23/02/2023

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS

Silvia Becerra Bayona

Victor Solarte David

ISSUES TO ADDRESS

Stress Elastic Plastic Toughness

and strain Behavior Behavior and ductility

What are they When loads are At what point What are they
and what they small, how does permanent and how do we
are used instead much deformation measure them?
of load and deformation occur?
deformation? occurs?

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INTRODUCTION

 Many materials are subjected

to forces or loads when in
service.

 Mechanical behavior: reflects

the material’s response or
deformation in relation to an
applied load or force.

INTRODUCTION

 Many materials are

subjected to forces or
loads when in service.

 Mechanical behavior:
reflects the material’s
response or
deformation in relation
to an applied load or
force.

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INTRODUCTION
 Many materials are subjected to forces or loads when in service.

INTRODUCTION

 Metals and metal alloys

are extensively used as
surgical and dental
instruments, biomedical
devices, implants, joint
replacements, and skull
plates.

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INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION

 The most important properties under consideration:

 Tensile behavior (response when you apply a load to the material)

 Hardness (resistance to indentation)
 Fatigue behavior (response to fluctuating load – sometimes is high, sometimes is low)
 Creep behavior (response at elevated temperatures and constant forces)
 Impact behavior (load is provided in the form of an impact )

CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND STRAIN

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CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND STRAIN

CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND STRAIN

Tension Compression

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CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND STRAIN

Shear

CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND STRAIN

Torsion

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CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND STRAIN

Tension Tests
 Elongation occurs at constant rate,
and continuously

 Measure: applied load and the

resulting elongation

 This test is destructive

 Load and elongation depends on the

specimen size: use of engineering stress
and engineering strain

CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND STRAIN

Tension Tests

 One of the most common mechanical stress-strain tests

 A specimen is deformed by tension until fracture
 Gradually increasing tensile load: apply uniaxially along the long axis
 Cross section: circular, but it can be used rectangular, as well
 Deformation is confined to the narrow center region

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CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND STRAIN

Tension Tests: engineering stress and strain
 Engineering stress

𝐹
𝜎=
𝐴𝑜

F: instantaneous load applied perpendicular to the specimen

cross section (N)
Ao: original cross-sectional area before any load is applied (m2)

CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND STRAIN

Tension Tests: engineering stress and strain
F
Area, Ao
F
Area, Ao

F
τ = F
F Ao
F
σ=
Ao
Units for stress:
original cross-sectional MPa = 106 Pa = 106 N/m2 or lbf /in2
area before loading

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CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND STRAIN

Tension Tests: engineering stress and strain

CONCEPTS OF STRESS AND STRAIN

Tension Tests: engineering stress and strain

 Engineering strain

𝑙𝑖 − 𝑙𝑜 ∆𝑙
∈= =
𝑙𝑜 𝑙𝑜
lo

lo: original length before any load is applied

li: instantaneous length

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Stress-Strain Behavior

 The degree to which a structure deforms depends on the magnitude of an

imposed stress

 At relatively low levels (stress):

𝜎 =𝐸∗𝜖 Hooke’s Law

E: modulus of elasticity (GPa),Young’s modulus

ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Stress-Strain Behavior

 Elastic deformation: stress and strain are proportional

σ
tension
E

ε
Linear-
compression elastic

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Stress-Strain Behavior
 Elastic deformation: stress and strain are proportional
 Modulus of elasticity: a material’s resistance to elastic deformation. The greater, the stiffer or
the smaller the elastic strain that results from the application of a given stress.

1. Initial 2. Small load 3. ______

bonds
stretch

return to
initial
Δl

ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Stress-Strain Behavior

Stongly bonded –
larger E

Interatomic
Interatomic

Separation r
Force F

Weakly bonded –
smaller E

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Stress-Strain Behavior

ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Stress-Strain Behavior

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Stress-Strain Behavior

ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Stress-Strain Behavior

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Stress-Strain Behavior

 A piece of cooper originally 305 mm long is pulled in tension with a stress of

276 MPa. If the deformation is entirely elastic, what will be the resultant
elongation? The Young’s modulus of copper is 110 Gpa.

ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Stress-Strain Behavior

 A piece of cooper originally 305 mm long is pulled in tension with a stress of

276 MPa. If the deformation is entirely elastic, what will be the resultant
elongation? The Young’s modulus of copper is 110 Gpa.

 Answer: 0,77 mm

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Elastic properties of materials

 Poisson’s ratio v
 Ratio of the lateral and axial strains

𝜖𝑥 𝜖𝑦
𝜈= − =−
𝜖𝑧 𝜖𝑧

 Assume the material is isotropic

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tuOlM3P7ygA

ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Elastic properties of materials

 A tensile stress is to be applied along the long axis of a cylindrical brass rod
that has a diameter of 10 mm. Determine the magnitude of the load required
to produce a 2,5 x 10-3 mm change in diameter if the deformation is entirely
elastic. The Poisson’s ratio for brass is 0,34 and the modulus of elasticity is 96
GPa.

