gy;NtW kdpjf; FOf;fshy; kdpj r%fnkhd;W cUthfpd;wJ.

mtu;fs; NgRk; nkhop> gpd;gw;Wk; rkak;> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> cw;gj;jpfs;

Mfpatw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; fyhrhuk; cUthfpd;wJ. r%fj;jpw;F r%fk;
nkhop> rkak;> gof;ftof;fq;fs; Nghd;wtw;wpy; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLk;.
,j;jifa NtWghLfis cs;slf;fpa r%fk; gy;fyhrhu r%fk;
vdg;gLfpwJ. kdpj r%fj;jpd; epiyNgwpw;Fk; mgptpUj;jpf;Fk; rkhjhd
rftho;T mtrpakhtNjhL mjw;Fg; gy;fyhrhuKk; cjTfpdw ; J. ,jd;gb
ghu;f;Fk; NghJ ,yq;ifr; r%fk; gy ,dq;fisAk;> nkhopfisAk;>
rkaq;fisAk; nfhz;lJ. ,tu;fspilNa gy;NtWgl;l fyhrhu mk;rq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpdw ; d. gy;fyhrhu kdpj r%fnkhd;wpd; gpuir vd;w tifapNy
xw;Wikahf tho;e;J ,yq;ifau; vd;w jdpj;Jtj;ijg; NgZtjw;Fj;
Njitahd Nju;r;rpia ,t;tyiff; fw;gjD}lhf ePq;fs; ngw;Wf;
nfhs;syhk;.

8.1 gy; f yhrhu r%fnkhd; w p d ; milahsq; f s;

fyhrhuq;fs; gy Nru;e;J gy;fyhrhu r%fnkhd;W cUthfpd;wJ.
,j;jifa r%fnkhd;wpd; milahsq;fis ,dq;;fhz;gjw;F fyhrhuk;>
r%fk; vd; D k; vz; z f; f Uf; f s; gw; w p xusT tpsq; f pf; n fhs; t J
Kf;fpakhFk;.
ekJ md;whl tho;f;ifapy; ~r%fk;| vd;w nrhy;iy mbf;fb
Nfl; f pNwhk; > thrpf; f pd; N whk; > NgRfpd; N whk; . vkJ tho; f ; i fapy;
rhjfkhfNth> ghjfkhfNth jhf;fj;ij Vw;gLj;Jk; vy;yh egu;fSk;
mlq;fpa khdplf;FO kdpj r%fk; vd vspikahff; Fwpg;gplyhk;. ,r;
r%fj;jpy; ePq;fSk; xU mq;fj;jtu; MtPu;fs;
fyhrhuk; vd;gJ kdpju;fs; Vw;gLj;jpf; nfhz;l gof;ftof;fq;fs;>
nkhop> rkak;> Mw;wy;fs;> mwpTtiffs;> ek;gpf;iffs;> vz;zq;fs;>
vjpu;ghu;g;Gfs; Nghd;w mk;rq;fs; mlq;fpa xU $l;lhd nraw;ghlhFk;.
,f; fyhrhuj;jpy; cs;slq;Fk; mk;rq;fisg; gpd;tUkhW Fwpg;gplyhk;.
1. rkak;
2. nkhop
3. FLk;gg;gpd;dzp
,ytrg; ghlE}y;
40
 4. nghUshjhug; gpd;dzp
5. ek;gpf;iffs;
6. rlq;F rk;gpujhaq;fs;
7. kdg;ghq;F
8. murpay;
9. fy;tp
10. njhopDl;gk;
Nkw;$wg;gl;l mk;rq;fs; ehl;Lf;F ehL> gpuNjrj;jpw;Fg; gpuNjrk;>
fhyj;jpwF
; f; fhyk; NtWgLk;. Mifahy; xU fyhrhuk; xU gpuNjrj;jpNyh
xU ehl; b Nyh kl; L k; ,Uf; f Ntz; b a mtrpakpy; i y vd; g J
njspthfpd;wJ.

fyhrhuk; gw;wpg; gy;NtW jj;JtQhdpfs; gy;NtW fUj;Jfisj;

njuptpj;Js;shu;fs;.

,yf;fpaj;jpw;Fk; tuyhw;wpw;Fk; fiyf;Fk; mbg;gilahd xd;whff;

fyhrhuk; fUjg; g Lfp w J.
Ngl;ud;l; ury;

fyhrhuk; jdpg;gl;l uPjpapy; cUthf;fg;gl;l gilg;G xd;wy;y.

f;Nyhl; nyr; ];l;uT]; - gpuhd;]; khdpl tpQ;Qhdp

cyfpd; ngUk;ghyhd ehLfspy; gy;NtW ,dkf;fs; tho;fpwhu;fs;.

NkYk; mtu;fSf;fpilapNy gy;NtW ek;gpf;iffs;> rkaq;fs;> nkhopfs;>
gof;ftof;fq;fs; kw;Wk; fiyfSk; $l xd;Wf;nfhd;W NtWgLtNjhL
xj;j mk;rq;fSk; cs;sd. cjhuzj;jpwF ; ,e;jpahit vLj;Jf;nfhs;Nthk;.
mq;F F[uhj;jpfs;> jkpou;fs;> tq;fhspfs;> K];ypkf ; s; vdg; gy ,dj;jtu;
tho;fpwhu;fs;. ,tu;fs; gy;NtW nkhopfisg; NgRfpd;wdu;. NtWgl;l
rkaq;fisAk; gpdg ; w;Wfpwhu;fs;. mtu;fspd; fyhrhuq;fSk; xd;Wf;nfhd;W
NtWgLfpd;wd. vdpDk; mtu;fs; midtUk; ,e;jpau;fs; vd;w xU
ehl;ltuhfNt fUjg;gLfpd;wdu;. ,Nj Nghy ,q;fpyhe;J> gpuhd;];>
mnkupf;fh Nghd;w ehLfspYk; ,t;thW gy ,dkf;fisf; fhzyhk;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; 41
 cyfpd; gpujhd rpwg;gk;rNk gy;tifik MFk;. xNu ,dj;jpYk;
$lg;gy;NtW fyhrhuq;fisf; fhzyhk;. xNu ehl;bNy xNu ,dj;jpNy
mg;gy;tifj; jd;ikia ,dq;fz;L xNu FLk;gkhfr; nraw;gLtJ
cyfj;jhUf;;fpilNa fhzg;gLk; rthyhFk;.
,yq;ifr; r%fkhdJ gy;NtW ,dq;fs;> nkhopfs;> rkaq;fs; cl;glg;
gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; thOk; khdplf; FOf;fshy; MdJ. vdNt vkJ
ehl;bNy gy;NtW fyhrhuq;fisf; fhzyhk;. ,f;fyhrhuq;fSf;Fr;
nrhe;jkhd gpuirfs; xd;whfNt tho;fpwhu;fs;. md;whl Njitfis
epiwNtw;wpf;nfhs;tjw;fhfg; gy;NtW fyhrhuj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhd
gpuirfspd; cjtp fpilf; f pwJ. Nrit toq; f ypNyh> Nrit
ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjpNyh vt;tpj NtWghLfSk; ftdj;jpy; nfhs;sg;gLtjpyi
; y.
Mifahy; vkJ r%fk; gy;NtW fyhrhuj;jpw;Fr; nrhe;jkhdtu;fisf;
nfhz;L cUthdjhFk;. ,tu;fs; midtUk; ,yq;ifau; Mtu;. ,t;thwhd
r%fNk gy;fyhrhu r%fk; vd miof;fg;gLfpwJ.

