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    Hiến Nguyễn
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    3 views8 pages

    49938-Article Text-153658-1-10-20200805

    Uploaded by

    Hiến Nguyễn

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
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    NHOM GALOIS CUA DA THUC BAC n Ngé Quéc Hoan Khoa Todn va KHTN Email: hoanng@dhhp.edu.vn Ngay nhdn bai: 23/9/2019 Ngdy PB dainh gid: 20/11/2019 Ngdy duyet ding: 27/12/2019 TOM TAT: Bai bao ting hop nhing két qua vé nhém Galois ciia da thite, mét trong nhimg van dé hdp dan nhat cia ly thuyét Galois. Cy thé, bai bao di néu ra nhimg két qua quan trong nhat cia nhém Galois cia da thre mét bién bac n cting nhu tng dung ciia vin dé nay trong viée vé hinh bang compa va thwéc ké va gidi thich ching bing nhimg vi dy tinh ton cu thé, Dae bigt, bai bio cling dé cp t6i thudt todn tinh nhém Galois, thit cho phép xdy dung mot chuong trinh tinh nhém Galois cia da thite dudi st hé tre cia may tink. Tie kh6a: Da thite, Mé-réng trudng, Nhém Galois. THE GALOIS’S GROUP OF POLYNOMIAL OF DEGREE n ABSTRACT: This paper tells about the Galois’s group of polynomial which is one of important problems of Galois’s theory. We give some nice resultats of Galois’s group of polynomial and explain them by the examples. Moreover, we also say about the algorithme which has been used to calculate the Galois’s group under helping by a computer. Keywords: Polynomial, Extension field, Galois's group. 1. GIO THIEL ¥ thuyét Galois 14 mét trong cée phat minh quan trong cla Todn hoc nhim giai quyét céng thie nghiém cua phuong trinh da thitc, bai todn vé hinh bing thuéc ké ai va comp: Ly thuyét Galois nghién ciru mdi quan hé gitta cdu trac nghiém ca mét da thite véi cdu tric trumg phan ra ca da thite 46. Sy da dang vé da thie trén mét trudmg kéo theo sy da dang cia truéng phan ra. Ly thuyét G lau higu dc trumg eta trumg phan 18 48 phuomg trinh da thite ¢6 thé gidi duge,, Thy té, van dé nay duge dé cp dau tién bai béi J. L. Lagrange, khi éng ding cdc tinh chit lign quan dén nhém hodn vj trong vige gidi phuong trinh dai s6. Sau dé, cde céng trinh cua P. Ruffini va N. Abel da bat ddu sir dung ly thuyét nhém dé xem xét tinh gidi duge cia phuong trinh da thite [3,4]. lois khong chi nghién citu syr da dang dma edn chi ra (1) Cho da thie P¢) tren trong K . Trutmg phan 13 cia P(s) tn K 18 tradmg mo rong E cia K chica vita dit K va ede nghigm eta da thiéc PC) 88 | TRUONG DAI HOC HAI PHONG E, Galois 1a nguéi dau tién xay dymg mét ly thuyét diy did chimg minh tinh gidi duge cia phuong trinh da thite bing cach ap dung ly thuyét nhém (xem [6)). Trong qué trinh gidi igu la Gal(F,K), 6 46 K la tudng con F la mé rong cia K . Tap nay bao gdm tat ca cde ty ding cdu iia F git nguyén cdc diém cha K.. Galois eiing da xy dung mét edu tric nhém trén tp may, vi vay ngiy nay ta goi tp nay 1d nhém Galois. quyét van dé, E, Galois da sang tao ra mét khai nigm Todn hoc mdi, ki Ta biét ring, mét phuong trinh da thite P(x) ~ 0 gidi duge bang cn thire ki va chi Khi nhém Galois eta da thite dé duge phan gid thinh diy G-Gy > G, >... > Gy ~{e}, 6 46 G, 1A nhém con chudn tic ciia G, vA nhém thuong Gix,/G; 1a cde nhém giao hodn véi moi i = 1, 2, 3, ... Do dé, vige tinh todn nhém Galois 1a rit quan trong trong qué trinh nghién etm céc fn dé cla Ly thuyét Galois. Bai viét nay dé cp dén mét sé vin dé vé nhém Galois cia da thite bée m (xem [1, 2)), cing nhur thudt todn tinh nhém nay bang may tinh (xem [8,9,10,11]) ‘va mét tmg dung ciia nhém Galois trong vie xac dinh tinh vé duge cia mét hinh bing compa va thude ke. HL. Noi dung 1. Nh6m Galois cia da thie be n Cho K 1a mét tring c6 dae s6 khae 2 va f(x) la mot da thite bi cnitrén K. Ta gid sit Xp x, ld cdc nghiém cia f(x) trong m6t trrdng phan ra F ca f(x) én K - . 