| i | | | | | | | | | For both batch and continuous distillations, the author offers shortcut techniques, as well as practical advice, for fixing the number of equilibrium stages, setting the operating conditions, sizing the column, and choosing the internals.* 1 Design of a distillation column progresses through four major steps: 1 Evaluation and regression of vapo: sion (vie) data Calculation of the number of equilibrium stages. 18 Determination of tray hydraulics, Scleetion of tray or packing efficiencies. OF these, only the seconcl lends itself to a strictly theoretical approach. In contrast, thermodynamically consistent equilibrium data are frequently difficult to foe by, and their application to multicomponent systems ean yield results of indifferent accuracy, Ei cieney correlations diselosed in the open literature are sill of a very rudimentary nature, with litle advance: rent recorded over the past 20 years. More often than hot, ttay or column efficiencies reflect the uncertainties of the equilibrium data rather than the actual system charactetisties or cahimn configuration. Column hydraulics have been extensively investi- gated. Reasonably good empirical data are available to describe the performance of the more popular types of trays and packing. These have been redefined in terms of acceptable operating ranges that are often no less accurate than the published correlations. Presented below are sclection guidelines and shortcut design procedures that will simplify the evaluation of many standard distillation columns. The author has earmarked cases where it is advisable not to cut comers, and where the development of a detailed, computerized solution is justified. liquid equilib Where to use shortcut procedures The use of shortcuy hand calculation procedures should be considered for several purposes: 1. Scoping studies suitable for preliminary costs 2, Parameitic evaluation of operating variables. 3. Separations having coarse purity requirements (ie, contaminants >0.5 wr). 4. Detailed designs for ideal and close-to-ideal sys- tems. '5 Designs for systems for which equilibrium data unavailable ‘On the other hand, rigorous design procedures should be applied if the following are w 1, The separation is multicomponent one, requir ing high product purity. °2. The system is highly nonideal but good eq rium data are available. 3. The relative volatility bexween key components is Jess than 13. ilib- Otto Frank, Allied Ch 4, One or more of the components is near the critical pressure. ‘A number of rules-of-thumb are helpful in judging whether or not mixture characteristics favor the use of simple vis relationships to design the column. These rales are listed in Table T according to the ideality of the mixture to which they refer Selecting operating parameters Before any detailed distillation column design oF evaluation can be undertaken, itis essential to deine a number of operating parameters: Peed composition—When the component ratio is large (5:1), variation in the feed composition ean noticea~ bly influence reflux ratio and number of trays. Its less significant when dhe concentrations of key components in the feed are of about equal magnitude. Product puriyp—The specified concentration levels of high-boiling components in the distillate and low-boil- ing ones in the bottoms are the sole criteria for estab- lishing the number of trays and reflux ratio, The finer the split, the greater will be the number of stages or the required reflux ratio. Feed emuitibriun—Whenever possible, the equilibrium relationship among system components should be ¢s- tablished experimentally. The blind assumption of ideal system is certainly not valid. In nonideal ystems deviation of activity coefficient from ideality is mostly positive. The relative volatility between componems is thus curtailed at the top of the columa, making it harder to obtain a pure overhead than assumption of an ideal system would have predicted. Thermel state of feed and veis~-Feeel quality can have a noticeable effect on. tray requirements, If the feed is subcooled below its bubble point, the number af trays in the rectifying scetion will deerease, whereas those in the stripping section will inerease, More heat will be required in the reboiler and less cooling in the con- denser. The reverse is true for a fecal containing vapor. Subcooled reflux will increase the molar ratio of liguid and vapor flows, and thereby increase interna! reflux. The top tray will act as a partial conde which, at the expense of efficiency, condenses vapor to reheat the external reflux to its equilibrium tempera. ture, Usually there is no justifieation to subcool reflas before returning it to the column. Column pressive—Raising the eolumn operating prese sure will increase rebofler and condenser temperatures, his ancl and several upon ober wl ue available io & reprint v0of10 iantly do not de Ideaity (eu ing compounds, un hapten, ste) noes" such a CO, HeS, Hz. Np. ete. pounds, | Mixtums of polar andl oonpatne ts siuays stsonghy none, (Look for 192, a9 wich eleetrany én bonds between these atoms rand hydrogen are not relly shored) jays 8 contirmad before detailed cietlotion slinies are undertake, ! On the other hand, this change will also decrease vapor velocity, since the inerease in vapor density more than offets a corresponding temperature effect on volume, Often, relative volatility improves at lower pressures, making separations easier. [n vacuum service, this effect may be quite pronounced Sometimes the operating pressure may be dictated by separation requirements, making it necessary to operate outside the region of an azcotrope or below the critical pressure of a component, Column temperatire—Coluimn operating conditions are frequently selected to allow available plant utilities to ve used as a heat source and heat sink. It is also impor- tant to select a reboiler temperature that is not so high, that it will degrade the products. Given here are guide- lines regarding the approach temperatures of the heat sink and the heat source for different reboiler and con- lenser services: 3-10 6-20 10-20 20-40 20-50 Heatsource approach, °C Process thud 10-20 Steam 0-60 Hot ot 20-60 Energy utilization ‘The customary practice of adding heat into the bor tom ofa column and then abstracting an almost equi quantity from the condenser at the top makes dis tion one of the highest energy consumers in a chemical or petrochemical plant. Energy conservation measures «ly stages of column design and layout. These measures include: 5 Recuperative heat exchange between a cold feed and a hot bottoms stream, (The reboiler eflluent must be a large fraction of the feed.) ® Columns eascaded so that vapor from one is con- dlensed in the reboiler of another, = In ‘An economic evaluation may justify insulation even if process temperatures are as Low as 50-60°C:, | Generation of low-pressure steam in condensers. ® Reduction of refrigeration levels in low-tempera- ture