NS ute eau ey UE OO Cuts ace ted POLO O LL ac eC Let Ca oe Tee need of the carrier signal is varied to represent digital data. A high amplitude represents one binary state, while a low amplitude represents the other. ASK is simple to implement but Leo eo a Tyce uts Fu LOW ae doe Ct Lau MOL Storr Tea DC ee eg eee ea BC a et Meee een Noo art Wee tree ae OT eC Lt cane tet ad a ee Ree eet ad Coen CL wae Ct ate ne iad Cee CUM A ce ES Scenes Ooo?Seat ee een (eer cay bE ood amplitude and phase modulation. t uses a constellation diagram to represent Cd Gigital bits using different combinations of amplitude and phase. QAM is. Ca) In digital television, wireless LAN, and cable modem systems due to its high data transmission rates. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM): OFDM is a modulation technique that divides the available bandwidth into multiple subcarriers, each carrying a portion of So ue eae Ton tent a eee se ee ‘and allows for high data rates and robustness against multipath fading. itis used in LL SCS Te oe a aca rel pee ee Le Tees 6. Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK): DPSK is a modulation technique that modifies the DU reo ceed eee ee Phase reference. This makes DPSK more resilient to phase shifts caused by noise and interference. DPSK is commonly used in optical communication systems and satellite Cam7. Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK): BPSK is a modulation technique where the phase of the carrier signal is shifted by 180 degrees to represent binary data. It is the simplest Deedes eWeek ne ears ed TNS gona eeWhat is Amplitude Shift Keying? ‘Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK) is a digital modulation technique in which the amplitude ofa 0) do ‘carrier signal is varied to represent digital data. Itis a simple and straightforward modulation ‘Scheme that is widely used in various communication systems. 'n ASK, two different amplitudes are used to represent the two binary states, typically O and ‘When the input digital data is 0, the carrier signal amplitude is set to a low level, while when tthe input data is 1, the carrier signal amplitude is increased to a higher level. ‘The ASK modulation process involves multiplying the carrier signal with the binary data fehl here Cu MP Cue Mee dee oe ee od UPdBlete iObea ea) Mid EO aoe eet ee * Acis the carrier signal amplitude. BEC ee Beane u ‘The resulting ASK waveform consists of a carrier signal with varying amplitudes based on ‘the input digital data. This waveform can then be transmitted through a communication CU eaArfitlide sft tying > drnptticle hi typey Jo Re im pert Cigibal mada laion echt SFr this methet thoe us only ore unit rey Carter ard ot as Sidched on er eff ceforcing upon the Ampict binary Stewart Pat se also called as onoff tygeg ors | | Tk AS womelimn may be sepreiacted as oe i terewrto Hel SCS 4 cas AMEE). C whim Sgro! aa oe 4) 7 (0) vig 4o ba roonitid) no © when Gynte! Hence the Ask weBim loos ble om an-ore of the Sirale ce shai at THUULULUAULERUANUA RHov = FSK Bit Rate: The FSK bit rate refers to the rate at which bits are transmitted ina aC fare) frequency shift keying (FSK) modulation scheme. It represents the number of bits transmitted per second. The bit rate determines the data transmission speed and is BU eo Leg ae eee Cee Sl ge ee BS eee a te a ee Cote Tuer eet tee et Baud: Baud is a unit of signaling rate that represents the number of signal or symbol ea eu a cu tee Leena ate aed DSU uc a eae eed ee ee eed Ce a Ue Ro er eed eee eee eee ee Cee on cose ee ee eae et ete Cee ou ee ee een cent cg PED et ee ne ah ge dad Cen* Bandwidth: Bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies required to transmit a signal or a Ce ete a ee ‘spectrum needed to accommodate the transmitted FSK signal. It represents the range of See ee Ue aE a ene ema ee determined by the frequency separation between the different FSK tones used to represent the binary states. The wider the frequency separation between the FSK tones, Cee Su a eg Ue eee3. Summerize the terms FSK Bit Rate, Baud and Bandwidth. Ans: Fsk Bit-Rate FSK (Frequency Shift Keying) is a digital modulation technique that transmits data by shifting the carrier frequency between two or more discrete frequencies. The bitrate of FSK depends on factors such as the number of frequencies used, frequency separation, and symbol duration. For binary FSK (two frequencies}, the bitrate is equal to the baud rate, which is the number of symbols transmitted per second. Bitrate = baud rate x log2(M) Fsk Baud-Rate In FSK (Frequency Shift Keying), baud rate refers to the number of symbol changes per second. A symbol is a specific signal element that represents one or more bits of information In FSK, each symbol is represented by a specific frequency, and the baud rate is determined by the number of symbol changes per second. The baud rate is also sometimes referred to as the symbol rate. Fsk bandwidth In FSK (Frequency Shift Keying), bandwidth refers to the range of frequencies that are required to transmit the FSK signal, FSK works by modulating the carrier frequency between two distinct frequencies to represent the two binary states (0 and 1). The difference between the two frequencies is known as the frequency deviation, and the bandwidth of the FSK signal depends on the