465 pandora, 58
neptunusi, 22, 25, 405, 406 pani, 93, 221, 246, 247, 248
nerva, 392 paniasisi, 152
neroni (nero), 240, 365, 369, 370, 371, 372, papirius fabianusi, 373
373, 374, 376, 377, 381, 382, 383, 402, 403, parTeniosi, 467
409, 415, 416, 466 parisi, 24, 35, 38, 51, 138, 239, 354
nesosi, 23, 126 parmenidesi, 108, 172, 173, 176, 180
nestori, 25, 39, 51 parmeno, 287
nestoriusi, 431 paroni, 199
netari avgustinusi, 424 patekosi, 218
nefele, 24 patroklosi, 39, 340
nigrinosi, 236, 239, 240 paulinusi, 375
nikaia, 270, 272 pedonusi, 393
nikandros kolofoneli, 356 peiji d., 42, 45, 135
nikandrosi, 198 pelevsi, 24, 38, 39, 133, 203, 304, 305
nikeratosi, 220 peliadebi, 135
nikiasi, 144 peliasi, 24, 209, 405, 407
nikita evgenianosi, 261 pelofsi, 14, 73
nikifore kalistosi, 258 penatebi, 303, 340, 342, 421
nikomaqosi, 181, 430 penelope, 39, 40, 52, 354
nimfa, 39, 149, 206, 214, 245, 270, 358, 406 penTevsi, 135, 270, 272
niobe, 357 penTilidebi, 68
nisusi, 341, 357 peregrinosi, 237, 239, 240
nicSe g. v., 41, 123, 459 peri m., 48
nodo, 382 periandrosi, 156
novatusi, 375 periklesi, 17, 64, 66, 119, 152, 155, 159, 160, 161,
nonosi, 30, 4, 269-273 162, 163, 165, 171, 234, 324, 464, 467
peripleqtomenusi, 279
odisevsi, 25, 39, 40, 44, 45, 47, 49, 51, 52, 98,
periZoniusi, 41
120, 121, 127, 133, 134, 135, 150, 284, 339, 386
persevsi, 22, 25, 222, 270, 357
odoakri, 458
persesi, 57, 406, 407
ovidiusi, 4, 11, 75, 198, 203, 211, 217, 223, 224,
persefone, 93, 270, 271, 272
298, 324, 334, 352-360, 376, 406, 459, 462,
persiusi, 365, 369, 458, 469
463 petrarka, 291, 305, 323, 390, 399, 417
oTo, 402, 414, 415 petroniusi, 4, 240, 365, 372, 378, 381, 382,
oidiposi, 23, 24, 114, 120, 121, 122, 123, 124, 128, 383, 384, 385, 386, 428, 468, 469
188, 321, 374, 376, 377 pigmalioni, 357
oinomaiosi, 240 piTagora, 108, 241, 356, 430
okeanosi, 52, 56 piTia, 273
olimpiodorosi, 141, 266 pikaso p., 151
omfale, 23 piladesi, 116, 117, 134, 135
ongi m., 48 pindarosi, 4, 28, 32, 34, 36, 63, 92-100, 150,
optatianusi, 367 154, 406, 459, 460, 461, 465, 466, 467, 470
orestesi, 25, 114, 116, 117, 118, 126, 127, 130, 132, piramusi, 357, 358
133, 134, 135, 139, 140, 188, 354 pirgopolinikesi, 278, 279, 282, 283, 285
origene, 229 pirilampesi, 171
orkusi, 22 pisTeterosi, 145, 147
orosiusi, 368 pisistratosi, 41, 48, 69, 162, 464
orfevsi, 14, 357, 369, 405, 406 pisonebi, 350
osirisi, 232 pisoni, 370, 374
otanesi, 155 pisoni lucius kalpurnius, 350
oqtavia, 377 pitakosi, 68, 69, 70, 71, 75, 76
oqtavianusi, 308, 309, 310, 336, 337, 340, 416, pitiokamptesi, 23
456 plavtusi, 150, 223, 225, 242, 275, 277-285,
paganalia, 359 289, 290, 291, 346, 354, 367
pavle diakvani, 463 plango, 219, 220, 256
pavle mociquli, 225, 229, 374, 378 plandiadusi, 425
pavlinusi, 367 plania, 331
pavsaniasi, 93, 228 plankciusi, 307
palasi, 341 platoni, 4, 54, 75, 78, 82, 108, 109, 141, 166, 169,
palene, 272 170, 171-181, 182, 183, 184, 185, 187, 199, 226,
palestrio, 278, 279 228, 231, 232, 237, 241, 266, 293, 314, 376,