separations by operating at the highest posei- ble pressure, | Recompression of overhead vapor to raise its en- ergy to a level where it ean be used as.a heat source for the reboiler. Worthwhile when the temperature drop across a column is smnall and a single com- pression stage is sufficient to raise the vapor tem- perature above that of the rebeiler. should be considered during the Shortcut stage calculations Two of more components in a liquid system can be separated by talking advantage of their different boiling points. In a boiling snisture, the coexisting vapor and liquid phases have different compositions; lower-boiling constituents predominate in the vapor, whereas higher-boiling ones concentrate in the Hiquid. The maximum concentration difference between the two phases is reached at equilibrium—assumed fhe an ideal stage. Since itis possible to calculate rationally the number of successive equilibrium stages required for a specified separation, it has become the practice 10 tablish first what déweee of separation i theoretically possible and then ( estimate how elasely commercial equipment will approach this goal Graphical design procedures, as well as most shortcut algebraic corn 10, 13, 14), usually deal with separations of binary mixtures. However, since few true binary systems are encountered in industry, caleulation procedures are usually applied to pseudo-binary mi Lures in which two prineipal components are designat as the light key and the heavy key. When itis necessary to produce high-purity product streams, compounds boiling adjacent to each other on the temperatsite seale become the key components, ‘The light key is the lowest boiling component present in the Dottows stream, whereas the heavy key is the highest boiling component present in the overhead When a rough separation will suffice, the keys are selected to yield a specified product mix. Tt is then probable that the light and heavy keys do not fall adjacent to each other, but have an intermediate boil- ing component beeen them—usually referred to a8 a distributed key Mixed-products are only occasionally specified in the cheraical processing industries; consequently, the design procedures outlined here will deal only with adjacent keys } {| | Graphical stage calenlations ‘The simplest and most direct approach for analyzing binary distllations is still the graphical technique de- vised by McCabe and Thiele in 1925. Despite its age, the xy diagram remains a highly useful tool for quick evaluation of a column (Fig. 1). Th ratios, product concentrations, and feed conditions can be readily spotted by acljusting the slope and point of origin of the operating and g lincs The thermal condition of the feed is defined by the Slope of the g line: Heat to convert 1 mle of fed to saturated vapor Molar heat of vaporization a Values of g that characterize a range of feed qualities are given here: Feed quality 4 gine slope Saturated liquid 1 infinite Saturated vapor 0 zero Cold liquid feed >1 positive Superheated vapor <0 positive Two phase 10t00 negative ‘The vie relationship expressed by » = ax/(1 + (@— Hx) assumes a constant relative volatility («) ‘across the entite pressure range found in the column. IF variations are small, an algebraic or gcometvic average may suffice. However, if the relative volatilities at the top and the bottom are more than 15% apart, the designer may resort to constructing the equilibrium curve inerementally by calculating the relative volatil- ity at several points along the column, The McCabe-Thiele diagram assumes a constant molal overflow—the two key components must have identical molal heats of vaporization; and all other heat effects, such as heats of mixing and sensible heat losses, are zero. Thus, if no material or energy is added ot ‘withdrawn, the moles of liquid overflowing from stage fo stage must be constant, as must the moles of vapor rising from reboiler to condenser. In only a few systems will the molal heats of vaporiza tion vary by more than 10%, Hence, for most cases, the assumption of constant motal overflow is quite reas)na. ble and the MeCabe-Thiele procedure can be applied whenever shorteut solutions are acceptable. ‘The McCabe-Thicle diagram can accommodat other than ideal, 100% eflicient, single-feed separations. It can be adapted to handle systems in which mol: overflow is not constant, as well as Murphree tray elfi clencies, multiple feed and withdrawal points, sub- cooled reflux, partial condensation, and open steam addition. These variants are well covered in standard texts (5, 10, 71, 73, 14), and therefore will not be dis- cussed hese, It must be noted, however, that modifica tions of the basic graphical procedure can be quite time-consuming and are usually not justified. It is best suited for quick parametric studies and design esti mates; if more-detailed evaluations are desired, the engineer should opt for a computer solution. Because of its inherent limitations, the Thiele diagram should not be used when 1: theoretical trays are required for the specified separa. tion; when the relative volatility is less than 1.3, and McCabe- re than 25 Nomenclature 4, Grosssectional area of column, ft? 4, Open hole area, fi? G, —_Orifice coefficient a Packed bed dia, fe D Distillate flowrate, moles/h G@ Vapor flowrate, Ib/(s\ft2) /y Dry pressure drop across perforations in. liquid fy Aerated liquid head on tray, in. liquid Jie Head of liquid over weit, in, liquid the Static seal, in. quid (bulbble eap} fy Tray pressure drop, in, liquid yy Liquid head equivalent to weir height, in. liq wid k Pressure loss factor (downcomerless tray) L Reflux to top of column, moles/h Iy;ly Initial and final liquid’ in reboiler (batch), moles Ly Weir length, in Nnvq ‘Theoretical trays at total reflux AP" Column pressure drop, ft HO. 4 Thermal condition of feed 2 Liquid flowrate onto tray, gpm Rojq — Minimurn reflux ratio (L/D) UR" Hole velocity, ft/s 2’ Superficial vapor velocity, ft/s W Vapor rate, Ib/s = Liquid-phase mole fraetion 3 Vapor-phase mole fraction @ Relative volatility B Aeration factor 4/2 Average liquid gradient on tray Density, Ib/f 1 Pressure-drop loss term (downcomerless trays) @ Underwood constant Subscripts B Bottoms stream D Distillate stream F Feed stream: HK — Heavy key LX Light Key even a small deviation from ideality can appreciably affect the separation; when the relative volatility is greater than 5 and most systems are highly nonideal; when the reflux ratio is exceptionally small (<1.1 times minimum); and when there are large differences among, the molal heats of vaporization, A more rigorous ical solution is the Ponchon-Savarit method, which incorporates an enthalpy balance, It is appropri ate when component latent heats per mole differ drasti- cally, or when the temperature spread between the top and bottom of a column is large To use this method, one must construct an enthalpy vs concentration diagram for the two-phase, vapor-liquid region