| ye Supervision: Prof. Dr. Maher Abd El-Salam Fouda Prepared by: Kholod El-Bady Mohammed Abdel-Salam “Faculty of dentistry-Mansoura university”The basic Orthodontic Record-taking is comprised of three main types of records: 41. Study model; 2. Radiographs 3. Clinical photographsThe emphasis has long been on taking the first two while the third ‘was often seen as a Juxury; an unnecessary waste of the clinician's time, by many orthodontists! is more and more emp! onder + Treatment planning * Patient education + Marketing * Exchange of information with dental technician + Consultation among colleagues + Research and publication + Teaching purposes + Medico-legal issuesUwe ee) eee Achieving Lighting reproducible within the conditions mouthWhy Go DIGITAL? Y Ability to repeat/delete unsuitable images on the spot, no need to wait till film is developed. ¥ Digi ¥ No more worries about where to Store all the slides and “physical” photographs. il camera Setups are cost-effective: no more buying film, no more developing costs. Y The ability to enhance, of “post-process” yourimages. Adobe Photoshop alized ImageBasic terms O Resolution O Focal length QO) Focusing QO Exposure triangleExposure triangle + Exposure relates to whether the image is too light (overexposed) or,100 dark (underexposed). * Ifa tooth is overexposed then you will lose highlight details and the teeth will look “washed-out” or all white,Basic Camera Settings Ge ae ee ae ae a ee -8000000000 F32 F226 Fs CSG FFB CFs & nu mie i000 Ei Ei EaEi 1/60 Es Ei Ei ac A = Ll clea Lc Lea LaLa eal eal Lal 7 ER 9 00 om ioe Boe SOE MM GG oe Sor HE |Aperture + Aperture is'a measure of /iow open or closed the lens’ iris is, and represented by (number. + The f-number is the ratio.of the system's focal length to the diameter of the entrance pupil * A wider aperture (or lower Enumber) means more léghitwill be let in by the lens, simply because the opening is larger, and vice versa,Depth of Field It is the distance in front and behind a focused-on object (which fies in focal plane) that appears to be in focus. In general, approximately 50% of the depth of field isin front of the focal plane and 50% working distance. behind the focal plane. Ligh let in -' : ‘O tt? Depth offeldisa, \* 3 byproduct of f aperture, and a fr ittti ° “@ Br titerGa. lar il @@® le .In dental photography we must always use an ideal point af focus, to obtain the most depth of field, and get the right things into focus ©,Shutter Speed + Shutter speed is a measure of how long the shutter remains open and thus, how long the sensor is exposed fo light. * Faster shutter speeds give the sensor less time to collect light and thus, result in a lower exposure, and vice versa. Shutter Speed Adjustmont Sequence 1/1000 112000* The reason we might want to use af is to stop motion (photographing a child can’t stay still long), or avoid camera shake effect (ifnot using a tripod), allowing us to maintain+ Asa general rule, denominator of shutter speed under any cireumstances must not be less than your chosen focal length (technical tip, to overcome camera shake)-here the subject is static but we have blurry image due to camera shake and extremely slow shutter speed.+ Regarding exposure, Aperture size and shutter speed are package deal, * Faster shutter speed demands increasing aperture size (note the decreased depth of field) to achieve the same light exposure.* ISO measures the sensitivity sensitive your camera is to light and the finer the grain * In dental photography, we usually don’t increase [SO number more than 100-200, NOISY MAGEMore light fia Shallow DOF More light Lsee “Axtistic blursBasic Camera Settings Ge ae ee ae ae a ee -8000000000 F32 F226 Fs CSG FFB CFs & nu mie i000 Ei Ei EaEi 1/60 Es Ei Ei ac A = Ll clea Lc Lea LaLa eal eal Lal 7 ER 9 00 om ioe Boe SOE MM GG oe Sor HE |f frequently produce detating shad which may obstruct important details. These are often irreparable using image editing software, and will detraet from the final quality of the image.Sometime they can produce fairly good light distribution when used in special manner and direction by rotating the eamera-so that light passes with little obstructive structures.In contrast, tla sft eliminates such shadows by allowing a more even and thorough distribution of light during extra and intra-oral photographs eeSimilar options x r+ In fact, the images have good exposure and are free of shadows, but a careful cxamination of the images shows that they are flat, there is no three-dimensionality. + To overcome this, Twin flashes were manufactured, where the light does not come directly on the subject, bulaterally, creating