398, 421, 425, 428, 429, 430, 459, 462, 465, Jidi a., 128
469 Jilmeri, 261
plevsikle, 278, 279
pliniusi, 361, 364, 366, 387-390, 392, 396, rabiriusi, 371
rable f., 151, 234, 240, 261, 413
398, 413, 414, 415
radamisti, 404
plotinosi, 228, 266
raveli, 249
plutarqosi, 4, 91, 120, 140, 156, 157, 161, 179, 191,
225, 228, 230-234, 238, 306, 321, 323, 364, rainhardti k., 42, 45
ramfsinitosi, 156
417
rasini, 140, 211, 234, 404
plutoni, 22
ratiani n., 4
plutosi, 141, 147, 148, 151
rea, 21, 56, 57, 206
polemoni, 218, 236
regulusi, 348
polemosi, 145
rezerfordi r., 178
polibiosi, 282, 363, 374, 375
remusi, 18, 346, 359
polibosi, 23
roixlini, 240
polidevkesi, 73, 134, 209
romulus avgustulusi, 458
polideqtesi, 22
romulusi, 18, 303, 341, 346, 359
polidorosi, 133
rosciusi, 306, 310, 311, 313
polikratesi, 87, 156, 157
rusTaveli, 54, 182
polimestori, 133
ruso, 234
polinikesi, 24, 114, 124, 125, 134, 376
polio, 324, 363 sabina, 415
polifemosi, 40, 150, 135, 213, 214, 357,358 sabinusi, 354
poliqsene, 133, 134, 376 salvianusi, 368
poluqsi, 239, 284, 406 salustiusi, 4, 165, 275, 291, 314, 315, 316, 317,
pomona, 357 318, 321, 362, 363, 364, 462
pompea, 374 sanikiZe l., 137
pompeius trogusi, 324 sanio, 288
pompeusi, 299, 307, 308, 309, 316, 320, 321, 323, sapfo, 4, 28, 35, 68, 69, 72, 74, 75-87, 214, 300,
369, 370, 371, 373, 384 301, 348, 354, 461, 462, 465, 467
pomponius mela, 325 sartri, 118, 126
popiliusi, 309 saturnusi, 331, 336, 338, 387
porfiriusi, 429, 432 saqsi hans, 323
porcius latroni, 352 selene, 22
poseidoni, 21, 22, 25, 39, 56, 133, 156, 196, 205, semele, 101, 270, 271, 272, 273
239, 270, 386 semonides amorgoseli, 34
posidoniusi, 375 seneka, 4, 140, 238, 240, 337, 354, 364, 365, 369,
postumusi, 411 373-380, 385, 388, 390, 391, 398, 416, 456,
praqsagorasi, 146, 148, 212 458, 469
priamosi, 24, 25, 38, 39, 43, 51, 115, 133, 134, senkeviCi, 382
340, 343 septikius klarusi, 415
priaposi, 214, 332, 383, 384, 386 sergiusi, 315
primatiCiosa f., 54 serenusi, 375
priskianusi, 425 servantesi, 240, 261, 291
priskosi, 267 sesostrisi, 155
priskusi, 419 sestiusi, 308
prokle, 267 seferisi g., 54, 139
prokopi kesarieli, 165 seqstusi, 370
prokopiosi, 267 svetoniusi, 4, 233, 286, 287, 299, 321, 323,
prokrisi, 357 330, 346, 366, 369, 370, 374, 389, 398, 414-
prokruste, 23 417
properciusi, 4, 298, 305, 324, 326-329, 333, svida, 75, 79, 91, 93, 159, 201, 208, 231, 235, 250,
338, 353, 354, 459 414, 415, 469
proserpina II, 357 svifti, 237, 240
protagorasi, 108, 109, 129, 152, 164, 172, 173, sibila, 333, 336, 340, 349, 405
179, 180, 469 sidonius apolinariusi, 378, 395
protevsi, 138, 237 sidoniusi, 425
protesilaosi, 354 sikoni, 222
proqsenosi, 168 silenosi, 101, 469
prudenciusi, 367 silius italikusi, 344, 364, 365, 392, 408
ptolemaiosi, 201, 206, 208, 212, 215, 217, 267, simaiTa, 215
371, 430, 456, 463 simaqusi, 367
pulxeri, 300 simia, 282
puSkini, 285, 334, 395 simo, 279, 280, 281, 287
Jan anui, 125, 128 simonides keoseli, 36, 91, 93, 461, 465
simonidesi, 302, 459
simplikiosi, 267 tiberiusi, 348, 353, 365, 403, 404, 415