pertinent to the column temperature profile Since adequate enthalpy diagrams are seldom avail- able in the literature, it is generally necessary to con struct them for each system under consideration. With the availability of comprehensive computer programs there is little incentive to spend time constricting a graph which, at best, can only represent a binary distil: lation having a limited number of trays. The Ponchon-Savarit technique bas found we pei = 113,$ a f £ 3 3 zi quires ole traction in wap operating tne (lope = £7) Prous MLD Vapg = US Mote traction in quid 2 VeVe Ae) y for analyzing mixtures that exhibit a lange heat ixing—especially aqueous solutions of ionic com pounds such as HCI, HF and NE, for which extensive enthalpy data happen to be available Algebraic routines A number of algebraic procedures (an many varia- sions on these) have been developed! for calculating the umber of trays and reflux ratios for distillation sys- tems, No attempt vill be made here to offer a compila- vion of methods. In faet, because litle gain in accuracy can be seins ty aap ma ee cpg brie procedaes, the sila fate ko ick wie the bese Fenske, Uncervond and Gilliland ealentation The Fence cqusiion ela di isbn aber ecqilibeinm stages Cat te) ea) ee deca ond bttoms compositions and the average reative volatl- ity | leer) Nay = — ecto} ’ te eae a ‘To solve for the component splits, the equation can be arranged as: (2),-(2)awar where Ni, = mumber of theoretical trays at total re- flux; xzq"= liquid mole fraction of light keys xg = liquid mole fraction of heavy key; and Gya_yg = Avera ge relative volatility A reasonably good estimate of equilibrium-stage re- quirements can be obtained by solving for Nig (number of equilibrium stages at total reflux), and then doubling this value. ‘The result is equivalent to a reflux ratio of about 1.3 times the minimum, The minimum reflux ratio required for a given sepa- ration can be conveniently calculated by the Under- ‘wood method. Like most shortcut methods, this proce- dure is limited by its assumption of constant molal overflow, constant (or averaged) as, and optimum feed-tray location, 1 is not limited toa binary system but can be applied to any number (2) of components: a) ‘To evaluate @ (he Underwood constant, which ranges between ay And Gy), a second equation is where: is | for a feed at its bubble point, and zero at its dewpoint. Subseript D refers to the distillate; sub- script F to the feed. his procedure applies when there are no distributed keys. If one component has a relative volatility Falling between those of the light and heavy keys, it becomes necessary to solve For two values of 8 (14) Eq, (4) requires estimation of an overhead composi tion consistent with minimum reflux conditions. Unfor- tunately it is not easy to predict clesely this eomposi- tion. [n practice, the same overhead concentrations that are substituted into or caleulated by the Fenske equa- tion are also used in the Underwood equation. A more 1| CP ee eee RET TT rigorous approach for calculating the actual minimum reffux composition is not usually justified. ‘To eliminate the ti calculation necessary to solve Eq. (4) and (5), Van Winkle and Todd [/3] developed a graphical solution (Fig. 2) for a liquid feed | its bubble point. The Underwood constant is read diveetly from this graph and is then substituted into Ba. (4), The Gilliland empirical solution for the number of stages (calculated for the limits of total and minimum, reflux) is shown in Fig. 3. Although it was prepared fiom widely scattered data, and probably could be bettered by using more than a single line, such refine- ments would probably not improve the estimates of actual stages and reflux, given the inherent limitations present in the values of Nyy and Rqine In combination with the Fenske and land corr nderwood equations, the ‘on is a practical tool for shortcut calcula tions of theoretical equilibrium stages. The optimum reflux ratio for a system can be derived by comparing operating (energy) costs with capital costs and then optimizing the two, The following are ales of R/ Ry, for several services, Low-level refrigeration (<= 150°) 1 High-level refrigeration 1-1 Water- and air-cooled eonelensers —1.2-1.3 18-25 The Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland method is conven- ient for designing new columns since it begins with specifications of component splits. However, its useful ness for checking product purity in existing colamns is, limited because the accuracy of the method drops off if the feed contains elose-boiling components. ‘To streamline the caleulation procedure, I have de- veloped the graph shown in Fig. 4, which relates product purity, reflux ratio and relative volatility to the number of equilibrium stages. Valucs obtained from the graph vary less than 10% from those calculated directly froan the Fenske-Underwood-Gilliland correlations, Choosing contacting equipment Over the past few decades, a large number of dilfer- ent fractionating devices have been developed, Some of the better-known ones are listed in Table IL. Because manufacturers claims for their ractionating devices are sometimes overly optimistic, i is essential to pinpoint the conditions under which a device Functions ‘mort efficiently. Table II offers some general guidelines regarding the suitability of different internals for a number of services and operating conditions. Obvi- ously, there are no rigid lines of demarcation bewern column applications. Furthermore, if more than one special condition is present, the designer may have to compromise in his demands for efficiency or perform. Mos distillation columns new in operation are of the crossflow-tray type, with perforated trays being the ‘most popular. Packed columns are used to a somewhat leser extent. There are relatively few countercurrent trays in operation Shortcut designs for tray columns Column diameter—The active cross-section of the col uma can be quickly estimated from the simple “F” factor (Fig. 5) = Vey (6) where » = superficial vapor velocity, ft/s, and py = va- por density, Ib/te ‘The free cross-sectional area of the columa (the total column area minus the downeomer area, ft?) can be obtained directly eS by a! } where 17 = vapor rate in Ib/s. (Por foaming systems, the F factor obtained from Fig. 5 should be multiplied by 0.75) Atlow and moderate pressures (<10 atm), the accu acy of this expression is surprisingly good, probably falling w 15%. Diwncomer and weir design—Downcomer arca can be catimated from the correlation (6] shown in Pig. 6. For foaming liquids, the ealeutated downeemer area should be multiplied by 1.5, Regardless of the arca calculated {com Fig. 6, seg mental downeomers should never be smaller than 3% of the total column crose-seetional area. If liquid rates are extremely small, tubular downeomers may be installed within the area subtencled by a segmental weir ig. 83). ‘The maximum recommended liguid flow over a