Nkw;Fwpgg
; pll
; tplaq;fis Nehf;Fk;NghJ gy;fyhrhu r%fnkhd;wpNy
fhzf;$ba gpujhd mk;rq;fs; ,uz;il ,dq;fhzyhk;.
xUikg; g hL gy; t ifik
thOk; ehL nkhop
epu;thff; fl;likg;G rkak;
Nrit toq;fYk; Nrit gof;ftof;fq;fs;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;sYk; rlq;F rk;gpujhaq;fs;
NjrpafPjk;> Njrpaf;nfhb Milazpfs;
Njrpa cupikfs; ,yf;fpak;> fiy

nraw;ghL I
,yq;ifapy; gy;NtW gpuNjrq;fspy; gy;NtWgl;l fyhrhuq;fs;
cUthfpajw;Ff; fhuzkhd fhuzpfisg; gl;baw;gLj;Jq;fs;

8.2 ,yq;ifapd; gy;fyhrhu r%fk;

,yq;ifr; r%fkhdJ. fyhrhug; gd;ikj; jd;ik fhzg;gLtjw;Fr;
rpwe;j vLj;Jf;fhl;lhFk;. ,t;thW gy;fyhrhuk; fhzg;gLtjw;F ,uz;L
fhuzq;fs; mbg;gilahFk;.
(1) ,yq;if 2500 tUlfhy ePbj;j tuyhw;iw cilaJ
(2) ehl;bd; miktplk;

,ytrg; ghlE}y;
42
gpdt
; UkhW ,yq;ifapy; fyhrhug; gd;ikj;jd;ik ntspgg
; Ltij ePqf
; s;
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
♦ gy ,dq;fs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
♦ gy rkaq;fs;; fhzg;;gLfpd;wd.
♦ ntt;NtW nkhopfs; Ngrg;gLfpd;wd
♦ gy tho;thjhu eltbf;iffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
♦ gy r%fg; gpuptpdu; fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;.
« ,duP j pahd gy; t ifik
,yq;ifapy; rpqf; stu;> jkpou;>
K];ypk;fs;> kNyau;> gwq;fpau; vdg; ,yq; i fapd; rdj; n jhif
gy;NtW ,dj;jtu;fSk; tho;fpwhu;fs;.
,dk; rjtP j k;
ngUksT rpq;fs kf;fSk; mLj;J
KiwNa jkpou;fSk; K];ypk;fSk; rpq;fstu; 74.0%
kNyau; gwq; f pau; f Sk; eP z ; l ,yq;ifj;jkpou; 12.6%
kiyafj;jkpou; 5.5%
fhykhf tho;e;J tUfpwhu;fs;.
K];ypk;fs; 7.1%
,tu;fs; midtUk; ,yq;if
[dehaf Nrh\yprf; Fbaurpd; %yk; en.wikipedia.com
gpuirfshf Vw; W f; n fhs; s g; g l;
Ls;shu;fs;. ,q;F thOk; ehk; midtUk; vkJ jha; ehl;bd; Kd;Ndw;wj;
jpw;fhfg; gzpahw;w Ntz;baJ mtrpakhFk;.
« rkauP j pahd gy; t ifik
,yq;ifapd; rdj;njhif
rkauPjpahf - 2007
,yq;ifapy; ngsj;j> ,e;J> ,];yhkpa>
fpwp]; j t rkaq; f isg; gpd; g w; W Nthu; rkak; tPjk;
fhzg;gLfpd;wdu;. rpq;fstu;fspy;
ngsj;jk; 73.7%
ngUk; g hyhNdhu; ngsj; j rkaj; i jAk;
,e;J 10.9%
Fiwe; j stpdu; fpwp]; j t rkaj; i jAk;
gpd; g w; W fpd; w du; . jkpou; f spy; ngUk; fpwp];jtk; 6.2%
ghyhNdhu; ,e;J rkaj;ijAk; Vidatu;fs; ,];yhk; 7.6%
fpwp];jt rkaj;ijAk; gpd;gw;Wfpwhu;fs;. Vidait 1.6%
fpwp];jt rkaj;jpYk; gy;NtW gpupTfs;
fhzg;gLfpd;wd. K];y pk;fs; vy;NyhUk; ,];yhkpa rkaj;ijNa
gpd;gw;Wfpwhu;fs;. rpq;fs ngsj;ju;fSs; ,e;Jf;flTis topgLNthUk;
,Uf;fpd;wdu;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; 43
 « nkhopg; gy; t ifik
,yq;ifapy; rpq;fsnkhop> jkpo;nkhop> Mq;fpynkhop vd;gd
gad;gLj;jg;gLfpd;wd. rpq;fsKk;> jkpo;nkhopAk; murfUk nkhopfshfg;
gad; g Lj; j g; g l; L tUfpd; w d. Mq; f pynkhopf; F k; Kf; f pa ,lk;
toq;fg;gl;Ls;sJ.

,yq; i fapy; rdj; n jhifapy; rpq; f s kf; f s; mjpfkhff;

fhzg;gLtjdhy; rpq;fsnkhop NgRNthupd; vz;zpf;if mjpfkhff;
fhzg;gLfpd;wJ. jkpou;fs; jkpo;nkhopapNyNa NgRtNjhL K];ypk;fspy;
mjpfkhNdhu; jkpo;nkhopiaNa gad;gLj;Jfpd;wdu;.

« tho; t hjhug; gy; t ifik

,yq;if kf;fs; jkJ tho;f;ifiaf; nfhz;L elhj;Jtjw;nfd
Kf;fpa tho;thjhu %yq;fshf tptrhak;> kPd;gpb> tu;j;jf Nritfs;>
rpWifj;njhopy;fs; vd;gd fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,yq;ifapy; fhzg;gLk;
kf;fs; vy;NyhUk; ,d> nkhop> kj NtWghbd;wp vy;yhj;JiwfspYk;
<Lgl;Lj; jkJ tho;thjhuj;ij <l;bf;nfhs;Sfpd;whu;fs;.

« gpuNjrg; gy; t ifik

,yq;ifr; r%fj;jpy; gpuNjr uPjpahd gy;tifikiaAk; fhzKbAk;.
fz; b ar; rpq; f stu; > fiuNahur; rpq; f stu; > aho; g ; g hzj; j tu; >
kl;lf;fsg;igr;Nru;ej
; tu;> kiyafg; gFjpiar; Nru;ej
; ,e;jpaj; jkpou;fs;
vd Nehf;f Kbfpd;;wJ. gpuNjruPjpahf Nehf;Fk; NghJ xNunkhopiag;
NgRgtu;fs; $lg; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fg; gpuNjrk; tpj;jpahrkhfg; NgRthu;fs;.
mNjNghy Mil mzpfs; mzptjpYk; NtWghLfs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.
mJkl;Lkd;wpg; gof;ftof;fq;fs;> czTKiw> gpuNjr rl;ljpl;lq;fs;
vd;gdTk; gpuNjrj;jpw;Fg; gpuNjrk; NtWgLtjid mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
8.3 gy;NtW fyhrhug;ghuk;gupaq;fSk; tpohf;fSk;
fyhrhuk; xNu Kiwapy; Njhd;wpajy;y. fyhrhukhdJ kf;fshy;
fhyq;fhykhfg; gpd;gw;wg;gl;LtUk; gof;f tof;fq;fSf;F mikaf;
fl;bnaOg;ggl;lJ. njhlu;r;rpahfg; Ngzg;gl;L tUtJkhFk;. ek;kplk;
cs;s gof;ftof;fq;fSf;Fk; $l ePz;l fhy tuyhWfs; ,Uf;fpd;wd.

