FABRIC FORMING: Fabrics are used at various places for different end uses The most commortly This includes under-garments and ouler wears Generally, under-garments are knitted fabrics ‘and outer wears like trousers, shirts elc are ‘woven fabrics T shirts are again knitted fabrics. Besides, woven and knitted fabrics, there ate other ways to produce fabrics, In hotels we find disposal handkerchives. These are nol woven or knitted. No yarn is used to produce these types of fabrics. These are directly ‘rade from short fibres, available from wood pulp. These fabrics are called as ‘nonwovens ‘Yet another ons of textile are called as “praids'. The process is called as ‘braiding process’. In this the products are made by twisting the yarns among each other. The examples of such products are shoe laces, wicks used in Janterns etc. Some natural fibres, Gxampies Pais eg. Wool, can intermingle among each other to give sol’ MS If this is done systematically using agitation, pressure, beating ec, these fibres can be converted into thin sheet. This textile product is called ‘felt. Now. the non-felting fibres like cotton, aesee. polyester etc. can be used for felts by using a special needle ‘punching machine This gives us felts from these fibres. But instead of felt fabrics made from non-felting fibres: are termed as non-wovens. There are fabrics, ‘which are used for protection against rain. Rain coats etc. are example of such type of fabrics. ‘Most commonly, these are made froin polymers. Polymers are converted into thin sheets, insead of fibre or yarns. This process ~ A ealled as resin compounding. Thus, we get products like raincoats, protective plastic. sheets etc. 1 known end use is clothing Le. apparel wear. From this discussion we can we can classify the methads of fabric forming 2s follows: 1) Methods which use yarn a) Weaving, b) Knitting & c) Bra 2) Methods which used fibres a) Felting, b) Non-wovens & ¢) Resin compoundingLet us discuss these methods briefly “ fade {o interlace into each other feaving: In this process two sets of yarns are m: Aree) means pass the threads of both series of threads under and over each other), This is carried out on a machine commonly known as ‘Loom’. The product of this, process is ‘woven fabric. Woven fabrics are most commonly used in apparel and damestic end uses Interlacement of warp and weft i Knitting: — There are two ways to produce knilted fabrics. In one many ends wound on beam are used to produce knitted fabrics, This process is called as ‘warp knitting’. In other method single thread from a package can be used to produce knilted fabric. This is similar to what the ladies do in their spare time and makes articles like caps. socks, swaiters etc. This process is called as ‘weft knitting’. On machines many packages are used simultaneously to achieve high production rate The knitted fabric is used commonly for under-garments, T shirts, ladies wear etc The yarn is covered into loops and they are intermeshed into each other to get knitted fabric. Intermeshing of loopsa ten : Braap In this process many single, double or plied yarns are interlwistec There ereiwo yes ofbrelds, a), Bosna hake b) Flat braids. ‘ound braids are used in application like cords, ropes, nets etc., whereas the Mlat braids are used as wicks and narrow fabrics. 4. Felting: —_ Fibres like wool have typical surface structure. Fibres have scales 09 the surface. Therefore, wool fibres have start getting entangled among each other by beating, agitation etc. This can be done systematically to get felts of wool, Some other animal fibres can be converted into felts. Felts have special uses. 5 Nonwovens: __ In this process the fibres of any kind are first made to form weo like structure. The thickness and weight per square meter (GSM) can be controlled ‘on web making machines. Afire web formation these fibres are locked into eacr other by various methods. In needle punching fibres are made to ehtangle. The fibres can be bound to each other by adhesive or thermally sensitive fibres or materials. All these methods will give different types of fabrics having different properties. Recently, such fabrics are reinforced by adding yarns or fabric into it ‘The product is ‘non-wovens’. These