smal light shadows,that make the subject more three-dimensional, highlighting details that direct light flattens.Direct Frontal Light — Indirect Lateral Light yea ed Twin Flash Twin Flash Twin Flash with Flat images ‘Depth So eon hy “Ho shadows Colour Diffused and soft light Function & forms “Esthetics Artistic Surgery “Texture/shadow Posteriors “Velvet look -Occlusal mirrorsRing Flash ~ Easier to use - Smaller - More consistent lightin = Not very good at showing incisal translucency or line angles = More difficult to use - More flexible lighting options (i.e. diffusers) Dual-point — - Difficult to use for mirror shots P - Best option for aesthetic dental work and shad, Flash photography | - Works best with a special mounting bracket fo, | ) Pra2in option nnovative wireless flash which is similar to a ring flash, but with only two light sources , that can be set to be 0 / 10/20 degree. So hdli eee ee Style italiano-flash levels Droyectoshm comlany Photographs Do We Need? O Different clinicians take different numbers of clinical photographs, depending on wih whom who vou are communicating and which information you want to gain from these photos. Q Generally, full orthodontic record file should include a minimum of NINE photogtaphs; FOUR extta-oraland FIVE intraoral photographs,A stable position for the photographer is important, since the camera is hand-held and not placed on a tripod. The right hand is held against the upper part of the body, with the eft hand supporting the front of the lens The eye is not pressed directly against the eyeeup, but slightly in back of it.It is recommended that a specific area be set aside for this purpose (Dental Studio). Patient and camera positions can be marked on the floohin order to ensure reproducible results. 7 ~ umbretia 1] et subjects camernWorking distance - Focal length correlation Portraits with different perspectives using lenses with different focal lengths: 28mm (a), 55 min (b), 105 mm (¢) and 200mm (d). The most natural appearance results from using a 105-mm lens.+ The background must allow a full assessment without distractive « - objects and must be non-reflective. + Many recommendation are about : Improper face composition blue or blaek (patient hair 1!) opaque backgrounds, + You may choose to capture the patient's Distracting background head without excessive background showing (minimal cropping).Ring flashes should nat be wsed at ull, as they result in a completély Prey flat reproduction of the face, and because of their low power and resulting large apertures, they achieve images with too shallow a depth of field. However, we can still achieve fairl good results by direct flash with certain tricks and positions © Tomer ey RE+ Regardless of whether constant light sources (studio lights) or flashguns aré used, the light source should be bright enough ta allow apertures of between 78-11 (isalate patient head) + In order not to light the portrait too harshly, the light source shuld be made larger, either by using a diffuser (Soft box) or indirect flash by using a styrofoam sheet or a reflector, 4)+ In general, it is:sufficient to light the face with one light source. The side away from the i can be filled in using a reflector. * Some digital SLRs offer ‘less flash function. The main flash is triggered by an infrared device positioned on the camera or by the camera flash itself.<630 Ogee ella ~* The flash light reflected from the inner silver walls, passes through the internal partition to the first scattering sereen, and then through the front screen formdi fusion of light. Due to The fact that the pulse of light passes through two seattering screens, light becomes soft. + Light seattering reduces the contrast of shadows-and light spots.Standard Extraoral Views + To ensure reproducible images, the accurate positioning is achieved by using basic reference points which are the tragion, orbitals. + These have corresponding points on the skin. The upper part of the tragus corresponds to the tragion and the orbital points are the width of the eyelid below an eye which is relaxed and looking straight ahead. The main reference lines are the "Frankfurt horizontal" (tragion- orbital) and the orbital plane. + Eyeglasses should be removed to avoid reflections. If the hair covers the ear it should be pulled back.Frontal Rest View + The clinician’s positioning is at the same cyc level. Shorter patients can stand on a special stand and Taller ones can haye a seat. * The orbital plane horizontal in relation to the mid-horizontal grid line. + The mid-sayttal plane of the face should pags through the midevertical grid line. ta