PE-101: Fundamentals 1

Exercises

February, 2012 page 1

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February, 2012 page 2

Aerodynamics(1), Question 1:

The local weather report in Seattle is forecasting a high temperature for

today of 59 degrees Fahrenheit (accompanied, of course, by light rain).
What is this temperature in units of both Celsius and Kelvin?
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February, 2012 page 3

Aerodynamics(1), Question 2:

I will be traveling to Dubai, United Arab Emirates, and am told to expect

high temperatures near 45 degrees Celsius each day of my trip. I’m more
familiar with the English system of temperature measurement, so 45
degrees does not sound very warm to me. What is this temperature in
units of both Fahrenheit and Rankine?
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February, 2012 page 4

Aerodynamics(1), Question 3:

The runway length available at airport XYZ is published as 3025 meters.

All of my takeoff performance information has been provided in units of
feet. What is the runway length available at airport XYZ in units of feet?
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February, 2012 page 5

Aerodynamics(1), Question 4:

A 747-400 has been loaded with 50000 U.S. gallons of fuel. How much fuel
is this in units of liters?

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February, 2012 page 6

Aerodynamics(1), Question 5:

For a given set of conditions (including sea level, standard day, zero wind) a
777-200ER has a recommended rotation speed on takeoff of 156 knots.
What is this speed in units of feet per second?

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February, 2012 page 7

Aerodynamics(1), Question 6:

If an airplane accelerates down the runway at a uniform rate from a

velocity of 0 meters per second to a velocity of 850 meters per second in 25
seconds, what is its average acceleration?

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February, 2012 page 8

Aerodynamics(1), Question 7:

An empty 757-300 is weighed, and the weight is recorded as 135000 pounds.

What does this airplane weigh in units of kilograms?

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February, 2012 page 9

Aerodynamics(1), Question 8:

An unnamed person weighs 180 pounds. It takes that person exactly one
minute to climb the 72 steps from the parking lot to their office on the third
floor each morning. Each step is 6.75 inches high.

How many horsepower does this person produce when climbing these stairs
each morning? (neglect any forward motion)

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February, 2012 page 10

Aerodynamics(1), Question 9:

An airplane is parked at a sea level airport where the outside air pressure is
currently 768 mm Hg. Standard day air pressure at this airport is 1013.25
millibars (mb). In units of mb, how much higher or lower than standard
day pressure is the current pressure?

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February, 2012 page 11

Aerodynamics(1), Question 10:

An airplane is parked at a sea level airport where the outside air pressure is
currently 29.68 inches Hg. Standard day air pressure at this airport is
1013.25 millibars (mb). In units of mb, how much higher or lower than
standard day pressure is the current pressure?

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February, 2012 page 12

Aerodynamics(2), Question 1:

What is the sea level radius of the earth at latitude 47.907 degrees north?
(Latitude of Paine Field in Everett Washington)

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February, 2012 page 13

Aerodynamics(2), Question 2:

2a: A 777-200ER is sitting on the runway at Paine Field airport in Everett

Washington, latitude = 47.907 deg. N, elevation = 606 feet, and weighs
650,000 lb. What is its mass in slugs?
2
Note: gØ,SL = g47.907 deg, 606 ft = 32.18078 ft/s

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February, 2012 page 14

Aerodynamics(2), Question 2 (continued):

2b: If the same airplane were sitting on the runway at Changi airport in
Singapore, latitude = 1.36 deg. N, elevation = 23 feet, what would be its
weight?
2
Note: gØ,Z = g1.36 deg, 23 FT = 32.08941 ft/s

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February, 2012 page 15

Aerodynamics(2), Question 2 (continued):

2c: How much less does this airplane weigh at Changi airport compared to
what it weighs at Paine Field airport (46.55 deg. Difference in latitude)?

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February, 2012 page 16

Aerodynamics(2), Question 3:

3a: If the 777-200ER of question 2a is flying westbound (true track = 270

deg.) at a ground speed of 480 knots, a latitude of 47.907 deg. N, and an
altitude of 37000 feet, what is the lift required to offset the airplane weight?

Note: g = (gØ,Z + gCENTRIFUGAL + gCORIOLIS)

2
gØ,Z = g47.907 deg, 37000 FT = 32.06867 ft/s
gCENTRIFUGAL = -0.031367 ft/s2
  gCORIOLUS = +0.079203 ft/s2

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February, 2012 page 17

Aerodynamics(2), Question 3 (continued):

3b: If the same airplane, at the same mass, were flying eastbound (true
track = 90 deg.) at a ground speed of 480 knots, a latitude of 1.36 deg. N,
and an altitude of 37000 feet, what is the lift required to offset the airplane
weight?