have special end uses. Most commonly nor wovens are used in ‘geotextiles’. Resin Compounding: _ There are polymers like Polyester, Nylon, Polypropylene, Polyethylene etc. From these thin films are produced. These are generally used as protective fabrics like raincoats, plastic sheets etc. There are many other (exlile products like ropes, cables, cords, hose pipes etc They may fall under any of abovementioned category. Besides this there are ‘composite structures. These are advanced structures, which make use of textile “and other malerials. These have special application in field of space R & D etcPROCESSES INVOLVED IN WEAVING: |n composite mill, spinning yarn on ring frame is last process of spinning section The a Fenita tae many deficiencies. One of the problem ee ring spun Yarn is the size of package. Ring bobbin can accommodate very smalll length of yarn, unsuitable {or warping and shuttleless weaving processes. Secondly, yarn has faults like thick, thin and weak places. The ‘objectionable faults’ may result in breakage al subsequent process or it may spoil fabric appearance. So it is not desired in the yarn. Again single yarns Tequite ‘preparation’ before it goes on loom as warp. Thus, before weaving there are Preparatory tpoceses through which yarn has to be passed These processes are as under 4. Winding: This is the first process in sequence. This process is used to make big Package like cone or cheese having Substantially long length of yarn by joining yarns from many ring bobbins. The yams can be joined by knotting or splicing During this Pr inte ound Of cones and the objectionable faulls are also removed. ‘The rerroval 8 Of faults is achieved through sensors. Winding machine can make the packages with more or less. hardness The Packages, which have less hardness is called ‘soft. build’ 2. Warping: Fabric has certain number of threads direction. it has certain width too. Dependin, threads adjacent to each other and placed parallel on a suilatle package. This is done in warping process. Many cones or cheeses are arranged in creel and the aera Collectively wound on beam keeping them parallel to each other The Product is ‘warpers’ beam, Per unit distance in logitudinal 9 on these we have to collect many 3. Sizing: Single and very fine double and bad quality of fabric Therefore, yarn is sized in ‘sizing WMeavable wearable during weaving with minimum troake For this yarn Consisting of ‘adhesive’ and other ingredients, together and imparts abrasion fesistance and more si hairiness. Thus, yarn is made weavable’ 19 process to make it 's passed thrugh size Adhesive binds the fibres length while reducing the 4 Drawing-in: Weaving requires, shedding and beating to be done. necessary to bring the interlacement of warp and wett i frulted to press picks in cloth to lake form of fabric. Shedding is The beating of weft is To accomplish this ware. atfached {0 beam in appropriate manner, which facilitate: product is ‘drawn beams’.5. Pirn Winding: There are looms with shuttle and without shuttle. Shuttle ts used to lay the picks in the shed formed by seperating warp threads in two layers. This requires yarn (wefl) to wind on small wooden or plastic tubes called ‘pis’ These pins take small amount of weft wound on it in the shuttle. The shuttle is then reciprocated on loom for weft insertion. Thus, pimn winding process is used to make pirns with weft to fit into shuttles. 6 Weaving: This the last process in sequence where draw beams carrying Warp threads and weft in form of pirns or cones (in case of shultleless looms) combine together by interlacement and are converted into fabric, in all process it is important to control quality, productivity, waste and consumption of spare parts to make the processes commercially effective. if Process Flow Charts In above discussion, we learnt about very basic processes essential to produce fabric. There are two other processes which require to produce fabrics with coloured threads. We know about striped, checked fabrics and denim. In stripes and checks coloured ends are used as per the pattern required. In Denim fabric all threads in warp Girection are of one colour e.g, blue and weft is without any colour (gray). These fabrics