sirinozi, 40 tibulusi, 4, 324, 326, 329, 330-334, 349,
siriosi, 72 353, 354, 459, 467
siriskosi, 218 tiTonosi, 83
sironi, 294 timarqosi, 239
sirusi, 287 timoTeosi, 459
sirusia, 282 timoni, 230
sisena, 317, 385 tiresiasi, 122, 125, 206
sisifosi, 71 tironi, 312
skamandrosi, 76 tirteosi, 34
skapeni, 285, 291 titanebi, 56, 57, 270, 271
skila, 47, 210, 357 titanidebi, 56
skipio, 361, 468 titus liviusi, 324, 361, 364, 403
skopelianosi, 236 titus lukrecius karusi, 292
skoti j. a., 41 titusi, 277, 292, 415
skribonia, 337 tifisi, 406
smikrine, 218, 219 tifoevsi, 56, 57
sneli b., 51, 80 tifoni, 56, 270, 272, 273
sokolovi f. f., 41 tonia n., 4, 75, 202, 358
sokrate sqolastikosi, 258 torkvato taso, 54
sokrate, 8, 108, 109, 129, 144, 147, 149, 164, 166, traianusi, 231, 388, 389, 390, 392, 400, 414,
167, 170, 172, 173, 174, 178, 179, 182, 199, 232, 420, 464
280, 425, 428, 469 trigeosi, 145, 150
soloni, 34, 35, 69, 75, 107, 156, 162, 171, 459 trimalqioni, 381, 382, 383, 385
sosiasi, 144 trifene, 384
sostrata, 288, 289 trufaldino, 285
sostratosi, 221, 222, 251 turnusi, 340, 341, 342
sofokle, 4, 11, 100, 105, 111, 114, 119, 120, 121, 122,
123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129-141, 152, 192, uailderi t., 323
uebsteri t. b., 45
376, 377, 397, 398, 458, 469
ulise, 354, 357
sofonista, 363
umberto eko, 189
sofroni, 465
umbriciusi, 410
spartianusi, 415
uranosi, 21, 56, 57
spevsiposi, 181
uruSaZe ak., 210, 233, 434
spenseri, 54
sperTiesi, 156 fabius maqsimusi, 361
staciusi, 365, 370, 371, 372, 408 fabius piqtori, 362
stenli k., 41 fabulusi, 302
stesiqorosi, 32, 35, 36, 60, 138 faeToni, 272, 357
stiqusi, 277, 285 favorinusi, 227, 469
stobaiosi, 266 fanoklesi, 198
straboni, 46, 75, 76, 91, 199 faoni, 76, 354
strefsiadesi, 144, 149 farnakesi, 321
strobilusi, 278 farsmani, 403, 404
suetoni, 366 faustina, 420
sula, 292, 316, 317, 319, 320, 370, 462, 467 fedra, 23, 132, 133, 260, 354, 374, 377
susarioni, 464 fedria, 278, 287, 288
fedrusi, 365
tarkvinius amayi, 359
fenikiumi, 279, 281, 282
taso t., 253, 261
figaro, 285
tacitusi, 4, 165, 314, 319, 344, 362, 364, 366,
fidiasi, 17
370, 372, 374, 378, 381, 382, 383, 387, 389,
396, 398, 400-404, 416 fidipidesi, 144
filarqosi, 363
tevkrosi, 121
fildingi h., 151
teTisi, 56
filemoni, 217, 224, 225
tekmesa, 121
filetasi, 328
telemaqosi, 39, 40, 44, 45
filine, 212
telesiklesi, 62
filipe, 17, 141, 181, 193, 194, 195
telete, 270
filipos Tesalonikeli, 456
telefosi, 150
filisi, 354
terencia, 307
filodemosi, 294
terenciusi, 211, 225, 275, 286-291, 307, 367,
filokamasia, 282
406, 459
filokamasiumi, 278
tertulianusi, 366
filokleoni, 145, 150
tibaldi p., 54
filokomasiumi, 278
tiberianusi, 367
filomela, 357
filon aleqsandrieli, 229