28 2 bat A= TG -x)sDU) aad xy icj Bigu thie D() duge goi la bigt thie ca da thite f(x). Vige tinh todn gid tr eta bigt thie mot da thé, ta sir dung hé thite Viet Chang han, ta xét da thire f (x) =x‘ +x" + ex? +dx-+etrén tring K . Gia sit trén mot mé rong nao 46 cia K., da thite f(x) la tach duge va 66 x), x2.%3.%, la edie nghiém etta fox) (C6 ‘thé tring nhau). Dat ARKY +5 Ky B c My +S Oy PI. Bang tinh toan tryc tiép, ta thu uge(4—B)(B-C)(C-4)'= T]_(x,-x,) =D). isicjcg T“ Mat khac, sir dung hé thite Viet ta cé. xy ta, tx, tx, =—b Ny $A, AN, LY AGN TGR 2h Hx, $A, HRY, = Baas XX =e TAP CHf KHOA HQC, $6 1, thing 1/2020 | 89 Do dé, ta thu duge [A+B+C= {4B+BC+CA=—4e+db [ABC = 4? +B¥e—4ce Do 46 4, B, Clanghigm cia da thie r(x) D(f)=(A~B)'(B-C)(C-4Y = DY). Nhung r(x) li da thite bac 3, ta dé dang tinh duge' D(f) = D(r) =c"[(bd —4e)* + 4c(4ce—b*e —d*)] - 4(bd —4e)* -21(Ace—b?e—d?)’ -18e(bd —4e)(4ce— bed), Da thite r(x) duge goi la gidi thite bade 3 cia fix) Ménh dé 1 [1,2]: Cho K ld mét trudng c6 dae sé khde 2 va f(x) 1a mOt da thite bac n 2° — ox? + (bd —4e)x—b¥e + 4ce—d? Ni vay, trén K, Ki higu As] [@,-x):DU)=4 =] ]@,-x), 6.5.x), ..., 4 1A cde nghigm etia f(x) trong mot trudng phan ra F ebia f(x) trén K. Ta 66 1. 6 €Gal(F,K) 1a mét phép thé chin néu va chi néu 6(A) = A, 2. 6 Gal(F,K) 1a mot phép thé lé néu va chi néu 6(A)=—A. ‘Tir ménh dé 1, ta c6 thé thay ring Gal(F,K) c 4, néu va chinéu Ae K HG qua 1 [2]: Gid sir f(x) 1A mot da thte bat kha quy tach duge bae 3 trén mot trudmg K 6 dic s6 khée 2 vi G li nhom Galois cua f(x). Khi dd, 6 dic so khac 2 va G la nhém Galois cia fix). Goi @, 8,7 la cae nghi 1, G= Synéu va chinéu Ag K. 2. G= Asnéu va chingu Ae K, HG qué 2 (2): Gia sir fx) 1a mot da thite bat kha quy tach duoc bac 4 trén mgt trudmg K ita gidi thire bac ba cia ffx). Dat m=[K(a, 8,7): K]. Khi d6 m la mét woe cia 6, Hon nia 1, Néum = 6 thi G = Si, 2, Néum = 3 thi G = Ay 3, Néum = 1 thiG = V. 4, Néum = 2 thi G = D,néu va chi néu fix) bat kha quy tren K(a, 8,7) + G=T, néu va chi néu ffx) kha quy tren K(a, f,7) " Biet thie eta da thite bie ba g(x) =x' thx” tex +d 1a D(g)=b°(c? ~Abd)— Ac" ~27d” + 18bed. 90 TRUONG DAI HOC HAI PHONG. Chang han, ta c6 da thite f(x) Eisenstein. Dé dang chimg minh duge ffx) la tich durge. Giai thite bi V5, ,5-v5, 2 r(x) =x? = 20x25 = (x-S)(xr+ a + “45x+5 1a bit kha quy trén {theo tiéu chudn_ 3 eta fix) Ia Vay truimg phan ri cia r(x) 1a (V5) 6 be m-[0(V5): Q] =2. Lai c6 fix) kha guy tren (V5) vi faye escrso( PAGES 2 fe.) 2) x* 45x45 ding ciu voi Z, 2, Thudt toan tinh nhém Galois cia da thite bie» Ta sé bit diu bing vi du tinh nhém Galois eta da thite f(x) = x bac 4 va truéng phan ra la F =) (87) Mai pha cha i va 47. Hon nita, ta phai e6 ring d(i) €{-i,i};5(47) (97,97, 7,97} Do dé nhém Gal(F, 7, Day la da thite tr 5

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