,ytrg; ghlE}y;
44
 gy;tifik nfhz;l r%fj;jpy; ,duPjpahf>
nkhopuj P pahf> kjuPjpahf> gpuNjr uPjpahf kf;fs;
gpuptpdu; fhzg;gLtu;. xt;nthU gpuptpdUf;FKupa
ghuk;gupaq;fs;> gof;ftof;fq;fs;> tpohf;fs;
NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;glyhk;.
gy;tifikr; r%fj;jpy; xt;nthU r%fKk;
Vida r%fq; f spd; gof; f tof; f q; f s;
rk;gpujhaq;fs;> tpohf;fSf;F kjpgG ; f; nfhLj;J>
rfpgG; j; jd;ikAld; ele;J nfhs;Sjy; Ntz;Lk;.
,t; t hW Gupe; J zu; T ld; elf; F k; n ghOJ
gy;tifikj; jd;ik nfhz;l fyhrhuq;fis cU 8.1 ngw; N whiu
cs;slf;fpa r%fk; epiy NgWilajhfj; tzq; F jy;
njhlu;eJ ; ,Uf;Fk;.

8.4 gy;NtW ,dq;fSf;Fupa gof;ftof;fq;fSk;

rk;gu
p jhaq;fSk;

gy;NtW ,dq;fSf;fpilapNy rka my;yJ

NtW fyhrhu Nehf;fj;ij ikakhff; nfhz;L
gof;ftof;fq;fs;> rlq;Ffs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;
Ngzg; g Lfpd; w d. ,e; j rk; g pujhaq; f s; >
rlq;FfSf;F ePz;l tuyhW cz;L.
ngUk;ghyhd gof;ftof;fq;fs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs;
rka kw;Wk; r%f Nehf;fj;ij mbg;gilahff;
nfhz;L cUthdit MFk;.
gy;NtW ,dq;fspdJ rlq;Ffs;> cU 8.2 tUlg; gpwg;gpd;
rk;gpujhaq;fs; nghJthfg; gpd;tUk; rpy NghJ czT jahup j ; j y;
epfo;Tfspd; NghJ filg;gpbf;fg;gLtij ehk;
mtjhdpf;fyhk;.
¥ jha; fUTw;W ,Uf;Fk; nghOJ.
¥ Foe;ijapd; gpwg;gpd;NghJ
¥ Kjd;Kjy; Foe;ijf;F czT Cl;Lk;nghOJ
¥ fy;tp eltbf;if Muk;gpf;Fk; nghOJ (VL njhlf;Fjy;)
¥ gUtkiljy;
¥ jpUkz itgtk;
¥ GJtPL fl;l Muk;gpf;Fk;NghJ
,ytrg; ghlE}y; 45
 ¥ GJtPL GFk;nghOJ (GJkid GFjy;)
¥ kuzr;rlq;fpd; NghJ
kdpjd; gpwe;jjpypUe;J ,wf;Fk; tiu gy;NtW tifahd rlq;Ffs;>
rk;gpujhaq;fSf;F cl;gl;Nl tho;fpd;wdu;. vy;yhr; r%fq;fSk; NkNy
$wg;gl;l vy;yh epfo;Tfspd; NghJk; rlq;Ffs;> rk;gpujhaq;fisg;
gpd;gw;Wfpd;wd vd;W $wptpl KbahJ. xt;nthU r%fKk; xt;nthU
Kiwfspy; ntt;NtW re;ju;gg ; q;fspy; jj;jkJ r%fj;jhy; mq;ffP upff
; g;gl;l
epfo;Tfspd; NghJ rlq;Ffs;> rk;gpujhaq;fisg; gpdg ; w;Wfpdw
; d. ,t;thW
gpd;gw;WtjD}lhf xt;nthU r%fKk; jkJ jdpj;Jtj;ij ntspf;
fhl;Lfpd;wd.

« ,yq;ifapd; fyhrhuq;fs; gpd;tUkhW miof;fg;gLfpd;wd.

i ngsj;j fyhrhuk;
i ,e;J fyhrhuk;
iii ,];yhkpa fyhrhuk;
iv fpwp];jt fyhrhuk;
Nkw;gb fyhrhuq;fs; rka mbg;gilapNyNa fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;l
itahFk;. ,jdhy; ,f;fyhrhuq;fspy; ,lk;ngWk; gof;ftof;fq;fs;>
rk; g pujhaq; f s; vd; g tw; w py; rkaq; f spd; nry; t hf; F mjpfkhff;
fhzg;gLtjid mtjhdpf;fyhk;.

« ngsj;j fyhrhuj;NjhL ,ize;j rka tpohf;fSk; rk;gpujhaq;fSk;

,yq;ifg; ngsj;ju;fspd; fyhrhuk; rpq;fs ngsj;j fyhrhuk;

vdg;gLk;. rpq;fstu;fSf;F jk; tho;fi
; fiaf; fl;bnaOg;gj; Njitahd
Nghjidfs;;> mwpTiufs; vd;gd fpilg;gJ ngsj;jk; fw;gpj;jypd;
ClhfNt MFk;. fhiy> khiy Gj;jgfthDf;F tpsf;Nfw;wp kyu;
G+ir nra;tJ ngsj;ju;fspd; ehshe;j rka eilKiwahFk;. gQ;rrPy
nfhs;iffisg; Ngzp> gQ;rkh ghjfq;fisj; jtpu;jJ ; jk; tho;fi
; fia
ngsj;ju;fs; nfhz;L elhj;Jfpd;wdu;.

« ngsj;j rka tpohf;fs; rpy

¥ ntrhf; ¥ nghrd;
¥ vry
,it jtpu ,d;Dk; gy ngsj;j rka tpohf;fs; ngsj;ju;fshy;
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wd.

