CHIEM THANH DJCH NGU:
^
CUON TO OIEN TIENG HAN - TIENG
CHIEM THANH DAU TIEN TREN THE GIOI
LUU CHI C U d N G (LIU ZHIQIANG)*
M di q u a n he gifla cac Trieu dai
Trung Qud'c vdi nUdc Chiem
T h a n h (Champa) da tflng r a t m a t thiet.
Trong khi dd thi ngfldi T r u n g Qud'c da lflu
y ghi lai ngdn ngfl va phong tuc tap quan
ciia ngfldi Chiem, nhflng tai lieu dd la mot
kho tai lieu ra't cd gia trj giflp chflng ta
tim hieu ve lich sii cung n h u van boa ciia
ngUdi Cham xUa. Dac biet, ngUdi ddi Minh
da ghi lai r a t nhieu tfl vflng, cum tfl t h a m
chi la ca cau ndi ciia ngdn ngfl Chiem
Thanh va da sean t h a n h cud'n sach mang
ten Chiem T h a n h Djch Ngfl. Chflng ta cd
the coi day la cud'n tfl dien tieng H a n -
tieng Cham dau tien t r e n the gidi ma cdn
dUdc gifl lai cho den ngay nay. Tai lieu
quy gia nay se giflp cho cdng viec nghien
cflu ngdn ngfl tieng Cham the ky 14-17.
Dac biet, trong bai van nay tac gia cd sii
dung Chiem T h a n h Dich Ngfl tim hieu ve
quan he ngdn ngfl va van boa gifla ngfldi
Cham va ngfldi Malay.
1. Sii p h a t h i e n c u a C h i e m T h a n h D i c h
Nguf ddi M i n h
Luu Chi Cudng, Khoa Ngon ngfl va Van hoa Phu'cing Dong. Dai hoc Bac Kinh. Trung Quoc
Ngfl lieu C h a m p a trong sii lieu Trung
Qud'c khdng nhieu, ngfl lieu Champa dflde
soan t h a n h sach cang la hiem hoi. ngfldi
nha Td'ng Trjnh Tieu trong cud'n sach
Thdng Chf cd ghi lai mot cud'n sach mang
ten la Lam Ap Qud'c Ngfl'", nay da khdng
cdn. Mot ngfldi nha T h a n h ten la Vudng
Van Vien treng cud'n Hieu Tfl Dfldng Thfl
Muc cflng nhac den mot cud'n Chiem
T h a n h Djch Ngfl do Mao D i n soan thao'-',
nay cung khdng cdn. Dieu dang ndi la mot
ngUdi truyen giio ndi tie'ng ciia Scotland
la Robert Morrison (1782-1834), trong khi
truyen dao d T r u n g Qud'c, da thu dUde mot
cud'n Chiem T h a n h Djch Ngfl b i n sao
chep tfl ddi Minh va mang ve nUdc. Hien
nay cud'n sach nay nay dang dUdc luu gifl
d thfl vien Dai Hoc London. Nam 1939,
hai hoc gia nfldc Anh la C O . Blagden va
E.D.Edwards da hdp tac chfl thich cho
ban Chiem T h a n h Djch Ngfl nay, ban chfl
thich nay dflde dang tren Tap san Hoc
vien Nghien cflu Phfldng Ddng ciia Dai
hoc London'". Luc dd, vi nhieu hoc gia
T r u n g Qud'c da khdng tim tha'y mdt ban
44
Chiem T h a n h Djch Ngfl nao d T r u n g
Qudc, nen n a m 1941, mot giao sU khoa
Lich sii Dai hoc B i c Kinh ten la Hudng
D a t da dflng b u t chep mot b a n Chiem
T h a n h Dich Ngfl do hai hoc gai nfldc Anh
ke tren chfl thfch. Nay ban chep tay nay
du'dc luu gifl tai thfl vien Dai hoc Bac
Kinh. Hoe gia Xingapo eflng rat quan tam
de'n b i n Chiem T h a n h Djch Ngfl nay. Mot
hoc gia ndi tieng cua Xingapo ten la Hfla
Van Tieu da t a n g lai b a n chu thfch hai
hoc gia nudc Anh t r e n Tap san Nam
DUdng'^'. Dieu dd chflng td Chiem T h a n h
Djch Ngfl la mot tai lieu r a t quy gia ddi
vdi nhflng ngfldi lam nghien cflu ve ljch sii
cflng nhfl van boa C h a m p a .
Hdn niia. t h e ky de'n nay, nhieu hoc gia
T r u n g Qud'c tUdng r i n g T r u n g Qud'c da
khdng cdn mot b a n Chiem T h a n h Djch
Ngfl nao"'. Nhflng tdi lai p h a t hien mot
ban Chiem T h a n h Djch Ngfl khac khi tim
ngfl lieu Malay.
Nam 1979, N h a xua't b a n Que Dinh
Dai Loan da in mot cud'n Hoa Di Djch Ngfl
ban chep tay, trong cud'n sach nay cd mot
ban Chiem T h a n h Djch Ngfl r a t quy gia
ma lau nay chfla cd ngfldi p h a t hien.
Khi xuat ban, ban bien tap de ten tac
gia cud'n sach nay la: "Hoa Nguyen Khiet
Dich, De Ba Phfl Soan". ("udn sach toan la
chfl Han chep tay. Ngoai ra, b a n bien t a p
nha xua't ban ed soan lai muc luc, n h u n g
van gifl muc luc chep tay nguyen van.
TrUdc muc luc chep tay cd ldi tUa m a n g
ten Chu Chi P h a n . Vi so' in khdng nhieu,
b i n Hoa Di Djch Ngfl nay ft khi dflde cac
hdc gia q u a n t a m den. Hdn nfla, cud'n sach
Nghien cim Dong Nam A 3/2010
nay lai khdng cd ldi gidi thieu, ldi tiia Chu
Tri P h a n lai la chfl h a n h t h a o , r a t khd doc
hieu. Nen cho du la cd mot sd' hoc gia biet
den, n h u n g cflng khd hieu rd tac gia va
ljch sii ciia cud'n sach nay. Trong khi
nghien cflu cud'n Hoa Di Dich Ngfl nay, tdi
lai p h a t hien mot ban Lflu Cau Q u a n Dich
Ngfl d thfl vien Dai hoc Lflu C l u Nhat
Ban, pbcmg bi cud'n Lflu Cau Q u a n Djch
Ngfl de: "Tien ,si Van Ljch (1573-1620)
Chu Tfl P h a n , Mao Ba Phfl bien". Noi
