Relay circuit unit

A relay is usually an electromechanical device that is actuated by an electrical current. The current
flowing in one circuit causes the opening or closing of another circuit. ... All relays contain a sensing
unit, the electric coil, which is powered by AC or DC current.

Relays are like remote control switches and are used in many applications because of their relative simplicity, long
life, and proven high reliability. Relays are used in a wide variety of applications throughout industry, such as in
telephone exchanges, digital computers and automation systems. Highly sophisticated relays are utilized to protect
electric power systems against trouble and power blackouts as well as to regulate and control the generation and
distribution of power.

Although relays are generally associated with electrical circuitry, there are many other types, such as pneumatic and
hydraulic. Input may be electrical and output directly mechanical, or vice versa.

All relays contain a sensing unit, the electric coil, which is powered by AC or DC current. When the applied current
or voltage exceeds a threshold value, the coil activates the armature, which operates either to close the open contacts
or to open the closed contacts. When a power is supplied to the coil, it generates a magnetic force that actuates the
switch mechanism. The first circuit is called the control circuit; the second is called the load circuit.

    There are three basic functions of a relay: On/Off Control, Limit Control and Logic Operation.

On/Off Control: Example: Air conditioning control, used to limit and control a “high power”
load, such as a compressor

Limit Control: Example: Motor Speed Control, used to disconnect a motor if it runs slower or
faster than the desired speed

Logic Operation: Example: Test Equipment, used to connect the instrument to a number of
testing points on the device under test

Types of Relays
There are two basic classifications of relays:

Electromechanical and Solid State.

Electromechanical relays have moving parts, whereas solid state relays have no moving parts.
Advantages of Electromechanical relays include lower cost, no heat sink is required, multiple poles are available,
and they can switch AC or DC with equal ease.

a. Electromechanical Relays

General Purpose Relay: The general-purpose relay is rated by the amount of current its switch contacts can handle.
Most versions of the general-purpose relay have one to eight poles and can be single or double throw.

Power Relay: The power relay is capable of handling larger power loads – 10-50 amperes or more. They are usually
single-pole or double-pole units.

Contactor: A special type of high power relay, it’s used mainly to control high voltages and currents in industrial
electrical applications. Because of these high power requirements, contactors always have double-make contacts.

Time-Delay Relay: The contacts might not open or close until sometime interval after the coil has been energized.
This is called delay-on-operate.

Delay-on-release means that the contacts will remain in their actuated position until some interval after the power
has been removed from the coil. A third delay is called interval timing. Contacts revert to their alternate position at
a specific interval of time after the coil has been energized. The timing of these actions may be a fixed parameter
of the relay, or adjusted by a knob on the relay itself, or remotely adjusted through an external circuit.

B.) Solid State Relays

These active semiconductor devices use light instead of magnetism to actuate a switch. The light comes from an
LED, or light emitting diode. When control power is applied to the device’s output, the light General Purpose Relay
is turned on and shines across an open space. On the load side of this space, a part of the device senses the presence
of the light, and triggers a solid state switch that either opens or closes the circuit under control. Often, solid state
relays are used where the circuit under control must be protected from the introduction of electrical noises.
Advantages of Solid State Relays include low EMI/RFI, long life, no moving parts, no contact bounce, and fast
response. The drawback to using a solid state relay is that it can only accomplish single pole switching.
Integrated automation control and monitoring system

This embedded solution gives full control from power generation to the end user – whether a propulsion system, a
DP system, a drilling system or other onboard processes. An Integrated Automation System efficiently manages
the control, monitoring and alarms of the entire ship's marine systems.

PLC
A Programmable Logic Controller, or PLC, is more or less a small computer with a built-in
operating system (OS). This OS is highly specialized to handle incoming events in real time, i.e.
at the time of their occurrence.
The PLC has input lines where sensors are connected to notify upon events (e.g. temperature
above/below a certain level, liquid level reached, etc.), and output lines to signal any reaction to
the incoming events (e.g. start an engine, open/close a valve, etc.).
The system is user programmable. It uses a language called "Relay Ladder" or RLL (Relay
Ladder Logic). The name of this language implies that the control logic of the earlier days, which
was built from relays, is being simulated.
The PLC is primarily used to control machinery. A program is written for the PLC which turns
on and off outputs based on input conditions and the internal program.
PLC is designed to be programmed once, and run repeatedly
as needed.
Most commonly, a PLC is found inside of a machine in an industrial environment. A PLC can
run an automatic machine for years with little human intervention. They are designed to
withstand most harsh environments.
Common PLC applications on board include boilers, fuel injection, purifiers, fire alarms, motor
starters and other systems which involve logic operation.
PLCs are becoming more and more intelligent.
The PLCs are then supervised by a control centre. There exist many proprietary types of networks.
One type which is widely known is SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition).

