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Mr S a 46 years old Malay gentleman presented to the emergency department with chief
complaints of abdominal pain for 2 days.
Drug history
He was not on any medication. No over the counter medication or traditional medicine.
Family history
Patient has three siblings and he is the third. His older brother and sister are well. Both of his
parents are healthy. No family history of peptic ulcer disease and malignancy.
Social history
He is a chronic smoker who smokes 1 pack per day for the past 20 years. He did not consume
alcoholic drinks. His diet consists of nasi lemak with tea for breakfast, mixed rice for lunch
and dinner. He mentioned that he loves to eat spicy food. He currently lives in Mengkibol
with his wife who is a housewife and is blessed with one child. He works as an automotive
service technician. No recent history of traveling.
Vital sign:
Heart rate: 84 beats per minute Blood pressure: 118/76mmHg (78)
Respiratory rate: 18 breaths per minute SpO2 99% under room air
Temperature: 37.2°C Pain Score: 3/10
Anthropometry:
Weight 52kg
Height 1.7m
The abdomen was flat and normal. No past surgical scar and masses noted. There was mild
tenderness at the epigastric region and noted rebound tenderness at the right iliac fossa and
Mc Burney’s point.
Patient is thin built, well hydrated and cooperative. He was lying supine on bed and not in
respiratory distress and obvious pain. Patient is well, no pallor, jaundice, and pedal edema
noted.
Abdominal examination
The patient was lying supine with leg extended. The abdomen was flat and normal in shape.
The umbilicus was centrally located and flat. The abdomen moves with respiration. There
were no peristaltic movements, pulsating swelling and obvious masses observed. The skin
was normal and hernial orifices were intact. Abdomen was soft and tenderness was present at
the McBurney’s point upon deep palpation. Rebound tenderness was present and Rovsing
signs were positives. No hepatosplenomegaly. No ascites were noted. Bowel sounds were
present.
The rectal examination was normal. The external genitalia and scrotum were normal.
Cardiorespiratory examination:
There is no chest deformity and the apex beat located at the 5th left intercostal along the
midclavicular line. There was no thrill or parasternal heave. The first and second heart sounds
were appreciated and no additional heart sound or murmur. No pedal oedema.
Respiratory examination:
The trachea was central. The chest rises equally with breathing. Air entry was equal
bilaterally and vesicular breath sounds were heard upon auscultation of the lung. No
crepitations were heard on the base of the lungs.
Justification: To rule out anemia, look for leukocytosis and thrombocytosis as a sign of acute
infection
2. Renal profile
Justification: To rule out possible renal impairments, dehydration and electrolyte imbalance.
Value Normal
Glucose negative
Protein negative
Blood Trace
Leucocytes negative
Nitrites negative
Ketone ++
Interpretation: Ketone is 2+ meaning blood ketone concentration was 1.6 to 3.0 mmol/L. Patient
is dehydrated.
Justification: No justification
Parameters 29/7/2023 Unit Normal Range
Total 10.8 μmol/L 3.4 – 20.5
Bilirubin
ALP 58 u/L 40 - 150
Total Protein 71 g/L 64 - 83
Albumin 42 g/L 34 - 48
AST 16 u/L 3 - 34
ALT 19 u/L 0 - 55
Interpretation: The liver function tests were normal . There is no clinical significance in
evaluating acute appendicitis.
5. Abdominal x-ray
Justification: To look for air fluid levels and dilated bowel due to obstruction.
Justification:t To look for air under the diaphragm as sign of viscus perforation
Justification: To rule out diabetes mellitus, stress condition can cause hyperglycemia
Interpretation: Blood glucose was 6.9mmol/L, normal.
8. ECG
Working diagnosis
Acute appendicitis
Mr S was admitted to ward 8B for further history and management of acute appendicitis.
In the ward, he was lying supine, alert and saturating under room air with stable vital signs.
The staff nurse noted that his blood pressure was 87/56 mmHg and clinically, the patient
had right iliac fossa pain with a pain score of 2/10. Physical examination noted that upon
deep palpation there is tenderness at the right iliac fossa.
He was given 1 pint of Gelafusin bolus and to keep Mean Arterial Pressure above 70
mmHg. Then, another branula was inserted and strict input output charting was done.
His antibiotics were changed to Tazocin 4.5g QID and IVI Noradrenaline 0.2mcg/kg/min
was given. He was stabilised after that with blood pressure of 126/65 mmHg prior to his
operation.
Operation:
Lower midline laparotomy and appendectomy and abdominal washing
Pre and postoperative diagnosis: Perforated appendicitis
Intraoperative findings:
He is conscious with vital signs of 97/64mmHg (MAP 70 mmHg) and heart rate 61 beats
per minute, afebrile and saturating under room air. He was on Ryles tube free flow and he
can tolerate pain over the operation site. He was on PCA morphine and IVI Noradrenaline
0.05mcg/kg/min in view of low blood pressure.