d u n g ban Lflu C l u Q u a n Djch Ngfl nay
vdi ban Luu C l u Q u a n Djch Ngfl thu
trong cud'n Hoa Di Djch Ngfl do Dai Loan
xua't b a n ndi tren h o a n toan nhfl n h a u . Cd
the la vi hi sao chep nhieu lan, chfl thao
"De" va "Mao", "Tu" va "Chi" bi I l n Ion,
cho n e n ngUdi chep sao l a n Ion sean gia
Mao Ba Phfl t h a n h De Ba Phfl, Chu Chi
P h a n t h a n h Chu Til P h a n .
Van Lich (1573-1620) la nien hieu ciia
Minh T h i n Tdng Chu Du Quan, vua thfl
13 ciia nha Minh. Trong thdi Van Ljch cd
hai tien si ndi tie'ng la Mao T h u y TrUng va
Chu Chi P h a n , Mao T h u y TrUng hieu Ba '
Phfl, Mao T h u y Trflng cflng dflde xflng la
Mao Ba Phfl. Nhfl vay, ngfldi .sdan ra cud'n
Hoa Di Djch Ngfl chinh la Mao Thuy
Trflng tflc Mao Ba Phfl. Trong ldi tfla cua
Chu Chi P h a n xung Mao Ba Phfl la "Ban",
Chu Chi P h a n t u xflng "Em", nhfl vay hai
ngudi nay nen la b a n be vdi n h a u . Mot
ngudi nha T h a n h r a t ndi tie'ng d Trung
Qud'c ten la DUdng Thii Kinh (1839-1915)
trong cud'n sach N h a t Ban Phdng ThU Chi
cflng n h l c de'n mot cud'n Hoa Di Djch Ngfl
ma dng da tim tha'y d N h a t Ban vao thdi
ky nha T h a n h . Ong mieu ta cud'n sach nhU
Lmi Chi Cudng - Chiem Thdnh Dich Ngif - Cudn tif dien tieng Hdn
vay: "(Hoa Di Dich Ngfl, cudn 13 tap)
ngudi Minh Mao Ba Phfl soan. dau sach cd
ldi tUa Chu Chi P h a n , ldi tua ndi rang khi
dng Mao Ba Phfl lam ehflc vu Dai Hdng Lu
CO scan bo sach Tfl Di Kliao. ndi dung Tfl
Di Khao gom dia ly, phong luc. vat san,
v.v cua cac d a n toe trong va ngoai nudc.
Cudn Hoa Di Dich nay nen la mdt phan
cua Tfl Di Khao. N h u n g phong bi ciia Hoa
Di Dich Ngfl n a y lai de ; "Hoa Di Dich Ngfl
Tfl", nen la ngfldi sao chep lam n h a m .
Sach gdm 13 dich ngfl la Trieu Tien. Luu
Cau, NTiat Ban. An X a m . Chiem T h a n h .
Xiem La. M a n Lat Gia (Malacca) ""''.
Nhflng hien nay cudn Hoa Di Djch Xgfl
nay nay lai khdng tha'y d dau. Dieu dang
mflng la ndi d u n g cudn Hoa Di Dich Ngfl
do Dai Loan xuat b a n lai hdp vdi mieu ta
cua Dudng T h u Kinh. N h u vay cud'n Hoa
Di Dich Ngfl do Dai Loan xua't ban nam
1979 chinh la ban sao ma Duong Thu Kf nh
da tim thay d N h a t Ban.
Tac gia Mad Thuy TrUng dd tie'n si nam
1601, sau khi dd tie'n si dng mdi dUdc giao
lam ehflc vu Dai Hdng Lu, mot ehflc %ai
chuyen p h u trach le nghi cung dinh va cac
cong viec lien q u a n den cac dan toe trong
va ngoai nudc. Chu Chi P h a n ma't nam
1624. Nhfl vay, cud'n Hoa Di Djch ngfl do
Mao Thuy TrUng soan nen vao nhflng
nam 1601-1624.
Theo muc luc thi cud'n Hoa Di Dich Ngfl
do Mao Thuy TrUng soan gdm 13 djch ngfl.
tflc Trieu Tien Q u a n Djch Ngfl, Luu C l u
Quan Dich Ngfl, Nhat Ban Quan Djch
Ngfl, An N a m Dich Ngfl. Chiem T h a n h
Dich Ngfl, D a t D a n Dich Ngfl. Uy Ngot
45
Nhi Q u a n Dich Ngfl, Tay Phan Djch Ngfl.
Hdi Hdi Djch Ngfl. Man Lat Gia Quan
Dich Ngfl. Nfl Chan Dich Ngfl. Bach Di
Dich Ngfl. Trong so 13 djch ngfl nay thi
ngudi cheo sao cd danh dau "" cho 5 dich
ngfl. tflc Chiem T h a n h Djch Ngfl. Tay
P h a n Dich Ngfl. Hdi Hdi Djch Ngfl. Nfl
Chan Djch Ngfl. Bach Di Djch Ngfl. Danh
da'u "•" cd nghia la ndi dung 5 djch ngfl nay
bj d a n h mat. trong dd gdm Chiem Thanh
Dich ngfl. Nhflng khi khao cflu ky tflng
djch ngfl thi tdi thay b i n Man Lat Gia
Quan Dich Ngfl cd khac biet rat Idn vdi
ban Man Lat Gia Quan Djch Xgfl cua
Morrison, tdi doc duoc tieng Malay. nhUng
vdi ban M a n Lat Gia Quan Dich Ngfl nay
tdi doc dudc rai ft. Tdi lay b i n Chiem
Thanh Qudc Djch Ngfl cua Morrison de so
sanh, phat hien hai ban djch ngfl nay cd
rat nhieu chem gidng nhau. Nen tdi khang
djnh r i n g ban Man Lat Gia Quan Dich
Ngfl nay thi r a chfnh la Chiem Thanh
Dich Ngfl.
Vi sao ngfldi chep Hea Di Dich Ngfl nay
lai l i n Ion ban M a n Lat Gia Quan Djch
Ngfl vdi Chiem T h a n h Dich Ngfl ? C h i c la
\ i ngfldi chep sae nay cung khdng phai la
chuyen gia ngoai ngfl. Hdn nfla trong b i n
Chiem T h a n h Dich Ngfl nay lai cd tfl
"Man Lat Gia Qudc", nen ngUdi chep da
tudng ban Chiem T h a n h Djch Xgfl nay la
Man Lat Gia Quan Djch Xgfl.
Vao thdi Minh, trieu dinh nha Minh
rat quan t a m phien dich cac ngdn ngfl ciia
cac dan toe trong va ngoai nfldc. Cud'n
Qudc Trieu Dien Hdi ciia n h a Minh ndi
r i n g : "Nam thfl 15 Hdng Vu (Nien hieu
46 Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 312010

