212L PHARMACEUTICAL DOSAGE 2ND YEAR

FORMS AND MEDICAL DEVICES FIRST SEM

TABLE OF EXCIPIENTS
Antioxidant Used to prevent Ascorbic acid
INGREDIENT DEFINITION EXAMPLES
TYPE deterioration of Ascorbyl palmitate
preparations by Butylated
Acidifying Used in liquid Citric acid oxidation hydroxyanisole
agent preparations to Acetic acid Butylated
provide acidic Fumaric acid hydroxytoluene
medium for product Hydrochloric acid Hypophosphorous acid
stability Nitric acid Monothioglycerol
Propyl gallate
Sodium ascorbate
Alkalinizing Used in liquid Ammonia solution
agent Sodium bisulfite
preparations to Ammonium carbonate
Sodium formaldehyde
provide alkaline Diethanolamine
Sulfoxylate
medium for product Monoethanolamine
Sodium metabisulfite
stability Potassium hydroxide
Sodium bicarbonate
Sodium borate Buffering Used to resist Potassium
agent change in pH upon metaphosphate
Sodium carbonate
Sodium hydroxide dilution or addition of Potassium phosphate,
Trolamine acid or alkali monobasic
Sodium acetate
Sodium citrate,
Adsorbent An agent capable of Powdered cellulose
anhydrous
holding other Activated charcoal
and dihydrate
molecules onto its
surface by physical
or chemical Chelating Substance that forms Edetic acid
agent stable water-soluble Edetate disodium
(chemisorption)
means Complexes
(chelates) with
Aerosol
metals; used in some
Agent responsible for Carbon dioxide
propellant liquid
developing the Dichlorodifluoromethane
pharmaceuticals as
pressure within an Dichlorotetrafluoroethane
stabilizers to complex
aerosol container and Trichloromonofluoromethane
heavy metals that
expelling the product
might promote
when the valve is
instability. In such
opened
use, they are also
called sequestering
Air Agent employed to Nitrogen
displacement displace air in a
agents
Carbon dioxide
hermetically sealed
Colorant Used to impart color FD&C Red No. 3
container to enhance
to liquid and solid FD&C Red No. 20
product stability
(e.g., tablets and FD&C Yellow No. 6
capsules) FD&C Blue No. 2
Antifungal Used in liquid and Butylparaben
preservative
preparations D&C Green No. 5
semisolid Ethylparaben
D&C Orange No. 5
preparations to Methylparaben
D&C Red No. 8
prevent growth of Benzoic acid
Caramel
fungi. Effectiveness Propylparaben
Ferric oxide, red
of parabens is Sodium benzoate
usually enhanced by Sodium propionate
Clarifying Clarifying agent Bentonite
use in combination
agent
Antimicrobial Used in liquid and Benzalkonium chloride Emulsifying Used to promote and Acacia
preservative semisolid Benzethonium Chloride agent maintain dispersion Cetomacrogol
preparations to Benzyl Alcohol of finely subdivided Cetyl alcohol
prevent growth of Cetylpyridinium particles of liquid in a Glyceryl monostearate
microorganisms chloride vehicle in which it is Sorbitan monooleate
Chlorobutanol immiscible. End Polyoxyethylene 50
Phenol product may be a stearate
Phenylethyl alcohol liquid emulsion or
Phenylmercuric nitrate semisolid emulsion
Thimerosal (e.g., a cream)

