INTRODUCTION * Ethics is the rational reflection on what is right, what is wrong, what is just, what is unjust, what is good & what is bad in terms of human behaviour. * Some ethical principles are: © Truthfulness © Honesty © Loyalty © Respect © Fairness © IntegrityORIGIN OF ETHICS * The word Ethics is derived from Latin word ‘Ethicus’ & the Greek word ‘Ethikos’ ° Ethics are an arrangement of decent principles & a branch of attitude which defines what is good for individuals & society * There are many well known figures in the history of ethics, Greek philosophers Plato & Aristotle, modern influences include such people as Immanuel Kant, Jeremy Bentham, John Stuart Mill, D.W.Ross, C.L.Stevenson, Alasdair Macintyre & John RawlsMEANING OF ETHICS Ethics refers to the evaluation of moral values, principles & standards of human conduct & its application in daily life to determine acceptable human behaviour.EVOLUTION OF ETHICS * The evolution of ethics constructs a conceptual bridge between biology & human behaviour. In theory, a cybernetic process is at the heart of developing ethical systems. * Ethics merge with science in cybernetic ethics. This presents a persuasive theory describing how ethics can be linked to science & mathematics. * Evolutionary ethics belongs to a branch of evolutionary science & not philosophy. Evolutionary ethics has no logical connection to the formal ethics of philosophy.THE MODEL OF ETHICS ‘Walk their Talk Salt of the Earth Opportunist Practice +(1) FACADE * A facade is an exterior side of a building. * The word comes from the French language. 2) WALK THEIR TALK * Walk their Talk considers the consumer's ethical intention and the ethically minded consumers rarely purchase ethical products.(3) OPPORTUNIST * Opportunists are people who see a chance to gain some advantage from a situation, often at the expense of ethics or morals. (A) Salt of the Earth * Salt of the earth is the most worthy of people; a very good or worthy person.TYPES OF ETHICS(1) META-ETHICS "* Meta-ethics is the branch of ethics that seeks to understand the nature of ethical properties, statements, attitudes and judgments. * A meta-ethical question is abstract and relates to a wide range of more specific practical questions.(2) NORMATIVE ETHICS * Normative ethics is the study of ethical action. * Normative ethics is distinct from meta-ethics and descriptive ethics. (3) Applied Ethics * Applied ethics is the most practical of the three divisions of the philosophy of ethics. * Applied ethics is the actual application of ethical theory for the purpese of choosing an ethical action in a given issue.(4) Descriptive ethics * Descriptive ethics is the study of people’s beliefs about morality.CODE OF ETHICS CODE OF ETHICS REFERS TO A WRITTEN SET OF GUIDELINES ISSUED BY AN ORGANIZATION TO ITS WORKER_AND_ MANAGEMENT TO HELP THEM CONDUCT THEIR ACTIONS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ITS PRIMARY VALUES AND ETHICAL STANDARDS.CONDITION FOR MAKING CODES EFFECTIVE There are six conditions for effective code of ethics * There should be a valid motivation for introduction of ethics * Broad acceptance within the company * Continuous feedback is important. * Nerification and control. New guidelines should be drawn up if the rules prove inadequate in any way * Integration in a broad company philosophy * Sanctions and control.DIFFICULTIES IN IMPLEMENTING CODE OF ETHICS * The main difficulty with code of ethics is that they do not establish priority between norms and beliefs. There are three main areas that can create an obstacle to put codes into practice i.e. © Culture © Design © EnforcementCODE OF CONDUCT ETHICS FOR PROFESSIONAL GROUPS CODE FORTHE MEDICAL COUNCIL OF INDIA * General Principles * Duties towards patients * Duties of profession * Doctor to doctor relationship Ex. Public should be educated for correct and ethical use of drugs.ETHICS FOR CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS IN CHARTERED ACCOUNTANTS ACT ‘Some of the misconduct is ...... * If he allows any person to practice as CA. if he is not one If he advertise or solicits work. If he accepts a position held by another C.A without communicating with him. If he discloses confidential information about his client * He certifies a statement without oi oFTHE ENGINEERS' CODE National society of professional Engineers described their code... * Do not work with the organization which are having questionable character. * Avoid engineering unsafe ventures * Maintain confidentialityCODE OF THE ADVERTISEMENT COUNCIL OF INDIA * Moral and religious sentiment should not be offended * Advertisement should not directly and adversely compare o ASCI products with those of the competitors. * Rhetoric like offering to refund money if the product is notETHICAL ISSUES * Business managers face ethical issues that vary based on market and geographic region. * Businesses have the responsibility to develop codes of conduct and ethics that every member of the organization must abided by and put into action. > Fundamental issues > Diversity issues * Decision-making issues > Compliances and governs issuesMANAGING ISSUES * Ethics should be handled and managed properly. * Many companies are management techniques to encourage ethical behaviour at an organizational level. * Various techniques of managing ethics like practising ethics at top level management, special training on ethics, forming committee to oversee ethical issues and defining and implementing code of ethics.