vua Chu Nguyen ChUdng, tflc nam 1382),
Hoang Thfldng cho r i n g nha Nguyen
khdng cd van tii de ra lenh thien ha, chi
mUdn chfl Mdng Co phd bien thien ha thdi,
nen sai Hoa Nguyen Khiet (ten ngUdi), thj
giang Vien Ham Lam (ten quan ehflc) va
Bien Tu (ten quan ehflc) Ma y Xfch Hac
(ten ngfldi) lay tieng Hoa de djch tie'ng
Mdng dat ten la Hoa Di Djch Ngfl"'". Ve
sau nha Minh, nha Thanh cd thanh lap
mot so cd quan chuyen phu trich tiep ddn
khich nUdc nhU Tfl Di Quan, Hoi Ddng
Quan, Hdi Ddng Tfl Di Quin... Nhflng
ngfldi chuyen phu trIch cdng viec phien
dich da soan ra ra't nhieu dich ngfl de tien
cho nhflng ngfldi dam nhiem cdng viec
tie'p ddn, nhflng djch ngfl dd cflng dflde gdi
chung la Hoa Di Dich Ngfl.
Ban Chiem Thanh Djch Ngfl trong
cud'n Hoa Di Dich Ngfl do Mao Thuy
TrUng soan nen la tai lieu la'y tfl Hdi Ddng
Quan Nha Minh. Nam thfl 5 Vinh Lac
(nien hieu ciia Chu De, vua thfl 2 nha
Minh), tflc nam 1407, Trieu dinh Minh
cho thanh lap De Dd'c Tfl Di Quan, chuyen
phu trIch phien djch van thu cila cac
nudc. Nudc Chiem Thanh khdng cd mot
Quan chuyen mdn, neu cd van thU cila
nude Chiem Thanh de'n thi dUa sang Hdi
Hdi Quan dich ho'"'. Nhu Vay Tfl Di Quan
khdng cd ngUdi phien dich chuyen mdn ve
tie'ng Chiem. NhUng mot cd quan khac la
Hdi Ddng Quan thuoc bo Ld nha Minh
(cflng cd hoc gia cho la thuoc bo Binh) lai
ed thdng sU ve tie'ng Chiem. Theo Dai
Minh Hoi Dien thi Hoi Ddng Quan thUdng
cd 3 thdng sU chuyen dich tie'ng Chiem.
Nhflng thdng sfl nay chuyen phu trach
(/Ic cdng viec hUdng dan, tien dfla cac
cdng sfl"". Thee Quynh Chau Phii Chi (dia
chf dao Hai Nam ngay nay) thi cd mot
ngudi ten la Bd Thinh vi thdng thao chfl

