bulbs By, 8, and By of different ratings (say, 40 W, 60 W and 100 W), thee bulb holders, three (on/of) switches 85, fse wire of suitable rating, main switch and Nexible connecting wire with red and blu plastic coverings. Pes rae Id cieuit consists of parallel combination of various devices, bulbs By, B, and Bs as shown in Fig. A3.1. This circuit functions on 220 V, 50 Hz main supply. Fuse wire of rating SA for domestic supply of appliances like bulbs, tube, CFL (compact fluorescent lamps), fans, TY, et. is connected inthe lve wire; fuse of 15 A rating is used for appliances lke refrigerator, geyser, ir-conditioner, hotplate ete. consumption in household circuit is given by Pa +P+Py+ .P; and P, are power consumed by various appliances. A main fuse of rating J = P/V is connected in the live wire. re |. Take two long flexible wires to serve as lead wires. One wie is red and is called live wire and the other is blue and is calle neutral wire. . Connect three bulbs and switches together—bulb B, and with switch S,; bulb B, with switch Sand bulb B, with switch 5, ‘Connect these bulb-switch combination in parallel in between live wireand neutral wire as shown in Fig. A3.1. Connect a fuse of rating slightly greater than (P/ V) inthe live wire, where V = 220 volt is ac. main voltage and P=P, +P, +P; +...is otal power of al the appliances, Also connect a main switch across thea. main supply. ns 4. The fuse selected should be of appropriate value. A fuse of much higher rating than the calculated value damage tothe whole household wiring system, 2. ON(OFF switch shouldbe connected with the live wire and bulb with the neutral wire. I the bulb live wire and switch to the neutral wire, then main supply will reach the bulb holder even if' prove fatal if pins ofthe bulb holder are touched accidently. ing/Conclusion ‘When switch is made ON, the bulb glows; when switch is made OFF, the bulgiven electrical clreuit (8Y, Ohm's law circu) ‘Aim: To assemble the components of 8 Apparatus Battery, one-way key rheostat, ammeter, volte, resistance coil and conneeting wires. Diagram v Greuit diagram ‘Assembly diagram Fig. AS Fig. A42 Procedure 1. Make a neat and clean circuit diagram showing he scheme of connections shown in Fig. A41. Fhe according to the circuit diagram, as shown in Fig. A42. 2. Place all the instruments/components onthe tl 3. Connect the various components by connecting wires (with their ends cleaned by sand paper) ‘taking care tt postive of the ammeter and voltmeter are towards the postive terminal of the battery. 5 ‘4, The ammeter shouldbe connected in series and voltmeter in parallel to the unknown resistance R. = Conclusion ‘All the components have been assembled proy unknown resistance R using Ohm's law. erly according tothe circuit diagram, The circuit is ready fr mass . eTo draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resstor/cheostat key, ammeter and Her, Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit ratus A battery, a resistor, an ammeter, a voltmeter, a one-way key and connecting wires, am Br Khar iY = R Fig. aad Fig. 6.2 ‘The wrong/incomect diagram for measuring resistance using Ohm's law is shown in Fig. A6.1 In this igure, (@) ‘The ammeter is connected wrongly with its positive terminal tothe negative pole of the battery, Hence, the ammeter indicates no reading (Actualy, it shows a slight deflection in the oppositelreverse direction). (i) The theostat is also connected wrongly with its lower terminals inthe citcuit. The upper variable terminal i left ‘Aloating. Hence, the rheostat will introduce fixed resistance inthe circuit. However, a variable resistance is desired in actual practice. dure 1. Disconnect the components that are connected wrongly in the cre 2. Make the correct connections according to Fig, A62. ecautions 1. The ammeter should be connected in series with its positive terminal towards the positive pole ofthe battery. 2. The voltmeter should be connected in parallel with its positive terminal towards the positive pole ofthe battery. 3. Ifcurrent isto be varied in the circuit, then one lower and one upper terminal of rheostat should be used. Qo0gACTIVITIES (SECTION-B) ACTIVITY-B1 yo: TO identify a diode, a LED, a resistor and a ‘apacitor from a mixed collection of such items. rats xe LED. Fess, capacitor and mukineter owe The [_Nasme of Device Appearance of Device oo Teo es) — Capacitor = = Theory From the given collection of diode, LED, resistor and capacitor, these devices can be identified on the sppeuance and working, (i) Diode: A diode is atwo terminal device. t conduets when forward biased and doesnot conduct when reverse biased. (i) Light emitting diode (LED): A LEDisatwo terminal device. It conducts while forward biased and does not conduct when reverse biased. It emits light while conducting. “abe (ii) Capacitor: 11 also a two terminal device. When @ |r discharged through a resistor, current decays exponentially with time in both cases (charging as Further, a capacitor conducts ae. and docs not conduct de. (0) Resistor: A resistor isa two terminal device. It {biased or reverse biased. Whenad.. voltage 's applied across it, current through it remai eas: ans ac. Procedure is of their ‘The components having two legs or t ‘apscitor or resistor, These components can be ‘singished from one another by using a mul s explained below : (®) Isr the black and red leads ( terminals of the multimeter and tum the selector switch to MOQ position for eh (©) Touch the probes to the observe the deflection on resistance scale ofthe mulkimete. ‘Now, interchange th128 .R8, Now Era Physics Pract Cag yy (deflection is observed in one case and zero deflection inthe other case, then the component is diode, (ii) detection is observed in one case alongwith emission of light and no deflection is observed inthe other cae then component is LED. : (ii) large deflection is observed which then