,ytrg; ghlE}y;
46
 « ntrhf;
Gj;j ngUkhdpd; gpwg;G> QhNdhjak;> gupepu; thzk;
Mfpa %d;iwAk; ikakhf; nfhz;L ngsj;ju;fs;
ntrhf; nfhz;lhLfpwhu;fs;. ,k; %d;iwAk;
cs;slf;fpa epiyia ePqf ; s; mUfpYs;s glj;jpy;
fhzyhk;. md;iwa jpdk; md;djhdk;> jpahdk;
Mfpa fUkq;fspy; <LgLtu;. Gj;jgfthDf;F kyu;g;
G+ir nra;J> tPL> tpfhiu> ghlrhiy> tPjp
Mfpatw; i w myq; f upj; J cs; s j; j hYk;
cU 8.3 Gj; j up d ;
nrayhYk; Gj;j ngUkhid topghL nra;tu;. %d; W ep i yfs;
« nghrd;
,yq;iff;F k`pe;j Njuu; Gj;j rkaj;ijj;
nfhz;Lte;jij epidT $UKfkhf
,yq;ifapd; vy;yhg; ghfq;fspYk; cs;s
ngsj; j u; f s; nghrd; nfhz; l hLfpd; w du; .
,f;nfhz;lhl;lj;jpd; NghJ k`pe;jNjuupd;
cUtr; r piyia> Cu; t ykhf (ngun`u)
vLj;Jr; nry;tJ ngsj;ju;fspd; tof;fkhFk;.
tpNrlkhf mDuhjGuk;> kpfpe;jiy kw;Wk;
ehl;bd; rfy tpfhiufspYk; k`pe;j Njuiu
Qhgfg;gLj;jpf; nfhz;lhl;lq;fis Vw;ghL cU 8.4 kp f p e ; j y
nra;fpwhu;fs;. ,t;thW nra;tjid k`pe;j
NjuUf;Fr; nra;Ak; ed;wpahfNt fUJfpwhu;fs;.
« vry
fhyk; fhykhf Gj;jupd; Gdpj
je;jj;jpw;Fg; G+ir elj;Jk; Kfkhf
fz; b = jyjh ngun`uhit
ngsj; j u; elhj; J tu; . vry Mb
khjj;jpNy Gj;j ngUkhid epidj;J
ehLG+uhTk; cs; s tpfhiufspy;
md;djhdq;fs;> jpahdq;fs; kw;Wk;
cU 8.5 jyjh ngun`uh
Gz;zpa fUkq;fspy; <LgLfpwhu;fs;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; 47
« ngsj; j rkar; rlq; F fSk; rk; g pujhaq; f Sk;
gpwg; G Kjy; ,wg; G tiu
gy;NtW rkar; rlq;Ffs;
ngsj;ju;fshy; gpd;gw;wg;gLfpd;wd.
Foe;ij gpwe;j gpd; tpfhiuf;Fr;
nrd;W Gj;jiu topgl;L Ntz;Ljy;
fs; nra;Ak; rlq;if epiwNtw;W
thu;fs;.
jpUkzr; rlq;fpd; NghJ
kzkfspd; tPl;lhUk; kzkfdpd; cU 8.6 rp q ; f s-ngsj; j jp U kzk;
tP l ; l hUk; ,ize; J kzNkilr;
rlq;Ffis epiwNtw;Wtu;. [akq;fy
fPjk; ,irj;J kzkf;fis ngsj;j
rkag;gb MrPu;tjpg;gu;.
kuzr;rlq;fpd; NghJ gpf;Fkhiu
mioj;J tho;f;ifapd; epiyapy;yhj;
jd;ik gw;wp ju;k cgNjrk; Nfl;L
gpf; F khUf; F g; mq; f pfis toq; f p cU 8.7 jhdk; toq;Fjy;
kuzpj;jtUf;F Gz;zpak; Nru;f;Fk;
ngsj;j rlq;if epiwNtw;Wtu;. VO ehl;fspd; gpd;du;. gpf;F xUtiuf;
nfhz;L Qhgfhu;j;jkhf ju;k cgNjrk; nra;J> gpd;du; gpf;FkhUf;Fj;
jhdk; toq;fp kuzpj;jtUf;Fg; Gz;zpak; Nru;g;gu;.

nraw;ghL II
ngsj;j rlq;Ffs;> rk;gpujhaq;fs; gof;ftof;fq;fs; gw;wpj; Njb
mwpe;J mwpf;ifnahd;iwj; jahupAq;fs;.

,e;J fyhrhuj;Njhbize;j rka tpohf;fSk; rlq;F rk;gpujhaq;fSk ;

,e; J rka kf; f spd; tho; f ; i f Kiw Ntj> Mfkq; f is
mbj; j skhff; nfhz; l jhFk; . mtu; f spd; tpohf; f Sk; > rlq; F
rk;gpujhaq;fSk; mtu;fspd; tho;f;ifNahL gpd;dpg;gpize;jjhff;
fhzg;gLfpdw ; d. Ntjq;fs; kw;Wk; ,jpfhr Guhzq;fs; $Wk; nra;jpfis
mbnahl;b cUthf;fg;gl;lNj ,e;J fyhrhuKk; mjNdhL ,ize;j
gof;f tof;fq;fSkhFk;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y;
48
 ,e;J rka tpohf;fs; rpy
♦ ijg;nghq;fy;
♦ jPghtsp
♦ k`h rpthuhj;jpup

« ijg; n ghq; f y;

cU 8.8 cU 8.9
mWtil Kbj;J new;Ftpay;fisf; fhz;gjhy; cotu;fsJ kfpor ; r
; p
ngUFk;. coTj; njhopYf;F cjTgtd; #upad;. vdNt #upaDf;F
ed;wp njuptpg;gjw;fhfj; ijg;nghq;fiyf; nfhz;lhLtu;. md;iwa jpdk;
mjpfhiy vOe;J ePuhb Gj;jhil mzptu;. tPl;bd; jiythrypYk;
Kw;wj;jpYk; khtpiyj;Njhuzk; fl;b myq;fupg;gu;. Gjpa ghidapNy
Gjpa muprp nfhz;L ghYk; ru;f;fiuAk; ,l;L nghq;fiyahf;Ftu;. jPg
J}g MuhjidNahL #upaid topgLtu;.

ijg; n ghq; f Yf; F mLj; j ehs; jkpou; f shy; gl; b g; n ghq; f y;

nfhz;lhlg;gLfpd;wJ. coTj;njhopYf;F cjTtJ khL. vdNt
mtw;Wf;F ed;wp nrYj;Jk; Kfkhfj; jk;kplKs;s khLfisf; Fspgg ; hl;b>
khiyfSk; nghl; L kpl; L myq; f upg; g u; . khLfspd; nfhk; G fSf; F
tz;zr;rhe;J G+RtJKz;L. gpd;du; gl;bapNy nghq;fyhf;Ftu;. mjidj;
jiythioapiyapNy gilj;J topghl;by; <LgLtu;. mg;nghq;fiyj;
jkJ gRf; f Sf; F k; fhisfSf; F k; cz; z f; nfhLj; J j; jhKk;
cwtpdNuhL cz;L kfpo;tu;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y; 49
 « jP g htsp
eufhRud; vd;w nfhLk; mRuid fpU\;z
gfthd; mopj;j jpdj;ijf; nfhz;lhLtNj
jP g htsp MFk; . jP g q; f is tP L fspYk; >
Nfhapy;fspYk; Vw;wpf; nfhz;lhLtjdhNyNa
jP g htsp vdg; g LfpwJ. jP g htsp ehspy;
mjpfhiyapy; vz;nza; Nja;j;J ];ehdk;
nra;thu;fs;. Gj;jhilfs; mzpe;J Nfhtpy; cU 8.10 jP g Nkw; w g; g l; l
fSf;Fr; nrd;W tpNrl G+ir topghLfspy; fhl; r p
fye;J nfhs;tu;. ,j;jpdj;jpy; tpNrl jPghtsp
czTg; gz;lq;fs; jahupj;J ez;gu;fSf;Fk;> cwtpdu;fSf;Fk; tpUe;
jspj;Jf; nfhz;lhLtJ ,e;Jf;fspd; tof;fkhFk;.
« k`h rptuhj; j pup
rptngUkhdplk; ,Ue;J mUisg;
ngw;Wf;nfhs;Sk; Kfkhf tpujk;
mD\;bj;J ,uT KOtJk; tpopj;jpUe;J
topghLfspy; <LgLtJ kfh rpthj;jpup
vdg; g Lk; . ,J khrpkhjj; j py; irt
kf;fshy; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpdw
; J. ,J irt
kf;fs; mD\;bf;Fk; tpujq;fspy; kpfTk;
cU 8.11 rptDk; ghu;tjpAk;
Kf;fpakhdnjhd;whFk;.