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 Yellow wax

Encapsulating Used to form thin Gelatin

agent shells to enclose a
drug for ease of Suppository Vehicle for Cocoa butter
adminis- tration base suppositories Polyethylene glycols
(mixtures)
Flavorant Used to impart a Anise oil PEG 3350
pleasant flavor and Cinnamon oil
often odor to a Cocoa Surfactant Substances that Benzalkonium chloride
preparation. In Menthol (surfaceactive absorb to surfaces or Nonoxynol 10
addition to the natural Orange oil agent) interfaces to reduce Octoxynol 9
flavorants listed, Peppermint oil surface or interfacial Polysorbate 80
many synthetic ones Vanillin tension. May be used Sodium lauryl sulfate
are used as wetting agents, Sorbitan
detergents, or monopalmitate
Humectant Used to prevent Glycerin emulsifying agents
drying of Propylene glycol
preparations, Sorbitol Suspending Viscosity-increasing Agar
particularly ointments agent agent used to reduce Bentonite
and creams sedimentation rate of Carbomer (e.g.,
particles in a vehicle Carbopol)
Levigating Liquid used as an Mineral oil in which they are not Carboxymethylcellulos
agent intervening agent to Glycerin soluble; suspension e sodium
reduce the particle Propylene glycol may be formulated Hydroxyethyl cellulose
size of a powder by for oral parenteral, Hydroxypropyl
grinding, usually in a ophthalmic, topical, cellulose
mortar or other route Hydroxypropylmethylce
llulose
Ointment base Semisolid vehicle for Lanolin Kaolin
medicated ointments Hydrophilic ointment Methylcellulose
Polyethylene glycol Tragacanth
ointment Veegum
Petrolatum
Hydrophilic petrolatum Sweetening Used to impart Aspartame
White ointment agent sweetness to a Dextrose
Yellow ointment preparation Glycerin
Rose water ointment Mannitol
Saccharin sodium
Plasticizer Component of film- Diethyl phthalate Sorbitol
coating solutions to Glycerin Sucrose
make film more
pliable, enhance Tablet Prevent tablet Magnesium stearate
spread of coat over antiadherents ingredients from
tablets, beads, and sticking to punches
granules and dies during
production
Solvent Used to dissolve Alcohol
another substance in Corn oil Tablet binders Substances used to Acacia
preparation of a Cottonseed oil cause adhesion of Alginic acid
solution; may be Glycerin powder Carboxymethylcellulos
aqueous or not (e.g., Isopropyl alcohol particles in tablet e sodium
oleaginous). Mineral oil granulations Compressible sugar
Cosolvents, such as Oleic acid (e.g.,
water and alcohol Peanut oil Nu-Tab)
(hydroalcoholic) and Purified water Ethylcellulose
water and glycerin, Water for injection Gelatin
may be used when Sterile water for Liquid glucose
needed. Sterile injection Methylcellulose
solvents are used in Sterile water for Povidone
certain preparations irrigation Pregelatinized starch
(e.g., injections)
Tablet and Inert filler to create Dibasic calcium
Stiffening Used to increase Cetyl alcohol capsule diluent desired bulk, flow phosphate
agent thickness or Cetyl esters wax properties, and Kaolin
hardness of a Microcrystalline wax compression Lactose
preparation, usually Paraffin characteristics of Mannitol
an ointment Stearyl alcohol tablets and capsules Microcrystalline
White wax cellulose
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 Powdered cellulose tablet compression Stearic acid
Precipitated calcium Zinc stearate
carbonate
Sorbitol Tablet or Used to render a Titanium dioxide
Starch capsule coating opaque. May
opaquant be used alone or with
Tablet coating Used to coat a tablet a colorant
agent to protect against
decomposition by Tablet Used to impart an Carnauba wax
atmospheric oxygen polishing attractive sheen to White wax
or humidity, to agent coated tablets
provide a desired
release pattern, to Tonicity agent Used to render Sodium chloride
mask taste or odor, solution similar in
or for aesthetic osmotic-dextrose
purposes. Coating characteristics to
may be sugar, film, or physiologic fluids,
thick covering e.g., in ophthalmic,
around a tablet. parenteral, and
irrigation fluids
Sugar-coated generally start to Liquid glucose
tablets break up in the Sucrose Vehicle Carrying agent used
stomach. in formulating a
variety of liquids for
Film coating forms a thin cover Hydroxyethyl cellulose oral and parenteral
around a formed Hydroxypropyl administration
tablet or bead. cellulose Generally, oral liquids
Unless it is enteric, it Hydroxypropylmethylce are aqueous (e.g.,
dissolves in the llulose syrups) or
stomach. Methylcellulose hydroalcoholic (e.g.,
(e.g., Methocel) elixirs). Solutions for
Ethylcellulose (e.g., intravenous use are
Ethocel) aqueous, whereas
intramuscular
Enteric coating passes through the Cellulose acetate injections may be
stomach to break up phthalate aqueous or
in the intestines Shellac (35% in oleaginous
alcohol,
pharmaceutical glaze) Flavored, Acacia syrup
sweetened Aromatic syrup
ethy|cellulose example of water- Aromatic elixir
insoluble coatings Cherry syrup
that are used to slow Cocoa syrup
the release of drug in Orange syrup
the gastrointestinal Syrup
tract
Oleaginous Corn oil
Tablet direct Used in direct Dibasic Mineral oil
compression compression tablet calcium .phosphate Peanut oil
excipient formulations (e.g., Ditab) Sesame oil

Tablet Used in solid forms to Alginic acid

disintegrant promote disruption of Polacrilin potassium Sterile Bacteriostatic sodium
the mass into smaller (e.g., Amberlite) chloride injection
particles more readily Sodium alginate
dispersed or Sodium starch Viscosity- Used to render Alginic acid
dissolved glycolate increasing preparations more Bentonite
Starch agent resistant to Carbomer
flow. Used in Carboxymethylcellulose
Tablet glidant Used in tablet and Colloidal silica suspensions to deter Sodium
capsule formulations Cornstarch sedimentation, in Methylcellulose
to improve flow Talc ophthalmic solutions Povidone
properties of the to enhance contact Sodium alginate
powder mixture time (e.g., Tragacanth
methylcellulose), to
Tablet Used in tablet Calcium stearate thicken topical
lubricant formulations to Magnesium stearate creams, etc.
reduce friction during Mineral oil

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