Many contemporary electronic devices now successfully use lithium-ion batteries (LIBs),

bringing in a world of rechargeable technology [9]. These batteries have dominated the energy
storage industry due to their tiny size, lightweight, protection, sustainability, and long cycle life.
However, due to the approaching upper limit of energy density and the relatively high cost of
current commercial LIBs based on the well-known intercalation mechanism, they can only
partially satisfy the commercial need for energy storage in some fields [10-14]. In order to
produce batteries with favorable energy and power densities, reliable and safe cycling, and
affordable life-cycle costs that can match the needs of applications, there is an urgent need for
dependable batteries based on innovative materials chemistry [15-17].
Due to their relatively high theoretical energy density, improved safety, and environmental
friendliness, rechargeable metal-air batteries (MABs) have garnered a lot of attention as an
announcing energy storage system. They are viewed as the ideal solution for future electric
vehicles and lightweight electric devices [18]. Despite improvements in these batteries'
performance, a number of issues prevent their further development. Metal-sulfur batteries, for
instance, continue to experience issues with poor rate performance [19-21]. Theoretically, metal-
air batteries are anticipated to provide new choices for renewable electrical energy storage due to
their advantages of high energy and power efficiency with an open structure; nevertheless, their
performance is severely constrained by the slow motion of the oxygen electrode [22-24]. When
batteries are cycling, two fundamental catalytic events take place at the air cathode: oxygen
evolution reaction (OER) and oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) [25, 26]. However, the
aforementioned two reactions are incredibly inefficient in a natural setting, and as a result of
their slow kinetics, the battery has a high over potential [27]. RuO2/IrO2 and Pt/C have been
found to be capable of catalyzing the two reactions, respectively [28, 29]; However, the electro
catalytic kinetics are slowed by the comparatively weak Oad bonding and strong HOOad bonding
of RuO2/IrO2 during the OER reaction and the comparatively weak HOO ad bonding and strong
Oad bonding of Pt/C during the ORR reaction [30, 31]. Moreover, the low availability and high
price of these catalysts based on noble metals have restricted their use in electro catalysis [32].
That is why it is imperative to find low-cost, plentiful, and effective functional catalysts with
outstanding electrochemical performance, acceptable physical and chemical properties [33, 34].
Transition metal-based materials, like Mn, Co, Ni, and Fe, have demonstrated good catalytic
activity recently and made significant advancements in OER and ORR [35]. The development of
novel non-precious functional materials is essential to accelerating the slow OER and ORR.
Metal-organic framework (MOF) material research have recently grown to be the most
fascinating due to the materials' adaptability and flexibility in terms of design.