« ,e;J rka rlq;FfSk; rk;gpujhaq;fSk;

,e;J rkaj;ijr; Nru;e;j jkpou;fs; jkJ tho;f;ifapd; gy;NtW
re;ju;gg
; q;fspYk; rlq;Ffs; rk;gpujhaq;fisg; gpd;gw;Wfpwhu;fs;. Foe;ij
gpwe;J 31 ehl;fspd; gpd; Foe;ijf;F ngaupLthu;fs;. Foe;ijapd;
jha;khkd; my;yJ xU ngupatu; Foe;ijapd; ngaiu mjd; tyJ
fhjpy; XJtu;. gpd;du; kw;wtu;fs; vy;NyhUk; Foe;ijapd; ngaiur;
nrhy;yp mioj;J kfpo;tu;.
Foe;ij gpwe;j 41k; ehs; jhiaAk; Foe;ijiaAk; NfhapYf;Ff;
nfhz;L Nghthu;fs;. ,q;F Foe;ijiaj; nja;t re;epjhdj;jpy;
fhzpf;ifahf itj;J topgLthu;fs;. VLnjhlf;Fjy; vd;w rlq;Fk;
kw;nwhU Kf;fpakhd rlq;fhFk;. VL njhlf;Fjy; vd;gJ fy;tpiaj;
njhlq;Fjy; vd;gjhFk;. Nfhapypy; my;yJ tPl;by; Fk;gk; itj;J G+ir
topghL nra;J fy;tpiaj;
,ytrg; ghlE}y;
50
 njhlq;Fthu;fs;. ve;jf; fUkj;ijAk;
njhlq;Ftjw;F Kd;Gk; gpsi; sahUf;F Kjy;
tzf;fk; nra;tJ ,e;Jf;fspd; tof;fkhFk;.
nra;ag;gLfpd;w fhupaq;fs; jil Vw;glhky;
fhf;f ty;y flTs; gps;isahu; vd;gJ
,e;Jf;fsJ ek;gpf;ifahFk;.

,e;Jf;fspd; jpUkzj;jpd; NghJ gy

rlq;Ffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. nghd;DUf;fy;>
jhypfl;Ljy;> nfl;bNksk; nfhl;Ljy;> fd;dp
cU 8.12 ,e;J jpUkz fhjhdk;> khiy khw;Wjy;> mk;kp kpjpj;jy;>
rlq;F
fizahop vLj;jy;> mUe;jjp fhl;ly; Nghd;w
gy rlq;Ffs; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. xt;nthU nray;fSf;Fk; mwptpay;
uPjpahd fhuzq;fs; cz;L.

cjhuzkhf kzkfd; kzkfSf; F jhypfl; L k; nghOJ

nfl;bNksk; nfhl;Lthu;fs;. VjhtJ xU %iyapy; ahNuh ahiuNah
mkq;fykha;j; jplb; f;nfhz;bUe;jhy; mj;jifa thu;ji
; jfs; kzkf;fspd;
fhJfspy; tpof;$lhJ vd;gjw;fhfNt ,t;thW nra;tu;. ,NjNghy; mk;kp
kpjpj;jypd; Nehf;fk; ngz;zhdts; fy;iyg;Nghy cWjpAld; kdk;
jsuhJ jd;Dila fw;G epiyapdpd;Wk; gpupahkYk; fztdpw; gw;W
ePq;fhkYk; ,Uf;f Ntz;Lk; vd;gjhFk;.

xUtu; ,we;Jtpl;lhy; kuzr; nra;jpia CUf;F mwptpg;gjw;fhfg;

giw mbf;Fk; tof;fk; fhzg;gLfpwJ. ,we;jtupd; cliyj; njw;Nf
jiy ,Uf;Fk;gb fplj;Jthu;fs;. ,t;thW nra;tJ tlf;Fj;jpirapy;
jiy ,Uf; F k; g b ,Ue; j hy; clYf; F nfLjy; Vw; g Lk; vd; w
ek;gpf;ifapdhyhFk;.

nraw;ghL III

,e; J rkar; rlq; F fs; > rk; g pujhaq; f isAk; mtw; w pw; f hd
tpsf;fq;fisAk; Njbawpe;J E}y; xd;iw Mf;Ff.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; 51
« K]; y pk; f spd; gz; b iffSk; rlq; F fSk;

,];yhkpaf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; gbNa K];ypk;fsJ tho;fi; f KiwAk;

typAWj;jg;gLfpwJ. Gdpj Fu;MdpdJk; ~Rd;dh| vdg;gLk; egp K`k;kj;
(]y;) mtu;fsJ tho;f;if topfhl;ly;fspdJk;gbNa K];ypk;fs;
gz;biffisAk;> rlq;FfisAk; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;.

« ,]; y hkpag; gz; b iffs;

,];yhk; K];ypk;fs; kPJ flikahf;fpAs;s Ik;ngUk; flikfis

mbg;gilahff; nfhz;L tUlj;jpy; ,U gz;biffs; nfhz;lhlg;
gLfpd;wd. mit
® Nehd;Gg; ngUehs;
® `[;[_g; ngUehs; MfpadthFk;.
K];ypk;fs; ,t;tpU ngUehs; jpdq;fspYk; Gj;jhil mzpe;J
gs;spthry;fSf;Fr; nrd;W tpNrl njhOiffspy; <LgLtJld; cwtpdu;
ez;gu; tPLfSf;Fk; nrd;W kfpo;thu;fs;.

« Nehd; G g; ngUehs;

,J mugp nkhopapy; ~<Jy; gpj;u;|

vdg; g Lk; . ,]; y hj; j pd; ehd; f htJ
flikahfpa Gdpj Nehd;ig
epiwNtw;wpa gpd;G Nehd;Gg; ngUehs;
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. ,];yhkpa `p[;up
Mz;Lf;fzf;fpdg ; b vl;lhtJ khjkhd
ukohd; khjk; KOJk; K];ypk;fs;
Nehd;G Nehw;gJ flikahFk;. cU 8.13 K]; y p k ; gs; s p t hry;
Nehahspfs; gpuahzpfs; Nghd;NwhUf;F
Nehd;G Nehw;fhjpUf;f mDkjpAz;L. ukohd; khjk; jiyg;gpiw ghu;j;J
K];ypk;fs; Nehd;ig Muk;gpg;gu;.
mjw;fLj;j \t;thy; khjj; jiyg;gpiwiaf; fz;L Nehd;ig
epiwT nra;tu;. Nehd;G ehl;fspy; gfy; Ntisapy; vJTk; cz;zhJ>
gUfhJ ,uTNtisfspy; tpNrl njhOiffspYk; <LgLtu;. Nehd;ig
epiwT nra;J mLj;j jpdj;jpy; Nehd;Gg; ngUehs; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.
grpj;jpUe;J Nehd;G Nehw;gjd; %yk; gpwupd; grpj;Jd;gj;ij mwpe;J
gpwUf;F cjTgtu;fshf K];ypk;fs; khwNtz;Lk; vd;gNj Nehd;gpd;
jhw;gupakhFk;. ,j;jpdj;jpy; ViofSf;Fj; jhd ju;kq;fs; nra;thu;fs;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y;
52
 « `[; [ _g; ngUehs ;