frequency deviation The bandwidth of an FSK signal can be calculated using Carson's rule, which states that the bandwidth of an FSK signal is equal to the sum of the frequency deviation and the highest frequency component of the modulating signal.me pe lel3.3 Differential Phase Shift Keying (DPSK) Principle Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) is differentially coherent modulation method. DPSK does not need 2 synchronous (coherent) carrier at the demodulator. ‘The input sequence of binary bits s modified such that the next bit depends upon the previous bit. Therefore in the receiver the previous received bits are used to detect the resent bit. 3.3.1 DPSK Transmitter and Receiver 3414 Tremor | Oanerstor of OPSK Sigal Fig. 3311 shows the scheme to generate DPSK signal. Fig. 3.3.1 Block diagram of OPSK generate oF tranemitier Operation and waveform of tranemitter ‘The input sequence is d (0. Output sequence Is b(0) and b(!-T,) is the previous ‘output delayed by one bit period. Depending upon values of di) andb(t—T,) cexclusive OR gate Renerates the output sequence b(). Table 3.3.1 shows the truth table of this operation. oe ov) a) aw avy ‘Teble 3.3.1 Truth table of exclusive OR gate ‘An arbitrary sequence d(t) is taken. Depending on this sequence, b(f)andb(!-T,) are found, These waveforms are shown in Fig. 33.2. The above table 33.1 is used to derive the levela of these waveforms.5. Elaborate the Differential Phase Shifting Keying (DPSK).. Ans: Definition Differential phase shift keying (DPSK) is a common type of phase modulation that conveys data by changing the phase of the carrier wave. In DPSK the phase of the modulated signal is shifted relative to the previous signal element. The signal phase follows the high or low state of the previous element. DPSK does not need a synchronous (coherent) carrier at the demodulator, The input sequence of binary bits are modified such that the next bit depends upon the previous bit. Therefore, in the receiver, the previous received bits are used to detect the present bit oo 1 1 0 1 0 © © 1 0 The following figure.1 shows the waveform of DPSK. It can be seen from the above figure that, when the data bit is Low Le., ‘0, the phase of the signal is not reversed, and continued as it was. When the data is High ie., 'l’, the phase of the signal is reversed, IF we observe the above waveform, we can say that the High state represents an M in the modulating signal and the Low state represents a W in the modulating signal3.8 Mary FSK In the last section we studied BPSK for two symbols. This principle can be extended further to ‘N’ successive bits. These ‘N' bits from 2% = M dilferent symbols. Every symbol uses separate frequency for transmission. Such system is called M-ary [PSK system. The principle of transmission and reception of M-ary PSK is different than BPSK. 3.8.1 Tranamitter and Recelver of FBK 30.11 Trenamsaar Fig. 381 shows the Mary FSK transmitter. The ‘N" successive bits are presented in parallel wo digital o analog converter. These ‘N’ bits forms a symbol at the output of digital to analog converter. There will be total 2 =M possible symbols. The symbol i» proented every T, = NT, period. The output of digital to analog converter is given to 3 frequency modulator” Thus depending, upon the value of symbol, the Irequeney modulator generates the output frequeney. For every symbol. the frequency modulator produces different frequency output This particular frequency signal remains at the output foe one symbol ducation. Thus for ’M" symbol, there are °M" frequency signals at the output of modulator. Thus the transmitted frequencies are fae depending upon the input symbol to the modulate. Fig. 2.8.1 Mery FSX wranemitorvn sda he su epg en he rope prt ym hoe se doe Seeger sage apt Swe cr toy Bey lea eal jt bl "ig 282 Bok darn of Mary F5K oy In the gal space 60,4145 0) form mat pepe es simplisty ef amstining, wor wil coder M=3. Thon the tee cin Seb a ants wl fom We svn To the sal (5 (Dands 0 na ‘Sorted by sas feng JT, lng tow ses Is shown in Fg 384 Distance between san! ponte om th above igure car ht he tance eee he gal pois | 8 = ETP WRT | ea ess) “ie 889) ‘Ths eqn give the mimi dtc been any tw sgl pnts ato ld for A Spel pnt soe ale paper each ie Sine f=, we cane above ut 12 ae oan] ‘The dane of Mary FK gen by shove eon pre ae compared oe sane of Neary P5K and ASK(Digital Communication 36 yeaband Dota Tranemiasion 3.4.3 Geometrical Representation of M-ary FBK or Signal Space Representation We know that in Mary PSK, mutually orthogonal signals are used for tranamisaion. Equation 37.18 and 37.19 give the two mutually orthogonal signals for BPSK. Similarly we can write the equation for M-ary PSK Le. ag) = JT. ¢ou 10+ ERO n= ETM an6) 5400 = VET. Ou 1) Here 99 1.54 ().53 (0). ¥44-4 (0) ate mutually orthogonal signals for “MI symbol, The orthogonal carriers $y (11.6) (0-43 (0.44.1 (0 ete. can be represented as follows he. extension of equation 3.5.16 and equation 3.5.17) 0) “fF 9¢(24 fa 4 to fF mans 0 aan tut» fF rest Fig. 2.04 Signal space (Geometrical) representation of Mery FSK for M = 3explo H @ Sign Ficen tly i, he" Phase’ shift Fejing = all aspects 0) phase SME Ming FEO A diated meds tehgae ENA Canvas ake 85 Chang prose a Gtston E eae referine! 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