Digital sequential control device

Sequential logic has state (memory) while combinational logic does not. Sequential logic is used to construct finite
state machines, a basic building block in all digital circuitry. Virtually all circuits in practical digital devices are a
mixture of combinational and sequential logic.

Digital circuit theory, sequential logic is a type of logic circuit whose output depends not only on the present value
of its input signals but on the sequence of past inputs, the input history as well. This is in contrast to combinational
logic, whose output is a function of only the present input. That is, sequential logic has state (memory) while
combinational logic does not.

PID controller
A PID controller in a feedback loop is the desired process value or "set point", and is the measured process value.

A proportional–integral–derivative controller (PID controller) is a control loop feedback mechanism

(controller) widely used in industrial control systems.
In a PID loop, the controller continuously calculates an error value as the difference between a desired setpoint and
a measured process variable and applies a correction based on proportional, integral, and derivative terms,
respectively (sometimes denoted P, I, and D) which give their name to the controller type.

The theoretical understanding and application dates from the 1920s, and they are implemented in nearly all analogue
control systems; originally in mechanical controllers, and then using discrete electronics and latterly in industrial
process computers.

Analog and digital control signals are the two types of inputs and outputs on your various low
voltage equipment controllers. An analog control output signal is used when a device needs to
function at more than two points in a range. ... A digital control output signal allows a device to
operate at only two points.May 1, 2017
Analog control system deals, processes and outputs continuous values between a certain
range (theoretically infinite, but practically all actuators are limited to a certain range)
while digital makes use of an intermediary binary language for all sorts of computation before it
is converted back to analog using digital ...
Analog and digital signals are used to transmit information (such as any audio or video),
usually through electric signals. In digital technology, translation of information is into binary
format (either 0 or 1) and information is translated into electric pulses of varying amplitude
in analog technology.

 programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is an industrial digital

computer which has been ruggedized and adapted for the control of manufacturing processes, such
as assembly lines, or robotic devices, or any activity that requires high reliability, ease of
programming and process fault diagnosis.
PLCs can range from small modular devices with tens of inputs and outputs (I/O), in a housing
integral with the processor, to large rack-mounted modular devices with a count of thousands of I/O,
and which are often networked to other PLC and SCADA systems.
They can be designed for many arrangements of digital and analog I/O, extended temperature
ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control
machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed-up or non-volatile memory.
PLCs were first developed in the automobile manufacturing industry to provide flexible, rugged and
easily programmable controllers to replace hard-wired relays. Since then, they have been widely
adopted as high-reliability automation controllers suitable for harsh environments.
A PLC is an example of a "hard" real-time system since output results must be produced in response
to input conditions within a limited time, otherwise unintended operation will result.

Main Engine Control System for Internal Combustion Marine

Diesel Engines
Main engine control system is used for automatic remote control and protection of main ship's diesels.
It permits to change direction and speed rotation of propeller directly from the bridge by navigators.
The system consists of the equipment installed on the bridge, engine control room (ECR) locally
mounted near the engine.

The set of Engine Remote Control equipment in ECR essentially consists of a panel fitted up with the
various signalling, alarm and control facilities, in addition to the electronic modules (both logic and
analog).

Electronic Control Modules Rack comprises:

a) Engine starting and reversal logic module, with LED display (direction of rotation indicator) of logic
status and starting set-point adjust potentiometer status;
b) Digital/analog engine RPM converter with cut-in thresholds and LED display of the status of the
thresholds and thresholds adjusting potentiometers.
c) Engine control programmer with LED display of stand-by, RPM reduction, emergency, etc. and
acceleration gradient adjusting potentiometer.
d) RPM controller with potentiometers for variables and operating limits adjustment.
e) Torque lirniter, with limit indicator.

Locally Mounted Equipment comprises electro-hydraulic type actuator, for remote control of the fuel
linkages; the said actuator is continuously linked mechanically to the lever and is therefore driven by
the manual handwheel when it is deenergized.

The equipment also comprises induction type pick-ups to monitor the number of RPM's and rotating
direction, as well as a five-position servo-motor, complete with four devices to position the engine
local control lever for reversing gears and starting air distributors for engine stop, running ahead,
starting ahead, running astern, starting astern. Equipment on Bridge comprises:

1. Engine telegraph.
2. Automatic control panel. It has the following items mounted on panel front:
a) Manual power limiter.
b) Engine speed fine adjustment potentiometer.
c) Illuminated push-button for bridge control demand.
d) "Control transfer inhibited" signal display.
e) "Control on the bridge/ECR" signal display.
f) Direction of engine rotation indicator (LED).
g) Engine RPM indicator.
h) Fuel oil lever actuator position indicator.
3. Shield push-button for emergency stop and emergency manoeuvring.
In controllable pitch propellers, it is provided a suitable mechanical transmission
for modifying the trim angle of blades according to the dynamic characteristics
required to the propeller itself.