straight, segmental weir is 70 gpin/It. This range can be extended v9 80 gpm/ft of projected weir if reiel weirs are installed. Vor rates above 80 gpm /ft, a multiple- downcomer arrangement should be considered. Avlow weir-leadings (frequently encountered in vac- swum service), notched or castellated weirs can aid liquid distribution across the tray. Their use is recomended when the calculated flow over the weir is less than 3 gpmfti Installation of adjustable wei is setdom justified. At clevated pressure, weir height is only limited by tray spacing, since pressure drop is not critical. However, it recommended that the weir height not exceed 15% of way spacing in order to hold dowa jetting and entrain- Fos eystem | Suivote reeds a sides sta, 0 Fe Wiscous uit au tego} roandett coloran capacity ° + e081 [performance no concer : Available sign precedes 2 j Staged cot Perforated, Bubbie cap ‘ovale | or qunnel 1 ys ie Low presume [100i Hb 1 Nosrane eerste 2 Hoh pressure (60% oF enter) 2 High tureetown ratio a Low liguid rater 5 ‘Common types Prapeiracy tyne - Bubble cap Angle Siew ithe Valve Montz Linde “Thorman Jet | Staged troy colurnns (separate liquid and vapor fompaitis | | Bondomiy nx |) Paschia or partition rings Flesinae Sedcles Goodloe Hyori Tellorettes Suze. Masoae Gltsch Gr Leva fun rays ‘ooquilibtiam stages (eounteteuiremt low serexs si Low pressure drop aye Portorstea Disk and davai (showse Turboorit eck Ripple ‘Special devices (low pressure drop | “ioe: wertica sprioge Horizontal, esiates cotumes 'Noo:Kioss [concentric wertiost | evlinders Posudegeuiforins — Rendomnly ‘eally —— Downcomer- Dist ant peeked ached less dou 3 ° 1 ’ ’ 1 ° és o 2 0 i 2 ° o ° 2 i o 1 0 a 3 x ° 3 2 9 2 i ° 3 2 2 1 i 2 2 1 ? 2 1 t z 2 2 ° $ 3 2 0 1 3 3 1 7 1Weirto tower wal isto ee i | 50! 10 20 30 40 60 | #40 | 7 iio } Wy} 3a | 12 | i ay 2 19 y 4 e ( 0 a a0 60 80 wo f} ‘Weir length % of tower di, a Sieve tay atonement For tow liquid rates i Downgomer ssowuneome apron Aerated tiguid (leo Hguid b.Trayto-uay flow ment, For vacuum op fi nost sie is known 10) conclucted at high pressires, cohumns, or ifthe separ: to be stalling sloped downcomers may prove helpfal (Fig. 8b). These provide Jiquid disengaying at the top neomer while leaving the maximum active he ratio of top to bottom area satisfactory for If the syste enough lume lor vapo of the do he tray below. y 1.7. To ensue good flow distibution on trays, weir lenyth for segmental downcomets should ot be less than 50% of the column diameter. Maximum length is governed by economies; roo big a downeomer will take awway area more profitably used for mass transfer, A weir length mn dianneter is considered reasonable, al- though for columns hanclling extremely high liquid loads a 95% weir is not unheard of, The curves in Fig. 7, reproduced from the Glitsch Design Manual {#} are helpfal for laying out segmental downeomers for single-downeomer trays. To prevent vapor flow up the dovncomer,a seal must be provided at the outlet where the liquid flows onto the tay (Fig. 8b). This is accomplished by keeping the distance between tray-deck and downcomer-apron at less than the weir height and maintaining a ¥-in static seal ifat all possible. As a rile, ic is recommended that the distance to the downeomer be half of the weir height or J in, whichever is greater. Under ne circura- stance shoud the clearance be less than ¥, in, The liquicl fowrate at the opening below the downcomer skirt should be held to Tess than 1 ft/s. Inlet weits, which simes recommended (o prevent vapor bypass- ing, are seldom, if ever, justified. Bubble caps Although bubble eaps were the workhorse of the chemical and petroleum industeies until the mid-19505, they are installed only infeequently today. Sieve trays and valve trays have almost completely replaced thet, The primary reasons for this shilt are: High cost (2 to 3 times that of the equivalent sieve way). 1 Tenclency to fou and collect solids 1 High presure drop due to a complex vapor flow path, 4 High liquid gradients, which hinder design of large columns § Limitations on eap flew at low pressures, which increases column size, © Corvosion etieets—mane severe than For sieve trays. There are still a few instances when the installation of 1p trays can be justified; these inelude columns ject to extremely low liquid rate (<2 gal/ft of aver- age llow width); arid eolumns requiring. extremely high turndown (>5:1). Although there will be few occasio for installing new bubble-eap colsimans, there are sill « large number of existing facilivies that may require analysis,” ‘A wide variety of bubble-eap shapes have been e1t- ployed in columns, the majority of them being of the round, bell-shaped type having vertical slots, Other by W, lls a 17h eae procure ecoennended fatpopular types are inverted, rectangular boxes (tunnel trays), and inverted “teacups” without slots, Kousid caps are usually supplied in three sizes and are selected according 10 column diameter: ‘Tower dia, ft Cap di 25-5 5 12 4 10 and up. 6 1- and 2in caps bave sometimes been employed in smnall, low-temperature stills. ‘Normal slot height varies between 0.25 and 1.0 in for 3 and 4-in caps, but may go as high as 1.9 in for O-in caps. It is recommended that slots not be left open at the bottom, and that caps be equipped with a strength-giving shroud ring to forestall deformation of the teeth, Experience indicates that cap configuration has little effect on performance. Furthermore, there 18 ( be no loss of efficiency if slots are omitted ly, and all vapor passes uncer the lip of the cap. ‘The éritical dimension in bubble-cap design is the liquid seal—icc,, the depth of liquid through which the vapor must travel. Large slot seals enhance plate efli- ciency at the expense of pressure drop. For design pur- poses, a dynamic slot seal has been defined: Dynamic slot seal = fing + Myo + 8/2 (8) where hy is the static seat, in. liquicl; fy isthe height of liquid over the weir, in; and 4/2 is the average liquid gradient, in (Fig, 9a). Practical limits for the dynamic slot seal are given here: Prosomee, psig Dynamic slot seal, 5 ft for moderate and high-pressure systems; >7 ft for vacuum systems) and at high liquid rates. ‘Too high a gradient = Hight over weir Liquid gradient 08 tray = Wei height Static seal = Slot height «2. Important dimensions in eap design 1 Row of Normal Gasbtowing | | | Cop eageet operation rath dumping butting eaen ||| te 1 |will induce blowing at one end of the tray, and dump- ing at the other (Fig. 9) Sieve trays ‘The sieve tay is probably the most widely used contacting device found in columns today. Tt should be considered first i the design of new columns for several 1 nstalted conts are lowest of all tray-type devices © Design procedures are well known & Fouling tendency (with large holes) is low. © Capacity equals or excerds that of other tray ieney, with proper design, is good Sieve trays are aol recommended whenever: Pressure drop must be