 Answer: 5600 N

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ELASTIC DEFORMATION
Anelasticity

 In some materials, there will exist a time-dependent elastic strain component:

 Elastic deformation will continue after the stress application
 Upon load release: some finite time is required for complete recovery

 Due to: time-dependent microscopic and atomistic processes that are

attendant to the deformation

 For metals is small, for polymers, is significant

PLASTIC DEFORMATION

 For most metallic materials, after

material is deformed beyond 0,005,
the stress is no longer proportional
to strain

 Permanent, nonrecoverable, or
plastic deformation occurs

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PLASTIC DEFORMATION

1. Initial 2. Apply load 3. Unload

bonds
atoms
stretch
remain
& atoms
displaced
displaced

Δl plastic
Δl Δl
elastic + plastic
= metal atom
F
F

PLASTIC DEFORMATION

_____ +Plastic
engineering stress,σ at larger stress

Elastic
initially
permanent (plastic)
after load is removed

ep engineering strain, e

________ strain

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PLASTIC DEFORMATION
Tensile properties: Yield Strength

 Many components that has plastically

deformed may not be capable of
functioning as intended

 Plastic deformation begins: the

phenomenon of yielding occurs

 Construct a straight line parallel to

elastic portion: the intersection is
known as Yield Strength

PLASTIC DEFORMATION
Tensile properties: Tensile Strength

TS
Fracture
y
strength
engineering
stress

Neck – acts
as stress
Typical response of a metal concentrator

strain
engineering strain

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PLASTIC DEFORMATION
Tensile properties: Tensile Strength (TS)

 TS is the stress at the maximum on the

engineering stress-strain curve

 Corresponds to the maximum stress

that can be sustained by a structure in
tension
 If it is applied and maintained, fracture
will result.

PLASTIC DEFORMATION
Tensile properties: Tensile Strength

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PLASTIC DEFORMATION
Tensile properties: Ductility

low ductility

tensile
stress, σ high ductility

tensile strain, ε

 Measure of the degree of plastic deformation that has been sustained at fracture
 Brittle: very little or no plastic deformation upon fracture (fracture strain or less than
about 5%)

PLASTIC DEFORMATION
Tensile properties: Ductility

 May be expressed quantitatively as either percent elongation (%EL) or percent

reduction in area (%RA):

𝑙𝑓 − 𝑙𝑜
%𝐸𝐿 = ∗ 100
𝑙𝑜 Ao
lo Af lf
𝐴0 − 𝐴𝑓
%𝑅𝐴 = ∗ 100
𝐴0

 Indicates the degree to which a material will deform plastically before fracture.

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PLASTIC DEFORMATION
Tensile properties: Ductility

PLASTIC DEFORMATION
Tensile properties: Resilience

 Capacity of a material to absorb

energy when it is deformed elastically
and then, upon unloading, to have this
energy recovered.

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PLASTIC DEFORMATION
Tensile properties: Toughness

small toughness (ceramics)

tensile large toughness (metals)
stress, σ
very small toughness
(unreinforced polymers)

tensile strain, ε

 Ability of a material to absorb energy and plastically deform before fracturing.

 Tough metal: must display strength and ductility

PLASTIC DEFORMATION
Tensile properties: Toughness

 Of the metals listed below:

 A) Which will experience the greatest percentage reduction in area?
 B) Which is the strongest? Why?
 C) Which is the stiffest? Why?

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PLASTIC DEFORMATION
True stress and strain

PLASTIC DEFORMATION
True stress and strain

 A cylindrical specimen of steel having an original diameter of 12,8 mm is tensile-

tested and found to have an engineering fracture strength of 460 MPa. If its cross-
sectional diameter at fracture is 10,7 mm. Determine:

 A. The ductility in terms of percentage reduction in area

 B. The true stress at fracture

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PLASTIC DEFORMATION
True stress and strain

 A cylindrical specimen of steel having an original diameter of 12,8 mm is tensile-

tested and found to have an engineering fracture strength of 460 MPa. If its cross-
sectional diameter at fracture is 10,7 mm. Determine:

 A. The ductility in terms of percentage reduction in area (30%)

 B. The true stress at fracture (660 MPa)

Relation with native tissue

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Relation with native tissue

Relation with native tissue

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Relation with native tissue

Relation with native tissue

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PROPERTY VARIABILITY
Design/Safety factors

 Options to overcome the variability on properties

 Utilize a design safety factor
 Utilize materials that have adequate mechanical properties

 Design stress: choose a material that has a yield strength as high as this value

 Safe stress: based on the yield stress of the material

SUMMARY

Mechanical properties Elastic deformation

The mechanical properties of a
material can be characterized
through mechanical testing in
tension, compression, bending,
M E
shear, or torsion.
The stiffness of a material
directly reflects the amount of
energy required to move atoms
in a material from their
equilibrium positions. Thus,
ceramics are generally stiffer
than metals.

Elastic deformation Plastic deformation

Elastic deformation of a sample
occurs when, upon release of
the load, the sample returns to
its original shape.
Plastic deformation is
E P permanent deformation from
which the sample cannot return
to its original shape following
loading.

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KEY TERMS
 Anelasticity  Poisson’s ratio
 Design stress  Proportional limit
 Ductility  Resilience
 Elastic deformation  Safe stress
 Shear
 Elastic recovery
 Tensile strength
 Engineering strain
 Toughness
 Engineering stress  True strain
 Hardness  True stress
 Modulus of elasticity  Yielding
 Plastic deformation  Yield strength

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