Bang 1. So sanh Chiem Thanh Dich Nguf ban Mao Thuy Trvfng"" vert b a n Morrison

STT Y mud'n noi Ban Mao Thuy TrUng Ban Morrison (Nguyen van
(Ngiien vSn chfl (Nguyen vSn chfl Han/Am chfl HanyAm tie'ng Han hien
Han/Tieng Viet) tieng Han hien dai) dai)

1 k (Trdi) ij|iJf>C LaYi f>C yi

2 E- (May) W Yin \>iM\)<\ YeAyin
3 'm (Sam) >Mi Hu Lang '/l'< Lang
4 1*1 (Mua) >i'i Zhan i'ill';i'i HuZhan
5 11 (Mat trdi) fiN^tii YangBu Rui Wm)t Yang Hu Rui
6 jj (Mat trang) WA^il YangBu Lan WWJriit Yang Hu Lan
7 h\ (Ngoi sao) ^^til!! Bu Sa A-V^ Bu Du
8 +|i (Suaiig) ^'ii'i Duo Zhan '/I'l Zhan
9 )< (Gid) mm ASaYin MVA A Yin
10 "'f (Tuyei) iVJ'^r'i HuZhan Ai'iJJ'/t'i Ba HuZhan
1
Lifu Chi Cifdng - Chiem Thdnh Dull Ngif - Cudn td dien tieng Hdn 47

Bang 2. So sanh Chiem Thanh Dich Ngfl ban Mao Thuy Trflng'' vdfi ban Morrison

STT y mudn ndi (Ngiien Btin Mao Thuy TrUng Ban Morrison (Nguyen van
van chfl Han/Tieng (Nguyen van chfl Han/Am chfl Han/Am tieng Han hien
Viet) tie'ng Han hien 6ai) dai)
1 '/I. (Song ) •)% Ji 'rti Ding
2 ill (Nui •/!£ Dinh Lip Ji
3 'M (Bien) 1- ' Ju m Xi
4 iH (Kenh rach Htm Axi la Dun
5 '/ft (song) 'A'- II- Ya Fei iki[^ Ao Lang