very low (<2.5 mm Hg/ tray). Turndown ratios are high (>3:1 at high pressure; 2:1 at low pressure), Liquid rates ate very low (<2 gal/ft of avg, low width) In a sieve tay layout (Fig. 10), the active tra can be defined as the entire tray deck from th downcomer-skirt on one side, t0 the overllow yreir on the ether (ie, the columin cross-sectional area minus the area oceupied by the two downcomers) Placement of holes ia the active atea is restricted only by the positioning of tray support rings and beams Perforations can be made within 2 or 3 in. of the inlet downeomer or outlet weir. Holes are generally arranged in an equilateral triangular pattern, with rows normal to liquid fow. For optimum eificiency, pitch-to-diame- ter ratio of the hole should fall between 2 and 45, Hole sizes range from ¥, t0 1 in, with Vin holes belng the daiel Seidl! Nolen (9, anal 9% apiiemen weeting if he liquid dowallow has a high surface tension, and reduce nent in low-pressure systems, Large holes ind_{ in) should be used in fouling service. ressure drop is lower in trays that are installed with perforations punched upwards to create a nozzle effect eK, D 05 10 18 20 25 a0 a5 40 ig Powe in oF in the direction of vapor flow. Despite this advantage, tray panels are usually installed with downpunched holes in order to reduce the risks presented by jagged edges (o personnel installing or inspecting tower inter- nals, ‘Open hole area depends on vapor rate and the speci- fied (ray pressure-drop, In most cases, it ranges hetween 4% and 16% of the active tray area, Because the rate of vapor flow is inversely proportional to the square reot of pressure, large open areas are found in vacuum tow- fers, whereas in pressurized towers open arcas are smaller, Outlet weir height on a sieve way ranges beuween 0 and 4 in. For low- and atmospheric-pressure systems, the height is usually 1 to 2 in. Tn high-vacuum systems, where the mays flowing over the tray is more a vapor continuum than a liquid continuum, a weir actually serves Hiule purpose. It could be eliminated entirely, although most cagincers prefer to play se by providing at leas Liguiel gradients on sieve trays are consiclerably less onounced than on bubble-cap trays, They can be ‘ignoved entirely in pressurized columns smaller than 8 fi dia, and in low-pressure colurnns less than 10 ft dia. ‘The most critical variable in sieve tray design is the open hole area. Too small an area leads to a high pressure drop and, in extreme cases, jetting. An exces- sively large open’ hole area encoutages weeping or even dumping, where no liquid passes over the sieve- tray weir There is considerable uneestainty regarding how much weepage is detrimental to column performance, It hhas often been recommended that liquid flow through the perforations he kept at less than 25% of the total y flow. However, many sieve tay columns operate, apparently without undue harm to efficiency, with more than half the liquid weeping through the holes A modified version of the correlation developed by Fair [//] is given in Fig. 11, An operating point above the line representing the desired ratio of open hole areato active way area (Ay/A,) is considered a safe design (<25% weeping). A point below the line may be in some doubt but does not necessarily represent a dump- ing situation. In fact, experience has shown that if the operating point falls anywhere above the curve repre senting 6-8% open ares, the column will most likely operate within acceptable efficiency limits, ‘or a suitable sieve-tray design, hole velocity (caleu- lated for the vapor} can be estimated from the basic F factor relationship given in Eq. (6). Representative values of F for vacuum columns, atmospheric and | moderate-pressuze columns, and pressurized columns ave 11, 13, and 15, respectively Sieve-tray pressure drop combines flow resistance Uuough the perforations with the hydrostatic lead of acrated liquid on the tray: 4 = thy + hy ® where 4, = tray pressure drop, in. liquid; fi, = dry pressure drop across holes, in, liquid; and /y = aerated liquid head, in, liquid, | Dry pressure drop across the holes can be obtained from the following well-known relationship, hy, =0. rapt (22) (10) PL \Cy iry pressure loss through holes, in. liquid; na tet as | 0.05 010 015 a29 where dy U) = hole velocity, ft/s (used in place of v in Bq. 6); | || and Cy = dry orifice coefficient (Fig. 12). | ‘The pressure drop across the aerated liquid on the | || > og way is obtained from the following relationship. i My = Bll + tose) aa) § o6 where 4, = aerated liquid head, in, liquid; 4,, = head 5 at wie height, in. liquids fgg = height, in, of liquid | |) Fo over weir = 05 (Q/L_)™"Q = liquid flow, gpm; | |] 3 nq = veeir length, in and P= aeration factor (Eien 19), | |] = | Tn vacuum columns, where performance can be 3 a2 | nificantly compromised by entrainment, wwo-phase low | | f through the holes can raise the dry pressure drop be- | |) | yond that for pure vapor flow. It is not unusual in | | 0 05 40 45 20 os low-pressure systems (0 observe & foal pressure drop 13 | 10 25% higher than calculated. The normal pressure-drop span for sieve trays is from 1.5 to 5 in. HO. Outside these limits, ways may weep excessively in vacuum columns, or jet in pressure serv ice. In either case, there could! be an appreciable loss in efficieney. Valve trays Arranged on a valve tray are liftable caps that act as able orifices by adjusting themselves to changes in vapor flost, This design (whose installed cost is 13-20% higher than for the equivalent sieve tray) is said to provide tumdown over a greater range than is possible for sieve ways, The valves are actually small metal disks or strips that are lifted above openings in the deck as vapor | | passes across the trays. The valve-caps arerestrained by | || 0 6 18 18 2 25 20 36 40 48 59 legs oF spiders, which limit vertical movement j tua sonar, Fabricators cite the following advantages for valve | { eS vous trays ~ 1A fairly constant pressure drop across a large por | | ‘ion of their operating range. had — SINT MARIE 1140 30 20 10 SOE ATT] ae ay eee ai dt ‘Hin wo ea Fine hae 2. A high turndovn ratio, 5. Operation at about the same capacity and effi ciency as seve trays, However, it should be noted dat good tnendtown rato, the most frequently advertised advantage of valve trays, may ako be attained with seve trays by imposing, a reasonable pressure drop. Fiven in vacuum columns, where pressure drop ean be critical, the available turn. down rasio for sieve trays i adequate for most opera ‘mechanical problem alten encountered with valves is wear or corrosion ofthe retaining lugs or spiders, The constant movement of the valve caps iniposes fatigue sioeses that are aggravated by operation in a corrosive cavironment. [tis not unusual to find valves missing on the bottom trays where highboiling and corrosive eon. sviuents tend to concentrate s, because of their proprietary natace, are usually designed by the