K];ypk;fspd; ,uz;lhtJ gz;bif `[;[_g; ngUehshFk;. ,J

,];yhkpa `{[;up Mz;bd; 12 MtJ khjkhd Jy;-`[; khjk; 10 Mk;
ehs; nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. `[;[_g; ngUehs; ,];yhj;jpd; Ik;ngUk;
flikfSs; ,Wjpf; flikahfpa Gdpj `[;[pid ikakhf itj;Jf;
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

trjpgilj;j cyf
K];ypkf; s; Gdpj kf;fhTf;Fr;
nrd; W Jy; - `[; khjj; j py;
flikfis epiwNtw;Wthu;fs;.
Mdhy; `[;[_g; ngUehis
cyfpYs;s vy;yh K];ypkf ; Sk;
nfhz;lhLthu;fs;. tuyhw;wpy;
,];yhkpa topKiwfis
cyfpw;Fg; gug;Gtjpy; ,iw
J}ju;fshd ,g;wh`pk; (miy)>
cU 8.14 Gdpj kf;fhg; gs;spthry;
mtUila kfd; ,]; k h<y;
(miy)> kw;Wk; ,g;wh`pKila kidtp `h[uh mk;ikahu; MfpNahu;
Nkw;nfhz;l jpahfq;fis epidT$Uk; KfkhfNt Gdpj `[;[_g;
ngUehs; - jpahfj; j pUehs; (<Jy; mo; ` h) K]; y pk; f shy;
nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ.

« ,]; y hkpar; rlq; F fs;

NkNy Fwpg;gpl;lJ Nghd;W K];ypk;fspd; tho;f;if eltbf;iffs;

ahTk; my;Fu;Md;> Rd;dhtpd; topKiwg;gbNa mika Ntz;Lk;.
tho;f;ifapy; eilngWk; rlq;Ffs; ,];yhkpaf; Nfhl;ghLfspd; gbNa
eilngWfpdw ; d. mjd;gb ,];yhkpau;fspd; rlq;Ffshf gpdt
; Utdtw;iw
fhzyhk;.
Foe;ij gpwe;jTld; ~mjhd;| nrhy;yp tyJ fhjpy; CJtJld;
,lJ fhjpy; ~,fhkj;| nrhy;yp CjNtz;Lk;. Foe;ij gpwe;J VohtJ
ehs; Foe;ijapd; jiyKbia ePf;fpg; ngau; #l;LtJ tof;fk;.
Foe;ijf;F ey;y nghUs; juf;$ba ngau;fis itg;ghu;fs;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; 53
 jpUkzk; ,];yhkpaf; Nfhl;ghL
fspd;gb eilngWk;. kzkfdJk;>
kzkfspdJk; tPl;lhu; Ngr;Rthu;j;ij
nra;J kzkfd;> kzkfs; rk;kjj;
Jld; jpUkzk; epr; r apf; f g; g Lk; .
kzg;ngz;zpd; jfg;gd; my;yJ rpwpa
je;ij my;yJ rNfhjuu; my;yJ
cU 8.15 ,]; y hkp a jp U kzrlq; F
cwtpdu;; vtUk; kzg;ngz;Zf;F
,y;iyahapd; fhjp ePjpthd; gpujhd rhl;rpahf ,Ue;J fjPg; (khu;f;f
mwpQu;) xUtu; epfh`; jpUkzr;rlq;if elj;jpitg;ghu;. jpUkzj;jpw;fhf
kzkfd; khu;f;ff;fl;lisg;gb ~k`u;| vdg;gLk; ngz;Zf;Fupa gq;iff;
nfhLj;Jtpl Ntz;Lk;. jpUkzk; eilngw;w gpd; kzkfdhy; mtu;fsJ
cwtpdu;fis mioj;J ~tyPkh| vDk; tpUe;Jgrhuk; toq;fg;gLk;.

,];yhkpa topfhl;ly;gbNa K];ypk;fs; kuzpj;jgpd; kuzr;rlq;F

Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpwJ. K];;ypk; xUtu; kuzpj;jgpd; kpfTk; jhkjpf;fhJ
kuzpj;jtupd; cliyf; Fspg;ghl;Ljy;> cil mzptpj;jy; (fgdply;)
ikaj;Jf;fhd njhOifia epiwNtw;Wjy;> ey;ylf;fk; nra;jy; Mfpa
rlq; F fs; Nkw; n fhs; s g; g Lk; . ,we; j tUf; F g; gl; L my; y hj
nts;isAilahy; ~fgd;| nra;ag;gLk; vd;gJ Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. ,we;jtu;
Mzhapd; Mz;fSk; ngz;zhapd; ngz;fSk; cliyf; Fspg;ghl;bf;
fgdpLk; Ntiyiar; nra;tu;. njhOif elj;jp mlf;fk; nra;tjpy;
Mz;fs; kl;LNk <LgLtu;.

nraw;ghL IV
,yq;if K];ypk;fspd; rka tpohf;fs; kw;Wk; mtu;fsJ tho;fi
; fapd;
gy;NtW re;ju;g;gq;fspy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; rkar; rlq;Ffs; gw;wp
ifnaOj;Jg; gj;jpupif xd;iw vOJq;fs;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y;
54
 « fpwp];jt fyhrhuj;Njhbize;j rka tpohf;fSk; rlq;FfSk;.
,yq;ifapy; cs;s fpwp];jtu;fspy; rpq;fstu;fSk; jkpou;fSk;
ngUkstpy; fhzg; g Lfpd; w du; . ,q; F fhzg; g Lk; fpwp]; j tu; f s;
fj;Njhypf;fk;> fj;Njhypf;fky;yhjtu;fs; vd;W tifg;gLj;jyhk;. ,q;F
thOk; jkpo; fpwp]j ; tu;fspd; fyhrhuk; jkpof
; ; fyhrhuj;jpd; nry;thf;fpw;
Fl;gl;ljhfTk;> rpq;fs fpwp];jtu;fspd; fyhrhuk; rpq;fs fyhrhuj;jpd;
nry;thf;fpw;F cl;gl;bUg;gijAk; fhzyhk;.
fpwp];jtu;fs; gy tpohf;fis tUle;NjhWk; nfhz;lhLfpwhu;fs;.
mtw;Ws; gpd;tUtd ,U Kf;fpa tpohf;fs; MFk;.