rr+ The patient should hold their teeth and jaw ina relaxed (Rest) position, with’the lips in contact (if possible), and should look directly at the camera lens and fiot resting head back on the wall * The upper edge of the photograph should be just above the top of the head and the lower franic line around the larynx. * Light should come dia; ily from the front, leaving the patient’s:shadow out of view of the camera. * Focus on the patient's eves,Frontal Smile View * Same frontal rest view guidelines. * A patient who is smiling fora photograph tends not to elevalethe lip as extensively as a laughing patient. * Pay attention to those who tilt their he:Lateral view + The frankfort plane is horizontal/and parallel to the horizontal grid line. * The patient should look straight ahead ina relaxed manner, keeping his or her jaw closed in a typical manner and the lips also relaxed, * When photographing children, a third person can be helpful by asking the child to look at him,The image should be framed so that the upper edge of the photograph is just above the part in the hair and the lower around the throat. Showing the back of the head is not necessary, till the ear is enough It is recommended that the head be turned slightly (3 to 5 degrees) toward the camera,* Lighting for lateral Views should always come from the point of the noséThis has the advantage of clearly showing the mandibular margin and keeping the patient's shadow out of the picture, + Focus on the patient's eye.Additional Smile views (profile and oblique) The profile smile image allows one to see the angulations of the maxillary ineisors and also occlusal plane orientation, aniiniportant aesthetic factor that patients sce clearly and orthodontists tend to miss because the inclination noted on cephalometric radiographs may not represent what one sees on direct exapOblique rest facial views * The sagittal plane of the patient and.the optical axis of the. camera are positioned 45 degrees to each other, * From the Profile photo position, the patient is asked to turn. their heads slightly to their right (about 3/4;0fthe way), while keeping their body still in the “Profile Shot™ position i.e. Facing forward. * This view can be useful for examination of ; midface deformities, the prominence of the gonial angle, and the length and definition of the border of the mandible, focus on lip fullness and vermilion display. + For a patient with obvious facial asymmetry, oblique views of. both sides are recommended,+ Difficulties can arise in reproducing: the head position of the patient for this shot. + Itis recommended that the patient turn his or her head away from the camera until the contour of the eyeifarthest away from/the camera appears to touch the lateral visible contour of the orbita + Another recommendatiorAdd al AP view with spatula/AP view mouth open + For documentation of an uneven bite/canting. of ocelusal plane, facial views can be taken with the same settings as described earlier. A ooden spi held by the teeth. * Optionally, the same facial view is taken with the mouth wide open. Irregularities of the temporomandibular joints can be shown. = 2 \-/Additional Submental view (Worm's-eye View) + The head is tilted back about 45 degrees. To obtain a roducible inclination of the head the base of the nasal alar ~~ should be aligned at 90 degrees to the camera lens axi: Ss + Such a view may be taken to documentaRetractors * Round (Small-medium-large)>> frontal / occlusal shots * V-shape (Narrow-wide)>> buccal shots ~ The size depends not only on the size of the.oral cavity, but also the tone of the lips. PO Same }Frontal viewBuccal view | Si i | omy Sez ! DeOcclusal view* Retractors made of e disadvantage here is that |" the centerof the-lipsis hot held and that the 2"! highly polished metal can cause reflections which spoil the image and can lead to incorrect exposures When using TTL flash, because the flash sensor can be "fooled" by the: strong reflections. Making the surface more matte (blasted with aluminum oxide) can reduce the amount of reflections,+ Smnaller one-piece orthodontic bonding retractors are generally NOT a good choice for orthodontic purposes, especially for buccal and occlusal shots, as their retraction potential is very limited, and it can often prove to be a “painful experience”Mfor the patient. * The direction of pull of the retractors is always sideways and slighty forward, away from the gingival tissues, this maximizes the field of yiéw.and minimizes patient discomfort. + Wetting the retractors just before insertion eases the process of positioning them properly with minimum patient discomfort + Tek, t {|S+ Front-silvered mirrors seem to offer the best.image quality and light distribution. + Glass or rear-coated silvered mirrors produce ghost image resulting in “Haziness” or a oo , this, often makes the image appear to have came reraeocreerst «VS = wnatmirrors are less expensive, robust. easily sterilized in an autoclave, BUT scratched easily and produce a slightly darker image compared to glass mirrors, * Moreover, metal mirrors with the bend inthe middle make your camera’s TTL setting is get fooled by the reflection off the bend in the mirror and reduces exposure which produces a very dark image. (try to change camera angle © )* It is preferred to use “long-handled” mirrors as they allow better control. =ced Mv Lingual Surface Buccal Surface+ The image should be framed so that only the mirror image of the teeth is captured, NO visible fingets,, mitror edges or non reflected structures. * Slightly warming the mirror in warm water prior to insertion helps prevent “Fogg/ne” of the mirrors. * The patient is instructed to breathe in through the mouth and out through the nose. * Air syringes or aspirators should also be used to remove disturbing saliva bubbles* The height of the chair should be adjusted so that the patient's head t lower than the head-of the photographer: + ‘The photographer's leg should be by the outside edge of ‘ i 4 a4 the patient's chair in orderto find a secure, comfortable position ry* The photo should be taken 90° to the facial mid-line using the upper frenal attachment as a guide. « The dental mid-lines are not as reliable for this purpose as they can be shifted. + The center of the image is the facial midline at teeth level (centrals contact point ifnot malposed) + The edges of the photograph are in the vestibulum oris. + Do not focus on the front of the dentition. For correct depth of field, the point of focus should be around the canines.The dental chair is raised to elbow-level of the clinician. Use the larger set of retractors, to avoid the center of the upper and lower lip from showing in the photograph. Patient’s lips pulled sideways and away from the teeth and gingivac, This opens the buccal corridor and the cheeks no longer lie against the buceal surfaces of the molars. The occlusal plane is parallel to the horizontal borders of the frame and at the middle.* The teeth should be together in maximum intercuspation, although a complimentary image with the teeth slightly apart may help in recording the appearance of incisal edges and teeth + Air-dry the teeth to minimize the appearance of saliva and to better capture the gingival appearance. * Lighting is provided by ring flash, dual flash system, or point flash located in the 12:00 o'clock position.* The patientis asked to turn their head slightly so that the side to be captured is facing the an holds the near retractor (V-shaped type) and stretches it to the extent that the last present molar is visible if possiblepwhile the assistant maintains hold of the far retractor (round type), without undue stretching. ¥ The shot is taken ne area for best visualization of the buccal segment relationship. ¥ A.useful tip would be for the clinician to fully stretch the near retractor just hefore taking the shot to minimize any discomfort for the patient, and achieve maximum visibility >* For mirror photo: ¥ A single cheek retractor is held loosely for the contralateral side and a buceal mirror is used to both retract the tissue and visualize the teeth on the:side being photographed. ¥ A sufficiently wide lateral mirror is inserted on the side to be photographed until the posterior border lies distally of the lasttooth inahe vestibule. tis turned to the outside as far as the cheeks and lips will allow.~ Care should be taken that the edge of the mirror does not rest on the this can be'very painful. ¥ To prevent part of the final tooth near the end of the mirror being photographed directly along with the mirror image, the mirror should be moved outward slightly. va firmly since ¥ The mirror is turned so that the occlusal plane rus across the middle.¥ The camera is positioned as perpendicular as possible to the mirror image . ¥ The center of the photograph and focus point are around the canine or first premolar, the side edges of the photograph are the labial surface of central incisor of the targeted side, and the last possibly viewed molar. “ Lighting is provided by a ring flash or dual flash orpoint flash is used, itis positioned on the side of the mirror (9:00 and 3:00 o'clock), to avoid shadow of retracted lip.The teeth should be together in maximum intercuspation, although a complimentary image with the teeth slightly apart may help in curve of spee evaluation.