fabricator, although iti poss ble to estimate some of the design paramcters from vendlor literature, Tray performance ean he predicted from pressure drop chars (Big. Mh and 15) adapted from the Koch Design Manual [3}, whereas column and downcomer areas can be calculated by methods out- lined above. ‘The number of caps that ean be fitted on a tray is at best an estimate unless a detailed eray layout # pre: pared. A in % 2Yein cap pattern is the tightest a ment available and has become the standard for Jow- and moderate-pressure operations. For such a pat- tern, about 14 caps/ft? fit into the “net” capped area. Active area as defined By Fig, Sb does not tale into account silling sections at the inlet and outlet, edge Joses due to coluran support rings, and unavailable space on top of support beams. fe must be assumed that between 6 and 19% of the so-alled active areas is not available for valves in large and small colusnns, respec tel Valve tr I i | iDowncomerless trays ‘The simplest possible tray design is the sieve tray | without downcomers. Its successful operation demands a sulliciently high vapor velocity through the holes to maintain enough liquid on the tray for proper vapor- liquid contact. At low vapor-rates, downllowing liquid | is not retained long enough on the way, and mass transfer becomes quite ineflicient since, as is the case in spray columns, the only contact is between the rising vapor and falling liquid droplets. The major disidvantage of straight, downcomerless trays is that their operating range (turndown ratio) is considerably smaller than that of trays having down comers. Sufficient vapor flow is required to maintain a liquid level om the tray, but it cannot be so high that it will restrict Liquid downllow and therefore flood the colunm. At their optimum operating point, downcom erless trays have about the same efficiency as sieve trays However, efficiency will drop drastically as the tray dumps or the floodpoint is approached Downcomertess trays may be considered when oper ating conditions and capacity are not expected to vary; ids have a high solids content; and ease of portant mn procedures for downcomerless trays are published in the open literature, and even the best of these is unlikely to achieve a degree of reliability greater 240%. The correlation developed by Sum-Shik et al. [/2] is cited here as a suitable procedure for estimat acceptable hole velocity ole velocity, fi/s iquid and vapor 3.5), the pressure drop ina functioning column may actually fall above the normally expected floodpoint limit. Although high-efficiency packings are designed to maintain reasonably good liquid distribution over the cross-section ofa bed, there will always be some fraction of the liquid that reaches the column wall. Onee there, the liquid will not readily redistribute itself back: into, the packing, but instead will bypass a large fraction of the vapor stream. Therefore, one should limit the verci- cal height of a bedl to ensure that the major fraction of the liquid will remain on the packing during its passage through the bed. For Raschig rings, maximum bed. be 2.5 10 3.0 times the bed diameter; for saddles, 910 8 times and forslotted rings, 5 to 10 times. Total bed height should not exceed 20 ft. Liquid redistributors (wall wipers) are sometimes installed within a bed to bring liquid back into the packing. For slotted rings or saddles, installation of these devices produces little improvement in. perform- ance if bed-hcight criteria have been met. A notable exception occurs when a very high purity must be achieved at the bottom of the column, and even a trace quantity of bypassed liquid can appreciably affect bor toms concentration, height shoul Packing efficiency Although numerous texts outline theoretical proce- ures for calculating packing height, there is no reliable method that can be universally applied wo distillation systems. Instead, industry today uses the JZE7 to convert empirically the number of theoreti to packing height What makes this concept useful is th are remarkably constant for both organic systems. Even with high-sufacestension Ti performance is possible so long as the packing wets properly (ie, liquid rates are kept above 1,000 Ib, and difficuttto-wet plastics such as fluorocarbons are avoided. In commercial columns, values of HETP for high- eflciency packings (lotied rings, Inialon saddles) ran about 18 in for a ti 1 pucki 26 in for a fein size; and 35 in for a 2 © values are about 6 to 12 in greater than published values derived from the operation of dosely controlled pilot-plant ‘concept al seas columns [8] Because of reduced ievigation efficiency in vacuum columns, it is usually wise to add another 6 ia tw the ited HEVP. Absorption systems generally exhibit HETPs io, the range of 9 to 6 fi, For small cclumns (dia. <2 1), an old rule-of-thumb proves surprisingly sccuraie if (he appropriate packing size is used and the packing is properly leaded, HIETP = Column diameter 3) For a pavtionlar type of packing, the effectiveness (HETP/AP) is fainly constant For all sizes, Listle wil he TCT 1)ane a ; oso 50 v2 on Suis. “OL 02.04.06 01 02 040610 20 avuo = bling)” gained by replacing 2-in slotted rings with Lin slotted ngs to improve the ET in a vacuum column, since the higher peessure drop will ne tion in height. Systematically packed columns contain preformed sections having a ¢ area for a given volume. In order to func tion as designated, the sections must be assembled within the column according to a prescribed arrar ment. Sinee systematic packing configurations have not | >een standardized, no design procedures can be unive ally applied to them. Engineering correlations are spe- cific for each proprietary packing and are usually sup. by their respective manufacturers. c-Sulzer Packing—This packing consists of parallel | 1s of corrugated wire gauze arranged in a sloping ter, Because liquid flow is controlled by capillary ction, superficial liquid rates as law as 250 Ib/(hy(ie®) | auiained without sindue penalty to elfiiency. “he packing effectiveness (HETP/A>?) can be quite hat low pressures, making Koch-Sulzer packing a xi candidate for high-vacuwm distillation. Another application for which the Koch-Sulzer arrangement shoul he considered isthe repincement of existing ays or packing in vacuum columns in which its lower pres sure drop permits raising the column pressure to en hance system capncity. Inmust be recognized, however that Koeh-Sulzer packing is usually more expensive shan any type of damped packing Hor estimation puuppowes, it can be HPTP for ail sizes of commercial cweon 10 and 12 in, and tha signed for an F factor (gp,2°) between 17 and 20. Knitomesh packing —Thst packings are offered by number of fabricators, and tend to have similar con. | struction and substantially the same performance chat acteristics, Presaire deop is very low, bat hot quite as high as that of Koch-Sulzer packing. HET? assumed that the juipment