Chiem da dflde sai lam thdng sfl d trieu
dinh nha Minh Theo Minh Sii tbi trieu
dinh nha Minh cd ngfldi biet chfl Chiem
lai bat dau tfl nam 1371, luc l i n thfl bai
Che Bdng Nga b a t d i u tien cflng nha
Minh"". Ve ndi d u n g cua ban Chiem
Thanh Djch Ngfl thi p h a n Idn la nhflng tfl
ngfl thfldng dflng h a n g ngay va nhflng ldi
"Thien Trieu" n h u "Tie'n cdng h a n g nam",
"Chd gay .sfl", "Phai cung kinh", "Khdng
dUdc ndi nhieu", "Khdng dUdc
loan","Thien trieu khdng t h a cho ngUdi ",
"Trieu dinh tuyen Du", "Dua ngUdi ve",
v.v... Theo dd thi nhflng ldi dd chfnh la
nhflng ngfldi lam trong Hdi Ddng Quan
thfldng dflng.
Nhfl vay ban Chiem T h a n h Djch Ngfl
nay nen la tai lieu cua Hoi Ddng Quan.
Lai theo Minh Thuc Luc thi n a m 1369 la
Ian d i u tien nUdc Chiem T h a n h tien cung
trieu Minh, N a m 1543 la l i n tien cung
cudi cflng ciia nUde Chiem T h a n h cho nha
Minh"-'. N h u vay thi ngdn ngfl
Chiem trong ban Chiem T h a n h Djch Ngfl
nay la ngdn ngfl trong the ky 14-16.
2. C h i e m T h a n h D i c h NgCf - B a n Mao
T h u y Trflng vd?i b a n Morrison
Ban Chiem T h a n h Dich Ngfl cua Mao
Thuy TrUng tdng cdng cd 475 djch ngfl
(trong dd gdm tfl, cum tfl va cau), dUde
chia lam 17 mdn loai, tflc Thien Van, Dja
Ly, Thdi Lenh (khf hau, thdi tiet), Hoa
Mdc (cay cd'i), Dieu T h u (dong vat), Cung
Tha't (kie'n true), Khf Dung (dd dflng),
N h a n Vat (xflng hd), N h a n Sfl, Than The
(cd the con ngfldi), Y Phuc (trang phuc),
gay
I m Thflc, Tran Bao (dd quy) , Van Sil,
T h a n h Sic, Sd Muc (con sd), Thdng Dung
(tieng ndi thfldng dflng). Ban Chiem
T h a n h Djch Ngfl eua Morrison cd 601 djch
ngfl, eflng chia lam 17 mdn loai. Cac mdn
loai gid'ng nhfl mdn loai cfla ban Mao
Thuy Trflng. Khao cflu ky hai b i n Chiem
T h a n h Djch Ngfl, tdi phat hien hai ban
djch ngfl nay khdng phai la kiet t i e ra tay
tfl cflng mot ngfldi va hai ban lai cd mot sd'
k h i c biet, thil lay 10 tfl ciia mdn Thien
Van de so s a n h nhfl sau:
tieng
Tuy ve sd' tfl tbi ban Morrison tfldng
ddi nhieu, nhflng ban Mao Thuy Trflng
cflng thu lai mot sd' tfl ma ban Morrison
khdng cd. Tuy ,sd' lu'dng khdng nhieu.
4S
nhflng lai la tai lieu bd s u n g quy gia. Dieu
dang ndi la chfl thfch ciia hai hoc gia nUdc
Anh cho ban Morrison cd rat nhieu thieu
sdt, t h a m chf ed khdng ft tfl da bj de trdng
khdng chfl thfch. Nhfl vay hai ban djch
ngfl nay ed the bd sung, so s a n h cho n h a u .
3. Q u a n h e n g o n nguf, v a n h o a giufa
C h a m p a va Malay
Q u a n he ngdn ngfl", v a n boa gifla
C h a m p a va Malay la mot de tai nghien
cflu da dUdc nhieu hoc gia q u a n t a m den.
P h i n Idn hoc gia la b i t tay nghien cflu de
tai nay qua hien tUdng ngdn ngfl. Nam
1901, mot hoc gia nfldc P h a p chuyen
nghien cflu ve ngdn ngfl va van tfl
Champa da so s a n h mot sd tfl' tieng Cham
va tieng Malay trong cudn s i c h "Nghien
cflu mdi Ve Champa""", dng da so s a n h
mot sd'tfl ngfl tieng C h a m va tieng Malay.
N a m 1941, hoc gia Paul K. Benedict trong
bai "Ngudi C h a m trong Dao Hai Nam"""
cflng cd so s i n h mot sd' tfl gifla tie'ng Hdi
Huy (ngdn ngfl cfl dan ngfldi C h a m d t i n h
Hai Nam) va tieng Inddnexia. Nam 1957,
hoc gia Michael Sullivan cho rang toa
Linga dUdc p h a t hien tai Kedah Malaysia
ed nhieu tUdng ddng vdi toa Linga d
Champa'"''. N h u n g tac gia cflng ndi tiec
rang hien nay d Kedah lai khdng thay cd
ngfldi Cham cfl t r u .
Nhin chung cac cdng t r i n h nghien cflu
ve q u a n he ngdn ngfl gifla tieng Cham va
tie'ng Malay thi ra't ft cd hoc gia sii dung
ngfl lieu Chiem T h a n h Dich Ngfl ndi tren.
Khi .sil dung ngfl lieu (^hiem T h a n h Dich
Ngfl va Man Lat Gia (Malacca) Djch Ngfl
Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 312010
cfla ddi Minh de so s a n h vdi n h a u thi tdi
[)hat hien. ho cd nhieu tUdng ddng hoac
tUdng can so vdi tieng (^ham va tie'ng
Malay ngay nay.
3.1 So sanh tieng Chdm vd tieng Malay
qua Chiem Thdnh Dich NgU vd Mdn Lat
Gia Dich Ngd
Do b a n che ve sU lieu, tdi khdng tim
thay mot ngfl lieu cflng ky nao cang sdm
hdn Sd vdi Chiem T h a n h Dich Ngfl va
Man Lat Gia Djch Ngfl"'' thdi ky nha
Minh. Tdi cho r a n g neu mudn khao cflu
q u a n he hai ngdn ngfl ve ngudn gdc thi
ngfl lieu c h u n g ta sU d u n g cang sdm cang
khach quan, ket qua so s a n h ciia tdi da
chflng td dieu nay.
Theo ("hiem T h a n h Dich Ngfl va Man
Lat Gia Dich Ngfl thi chflng ta cd the tha'y
rang tie'ng C h a m va tie'ng Malay trong the
ky 15-17 cd nhieu tfl tfldng ddng, nha't la
tieng ndi ve eon sd'. Hoc gia phfldng Tay da
xe'p tie'ng C h a m vao he ngdn ngfl Malayo -
Polynesia"'", dieu dd chflng td tieng Cham
va tieng Malay cd quan he t h a n thuoc.
3.2. Sd lupc vc quan he Champa vd
Malay
Su gid'ng n h a u ve ngdn ngfl p h a n I n h
sfl qua lai gifla cac dan toe cd q u a n he vdi
nhau. Ve q u a n he dan tdc ( ' h a m p a va dan
toe Malay thi sach sii ghi chep r a t ft, trong
bai nay tdi chi dfla vao cac sil h e u Viet
N a m , T r u n g Qud'c, va t u lieu Malay de
minh hoa.
3.2.1. Quan he Champa vd Malay trUdc
theky 10
Theo Dai Viet Sfl Ky Tien Bien thi nam
 Lifii Chi Cifdng - Chiem Thanh Dich Ngif - Cudn td died tieng Hdn. 49

