CAÂU ÑIEÀU KIEÄN

(Conditional Sentence)

Moät caâu ñieàu kieän coù hai meänh ñeà : meänh ñeà chæ ñieàu kieän (töùc meänh ñeà phuï) coøn ñöôïc goïi
laø meänh ñeà coù if (If-clause) vaø meänh ñeà chæ keát quaû coøn ñöôïc goïi laø meänh ñeà chính (main
clause).
- If he works harder, he will succeed in his examination.
(if-clause) (main clause)
Chuùng ta cuõng coù theå ñaët meänh ñeà chính ôû ñaàu caâu :
- He will succeed in his examination if he works harder.
Trong tieáng Anh coù 3 loaïi caâu ñieàu kieän chính :

* Type I : ÑIEÀU KIEÄN COÙ THEÅ XAÛY RA ÑÖÔÏC (probable condition)

1/ YÙ nghóa : Loaïi ñieàu kieän naøy duøng ñeå dieãn taû moät söï vieäc coù theå xaûy ra hoaëc khoâng theå
xaûy ra ôû hieän taïi hoaëc töông lai; nhöng chuùng ta coù nhieàu hy voïng noù xaûy ra.
2/ Thì cuûa ñoäng töø :

If- clause Main clause

Simple future
Simple present
(shall / will + verb)

- If the rain stops, we shall go for a walk.

- He will come if you call him.
* Ngoaøi ra chuùng ta coøn coù theå duøng caùc khieám khuyeát ñoäng töø nhö : CAN, MUST, MAY …
ñeå thay cho shall hoaëc will ôû meänh ñeà chính.
- If you ask me, I can help you.
- You must study harder if you want to pass the coming exam.
* Meänh ñeà chính coù theå laø moät meänh leänh hoaëc thænh caàu :
- Come to me if you need help.
- If you have time, perfect your English.

* Type II : ÑIEÀU KIEÄN KHOÂNG COÙ THAÄT ÔÛ HIEÄN TAÏI. (Present- unreal Con)
1/ YÙ nghóa : Loaïi ñieàu kieän naøy dieãn taû moät ñieàu kieän khoù coù theå xaûy ra hay moät söï
vieäc khoâng thöïc hieän ñöôïc ôû hieän taïi hoaëc töông lai.
2/ Thì cuûa ñoäng töø :
If-clause Main clause
Past Subjunctive Present Conditional
(Quaù khöù giaû ñònh) ( Should / would + verb)
- If I had a lot of free time, I would go swimming.
 (= I haven’t got free time, so I won’t go swimming)
- If Tom were here, he would know the answer.
(= Tom isn’t here, so he doesn’t know the answer.)
- I would call him if I knew his number.
(= I don’t know his number, so I won’t call him)
* Quaù khöù giaû ñònh laø hình thöùc quaù khöù ñôn cuûa caùc ñoäng töø ngoaïi tröø ñoäng töø “to be” chæ
coù moät hình thöùc WERE cho taát caû caùc ngoâi.
* COULD, MIGHT… coù theå ñöôïc duøng ñeå thay theá cho should hay would.
- If John worked hard, he could pass his exam.

* Type III : ÑIEÀU KIEÄN KHOÂNG COÙ THAÄT ÔÛ QUAÙ KHÖÙ. (Past-unreal Condition)
1/ YÙ nghóa : Loaïi ñieàu kieän naøy duøng ñeå dieãn taû moät ñieàu kieän hoaøn toaøn khoâng thöïc hieän
ñöôïc hoaëc khoâng xaûy ra trong quaù khöù.
2/ Thì cuûa ñoäng töø :

If-clause Main clause

Perfect Conditional
Past perfect
(Should/ would have + past participle)

- If he had had a lot of money, he would have bought a bigger house.

- I would have taken you to the movie if you had come to see me yesterday.

* “If” coù theå ñöôïc löôïc boû ñi neáu coù söï ñaûo ngöõ (thöôøng ñöôïc duøng trong hình thöùc nhaán
maïnh).
- Were I rich, I would help you.
(= If I were rich, I would help you.)
- Had he known the truth, he would have been very angry.
(= If he had known the truth, he would have been very angry)
* Ngoaøi lieân töø “if” ra, caâu ñieàu kieän coøn ñöôïc baét ñaàu baèng caùc lieân töø khaùc nhö :
suppose, supposing that (giaû söû nhö), on the condition that (vôùi ñieàu kieän laø), as long as, so
long as, provided that (mieãn laø), in case (trong tröôøng hôïp) , even if ( ngay cho laø)...
- As long as you return the book by Saturday, I will lend it to you with pleasure.
* Hai tieáng coù nghóa phuû ñònh : unless (tröø phi), but for (neáu khoâng)
- He won’t come unless you call him.
(= He won’t come if you don’t call him.)
- But for the storm, he would have arrived much earlier.