* The small size round retractors are inserted into a Reverse “V” shape (Position 4 & 8) to retract the lower lip. + The retractors which have been shortened on one side may be'used to give more room for mirror, * The patient is be asked to “lift his chin up” slightly, breathe through the nose. the tongue to the palate, andThe palatal mirror is inserted with the broader end toward distal. The mirror rests on the gingiva of the last molars. It is turned upwards with the mouth wide open until it touches the incisal edges of the upper incisors. The camera is positioned perpendicular to the mirror image of the occlusal plane of the dental arch (45 degree to the mirror itself).The center of the image is at the intersection of the sagittal plane with the line crossing the second premolars Focus is on the second premolar, Lighting is provided by ring flash, dual flash system, or point-flash located in the 12:00 o'clock position.ideal” Shot Less-than-Ideal” Shot Tongue Rolled Back, Tongue Visible But Not Midline Centered. Obstructing View.The small size round retractors are inserted into a Reverse “V" shape (Position 2 & 40 ) to retract the lower lip. The retractors which have been shortened on one side may be used to give room for mirror. ‘The patient is instructed to lower their head slightly. Use the mid-palatal raphe as a guide to get the shot leveled If point flash is used, it is turned to the 6:00 o'clock position or you shift to be behind the patient and flash in 12:00 position.Occlusal mirror images PG dadamet y lirect or indirect) iva ti] * Amount of overbite * Reproduction ratio is 1:1Reproducible conditions - Making a series of photographs If the aim is to show a course of treatment, all photographs should be taken under the same conditions including: + Position of the image center and framing. + Magnification ratio. + Direction and distance of camera. Y Itis recommended to note the key data, used in photographing groups of teeth on the patient's card,Helpful Tips ~ Ensure that the teeth are clean. of plaques lipstickand any, other debris and suction excessive saliva. ¥ The direction of pul! of the retractors is always sideways and slightly forward, away from the gingival tissues. This maximizes the field of view and minimizes patient discomfort. ¥ Weiting the retractors just before insertion eases the process of positioning them properly with minimum patient discomfort, Y When taking o¢clusal “Mirror” shots, slightly warming the mirror in warm water prior to insertion helps prevent “Fogging” of the mirrors which would prévent a clear image¥ In certain cases, profuse salivary flow and “frothing” can affect the quality of the image being taken, thus a saliva ¢jéétor ean be used to eliminate saliva prior to taking each photograph. ¥ During occlusal “mirror® shots, instruetthe patientopen your biggest big” just prior to pressing the camera button. This helps in obtaining the maximum mouth opening at the right moment, and minimizes the patient's fatigue during the procedure. ¥ It is recommended that all photographic tecords be taken before impression taking, to eliminate the possibility of impression material being stuck between the teeth or the face during photographic record-taking.Basic terms O Resolution O Focal length QO) Focusing QO Exposure triangleFocal Length ¥ The focal length of your lens essentially determines low “zoomed in’ your photos are; the hi the number, the more zoomed-your-lenswill-bes ¥ Its the distance between the point of convergence in your lens ta the sensor oF film in your camera, measured in millimeters. =eImage sensor Graphic © httpufbitlyleamera-lenses his is your focal lengthReece er Tine ea This would make an object from tf Ree ae MRO COT Ts the object appearcee The smaller the focal Je: F * ‘ roma Ne CoM meme tay UR gelsolin ell ie) tol (vide angle lens) your angle of View will be eta sei)Wideenete fens Takes in more of the seene than what is perceived by the human eye. ¢ from 14mm to ls Normal lens Telephoto lens (narrow » A focal length that angle lens) corresponds to the human mpc = ce tonwrasouaownas © loner fang ens the NIFTY FIFTY. i rts ea acl es |° Allows one to get close up. from 45mm to 85mm. © Focal lengths are 85mm to150mm norma Lens wide angle! Types= Zoom lens: Zoom refers to the lens being able to change the focal length. Focal lengths are 16-35mm, 24-85imm, 70-200mm, 150-500mm = Prime lens: This is a fixed focal length lens. Available focal lengths are 8mm, 24mmy35mm)S0mm, 85mm, 105mm, 200mm, 500mm. F S) @ CTI rl] | 7Macro photography is the art oftaking photos of things jose up, allowing you to sce details in the photo that your,¢yes would never be able to see.Why macro lens ? 