Bang 3: Mot so' tii giong nhau giila tieng Cham va tieng Malay qua
Chiem Thanh Dich Ngiir va Man Lat Gia Dich Ngfl

so ihii tir y m u o n noi C h i e m Thiinh Dich Ngu Man Lai Gia Dich Ngir

(chu thfch liii'iig Chiim) (chCi Ihi'ch lie'ng Malay)

I. Mon Tliien Viin

1 Triing yan hulan hulaii

2 Mua hujan hujan

S Gio an in angin

I I . M o i i O i a Ly

1 Da balau balu

2 Duong jalan jalan

lltMoiiCayCoi

1 Cay kayaii kayu

j IV. M o n D o n g Vtll

^ 1 Con hd rimaun hari mau

2 Con Ion pabui babi

i 3 Con ca ikan ikan

1
4 Con ran ula ular

V. Mon Q6 Uiing

1 Lua api api

VI. Mon Nhan Vat

I Nguoi iilun orang

i V l l . M o n Than Thc
1
1
; I Miii mala mala
1 - -—
i •) Mui idun idong
1 "
' S Tay taiion laiigaii

4 Rang lagci gigi

VlII.M6nD6Quy

I Vang moh mas

2 Bac parjak perak

i IX.. M o n Viin .Su

1
i 1 Viln Ihu surak sural
1
I X. M o n Tlianh Siic

i 1 Man vang gunik kuning

! 2 Mail Irang piilih pulch

50 Nghien cdu Dong Nam A 3/2010

so thi'rtu y mudn noi Chiem Thanh Dich Ngu Man Lat Gia Dich N g u

(chi'i thfch lie'ng Cham) (chu thfch lie'ng Malay)

1. Mon Thien Viin

2 Mau liang put ill puleh

X I . Mon so
1 M61 sa satu
2 Hai duii dua

3 Bdn pak cmpak

4 Nam liino lima

."i .Sciu nam enam

6 Bay tijuh tujuh

7 Tam dalapan delapan

8 Chin salapan sembilan
9 Mudi sapluh scpuluh
10 Trfim sa ratuh se raliis
11 Nghin sa ribau se ribiih

767, nfldc Xa Ba (mdt nfldc d ban dao
Malay) da dem quan danh (jiao ("bau"".
(^uan Xa Ba dem quan sang danh (Uao
Chau chac chan phai qua nUdc Lam Ap
ba'y gid. Lai theo van bia ciia Champa thi
nam 787, nUdc Java (nUdc d ban quan dad
Malay) cd dem quan sang danh
Phanduranga (Phan Rang), va da ddt chfla
Bhadradhipaticvara ciia Phanduranga'-'".
Kuu Tan Dan, mot hoc gia Xingapore lai
cho rang: "Vao nha Tuy, nha Dudng thi
nUdc Langkasuka (nfldc d b;in dao Malay )
rat manh, nhieu hang boi tfl day dflde van
chuyen sang Vijaya (Binh Djnh)"'-".
3.2.'2. Quan he Champa vd Malay the
ky 10-11
nfldc nay cd hen nhau cung tien cflng mdt
chua d vflng nam Trung Qud'c'--'.
Dieu dang ndi la quan he thUdng mai
gifla Chiem Thanh vdi Xa Ba va Sri V
ijaya (nfldc d ban dao Malay). Td'ng Hdi
Yeu Tap Cao cd nhflng ghi chep nhfl sau:
- "Tfl nude Chiem Thanh sang Sri
Vijaya chi can 6 ngay dUdng bien".
- "Nam 966, nudc Chiem Thanh cd tang
mot so vai Xa Ba cho chfla Giang Nam".
- "Nam 1011, vua nUdc Chiem Thanh
ndi vdi vua nha Td'ng ring, nUdc Chiem
Thanh tien cflng mot con sfl til cho nha
Td'ng, con sfl til nay mua dUdc d Sri
Vijaya"'-'"".