* The following are the some code of ethics. » Top management » Code of ethics > Ethics committee > Ethics hotline » Ethics training programme » Ethics and lawNATIONAL DIFFERENCE IN ETHICS * National difference in ethics means difference between two states or two places of one country. * In that, * Culture * Attitudes * Religious belief * Education > Nature of government > Competitive environment » Work environmentINTERNATIONAL DIFFERENCE IN ETHICS International difference in ethics means difference between two different countries value, beliefs and culture. Work environment of any country is also affect business while they are in multi national companies. Such as Reliance, Walmart, Amazon, Apple, Tata etc_ Many companies formed well-designed codes of conduct to help their employees. Two of the most prominent issues that managers in MNCs operating in foreign countries face are Bribery and corruption and Worker compensation.ETHICAL RELATIVISM ° According to the schoo! of ethical relativism... * Different societies/cultures/countries * Put more/less emphasis on some values than others * Have different standards of right and wrong * Haye different social mores and behavioral norms * What is ethical or unethical * Must be judged in light of local customs and social mores and * Can vary from one country to anotherETHICAL RELATIVISM * Ethical Relativism is the belief that there are no universal standards for what is right and wrong; something that may be considered “right” in one society could be considered “wrong” in another. ao ee eeETHICAL UNIVERSALISM * According to the schoo! of ethical universalism ... * Same standards of what is ethical and what is unethical resonate with peoples of most societies regardless of * Local traditions and * Cultural norms * Thus, common ethical standards can be used to judge conduct of personnel at companies operating in a variety of * Country markets andEXAMPLES OF UNIVERSAL ETHICAL PRINCIPLES/NORMS * Honesty * Trustworthiness * Treating people with dignity and respect * Respecting rights of others * Avoiding unnecessary harm to - Workers - Users of a company’s product or servicesETHICAL CONVERGENCE * Ethical convergence is defined as the practice of a uniform system of ethical codes in different countries that are culturally and socially different.REASONS FOR ETHICAL CONVERGENCE 1) The growth of international trade and trading blocks 2 3 Increased pressures to imitate business practices Varied cultural background employees require common standards 4) An increasing number of business watchdogs =ETHICAL BEHAVIOUR (1) VALUE SYSTEMS (2) LOCUS OF CONTROL (3) MACHIAVELLIANISM (4) COGNITIVE MORAL DEVELOPMENTETHICAL PHILOSOPHES (1) Categorical Imperative (2) Utilitarianism (3) Hedonism (4) The Golden Mean (5) The Golden Rule (6) Veil of IgnoranceADVANTAGE OF ETHICS 1. SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT TO SOCIETY CULTIVATE STRONG TEAM WORK AND PRODUCTIVITY SUPPORT EMPLOYEE GROWTH INSURANCE POLICY AVOID PENAL ACTION HELPS IN QUALITY MANAGEMENT, STRATEGIC PLANNING DIVERSITY MANAGEMENT a ae wrETHICS IN PARTICULAR FIELD OF APPLICATION |. BIOETHICS 2.GEOETHICS 3,BUSINESSETHICS 4, RELATIONAL ETHICS 5. MACHINE ETHICS 6.MILITARY ETHICS 7.POLITICAL ETHICS 8,PUBLIC SECTOR ETHICSBIOETHICS * Bioethics is the study of controversial ethics bought about by advances in biology and medicine. Bioethicists are concerned with the ethical questions that arise in the relationships among life sciences, biotechnology, medicine, politics, low, and philosophy.GEOETHICS * Genetics is an interdisciplinary field between Geosciences and Ethics which involves Earth and planetary Sciences as well as applied ethics. It deals with the way of human thinking and acting in relation to the significance of the Earth as a system and as a model.BUSINESS ETHICS * Business ethics is a form of applied ethics or professional ethics that examines ethical principles and moral or ethical problems that arise in a business environment. It applied to all aspects of business conduct and is relevant to the conduct of individuals and entire organization.RELATIONAL ETHICS * Relational Erica are related to an ethics of care researchers who employ relational ethics value and respect the connection between themselves and the people they study and "between researchers and the communities in which they live and work" .MACHINE ETHICS * Machine ethics will likely drive advancement in understanding of human ethics by forcing us to address gaps in modern normative theory and by providing a platform for experimental