lies be he column can be de- efficiency is nove HOD gt $0 3 26 AES Tas BE ar 6 ype tow kn X is somewhat affected by column dia. ranging from 6 in in small columns to 24 in, in larger coltimns Commercially available mesh packings include Goodloe, Multifil and Hyperfil. Like Koch-Sulzer packing, mesh packing is woven from 6 to 7 mil wire and requires the use of materials of construction that will not corrode under column operating conditions. Kock Plexipar—Plexipac is similar in construction to, Koch-Sulzer packing, but instead of wire mesh uses corrugated metal sheets. [is performance falls sorme- where between that of slowed rings and Koch-Sulver packing, Kloss and Neo-Kioss packing—These types ars suitable for very fow pressure operations where sey ffi ciency is not eritical. Since there is no obstruction in the vertical direction (the packings are constructed, respec- tively, with an assembly of eailed springs, or with con centric oylinders), the pressure drop is extremely low. Their HETPs range from 2 to 4 ft, # grit —This is an assemblage of stamped panels h open-arest) that are stacked on top of cach other. The primary advantages of the Gilitsch grid are its low pressure drop and high eapaeity. Te is better suited for use in strippers and absorbers where liquid rates ave high than in distillation columns where the HETP tends toward 6 ft. Batch Distillation Dajch stills, once quite numerous, ate seldom consid: cred today because of the considerable labor and atten tion that must be lavishes! on their operation, ‘There are sill, however, situations where the choice af batch dis Gillation is justified anel favorable economies can be demonsiraced. ‘These include: small production runs (usually Tess than 1 million Ib/yx); widely varying Feed conditions and produet requirements; ireghlar use of equipment; multiproduet separations; successive pro- duction runs with different processes,| j | i | { | } | | | Batch stills are mainly used today in pharmaceutical, fine-chemical, dye, cosmetic and liquor processes where the frequent pra in relatively small batches, tice is to process «variety of products ingle-stage distillation The simplest example of batch distillation is single- stage, differential distillation, beginning with an ink tially full stllpot heated at a constant rate. The compo- sition of the vapor leaving the kettle changes eon ously but is always in equilibrium with the remaining liquid. Liquid not vaporized is removed as bottoms product at the end of the run In 1902, Rayleigh developed an expression that re- xtcs distillate and bottoms composition of the single- stage bateh ssill (othe fraction of the initial charge that has been vaporized, Ifthe relative volatility is constant, oor can be averaged, the following relationship applies 4 ies (n2 + aint =) 16) wer wheres 24 = initial liquid in reboiler, moles; Ly = final residual liquid, moles; x,,", = initial, final niole frac- tions of the more-volatile component in reboiler; y = vapor mole fraction; and a = relative volatility nce a simple batch still only provides a single theo- retical stage, it is impossible to obtain a complete sepé ration of a pure component unless the relative volatility is infinite, Therefore its application is usually restricted to preliminary recoveries that are later followest by a ‘more rigorous distillation; to production where high purities are not required; and to processing of easy- to-separate mixtures, such as the removal of law boilers or residue from a product, Distillation with rectification To achieve 2 reasonable separation and to obtain product cuts of a desired purity in a batch still, it is necessary to rectify the vapors from the stillpot in a tray cked column. Usually such a column does not contain many trays, since a batch still consists solely of a rectifying section. As shown in Fig. 20, the system will pinch, regardless of the number stages, once the low boiler concentration in the botton approaches the in- tenection of the operating and equilibrium lines As long as the concentration of the more-volatile component in the reboiler stays reasonably high, distill aie purity will emiain reasonably constant. However, as the component becomes depleted, overhead concentra. ‘ion drops rapidly When refs ratio ishetd constant during the separa two key components, the overhead composition will change continuously, and fina! distillate concentra tion will be the average of the entire cut collected in the product receiver, Too high a takeoft rate (low reflux ratio) will speed collection of produet, but at the ex: pense of product quality. Too low a product withdrawal rate (high reflua ratio) will result in maximum recovery an unacceptably long of “on spee” product, but a batch eyee To maintain a constant overhead ¢ necessary that the refs ratio b as distillation progresses, This delays onset of «col mp educed continueusly wn pinch, but docs so at the expense of a lon: dissillacion time. The product run is considered coin. plete when « further increase in rethix ratio will reduce forward flow to such a low level that batch cycle time will be extended beyond acceptable economic limits ‘The customary arrangement for operating batch col- uumns isto combine constant and variable reflus ratios. Usually 090 oF three different reflux ratios are applic to cach overhead cut. It has bees found that for a given number of stages, variations of reflux ratios and colle ing times have little influence on the total capacity of « sill if they are within reasonable limits established for operation of the still at either eonstantereflux or con stant-overhead composition Considerable effort has been expended by investiga. tors to fix the effect of liquid holdup on separetion cifeleney in batch stills. Par many years, any hol a column was considered detrimental. More-recent studies indicate that a limited amouat of liquid in the column may actually optimize column capacity “The existence of a finite holdup crcates a “flywheel effect,” which causes the composition to change more slowly then “instamaneous” equilibrium canditions tend 0 indicate. Thus, overhead purity witl stay high longer than theoretical ‘calculations might show, especially when the retlux ratio is relatively low (perhaps <8) and the content of the still is turned over rapidly. The flywheel effect is Jess pronounced when the reflux ratio js high, a condition frequently encountered when high-purity cuts are required, Literature references Seem to indicate that a column holdup of up to 10% may aemally improve batch-stil performance (3,7). Above 15%, holdup appeats to ha & negative sfieet and column eapacity pacity can be further optimized by reducing the exter nal holdup of distillate, The elimination of retus dratns by inline flow-splitters will minimize equilibration tinse and thereby pernit rapid concentration changes be- ween cuts r I i: Enisting numiver ey } ot soe: (D 4 } ra t } hi u | i i { | aetitar * Specified i congener OverteG 1s heretics! 