Note: At 1.36 deg. N; 37,000 feet; Ground speed = 480 kts;

TTR = 90 deg.:

g1.36 deg, 37000 FT = 31.97571 ft/s2

 gCENTRIFUGAL = -0.031310 ft/s2
 gCORIOLUS = -0.118121 ft/s2

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February, 2012 page 18

Aerodynamics(2), Question 3 (continued):

3c: How much less lift is required for this same airplane to fly under the
conditions of 3b relative to 3a?

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February, 2012 page 19

Aerodynamics(4), Question 1:

1a: For a pressure altitude of 33,000 ft. and a standard day

(i.e., ISA + 0 oC) calculate δ, σ, and θ.

1b: For a pressure altitude of 33,000 ft. and a temperature of ISA + 10 oC)
calculate δ, σ, and θ.

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February, 2012 page 20

Aerodynamics(4), Question 2:

Using the standard atmosphere tables, find the pressure altitude

corresponding to an air pressure of 13.75 inches of Mercury (in. Hg).

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February, 2012 page 21

Aerodynamics(6), Question 1:

For an OAT of –50 degrees C, and a true airspeed of 450 knots, what is the
Mach number?

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February, 2012 page 22

Aerodynamics(6), Question 2:

For the following conditions calculate: VTAS, VEAS, VCAS

flight level = 330

ISA + 10 degrees C
M = .80

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February, 2012 page 23

Aerodynamics(6), Question 3:

If the OAT is –48 deg. C at a pressure altitude of 33,000 feet, and the Mach
number is 0.8, what are the values of θtotal, δtotal, and σtotal?

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February, 2012 page 24

Aerodynamics(7), Question 1:

1a: For air at a temperature of 15 deg. C, what is the value of ?

1b: For air at a temperature of 40 deg. C, what is the value of ?

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February, 2012 page 25

Aerodynamics(7), Question 2:

For a flow of air at sea level and 15 deg. C over an airfoil, at a freestream
velocity of 200 ft/sec, how far back from the leading edge does the transition
from laminar to turbulent flow occur? (assume ideal conditions)

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February, 2012 page 26

Aerodynamics(7), Question 3:

If I want to test a small scale model of an airplane in a wind tunnel, at the

same conditions as in Question #2, is it true that most or all of the model’s
wing would be in laminar flow? If that is true, then would the aerodynamic
drag of the model truly represent (allowing for scale, of course) the drag of
the real full-size airplane?

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February, 2012 page 27

Aerodynamics(9), Question 1:

If an airfoil having an area of 10 square feet generates 475.4 pounds of lift

in a wind tunnel, at a true airspeed of 200 ft/sec and a sea level standard
day air density of .002377 slugs per cubic foot, what is the value of CL?

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February, 2012 page 28

Aerodynamics(9), Question 2:

If the chord of that same airfoil is 2 feet in length, and the pitching moment
measured about the quarter chord is - 95.08 ft-lb, what is the value of CM?

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February, 2012 page 29

Aerodynamics(9), Question 3:

If this same airfoil generates 60 pounds of drag force at a Mach number of

.80 and conditions simulating a pressure altitude of 33000 ft., what is the
value of CD?

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February, 2012 page 30

Aerodynamics(10), Question 1:

An aircraft is climbing at a speed of 240 KEAS and is passing through a

pressure altitude of 20000 feet on a standard day. Assuming that the
aircraft’s lift is equal to its weight, that the aircraft weighs 170000 lb, and
that its wing area = 1,951 sq. ft., what is the aircraft’s CL?

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February, 2012 page 31

Aerodynamics(10), Question 2:

An airplane is flying in steady-state cruise (that is, thrust and drag are
equal) at FL330. The total engine thrust is 12,000 pounds. The cruise speed
is Mach 0.80, and the wing area is 1,951 sq. ft. What is the value of CD?

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February, 2012 page 32

Aerodynamics(13), Question 1:

A 7X7 is in steady-state climb after takeoff with the flaps and gear up. The
airplane weights 160,000 lb, is at a pressure altitude = 5000 feet, and the
equivalent airspeed is 250 knots.

Assuming lift = weight, what is the value of CL?

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February, 2012 page 33

Aerodynamics(13), Question 2:

What is the body angle of attack (alpha) for the value of CL determined in
Question #1?