♦ ,NaR gpwg;G tpoh (fpwp];k];)

♦ ,NaR capu;g;G tpoh (<];lu;)

« ,NaR gpwg; G tpoh

,iwtd; jd; xNu kfid ,t;Tyfpw;F mDg;gpa ehshf ,NaRtpd;

gpwg;G tpohit fpwp];jtu;fs; nfhz;lhLfpwhu;fs;. cyfk; G+uhfTk;
brk;gu; khjk; 25e; jpfjp fpwp];k]; tpoh nfhz;lhlg;gLfpwJ. kf;fisg;
ghttho;tpy; ,Ue;J kPl;gjw;fhf ,NaRit ,t;Tyfj;jpw;F ,iwtd;
mDg;gpajhf fpwp];jtu;fs; ek;Gfpwhu;fs;. md;iwa jpdk; Gj;jhil
mzpe;J Myaj;jpw;Fr; nrd;W Muhjidfspy; fye;J nfhs;thu;fs;.
fpwp];k]; fPjq;fs; ghLthu;fs;. Vio vspatu;fSf;Fg; gupRg;nghUl;fs;
nfhLj;J kfpo;thu;fs;. cwtpdu;fs;> ez;gu;fs; tPLfSf;Fr; nrd;W
fpwp];k]; tho;j;Jf;fisj; njuptpj;J kfpo;r;rpahf ,NaRtpd; gpwg;G
tpohit nfhz;lhLthu;fs;.

cU 8.16 ,NaR gpwg;Gk; ej;jhu; myq;fhuKk;

,ytrg; ghlE}y; 55
« capu; g ; G tpoh (<]; l u; )

cU 8.17 (i) cU 8.18 (ii)

,NaRtp d ; ghLfs; ,NaRtp d ; cap u ; g ; G
rpYitapy; miwag;gl;L> mlf;fk; nra;ag;gl;l ,NaRfpwp];J
%d;whk; ehs; capu;j;njOe;jij epidT $Uk; ehshf fpwp];jtu;fs;
capu;g;G tpohit nfhz;lhLfpd;whu;fs;. 40 ehl;fs; jtf;fhykhf
mD\;bj;J tpujkpUe;J topghLfspy; <LgLtu;. jtf; fhyj;jpd; ,Wjp
thuj;ij Gdpj thukhf mD\;bg;ghu;fs;. Gdpj thuj;jpd; nts;spf;
fpoikNa ngupa nts;sp vdg;gLfpwJ. mjidj; njhlu;e;J tUk;
Qhapw;Wf;fpoik capu;g;G tpohthff; nfhz;lhLthu;fs;.

« fpwp]; j t rkar; rlq; F fSk; rk; g pujhaq; f Sk ;

xU Foe;ij gpwe;jTld; Qhd];ehdk;
vd; D k; rlq; f pid fj; N jhypf; f rkaj; j pdu;
nra;fpd;wdu;. gpwe;j Foe;ijia Myaj;jpw;F
vLj;Jr; nrd;W topghLfs; elhj;jp FUthdtuhy;
Qhd];ehdk; toq;fg;gLfpwJ. Qhd];ehdk;
%yk; GJtho;T ngw;W ,iwtdpd;
gps;isahFtjhf fpwp];jtu;fs; ek;Gfpd;wdu;.
jpUkzr; rlq;fhdJ Myaj;jpy; jpUg;gypapd;
(G+ir) NghJ FUthdtupdhy; rhl; r pfs;
Kd;dpiyapy; eilngWfpwJ. ,jidg; gupRj;j
cU 8.19 Foe; i jf; F cld;gbf;if vdTk; md;gpd; cld;gbf;if vdTk;
Qhd]; e hdk; nfhLj; j y; ek;Gfpd;wdu;. ,t; cld;gbf;if nra;Ak; NghJ

,ytrg; ghlE}y;
56
 Myaj; j pd; kzp xypf; F k; .
,d;dpirf; fPjq;fs; ghlg;gLk;.
gpd;du; cwtpdu;fSk;> ez;gu;
fSk; kzkf;fis tho;jj ; p gupRg;
nghUl;fis toq;Fthu;fs;.

xU fpwp]; j tu; NehAw; W

,Uf;Fk; NghJ ~Nehapw;G+Rjy;|
vd;Dk; rlq;fpidr; nra;tu;. ,jd;
cU 8.20 fp w p ] ; j t jp U kz rlq; F
NghJ FUthdtu;fSk; $bapUg;
NghUk; Nehahspf; F RfKk; >
kdmikjpAk; fpilg;gjw;F nrgpgg ; hu;fs;. FUthdtu; NehahspfF ; gupRj;j
ijyj;ij G+rp nrgpg;ghu;. ,Nj Nghy; fj;Njhypf;fu; xUtupd; kuzr;
rlq;fpd; NghJ Myaj;jpw;F kuzkhdtupd; cliy vLj;Jr; nrd;W
FUthdtuhy; topghLfs; elhj;jg;gl;L gpd;G ey;ylf;fk; nra;ag;gLk;.

rkaj; jyq; f s;

,yq;ifapy; ngsj;ju;fs; jyjhkhspif>

=kfhNghjp> =ghj> fsdptpfhiu> Utd;
ntyprha Mfpa Gz;zpa jyq;fSf;F nrd;W
topghLfisr; nra;aj; jtWtjpy;iy.

,e;Jf;fs; gpujhdkhf ey;Y}u;f; fe;jRthkp

Nfhtpy;> jpUf;NfhNz];tuk;> Kd;Nd];tuk;>
fjpu;fhkk; cl;glg; gy Gz;zpa jyq;fSf;Fr;
nrd;W G+ir topghLfspy; gq;F nfhs;fpdw ; du;.

cU 8.21 ,e; J f; Nfhtp y ;

ngsj; j u; f s; > ,e; J f; f Sf; F upa Gdpj jyq; f isg; Nghy

fj;Njhypff
; u;fSf;Fk; kLNjthyak;> nfhr;rpff ; il Gdpj me;Njhdpahu;
Njthyak;> jytpy Gdpj md;dk;khs; Njthyak; cl;gl gy Myaq;fs;
fhzg;gLfpdw ; d.

,ytrg; ghlE}y; 57
 ,t; Myaq;fSf;F kf;fs; ,yq;ifapd;
gy ghfq;fspypUe;Jk; nrd;W topghLfspy; gq;F
nfhs;Sfpd;wdu;. K];ypk;fisg; nghWj;jtiu
kf; f htpYs; s f/gj; J y; y h gs; s pthry; >
kjpdhtpy; cs;s k];fpJj; egtp - egp K`k;kj;
(]y; ) mtu; f spd; gs; s pthry; > kw; W k;
n[UrNyj;jpYs;s Gdpj igj;Jy; Kfj;J];
gs;spthry; MfpadNt Kf;fpakhd ahj;jpiuj;
jyq;fshFk;. mtu;fs; mq;F nrd;W
topghLfspy; <LgLtu;.
cU 8.22 jyjh khsp i f

xt;nthU rkaq;fSf;Fk; Gdpjj;

jyq;fs; ntt;Nthwhff; fhzg;gl;l
nghOjpYk; rka NtWghL ,d; w p>
,dNtWghL ,d;wp xU rkaj;jtu;
,d;ndhU rkaj;jyq;fSf;Fk; nrd;W
topgLtjidf; fhzyhk;.
ngsj;ju;fSk; ,e;Jf;fSk;
nghJthf fjpu;fhkk;> Kd;Nd];tuk;
cU 8.23 fj; N jhyp f ; f j; Njthyak;
Nghd;w Nfhtpy;fSf;F nrd;W
topgLthu;fs;. mNj Nghy nfhr;rpff
; il Gdpj me;Njhdpahu; Myaj;jpwF ;
rka> nkhop ,dNtWghL ,d;wp vy;NyhUk; nrd;W topgLtjid ehk;
fhzyhk;. =ghj vdg;gLk; rptndhspghjkiy ,yq;ifapy; rfy ,d
kj kf;fsJk; Gdpjg; gpuNjrkhff; fUjg;gLfpwJ.