The modification of the blade pitch is usually implemented by the motion of a

hydraulic actuator, positioned inside the hub or in the propeller axis. If the
piston is outside the hub, the connection between piston and blades occurs
through a rod positioned inside the axis. In case of piston inside the hub, the
pipes for the oil delivery and discharge are instead housed inside the axis.

The use of the transmission rod limits the maximum applicable load: as a
matter of fact, in big-size plants, or anyway with longer axis, the actuator is
positioned inside the hub.
Generator control panels comprise of an electronic control unit, specifically
designed to control generator functions (start/stop and shut down the generator
should a fault occur; common faults may include low oil pressure, high water
temperature, low coolant level, over/under voltage, over/under frequency etc), and
a breaker to protect the alternator with overload protection.
A generator supply should never be connected directly to a distribution board (in
parallel to the mains supply). The generator supply should be fed through a circuit
breaker mounted on the generator itself, through a transfer switch and on to the
distribution board/consumer unit circuit breaker. A transfer switch is a device
which allows safe transfer from a primary source of power (normally mains
supply) to a secondary source (normally a standby generator), by physically
‘making’ and ‘breaking’ a connection between the primary and secondary power
supply, whilst maintaining isolation of each source from the other.
A ‘classic’ manual transfer switch (for use with a manual generator control panel),
features a three position selector switch . It may also be fitted with warning lights,
or some other method of indicating whether the mains/generator supply is
available.
The first position will make the connection between the mains supply and the
distribution board. This is the default position for the transfer switch when the
mains supply is healthy. The second position will break the connection between the
mains and the distribution board. In this position the mains supply and the
generator supply are completely isolated from the distribution board and each
other, preventing the possibility of the mains and generator supplies being
connected simultaneously. The third position makes the connection between the
generator and the distribution board and should be selected once the generator is
running.

Boiler essential control

A boiler is used to heat feed water in order to produce steam. The energy
released by the burning fuel in the boiler furnace is stored (as temperature
and pressure) in the steam produced.
The essential requirement for a combustion control system is to correctly
proportion the quantities of air and fuel being burnt. This will ensure
complete combustion, a minimum of excess air and acceptable exhaust
gases. The control system must therefore measure the flow rates of fuel oil
and air in order to correctly regulate their proportions.

A combustion control system capable of accepting rapid load changes.

 Two control elements are used, 'steam flow' and 'steam pressure'. The
steam pressure signal is fed to a two-term controller and is compared with
the desired value. Any deviation results in a signal to the summing relay.

The steam flow signal is also fed into the summing relay. The summing relay
which may add or subtract the input signals provides an output which
represents the fuel input requirements of the boiler. This output becomes a
variable desired value signal to the two-term controllers in the fuel control
and combustion air control loops.

A high or low signal selector is present to ensure that when a load change
occurs the combustion air flow is always in excess of the fuel requirements.
This prevents poor combustion and black smokey exhaust gases. If the
master signal is for an increase in steam flow, then when it is fed to the low
signal selector it is blocked since it is the higher input value.

Oil Purifier has been so far the most important marine auxiliary machine and has played
the role of purifying the fuel oil and lubricating oil of main engines and generators.
By the way, when we consider the condition of oil to be treated by Oil Purifier, we find that
the content of demand for recent petroleum products is greatly changing.
In order to cope with this situation, it is the present codition that we have made best
efforts for improvement and betterment of petroleum refinery technique and consequently
a deterioration of heavy fuel oil used in vessels has been brought about.
Giving an example of the main things of the deterioration of heavy fuel oil, the followings
are cited;
1: Increased viscosity (maximum: 700 cSt/50°C)
2: High density (the density of some heavy fuel oil exeeds 1.0g/l)
3: High concentration sludge
4: Mixing of FCC catalyst
In consideration of these conditions, not to mention betterment of Oil Purifier, the
developement of heavy fuel oil treating dystem based on the new idea combining various
systems including the Oil Purifier is urgently needed.
On the one hand, regarding the lubricationg oil, with the change of quality of fuel oil and
increased output of main engine, a further superior detergency and oxidation stability are
demanded and as a result of this, various additives are developed and used.
Moreover, in order to improve an economy in connection with shipping service, a shipping
service by small number persons as represented by pioneership is now becoming a
mainstream.
Judging from this point of view, a further improved reliability and labor saving of
maintenance work are strongly demanded.
As mentioned in the above, the environment surrounding Oil Purifier is getting more harsh
in comparisons with the former times. However, among various countermeasures now
being taken to these problems, as the system which we are now developing is considered
to display a great power in improving the reliability and the labor saving of the inside work
in vessels, we would like to present to you our new system 'The Oil Purifier Sludge
Discharge Intaval Automatic Setting System'.