Assignment1: Introduction and Descriptive Statistics

By

Navjit Bansal

Assignmet No. 1

Submitted to Professor ABCD in Partial Fulfilment of the requirements for Psychology

2101 TRU-Open Learning(2022)
Question 1-Briefly and concisely defines in your own words the following concepts.
Provide an example for each concept.

A. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (2 pts)

a. Descriptive Statistics: This set organizes set of tables, Summarizes and

helps in simplifying flowcharts and chronological sequencies data collected
from a Study.

b. Inferential Statistics: Used to create a statistical procedure for conclusions

or for creating general statements related to sample data that was
collected from the chosen population.

B. Experimental method and correlational method (2 pts)

a. Experimental Method: Methodology used in determining effect and cause

relation in two variables. This was working by manipulating first variable
and then observing and recording the other while managing the all-other
variables that could affect the result.

b. Correlational Method: In this Research Method Data was gathered to see if

there is a relationship between two variables without controlling any other
variable. For Example: Correlational Study attempt to see the relationship
between two variables such as numbers of hours of sleep and a task
performance.

C. Nominal scale and ratio scale (2 pts)

a. Nominal Scale: used to measure observations by dividing individuals into

categories that might have various labels/names and no quantitative
differences.

b. Ratio Scale: Ratio scales shows ratios of magnitude because this includes
an absolute zero point, for instance measuring weight or height. This is a
set of ordered categories that contains intervallic units and they are all the
same size.

D. Mean and median (2 pts)

 a. Mean: A measure of central tendency which is a sum of all scores in
distributed divided by total number of scores. The total grade average of
the class is counted by dividing total number of students in the class.

b. Median: A measure of central tendency that shows mid-point. Point that

separates the lowest 50% from the highest 50% of value during the
dividing. For Example., to calculate the median income of the sample
collected. First organize them smallest to largest, and then finding first
point which is bigger than half of all the scores in distribution.

E. Standard deviation and interquartile range (2 pts)

a. Standard Deviation: average of the distance in a distribution from mean.

b. Interquartile Range: Describes variability in terms of the range of scores

that fall within 25 to 75 per ranks of the distribution. in other hand its
means range score that falls between 50% of the distribution.

Question 2 (5 points)
Upon completion of studying each chapter in their social studies course, students
are asked by their teacher to write a brief essay on their analysis of the chapter
content and how they could apply the concepts in real life. To encourage her
students to perform well on each essay, the teacher gives a token if the student
obtains a mark of at least 90%. Students, particularly those not receiving a token,
could attempt for one at the end of each subsequent chapter. Then, to receive a
special prize at the end of the term, a student should have at least 10 tokens to
exchange for the prize. Based on this study, identify the following:

A. Independent variable (1.25 pts)

a. Tokens

B. Dependent variable (1.25 pts)

a. Performace of the student as measured by marks

C. Whether the dependent variable is discrete or continuous (1.25 pts)

a. If scores of the tests are measured between 0-100% , the DV is continuous.

b. If Scores are observed and recorded only by two levels. Then DV would be
ordinal with two levels.

D. The scale of measurement used to measure the dependent variable (1.25

pts)

a. Ratio
Question 3 (42 points)

A History Achievement Test out of 80 points is administered to a Grade 10 class of

30 students. Their scores are randomly listed below.

78 46 61 49 58 61 64
40 52 78 55 63 55 49
53 53 59 58 52 70 58
Part 1. (21 points)

A. Prepare a frequency distribution table of the raw scores* grouped

according to frequency (f). Also show the cf and the c% columns. For c%
report up to 2 decimal places. Don’t round up. (Hint: Show only the
scores in the data set.) List the individual scores in descending order
along the X column, then show the frequency of each score along the f
column. This is where you’re grouping each score according to its
frequency.) Don’t forget to give the table a title that is complete and
precise. (10 pts)

X F CF C%
80 1 30 100
78 2 29 96.66
70 1 27 90
65 1 26 86.66
64 2 25 83.33
63 2 23 76.66
61 2 21 70
59 2 19 63.3
58 5 17 56.66
55 4 12 40
53 2 8 26.66
52 2 6 20
49 2 4 13.33
46 1 2 6.66
40 1 1 3.33
B. Draw a bar graph of this f-distribution table. Arrange the individual
scores in ascending order along the X axis. Be sure to label the axes.
Don’t forget to give the graph a title. (4 pts)

5
4.5
4
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
80 78 70 65 64 63 61 59 58 55 53 52 49 46 40

Scores

C. Make a stem and leaf display of the scores. Be sure to label the two
columns of the display and arrange the leaves in ascending order. Don’t
forget to give the display a title. (4 pts)

Stem Leaf
4 069
5 23589
6 1345
7 08
8 0
 D. Based on the f-distribution table above, find the percentile rank of X =
52. To solve this, use the formula in the course Study Guide, not the
interpolation given in the textbook. (Hint: To solve this, your i = 1,
because you are using single scores.) (3 pts)

a.

X F Cf C%
80-84 1 30 100
75-79 2 29 96.66
70-74 1 27 90
65-69 1 26 86.66
55-59 6 25 83.33
50-59 11 19 63.33
50-54 4 8 26.66
45-49 3 4 13.33
40-44 1 1 3.33

Σf=30
Part B:
Draw a histogram of this f-distribution table. Give the graph a title. (4 pts)
B. Draw a polygon of this f-distribution table. Give the graph a title. (4 pts)