1) 1:1 Magnification:ratio 2) Longer working distance 3) Better image quality and sharpness 4) Wider aperture (more light-narrow depth of field/isolation)Why macro lens ? 1:1 Magnification ratio: The magnification ratio tells you how the image projected on the camera’s sensor compares with the subject's aetual size, soa lens witha ati can project an image on its sensor up to half the size of the subject while’a lens witha,5:1 ratio can project an image five times the size of the subject, Approximate distance from subject at Focal Length s agnification 20cm 00mm PoonWhy macro lens ? 1:1 Magnification ratio: * A magnification ratio of 1:|.means that when the camera is positioned at the closest focusing distance, the image formed on the sensor will be the same size as the subjc * For this reason, a 1:1 ratio is also called “lifesize” or "standard”. + A lens isn't considered to be "true macro” unless it can achieve at least 1:1 magnification * Here is an example from 22mm widih camera sensor at different workin: HAN AeET] EP ATAT] POPE TTED) PREAH ees YET MH] II HAH I o 4M o at a2 da | 1 "| 2 113 114 htps://imww. preview, com/articies (6519974919 /maero-photography-understanding-m3g!Why macro lens? Longer working distance: + Macro camera lenses normally have a fixed | focal length (i.E. They are “prime” lenses). * Macro lenses come in a wide variety of facal lengths (50mm, 100mm, and 180mm). + Your focal length determines your working distance from the subject. + The longer your focal length, the further you will be from what you are trying to shoot. tiem on i aWhy macro lens ? Longer working distance: The 18-SSmm lens (that often comes with @ purchase of a camera body hit) Should NOT BE USED, While this lens is ok for hobby photography, it is not appropriate for dental photography. The smallest image that can be captured using thisJens is a full mouth set at 55 mm. The short working distance results in Barret distortion for both the facial and the intra oral views, and also your shadow may get in the way of the shot.Minimum Focus Distance Minimum Focus Distance ica nario np cal lang our akWhy Better image quality and sharpness * Macro lenses use a "floating" optical element which constantly in to give pin-sharp focusing, better contrast, and consistently high picture qualit * Some lenses also include a ) system, This can be particularly 2 at slow shutter speeds or without a tripod.Wider aperture: * Macro lenses normally have much wider apertiires than normallenses, giving * The flip-side fo this is that field is ¥, particularly for len: focal length. Such a property is benefi g isolation purposes(textur with a long thade, ...etc.) oes ur Tl CettecornyCLOSE-UP LENSES: A close-up lens (sometimes referred to as close-up filter ora macro filter) Mounts: onto the front of your lens using the filter thre: They act like a magnifying glass, simply enlarging'the image before it hits the sensor. TomeBasic terms O Resolution O Focal length QO) Focusing QO Exposure triangleFocusing * The technical definition of ‘focus’ is “the point where light rays originating froma point'n the object. converge”. * Imagine, for example, that,you are taking a photograph of this dot:.* . In order to be sharply in focus, the light rays from that dorneed to hit as few pixels om vour digital sensor as possible: | In focusIdeally, you ‘when perfect focus.‘Number of AF Points” + Having a lovof AF points eC ee things thal sit still!anual AF Selection? points are what the camera uses to focus on a subject. You'll probably first notice them when you press the:shutter halfway» Many cameras will emit a "beep." and some of the AF points will'licht up (oflen in a red or green Color)in the viewfinder or on the display sereen. at * Autofocus * Manual AF selection often means that you Gan juStye/ec’ @ single AF point, which will give you a precise area on which to focus.ocusing is best'carr it by set he ea te manual focusing raiher than ratic focusing and then movin; the camera backwards and forwards to bring the object into focus. ee _ _ The reason for this approach is to ensure reproducibility of images taken on different occasions. You may need to make minor changes to the focusing to give an ideal coverage for the standard view.1, Set Iso number to 100, 2. Set shutter speed according to focal length and patient/operator stability (not less than 1/80, 1/200 is common preference) 3, Determine point of foctis (according to typevof view). 4, Determine aperture according to: desired depth of field (f22 intraoral shots, f8-11 extraoral shots). 