(Refer to PEM page 2.3)

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February, 2012 page 34

Aerodynamics(13), Question 3:

A 7X7 is flying at Mach .79, at a pressure altitude of 33,000 feet. The

weight of the airplane is 140,000 pounds. What is the airplane’s CL and the
angle of the cabin floor relative to the horizontal? (Assume lift = weight)

(Refer to PEM page 2.4)

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February, 2012 page 35

Aerodynamics(13), Question 4:

For the same conditions as Question #1, what is the value of CD, and what is
the total drag force?

(Refer to PEM page 2.5)

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February, 2012 page 36

Aerodynamics(13), Question 5:

5a: The climb gradient of an airplane may be approximated as:

thrust CD
 
weight CL

Suppose a 7X7 is climbing after takeoff, flaps and gear are up. Both
engines are operating. Weight = 160,000 lb, pressure altitude= 10,000 ft.,
OAT = ISA, Mach =.450, thrust per engine = 12,800 lb. Assume lift =
weight, and neglect the Reynold’s number correction to drag.

Calculate the climb gradient and the rate of climb.

Rate of climb, in feet per minute, can be approximated by:
ROC = gradient *VKTAS*101.268
(Refer to PEM page 2.13)

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February, 2012 page 37

Aerodynamics(13), Question 5 (continued):

5b: Now, assume the speedbrakes are fully extended and calculate the new
climb gradient and the rate of climb.
(Refer to PEM page 2.22)

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February, 2012 page 38

Aerodynamics(13), Question 6:

6a: A 7X7 is in steady-state cruise at FL370. The weight is 58,967

kilograms, the cruise Mach = .79, and the temperature is ISA + 20 oC.

Calculate the Reynolds number correction to the drag coefficient using the
chart on PEM page 2.16.

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February, 2012 page 39

Aerodynamics(13), Question 6 (continued):

6b: Now, calculate the drag force with and without the Reynolds number
correction included.
(Refer to PEM pages 2.13 and 2.16)

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February, 2012 page 40

Aerodynamics(13), Question 7:

Find the stall speed (in knots calibrated airspeed) for a 7X7 weighing
140,000 pounds; at Sea Level; standard day; Flaps 5.
(Refer to PEM page 2.26)

Compare that result to PEM page 2.28, and to the stick shaker speed on
PEM page 2.27.

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February, 2012 page 41

Propulsion(3), Question 1:

For a sea level takeoff at a true airspeed of 101.6 knots, and an OAT of 27.5
degrees C, air conditioning bleeds on, what is the takeoff thrust per engine?
(QNH = 29.92 in. Hg)

(Refer to PEM page 3.4)

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February, 2012 page 42

Propulsion(3), Question 2:

A 7X7 is cruising at FL330, Mach .79, on a standard day. The total thrust
required is 8,800 pounds. What is the %N1 required for that cruise
condition?
(Refer to PEM page 3.16)

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February, 2012 page 43

Propulsion(3), Question 3:

A descending 7X7 is currently at 25,000 feet, and 420 knots TAS, on a

standard day. What is the idle thrust per engine for this condition?
(Refer to PEM page 3.17)

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February, 2012 page 44

Propulsion(3), Question 4:

4a: A 7X7 is cruising at FL350, Mach .79, standard day. The value of FN/
required is 17,000 pounds per engine. What is the predicted fuel flow per
engine?

4b: What would be the predicted fuel flow per engine if the actual LHV of
the fuel were measured to be 18,460 BTU per pound?

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February, 2012 page 45

Propulsion(3), Question 5:

Assume the same conditions as in question number 4, except increase the

temperature to ISA + 10 deg. C. What is the predicted fuel flow per engine
at this temperature? (Assume LHV = standard = 18,580 BTU/LB)
(Refer to PEM page 3.18)

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February, 2012 page 46

Aerodynamics+Propulsion, Question 1:

Conditions: 7X7 in cruise at Mach .79

37,000 feet, standard day
weight = 130000 lb

Find: 
W/
CL
CD (from PEM pages 2.13 & 2.16)
Drag/ (compare to PEM page 2.21)

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February, 2012 page 47

Aerodynamics+Propulsion, Question 2:

Finish filling out the question marks in the following table to observe the
effect an increase in temperature from ISA to ISA + 20oC has on fuel
mileage. (altitude = 37,000 feet, Mach =.79)

Parameter ISA ISA + 20 Change

Speed of sound (knots) 573.6 ? -
True Airspeed (knots) 453.1 ? ?
Drag (pounds) 7793 7879 ?
Drag/ (pounds) 36450 ? -
D/ per engine (pounds) 18225 ? -
Fuel flow (lb/hr/eng) 2495 ? ?
Fuel Mileage (NAM/1000 lb) 90.8 ? ?

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February, 2012 page 48