gradually decreases to zero, then the component is capacitor. (iv) If the same constant deflection is observed in the two cases, before and after interchanging the probes, then je ‘component is resistor. Observations | SN ‘amber of egupine Device 1_| two Diode, LED, Capacitor. Resistor S.No. Flow of Current Device 2. | Unidirectional, but no ight is emitied | Diode 3. | Unidirectional, igh is also emited LED 4. | Curren decays o zero gradually or suddenly Capacitor 5._| Steady curtent, both before and ater interchanging probes | Resistor5 al GB. Now Era Physes Pacey AcTIVITY-B4 a ight incident obliquely oma gas sla, tig ‘Alm: To observe refraction and lateral deviation of beam of Apparatus Alas slab, a shea f white paper, drawing Po tape or drawing pins, ruler, pencil, et Diagram 4 ‘Theory | mn ght i incident from air on to. glass slab, it suffers: sec nat dese ean Theis wIES Ef ‘normal such that angle of reaction ses than angle of ineident The ray EF suffers refraction atthe opposite face ofthe glass slab and goes from denser to rarer medium. Therefor, it bends away from the ‘normal, Itemerges out along FG and is known as emergent ra. From the Fi BL itis clear that (i) the emergent ray is paral tothe ineident ay, and Gi) the emergent ray is laterally displaced from the incident ay by distance d the lateral displacements given by tsini-r) ‘where is breadth ofthe glass slab Procedure 1. Fixasheetof white paperon he raving bard using eell-tape or drawing pins. lace a glass slab on this whites ape and mark its boundary with sharp psn 22 Remove the lass slab and marie incident ray PE and normal MI’ as shown in Fg. BA. Replace the glass Fi, two alps P and Q verily on the incident ay and lok for their image from the opposite side 3. Fixtwomoreal pins Rand Svetally such that the tips these pins Rand and images of ips of pins PandQ sae inthe same sah ine 4. Remove the gas slab. Join Rand andextenditFashersoas to met the boundary CD at point F. Join EF The Fs the refracted ray Extend the incident ay further by dort line as shown in Fig. B41, his observed that nergy parallel for the incident ay but aera displace from 5, Repeat the experiment by puting the gls lab breadthwie. 1s found that emergent ray saga ine ny el pce proportional the kes ff gl abies Eg ae nclusion/Result | 1 The emergent ray is parallel tothe incident ray but itis displaced laterally | The lateral displacement of th emergent ay inreses wih the increase in thickness of glass raver by lab ar all-pins, cello“he nature and size of the image formed by concave mireor he candle from the lens/mirror), m a sereen by using a candle and a screen (lor ch, three uprights, a mirror holder, «concave mirror, anos candle, screen with a rectangular sot cut into it 20) anand siz ofthe image formed by concave mirror depend upon the position of the object, w.r1. the mirror and are erosion contact Table B-2 “ le e Ray Diagram on of Oe Dig a [ a u A é © | Rea vet ander small (m<< —1)nd formed a F suisiny t fy i ° + | emeen and = ® | Real ime and diiihd(n< =a : forme between Fan Real, inverted and equal to object (m= ~1)and is formed aC a. [ac Real, inverted and enlarged (m> ~I)and is formed between C and * [we te ie nd yg >> F | formed at iinty | é : ¢ | 4. | Beoween F and| 138 GAB, Now Ee Phy Prete yy ‘Virtual, erect and enlarged (m> + 1)andis formed behind the mirror board in which rectangular slot (Fig, B7(b).1]. This when placed in For finding the position of the image the sereen consists of a card! ABCD is cut such that upper edge of the slot is near the middle (41) ofthe cardboard type of screen is needed so that it may not obstruct the rays of light coming from the candle, between the candle and mirror. ‘This candle- mirror method fails to locate the position oft curvature C, as both candle and sereen can not be placed atthe same position C. be overcome by fitting a torch bulb into the reétangular slot itself, Procedure he inage when andi at the conte of tr However, this difficulty can 1. Determine the approximate or rough focal length of the concave mirror by obtaining sharp image ofa distant object on the wall or a screen. ights and place them onan Fig. B7(5,4 2. Mount the concave mirror, burning candle and screen inthe three upri ‘optical bench. Adjust their heights so that pole of the mirror, eenire of the sereen and candle flame all are atthe same height. 3. Displace the candle to the one end of the optical bench and adjust the position of the sereen so as to obtain a clear and shatp image of the candle flame on it. The sereen will be nearly at the focus of the concave mirror. The image wil be real, inverted and very small in size Displace the eandle towards the mirror such that it ies at distance slightly greater than2F. Move the screen away ffom the mirror 50 as to obtain sharp and clear image again. The image is real, inverted and increases in size. ‘5. Similarly, displace the candle so that it lies between F and 2F and note the position of the screen and nature ofthe image. The image will be again real and inverted but is size will now be larger than that of the object candle Itis formed ‘beyond 2F. Record the observations inthe observation table. Observations ‘Approximate focal length ofthe concave mor, em Size ofthe candle = ...em SNo. | Potion ofcanaeemy | Peslonofeoncavemiror | pasion of screen em) | Relative size ofthe image 1] inf ear one ed of Very sal “optical bench) 2. | Beyond 2F Small 3, | Benen F and 2F Large 4 | Very close oF but between Very Large Fand2F)ties (Seetion-B) aclusion/Result sthe candle ismoved from infinity infinity towards the concave mis cave mirror, the size of the real and inverted image grad 1 gradually increases, sutions pact ior shouldbe hand jandled caref 1 Tepe ls ames pols foaled eae ag 5. Acardboard sheet with a rectan; > earfor ent midpoint eeeaieaee gular slot cut into it shor nee screen should be emer nie tthe stn eight.