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 Number of thoerstea stajes or rth ratio These rules-of'thumb apply to baichestll operations Once a colunn has been installed, capacity for a given product specification is only minimally af fected by changes to refx ratio and to the length of a presduet ext Asthemore-yolatilecomponentisremovecifrom the rebpiler, separation becomes progressively more dificule “Toolowa reflux ratio cannot meet theproductspe fication no matter how many trays are installed. Ic is impossible to recover in a single operation at high purity a fow-beiling component that repre- sents only a small fraction of the inial charge For optimum separation capacity, minimize of elizainate reflux holdop, Design’ for a. liquid holdup in the column equivalent to 10 to 15% of the initial batch charge Precise design of a batch dlstillation system can be siremely complicated became of the tansient behave of the column. Not only do compositions change ion of an individual nue successive batch: om varying ions as “Slop” euss and “heels” are meyeled Uhe literature dealing with batch stills abounds in scedures for hand and computer calculations. These been well summarized in most standged distila. » tests, and their application together with fiberal sss of experience will generally produce an acceptable timn design. The number of equilibrium stages requited for a 1 batch distillation ean he estimated dirvetly from 21, Whereas this estimate may not result in an nun configuration in every case, it will usually de. an acceptable design for most syatema. ‘The empirically represents for a number of comers ul stills, performances that have been correlated from Penske equation, Us eure is considered suitable for separations re- product purity. in of 400 to Ginuously daring. reetific 100 ppm (0.03 ¢0 0.8 wii). Hf more than a single pure overhead product is to be mmeovered, the number of Uoretical stages are determined by the smallest re tive volatility between any two of the major system components The graph also contains an empirically developed curve for reltux ratios, which permits selection of the highest reflux ratio at which de column will have to ‘operate any time during the batch cyele. Such a value is useful for preliminary selection of a coluinn diameter ond estimation of et tine. Eificieney of batch columns may vary widely during ‘ut-as the concentration profile in the column shifts over a wide range. For long intervals, operation may take place under pinched conditions where elfi- ciencies as low as 30% have been measured. Without a reasonable value to expect for an overall bateh column-efficieney is from 50 to 60%. For packed columns, height will depend on types of ernals used and column diameter, The following videlines ave recommended for converting chart values to packing height. Mul theoretical Size and type of packing ‘rays by: 2Lin dumped (slotted rings oF saddles) 3.5 fe 1.5.in dumped (slotted rings or saddles) 30 fe <1.0.in dumped (sloeted rings or saddles) 20f Mesh packing (<12in dia.) 05 f ‘Mesh packing (>12.in dia) LO fe References 1. AIC Rabe Try Dsiga Mana, 1958. Prichoess HH nd Brand J Ry Pe AICHE, Vo 39,1915, 919, Hide FG. one Cain for Binary Hatch Recheatos eih Halley, dion ig fay tp. ta |, Glineh ie Baletin =, Sn ny 197% 5. King, C.J. Scperaton Pocose” NC At New Yar, 1971 rn Maeual,Bulltn 196, Some Practical Ampere of Ooo Batch Disitain iim Yad Chem. Pe Dr. Dead, Wal 10, Noy a ck Toners” 9. OGnine, HB, Pane ATCAE, Vol 32,1986, pT 10. Pars sod Chin, GH, “Chenial Easincen? Henboak,” Seton (3, MiG il New Vor Sth el Bt 1 Sih B.D, “Dorin of Eiri eager” McCrae 1 Semi otha, Cn: F Val 2,196, p66 Kew 15, Thphal RE "Mase Taf Operating!" Sad ed, MeCeaw il, Now Yak iso ~. 14, Van Winkle St, “Dillion” MeGrase 5, New York, 1987 Yan Wink, Me and Ted, Ga. Hg Sept 20- 197.» 138, The author (Qu ean Swot of Pres Deon and Mott a Aad Chemical erly al cn Sos ge {Gr he Conve Eagiwc 2 Nib Sted Cherial ee was farmer oop by Al Pres t feed by borat a fogeer Semi ciecriog” Cale of tehonlgy chemo gem ‘itn Pragcton Ces LFOLHA DE DADOS DE PROCESSO_- TROCADOR DE CALOR [iter (Cliente: RIO PARDO INo.deunidades) uma Fabricante: RIO PARDO farealunidades: =~ Tipo: ré-aquecedor lcascosiunidade: lArranjo: horizontal lérea/casco: 64 m2 ‘CARACTERISTICAS DE UMA UNIDADE lado do casco] lado dos 1ubos| IRuido em circulagao alimentcoluna| fund eolunal lvazao total kgfh 9578 1917 vapor kgin + vapor d'agua kgih | Indo condensaveis kgih 5 liquide kgf 9578 1917 Hfuido condensado kgih | vapor d'agua condensado kg/h | ldensidade liquido kgima eae| - 970} \viscosidade liquide ca 0,85} - 3a] [peso molecular do vapor calor especifco li. kealikgl*C o77| 1 Jcalor fatente kcalikg 4 jcond. térmica liquide kali h°C 0,18 577] temperature de entrada Cs 30,0] 108.0] temperatura de saida eS 40,9 66,7] Ipressdo de operagao kgfom2 M at 1 Ino. de passes por casco 1 2| lvelocidade de circulacdo. mils. 0,15| Iqueda de pressao katfem2 9,002] 0,003| lator de incrustagso hm2"Cikcal 0,001} 0.0004] [carga térmica 73873 kcalh MTD 465 6 Jcoeficiente global (kcal/h m2.) calc, 271 servigo 232 lexcesso de area 16.9% fTubos material: inox 304 compr. 3 mquant, a2 Ipasso(mm) tang. 31,7 DE. (mm) 213 esp(mm) 2,14 [casco material ‘ago carbono Dil: 250 mom [Chicanas fransversais ‘quantidade: 3 tipo: Segmentada _% corte: 25% _passo__300 mm [Conextes | entrada] saidal icasco a a lcarretel 25 Observagies:FOLHA DE DADOS DE PROCESSO - TROCADOR DE CALOR __[lfem: (Cliente: RIO PARDO INo. de unidades: uma Fabricante ABN arealunidades: - Tipo: refervedor Jcascos/unidade: - lAranjo: horizontal larealcasco: 88 m2 CARACTERISTICAS DE UMA UNIDADE lado do cas6o] Tado dos fubos| Huido em circulagao vapor d‘agua] gua c/agticares| Wvazio total kgin 2250) 55710] |vapor kgh 2250| - lvapor d'égua kgih | Indo condenséveis kghh : -| liquide kgh | 55710 ido condensado kgh + vapor d'égua condensado kgf 100% 2250} : Jdensidade vaporiliquido kgima 187 933} = 1930} lviscosidade vaporiiquido oP 013219 - 288) peso molecular do vapor 18,02] + calor espectfion vapiiq keallkg'c 62 1,9 1,9) Jcalor tatente kcalrkg 517] [cond. térmica liquide katim hee 501 0,534] temperatura de entrada *e 192,3 105.0} temperatura de saida < 1323] 1256| pressfio de operacgo —_kglcm2Mimmbg A| 2 2172] 1,28 1640 min Ino. de passes por casco 1 3] velocidade de circulagzo mis 153 queda de pressao kglom2 0.0003} 0,95 lfator de incrustacao hm2*Cikeal 0.0004] 0.0004] Jearga térmica 1163908 kcalh __LMTD 146 © Jcoeficiente global (kcalfh m2.C) cake. 1303. servigo 200 lexcesso de area 44.8% fTubos material inox 304 compr. 6 m quant. 220) |passo (mmrriang 38 DE. (mm) 21,3 esp(mm) 2.44 [Casco material inox 304 Dis 650 mm [Chicanas transversais quantidade, 5 ti segmentada %6 corte: 30% _passo___1000 mm iConexdes] entrada] sada] ver] valvula seg] lcasco es 2 | 2 lcarretel 3"| 3 Observagaes: Rev.0 - alterado o niimero de tubos de 228 para 220. Data: an2n7 Rev: 0 cB