filoni, 200, 240 Sadevaldti v., 41, 42, 45
filostratosi, 78, 227, 228, 235, 241, 469 Seiloki, 285
filoqorosi, 129 Selingi, 180
filoqsenosi, 459 Seqspiri, 223, 225, 234, 240, 261, 285, 323
filoqtetesi, 120, 127, 128 Sileri, 35, 41, 157, 461, 467
filumena, 288 Slegeli, 127
finevsi, 209, 406 Slimani, 7, 46
flaviusebi, 391, 403, 407 Stegermani v., 271, 272
flaviusi, 367, 402
floberi g., 382, 386 CaxruxaZe, 54
florusi, 349, 350, 372 Coseri j., 408
foibe, 56 Cxenkeli T., 50
foorbroki i., 41
formio, 286, 288, 291 canava r., 4
fortuna, 281, 430 ciceroni, 4, 159, 182, 195, 224, 275, 279, 286,
fotiosi, 427 291, 292, 293, 294, 302, 303, 306-314, 315,
friniqosi, 222 319, 320, 321, 350, 364, 371, 379, 387, 388,
friqsosi, 24, 405 390, 397, 398, 399, 402, 414, 429, 431, 432,
froidi z., 123 456, 462, 468
frontinusi, 366
frontusi, 371, 378 Zagrevsi, 270, 271, 272
fsametiqosi, 156 Zenodotosi, 199
fsevdo-longinosi, 75, 100, 227 Zenoni, 199, 293
fsevdolusi, 277, 279, 280, 281, 282, 283, Zopirosi, 156
284, 285 Zosimosi, 267
furia, 357
furiusi, 301 wereTeli ak., 137
wereTeli gr., 12, 434
qameleoni, 75, 80, 94
qaraqsosi, 76
WavWavaZe a., 91
qaribdisi, 47, 210
WilaZe o., 137
qarine, 284
Wyonia al., 168
qarinusi, 287
qarisiosi, 218, 425
xaritoni, 384
qaritebi, 99, 141, 156
qaritoni, 4, 228, 251, 252, 254-257, 262, 263,
javaxiSvili i., 13, 168
264
janaSia s., 168
qarmidesi, 171, 173, 180
jafariZe T., 4
qaroni, 63, 240
joisi j., 54, 382, 386
qerea, 219, 221, 228, 287
jonsoni b., 151
qereasi, 219, 222, 228
qerestratosi, 219
habrotononi, 218
qloe, 228, 245, 246, 247, 248, 249
hadesi, 21, 22, 23, 56, 63, 90, 91, 115, 117, 132, 134,
qremesi, 287, 288
146, 147, 148, 206, 214
qremilosi, 147, 148
hadrianusi, 231, 366, 414, 415, 418, 419, 422, 464
qriseisi, 38, 43
hamilkari, 467
qrisesi, 38, 43
hanibali, 467
qrisisi, 219, 220
hardi a., 261
qrisostomosi, 227
harpagoni, 285
qronosi, 98
harpaqsi, 281, 282
qsanTiasi, 144, 145, 146
harpiebi, 209, 406
qsenoni, 40
hasdrubali, 363, 467
qsenofane, 69, 108
hassendi, 298
qsenofanesi, 459
hegeli g. v. f., 41, 180
qsenofoni, 4, 107, 165, 166-170, 228, 232, 251,
hedelini f., 40
252, 468 hekabe, 130, 132, 133, 134, 140, 376
qsenofon efeseli, 262-265
hekate, 57, 210, 273
qserqsesi, 92, 112, 113, 153, 156, 458 hekateos abdereli, 228
qsuTosi, 134, 135 helanikosi, 40
qurumi aleqsandre, 236 hele, 24, 405, 406
RaribaSvili m., 4, 300, 353 helenosi, 340
helespontosi, 24
yauxCiSvili T., 154, 233, 461 helvius cina, 299
yauxCiSvili s., 12, 168, 434 heliodorosi, 4, 228, 251, 257, 258-261, 384,
yorCibaSi revaz, 225 468
heliosi, 22, 40, 137, 258, 259, 260, 263, 458 hieronimusi, 292, 293, 299, 362, 367, 378, 379
hemoni, 124, 125 hilasi, 209, 406
hera, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 38, 56, 71, 101, 134, 138, hilosi, 126
156, 203, 210, 239, 270, 272 himeriosi, 75, 79
herakle, 22, 23, 25, 55, 60, 125, 126, 127, 130, hiparqosi, 87, 173, 180
132, 134, 140, 146, 147, 204, 209, 237, 240, 376 hiperioni, 56
heraklidebi, 130, 132, 140, 193 hipermestra, 354
heraklitesi, 96, 108 hipiasi, 469
herkulesi, 23, 302, 354, 374, 376, 377, 405, hipokrate, 164, 199, 200
406 hipolite, 23, 260
hermani v., 41 hipolitosi, 23, 91, 130, 132, 133, 140, 354, 377
hermesi, 22, 25, 31, 39, 138, 214, 239, 270, 340 hiponaqsi, 35, 458
hermesianaqsi, 198 hira, 70, 71
hermione, 133, 135, 354 hiugo v., 413
hermogenesi, 227, 393, 394 hifsipile, 354, 406
hero, 250, 354 hoibeki a., 45
herodasi, 198 holderlini f., 41, 122, 459
herodes atikusi, 236 homerosi, 4, 11, 14, 15, 21, 22, 29, 30, 31, 37-55,
herodianosi, 228 57, 58, 60, 63, 66, 91, 98, 100, 109, 150, 152,
herodotosi, 4, 46, 75, 87, 107, 150, 152-159, 172, 198, 205, 208-213, 217, 226, 234, 259,
160, 161, 232, 237, 240, 241, 261, 464, 468 269, 270, 271, 272, 275, 324, 335, 338, 339,
herondasi, 198, 465 342, 344, 345, 365, 386, 389, 397, 398, 406,
hesiode, 4, 21, 22, 31, 32, 53, 55-62, 66, 91, 107, 456, 461, 462, 468, 470
198, 202, 203, 206, 208, 240, 337, 458, 461 horaciusi, 4, 11, 69, 75, 99, 100, 200, 240, 298,
hesiqiosi, 91, 266 324, 345, 346, 347, 348, 349, 350, 351, 352,
hestia, 22, 25, 56, 156 355, 358, 410, 411, 458, 467, 469
hetulikusi, 393 hortensiusi, 307
hefestosi, 22, 25, 39, 273, 341 hostia, 326
heqtori, 25, 38, 39, 43, 51, 133 huteni, 240
hidra, 23
hieroni, 92, 93, 110, 167, 170, 212