investigation.MILITARY ETHICS * Military ethics are intended to guide members of the armed forces to act in a manner consistent with the requirements of combat and military organization.POLITICAL ETHICS * Political ethics is the practice of making moral judgments about political action and political agents.PUBLIC SECTOR ETHICS * Public sector ethics is a set of principles that guide public officials in their service to their constitutes, including their decision - making on behalf of their constituents.ETHICAL THEORIESINTRODUCTION Based on the individual ethical ideology , ethical theories allow a person to find an answer to an issue to make a morally right decision or to justify decision. Ethical theories challenges what we think is right and wrong People usually base their individual choice of ethical theory upon their life experienceTYPES OF ETHICAL THEORIES [ 1) Egoism: The self and its need 2 ) Utilitarianism : Overall pleasure and 2 pain for all concerned [| 3) Deontology : Duty 4) Care ethics +: Relationships , [| vulnerability and empathy 5) Virtue Ethics : CharacterEGOISM: THE SELF AND ITS NEEDS TELEOLOGICAL ( Outcomes of a decision ) NORMATIVE THEORIES ( Should behavior ) DEONTOLOGICAL (intention of a decision )* EGOISM : THE SELF AND ITS NEEDS * Based on personal interest . * Psychological egoism describes How people actually behave . * Normative egoism describes how people should behave . * According to ethical egoism, It is ok or acceptable to make a decision or choose an action that benefit oneself. * It argues about we have no duty except to do what is the best for ourselves. * There is only one ultimate principle of conduct—the principle of self interest .EXAMPLE :-THE ETHICAL DILEMMATYPES OF EGOISM - |) Psychological egoism 2) Ethical egoism | We ‘should! SOO | \ own Self interess —S ae3) Minimalist egoism :- * This is not a normative claim and usually not a descriptive claim .* UTILITARIANISM : OVERALL PLEASURE AND PAIN FOR ALL CONCERNED The morality of an depends solely on some relation specified by the theory that it has to the maximization of total or average utility . NET HEDONIC VALUE OF LIFE = DF THE SUM OF ALL PLEASURE Hedonic Utilitarianism Pluralistic Utilitarianism Preference Utilitarianism* DEONTOLOGY : DUTY = Deontology term comes from the Greek word deon, meaning duty . * We are morally obligated to act in accordance with a certain set of principles and rules regardless of outcomes . * We have an obligation to take the course of action that achieves the most positive outcome or consequence .TERMINOLOGY ::- * Moral Agent * Mxim ° Will* CARE ETHICS : RELATIONSHIPS , VULNERABILITY AND EMPATHY * Normative ethical theory . * What makes actions right or wrongBASIC BELIEFS OF THIS THEORY :: !) All individuals are independent for achieving their interest . 2) Those particularly vulnerable to our choices and their outcomes deserve extra consideration to be measured according o the level of their vulnerability to one’s choices the level of their affectedness by one's choices and no one else's. 3) It is necessary to attend to the contextual details of the situation in order to safeguard and promote the actual specific interest of those involved.ETHICAL ELEMENTS OF CARE * Attentiveness * Responsibility * Competence * Responsiveness* VIRTUE ETHICS : CHARACTER = An approach to ethics that emphasizes the character of the moral agent rather than rules or consequences as the key element of ethical thinking .Importance of Ethics TEACHING mri c.; Wann NEN N ae 5 oes RAL SO Se eet ny “ES s eat Laks: eo : $0 ion Pus O CHOICE = ST BSNS VALUES) “Gonces tua OE PONTMOTIVATION: 3a)Moral DilemmasEthics vs Morals lees ae morale both elo to “right” and “rong” conduct Nawmover eles ror tothe Serie of ron previged tao van yan enteral source eg Wer eratesuen- Om the Seracientuenersteswiir bain mniettaoe reece suede ane ne voor omparison chart wmarient: —— Taerulevot conduct Penge abit wath Fecommned respect toa fespectsomght or war parneuir ela af aman conduct defies ow mines thing are according tothe aecoiee source: ‘Soci systeen/extermat wansouatincernas imewedeint: —ecouse society saysinintie eeause we tetewe mn igh thing tod something bing ight wnat we dont we wil face neer/societa! Doin someting against ones sen Gieaperaval or events wed -marats wna princes can hee ieee \Sittereo ettects on laren ‘people: ther may sy: ins are separa ot “Unuay conmsten, ang, ‘others tortion They cath caret a inna ene 0 be comsstent within a beefs chante fostouiaapiasrinesInsero.& Company's 2074 Accounting & Finance Education Series Ethics presented by Heidi Tribunella, MS, CPA, Clinical Associate Professor of Accounting, Simon Graduate School of Business, University of Rochester Thomas Tribunella, MBA, PhD, CPA, Professor of Accounting, School of Business, SUNY Oswego August 12, 2014 A INSETO &company The highest standardMORAL DILEMMASKuliah 4 Etika Profesi dan Bisnis Oleh Coky Fauai Alfi cokyfauzialfiwordpress.com ill adil (e]M PYeLa Te) ne EL dial ProcessDeontological Ethics een ay