5. Determine Flash output power according to aperture. (eg: 1/4 for 29-132 far f 18) 6. Determine working distance and focal length according to: magnification, light conditions, focusing distance.Basic terms O Resolution O Focal length QO) Focusing QO Exposure triangleResolution Acamera’s resolution is calculated by the number of megapivels (millions of pixels) its digital image sensor is capable of capturing. A pixel is the smallest element in an image. Pixels are grouped together to create the illusion of an image. The more is the number of pixels, the more details can be captured, and the more sharper the image. The number of megapixels a camera is capable of capturing can be used to roughly determine a. aaa the camera is ultimately capable of EEOOOOO ~~ Tilustration of how the same image mighi appear af different pixel resolutions+ An image’s resolution is determined by the image’s pixel sount-information- (pixcls rows X pixel columns)..expressed in MP. or Pixels per inch-pixel density-(ppi) which is the number of pixels in each inch of the image, * Adisplay’s resolution is expressed in pixels per inch (ppi). + Aprinter’s maximum resolution is expressed in dots perinch(dpi)—the number of dots it can place within a square inch of paper, Dots per inch (dpi) relates only to printers, and varies from printer to printer. Generally, there are 2.5 to 3 dots of ink per pixel. For example, a 600-dpi printer only requires a 150- to 300-ppi image for best quality printing. 1080p pixel count 4K piel count “ iCamera Resolution: What does it Affect? O Print size Q Cropping option Q Display sizePrint Size: + The more resolution, the larger the potential print size © Printing from digital images is accomplished by squeezing a certain number of Pixels Per Inch (PPI)/A hight quality print with good details usually involves printing at around 300 PPI, so the size of the potential print is calculated by taking image width and height and dividing them by the PP] number,+ For example, a 12.1 MP resolution image How big can you make an enlargement? Suggested bated on mage Mos0:v%6" from the Nikon D700 has image dimensions of 4.256 x 2,832. If you wanted to create a high quality print with lots of details at 300 PPI, the print size would be limited to approximately 14.2" x 9.4" print (4,256 / 300 = 14.2 and 2,832 / 300 = 9.4). Larger prints would be possible, but they would require you to drop the PPI to a lower numberPe Pats mim 00 2114008, 4041186 zz) 716x892 sata0 00 436157046 420884 a ee 300 7is0x3608 7103297 00 174842480 14810 00 124081748 105x148 300 aract2an Taxt05 00 otaxt74 S27* The fact is that megapixels are NOT everything. Despite point and shoot cameras now coming with up to 10 megapixels their quality level is not necessarily as good as | a DSLR with only 8 or so. | The main reason for this is that the image’sensor | used in point and shoot digital cameras is Sermor Name | Fulframe | nese | war | ‘ar zencrally much smaller than the image sensor els re | ame | eee used in a DSLR (the difference is often as much as 25 times). This means that the pixels on a me point and shoot camera have to be much smaller and collect fewer photons, so needs more [SO — number>> Noisy imageCamera Resolution: What does it Affect? Q Print size O Cropping and Resizing Q Display sizeele The ogra ag ied inthe amples Delos 4x hes, Opi, Hx 0 pea BBE Inchsize — Resobation. ‘Pinel dimensions ‘File sine yous) (Changed by Phtehog) (stealth op selection you dew) 2a ps mine (eigeste00pp) eigen DIGITAL imaging sensor (no more traditional films) “ SINGLE LENS REFLEX DESIGN, the viewfinder of a DSLR presents an image that will not differ substantially from what | is captured by the camera’s sensor. (avoid parallax error of traditional types)Viewpoint A : oe. oo es ee Nees Viewpoint 8 3 Distant background “Viewpoint A ‘Viewpoint 8 ee A simplified illustration of the parallax of an object against a distant background due to a perspective shift. When viewed from "Viewpoint A", the object appears to be in front of the blue square. When the viewpoint is changed to "Viewpoint B", the object appears to have moved in front of the red square.ee * Image Quality.. Large sensor + Adaptability.. Multiple leniges + Size and weight + Speed. Focusing and shutter + Maintenance., Change lenses,clean sensor * Optical Viewfinder * Noise + Manual Controls + Complexity * Wide depth of field Quality Opties of lensesPoint and Shoot Camera ‘The minimum and most important requirement is that the camera must satisfy the possibility of using the , Which is normallyindicated with the letter “A”, and the