Antikuri Literatura

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ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

klasikuri filologiis, bizantinistikisa da neogrecistikis instituti

© programa `logosi~, 2007, meore gamocema

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ram SegviZlia vTqvaT, rom is procesi, romelmac WeSmariti literaturis Camoya-

lelurad Zv.w. IV saukunidan moyolebuli farTo gasaqani mieca sabiblioTeko

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dan gadaadgilebuli berZnebi apoikiebs anu koloniebs, isini SeiZleboda Camoya-

debiTi mxareebi, magram, amasTanave warmoaCina misi sisusteebi. periklesi, aTenel-

es iyo xana, erTi mxriv, didi berZnuli literaturuli memkvidreobis Senaxvis,

antikuri literaturis periodebi

berZnuli literaturis periodebi

V romauli batonobis periodi (Zv.w. I s. _ ax.w. V s.).

romauli literaturis periodebi

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ropul enaSi arsebuli silabur-tonuri (marcvlovan-maxviliani) saleqso sazo-

antikur saberZneTSi im procesis dasawyisad, romelsac SegviZlia werilobi-

toriulad aqtualizebuli naratiuli eposi, romelic raRac gamokveTil ideo-

raoden mniSvnelovanic ar unda iyos arqauli epoqis poetTa epikuri Semoqme-

lirikuli poeziis Cven mier CamoTvlil saxeebSi arqaikis epoqaSi mravali

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`abnelebs varskvlavTa ciags da mTvaris naTelsac aqrobs

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biT realuria aiasa da kolxeTis erTmaneTTan gaigiveba. garda amisa, `iliadaSi~

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filoa, xolo penelope, Tumca erTgulad elis odisevss, ukidures SemTxvevaSi

maTi gakicxva da dacinvac aSkaraa. iqmneba winaaRmdegobrivi suraTi, romelic

poemebi: `iliada~, `odisea~.

antikurobis erT-erTi yvelaze gamorCeuli epikosi, hesiode, pirveli berZeni

`Teogonia~ anu `RmerTTa warmoSoba~ berZnul literaturaSi safuZvels uy-

struqturulad mTel poemas ukavSirdeba). `TeogoniaSi~ mcire Tematuri stru-

gauflangavs da SewevnisTvis kvlav Zmas misdgomia. misgan ki materialuri dax-

samarTliani aRmoCnda, Tebesa da troaSi gamoiCina Tavi, xolo gardacvalebis

erTiao, – mamakacebs afrTxilebs qalTmoZule poeti, Tumca imasac ambobs, rom

qceva xdeba RvTaebis nebiTa da muzebis ZalisxmeviT aRsrulebuli religiuri

poemebi: `Teogonia~, `samuSaoni da dReni~.

berZnuli lirikis umniSvnelovanes Janrad iamburi poezia iTvleba. igi Tavisi

ZneTSi da daeca brZolis velze kunZul naqsosze. misi cxovrebis mniSvnelovani