Trong the ky 10 thi quan he A-rap, Xa 3.2.3. Quan he Champa vd Malay the
Ba va Chiem Thanh da tflng rat mat thie't. ky 12-17
Theo Trfl Phan Chf ciia nha Td'ng thi ba Thee Td'ng Hoi Ye'u Tap Cao thi quan
Lifu Chi Cifdng - Chiem Thdnh Dii li Ngif - Cudn td dien tieng Hdn.
he A-rap va Chiem T h a n h da xau di vi
nam 1168, khi t a u t h u y e n tie'n cung nha
Td'ng cua A-rap di qua Chiem T h a n h da
bj ngUdi Chiem cUdp pba'-"'. Nhflng quan
he thfldng mai gifla C h a m p a va Malay
v i n dflde tie'p tuc. Theo cud'n Dao Di Chf
LUde thdi n h a N g u y e n thi cd ndi Chiem
Thanh cd vai T a p e b (met thfl v i i eiia
Java), P h a n d u r a n g a lai cd vai Xa Ba'-".
Dieu dang ndi la trong Dai Viet Sil Ky
Toan Thfl cd ghi mot t r u y e n thfl vj rang:
"nam 1326, H u e Tflc Vfldng p h a Chiem
Thanh, vua Chiem T h a n h Che N a n g chiiy
Java xin cflu giflp"'-'"'.-Dieu dd chflng td
quan he cua C h a m p a ' v a Malay r a t mat
thie't. Mot cud'n sach ddi Minh lai n h l c
den mot thfl trd chdi gid'ng nhfl con sue
sic cua nUdc Chiem T h a n h , dieu thfl vi la
nfldc J a v a cung cd, va each goi con sd' ciia
ho deu n h u nhau'-".
Dieu d i n g chfl y la mot sd' tac pham
van hoc cua Malay cflng thfldng nhac den
Champa. Cud'n Ca T u n g Lich Su J a v a vie't
nam 1365 ke r i n g : "Champa la nUdc b i d
ho cila Kambojayay (nUdc d q u i n dao
Malay)"'-"'. Cud'n Truyen ky Malay viet
vao nhflng n a m 1511-1612, cud'n sach cd
34 chUdng, tac gia da d a n h c l mdt chUdng
ke ve quan he Chamjia va Malay. Trong
sach cd ndi de'n Kambojayay g l cdng chfla
cho vua Chiem T h a n h . Cuoi cflng vfldng
ixl Chiem T h a n h vi sfl tha't bai ciia cudc
chie'n t r a n h hdn n h a n da phai chon sang
Malaca va thed dao Islam'-'".
4. Nhiifng v a n d e c o n n e n k h a o cufu
Trong k h i nhien cflu ve v a n boa
51
Cbamjia, tdi nghi ed ba van de cdn nen
khao cflu ky Ifldng. Thfl n h a t la ve he
thude ngdn ngfl cua tieng Cham. Cud'n
Tuy Thfl cua T r u n g Qud'c da cd ghi chep
lai mot sd tfl ciia tie'ng Lam Ap: " Lam ap
xflng vua la Yang Pu Bu, vd vua la Tuo
Yang A Xiong, Thai tU la A Chang Pu, Tai
Tudng la Po Man Di"''"' Cud'n Thdng Chi
nha Tdng lai ndi: "Lam Ap cd hai vj quan
Idn Xi Na Po Di va Sa Po Di Ge. Cac quan
ehflc cap dfldi chia lam ba la Lun Do
Xinh, Ge Lun Zhi Di, Yi Di J i a Lan. Cac
quan bo lac cd hdn 200, quan cao n h a t la
Fu Luo, tiep la A Lun""". Nhflng ten quan
ehflc ciia Lam Ap tuy ve sd lUdng khdng
nhieu, nhUng lai la ngfl lieu r a t quy gia.
Hai ngfl lieu nay cd gi lien quan de'n tie'ng
Cham hoac tieng Malay ngay nay? Trong
khi chju a n h hUdng tieng Malay, tie'ng
Cham cflng chju a n h hUdng ciia cac ngdn
ngfl khac, tie'ng Cham lau xUa cd phai
t h a t sU thuoc he ngdn ngfl Malayo -
Polinesia khdng, hay la mdt t h u ngdn ngfl
rieng biet?
Thfl hai la theo cac sfl lieu tbi quan he
Champa va Malay rat mat thie't, nhflng
hien nay lai khdng cd dau bieu gi lien
quan den ngfldi Cham cfl trfl d ban d i d
Malay?
Thfl ba la thee sii sach Trung Qud'c thi
dao Islam truyen sang nfldc Chiem T h a n h
la vao the ky 10"-', nhflng theo nhflng
ngfldi tfly t u n g cua Trjnh Hda da sang
Chiem T h a n h vao the ky 15 thi nUdc