gy rkaq; f Sf; $ lhfTk; > gy

Gz;zpa ];jyq;fSf;$lhfTk;
fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk; nghJ Nehf;fq;fs;
gythFk;. md;G> fUiz> xw;Wik>
rkhjhdk; > nghJeyd; > mfpk; i r>
KjpNahiu kjpjj ; y;> FUTf;F kupahij
nra;jy;> r%fNrit> iftplg;gl;ltu;fs;>
kw; W k; mdhijfSf; F cjTjy; >
cU 8.24 ,]; y hkp a g; gs; s p t hry; gpwUf; F k; gpw rkaj; j tu; f Sf; F k;
kjpgg
; spjj
; y;> #oiyg; Ngzy; Mfpa tplaq;fs; rfy rkaq;fspdJk;
nghJ vjpug ; hu;gg
; hFk;.
,ytrg; ghlE}y;
58
 8.5 Njrpa mgptpUj;jpff
; hd xw;Wik
gy; N tW ,dq; f s; thOk; r%fnkhd; w pNy rkak; > nkhop>
gof;ftof;fq;fs; NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gLk;. xNu ,dk;> xNu nkhop> xNu
rkak; cs; s r%fnkhd; w hapDk; fyhrhuj; j pd; gy; N tW tifj;
Njhw;wq;fis fhzyhk;. ,J khdpl r%fj;jpd; nghJ milahskhFk;.

xt;nthU ehl;bYk; fyhrhuq;fs; NtWgl;Lf; fhzg;gbDk;

ngUk;ghyhd xw;WikfSk; fhzg;gLk;. ,e;jpa fyhrhuj;jpYk;
,yq;ifapd; fyhrhuj;jpYk; xw;Wikfisf; fhzyhk;.
gz;bj tz gj;Njfk tpkytq;r Njuu;
(Mrpupau; - uh[fPa)

xU ehl; b d; fyhrhuq; f Sf; F s; xw; W ikfisg; NghyNt

Ntw;WikfSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd. ,J ve;jnthU fyhrhu r%fj;jpdJk;
nghJ mk;rkhFk;. ,jd;gb ghu;f;Fk; NghJ fyhrhuj;jpd; %yk;
jPu;khdpf;fg;gLtJ kf;fSf;fpilapNy rkhjhdNkad;wpf; FNuhjq;fs;
my;y.
fyhrhuk; cyf kf;fSf;fpilNa Gupe;Jzu;itf; fl;bnaOg;g cjTk;
mj;jpthukhf ,Uj;jy; Ntz;Lk;.
tpQ; Q hdp my; g l; Id; ] ; i ld; (1879-1955)

kdpj rKjhaj;jpNy gy;NtW fyhrhuq;fs; ,Ue;jhYk; ,t;nty;yhf;

fyhrhuq; f spdJk; vjpu; g hu; g ; G kdpj r%fj; j pd; Kd; N dw; w Kk;
mgptpUj;jpANk MFk;. xU ehl;bd; nghUshjhu r%f kw;Wk; fyhrhu
Kd;Ndw;wk; vd;gJ ehl;bYs;s kf;fs; midtUk; jkJ Njitfis
epiwT nra;J kfpor ; r
; pahf jkJ tho;fi
; fiaf; nfhz;L elhj;JtjhFk;.
mjhtJ ehl;bd; tsq;fs; ,d> kj> nkhop NtWghL ,d;wpr; rkkhfg;
gfpug;gl;L vy;yh kf;fSk; rkkhf elj;jg;gl;L Vio gzf;fhuu; vd;w
jd;ik ePqf ; papUf;Fk; epiyahFk;. ,jd; %yk; ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpahdJ
NkYk; NkYk; Kd;Ndw;wk; mile;J nry;Yk;. ,t;thwhd Njrpa
mgptpUj;jpf;F vkJ fyhrhuq;fs; topfhl;Lfpd;wd.
~~Njrpa mgptpUj; j p Njrpa fyhrhuj; j pd; tpk; g Nk||
fyhNahfp Mde;j FkhuRthkp

,ytrg; ghlE}y; 59
 Rdhkp mdu;jj; jpdN
; ghJ ,e;ehl;bd; rfy ,d kf;fSk; xd;wpize;J
nraw;gl;lik fyhrhuq;fspd; gpizg;gpd; xU ntspg;ghNlahFk;. vdNt
,yq;if kf;fspd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;F fyhrhu Gupe;Jzu;T mtrpakhFk;.
fyhrhuk; xU NghJk; khdplid gpupf; F k; xU Ntypay; y .
xt;nthUtUf;fpilapNyAk; el;Gwit Vw;gLj;Jk; xU fUtpahf mikAk;
vdf; Fwpg;gplyhk;.
vdNt xt; n thU r%fKk; jj; j kJ jdpj; J tkhd fyhrhu
milahsq;fisg; Ngzp kjpg;gijg; Nghy Vida fyhrhuq;fSf;Fk;
kjpg;gspf;f Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW fyhrhuq;fSfpilNaahd njhlu;gpdhy;
,d> kj> nkhop NtWghL ePq;fp vy;NyhUk; xd;whf nraw;glyhk;.
,jdhy; vy; N yhupdJk; gq; f spg; G k; jha; e hl; b d; mgptpUj; j pf; F
cWJizahf mikAk;.
ehl;bd; mgptpUj;jpahdJ kf;fspd; tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f nghUshjhu
nraw;ghLfspNyNa ngupJk; jq;fpAs;sJ. vdNt tpidj;jpwd; kpf;f
nghUshjhu eltbf;ifapy; kf;fs; <LgLtjw;F xt;nthUtUk; fyhrhu
gy; t ifikf; F kjpg; g spj; J r; nraw; g l; L j; jkJ flikfisAk;
nghWg;Gf;fisAk; epiwNtw;w Ntz;Lk;. ,t;thW nraw;gLk; nghOJ
,dq;fSf;fpilNa rkhjhdk;> rftho;T Vw;gl;L Njrpa mgptpUj;jp
fl;bnaOg;gg;gLk;.
nraw;ghL V

~~Njrpa mgptpUj;jpf;Fj; Njrpa xw;WikNa mtrpak;|| vd;Dk;

jiyg;gpy; fl;Liu xd;W vOJq;fs;.

rhuhk;rk;
v gy;NtW fyhrhu mk;rq;fis nfhz;l xU r%fk; gy;fyhrhu
r%fk; vdg;gLk;.

v ,yq;ifAk; xU gy;fyhrhu r%fq;fisf; nfhz;l ehlhFk;.

v xt;nthU fyhrhuq;fspYk; gy;NtW tifahd rlq;FfSk;

gof;ftof;fq;fSk;> tpohf;fSk; fhzg;gLfpd;wd.

v NtWgl;l fyhrhuq;fs; fhzg;gl;l nghOjpYk; mit ehl;bd;

Njrpa mgptpUj;jpia Nkk;gLj;Jtjw;F cjTtjhf mikjy;
Ntz;Lk;.

,ytrg; ghlE}y;
60