Chiem T h a n h v i n theo dao Balamdn. Lai
theo Chiem T h a n h Djch Ngfl thi tie'ng
Chiem luc dd xflng vua la "Bo Dao", chfl
52
khdng phai nhfl M a n L a t Gia Djch Ngfl da
xflng vua la S u l t a n . N h u vay dao Islam
vao the ky 17 van chUa dUdc t r u y e n ba
m a n h me d Chiem T h a n h , Ly de la gi?
CHU THICH:
1. Trinh Tieu, Tdng Chi Nhi Thap Lupc. Trung
Hoa Thu Cue. Bic Kinh, 2000, trang 1483.
2. Vifdng Van Viin, Hieu TU Dudng ThU Muc.
Thuong Hai ThU Diem. ThUdng Hai, 1995,
trang 868.
3. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies,
University of London, Cambridge
University Press.
vol.l0,No.l(1939), pp.53-91.
4. Journal of the South Seas Society,
Singapore.
5. Tru'dng Tii Dan, Vdn Tap lich sd quan he
Trung Vict (Trung Viet Quan He Sd Luan
Vdn Tap). Nxb Van Su Dia. 1992, trang 319.
6. DUdng Thu Kinh, Nhdt Bdn Phdng ThU Chi,
Nxb Van Hflu Do Thu. ThIm Dudng, 2003,
quyen 6.
7. Tfl Hoc Tu, Qudc Trieu Dien Hdi Nxb Diai
Hoc Bic Kinh. Bic Kinh, 1993, trang 3927.
8. Khuyet Danh, TU Di Qudn Khao. Ban in
Hoc Hoi PhUdng Ddng Thito'ng Hai.
Thifdng Hai, quyen thitdng.
9. Tritdng Cu Chinh, Dai Minh Hpi Dien.Ban
khac nhflng nam thfl 25 Van Lich nha
Minh. quyen 109.
10. Dili Hy, Quynh Chdu Phu Chi Nxb Thu
Muc 'Van Hien. Bic Kinh, 1992, trang 423.
11. TrUdng Dinh Ngoc, Minh Sif. quyen :524.
12. Ly Qudc Tildng, Minh Thiie Luc Loai Soan.
Nxb Vu Han. Vu Han, 1991, trang 799.
13. Mao Ba Phu, Hoa Di Dich NgU, Dai Bic, 1979.
14. Antoine Cabaton, Nouvelles Reacherches
sur Les Cham. Paris, Ernest Leroux,
Nghien cifu Dong Nam A 3/2010
Editeur, 1901.
15. Paul K.Benedict, A Cham Colony on the
Island of Hannan. Harvard Journal of
Asiatic Studies,Vol.6, No.2 (Jim.,1941).
pp.129-134.
16. Michael Sullivan, "Raja Bersiong's
Base"A Possible Link between Ancient
Malay and C^hampa, Artibus Asiae,
Vol.20, No.4(1957). 289-295.
17. Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies,
University of London, vol,10,No.1(1931),
Cambridge University Press, pp.715-749.
18. Ethnic Groups of Mainland Southeast
Asia, Human Relations Area Files Press,
New Haven. 1964, p.245.
19. Ngd Thi Si, Dai Viet SdKy Tiin Bien, ban
BIC Thanh Hoc Dudng, quyen 6.
20. G. Ferrand, Cdn Ludn vd Dudng Bien
Nam Hdi Khao. Trung Hoa Thit Cue, Bic
Kinh, 2002, trang 42.
21. KhUu Tan Dan, Lich Sd Giao Thdng Vdn
Hod Dong Nam A, Nxb Van Hoc ThU d'c.
Singapore, 1984,trang 194.
22. Trieu Nhfl Thich, TrU Phan Chi Trung Hoa
Thu Cue, Bic Kinh,2000, trang 34-36.
23. Tfl Tung, Tdng Hdi Yeii Tap Cao. Trung
Hoa Thu Cue, ThUdng Hai,1957,quyen 197.
24. Tfl Tung, Tdng Hdi Yeii Tap Cao. Trung
Hoa Thu Cue, Thitdng Hai, 1957. (luyen 197.
25. Udng Dili Uyen, Ddo Di Chi Lupc, Trung
Hoa Thu Cue, Bic Kinh, 1981.
26. Ngd Si Lien, Dai Viet Sd Ky Todn ThU,
Vien Nghien Cflu Van Hoa Ddng Ditdng.
Tokyo, 1977, trang 407.
27. Til Di Quang Ky. Nxb Trung Chfnh ThU
Cue. Dai Bic, 1985.
28. Nagarakretagama. Trung Hoa Thu Cue,
Bic Kinb,1989, trang 763-764.
29. Sejarah Melayu, Kuala Lumpur, Intelligentia
Book Station Sdb Bbd. 2004, trang 165-168.
30. Tuy Thu. Quyen 82.
31. Trinh Tieu, Thdng Chi. Quyen 198.
32. Tdn Ngu Dai Sd. Quyen 72.