requiring colouring of threads make use of two more processes called — a) Package dyeing and b) Beam dyeing. For stripes and checks package dyeing is required is used. Today, the waip can be coloured in a dyeing-cum-sizing machine too. We can make the process charts for different types of fabrics as follows Grey fabric: Both warp and weft is of natural colour. Warp preparation involves. Winding— Warping —>Sizing —> Drawing-in Weft preparation involves Winding —>Pirn winding— Final stage is weaving Warp Stripe fabrics: Two or more colours in warp direction Warp preparation involves Winding —>Cone dyeing —> Warping —+Sizing —-Drawing-in Well preparation involves Winding —Pirn winding — Final stage is weaving Well stripe fabrics: Two or more colours in well direction. Warp preparation involves Winding > Warping—> Sizing —> Drawing-in Welt preparation involves Winding —> Cone dyeing—+Pirn winding—>Final stage is weavingCheck fabrics: one or more colours in warp and weft direction. Warp preparation involves Winding—> Cone dyeing —> Warping —> Sizing > Drawing-in Welt preparation involves F f Winding = —* Cone dyeing—* Pirn winding—+Final stage is weaving Monocoloured fabrics: Warp is of one colour and welt is of grey colour. Warp preparation involves 4 Winding» Warpings Beam dyeing —+ Sizing —» Drawing-in Weft preparation involves Winding —> Pirn winding > Final stage is weaving Coloured fabi ric having weft and warp colour sam: Warp prepar: volves, Winding —+ Warping —+ Beam dyeing—+ SizingDrawing-in Welt preparation involves Winding —* Cone dyeing —> Pim winding —> Final stage is weaving®) on ine FAs OF ragaie FoRMING 4d A@0u7 InDU STR> ice ellen tesa Vasant and engineering are _ tee ortecsional branches | wahteh have) Comey comsidered cu Preshacons beefecsions. the sdefis shdenta in high schess jOre inclined +e tebe Wp science ahidies amd them chorse me Abave- mentioned) Uibeenchae Gaus there byenchaa Sainte has many AP tenet orens/ fields te corte Smee lact few years, Frdva witnessed coneideratle Imewsase in néio empincering _feilde amd the inereaie: Tr late cducahonal neti bites cAfeaing courses > various emaiosering dare and diplema._ Previewsly, peaple thon geet oly bow neem Gouveea Mike Mechanical, Civil and Bleehicat Gradually, Whe number ef emaineers in there Liclde jncveasead, and Were teas ssahaadion. Alf the, ~Jethenic, computer, tootiles and inwm aban teahnileyy became pepulen,, to The backbone et Sediq ecomemy is © Tentile Snducalal ‘fed, fe man yerrs Shdeds were no seh: vot conversant ait hic emaineeai leranch. ‘The Ym portance Lh testiles wer mot Knom te fle” poeple. they belreved Wad teetles ase ey & appar! ana deomeatic use BR NEP NSE “tat ee yenen, “ite: “tentilée’ Lave “tuted almest ty al) fields. er Apa pom appar) 4 dameshe tenbles, terHes a useds ap Parchenal -babses tm woany plates. Rv eramples. tertiles wae used in contin Hons¢ Read, dams, embankments rai dyads , brie! S), Adomoble a wiculfure, led Nec Sepiemtess prtecton © space, wo lihasg , Se te eemed, shes, marine ses 5 £0 on and Se elo. oa will be oa omy Nish af tertle uses unity lakhs of end uses. Kecotly, cribcal user like on Ketel Laman Wraans are made feam tostiles. Space cui i B, Pre pref mesd- and bulle Pabsri att slate ene ae = cea Shere. _teetiles are erlen sel used is _—_— a oi3 BAS te Selt eme. Should understand that jhe stedics ef tertles ard tk manufachal hha be come ane of He most jmpmbant technicad bench. the Tere branch ean wt be under es Bymated compared fo other eralneeni Branches. This ecleretes ta- chihu er tatile t&chnilosreb. & te top. 3m Prgeiny paregeph many arent om fated Bie antler Srl, Nery brejuentiy new uses and Suileble tentile praucts | ore beeing cteweloped RESH AU MEaNl bred wet a FeV ioeael wees Axwuaben fryemtect 3, SOME cases even mata he ay veplaced oy tentile Son peciie Mavlicl, ance ibabpey br peti x Nature ef textile induitsy in £nd Tn Tndiqg tentile carsied ot fn many Ladi fterod Ways. Depending 27 te technslagy used, volume sf preductitm, rao material Used amd fmol product, textile Indushy im Endia has many focete Bo) Hendiww _Secter: Since leony mae. different pois 4 Trdia, handlooms are woking te Tpzeduce any vaviches of febics, During Boftch! swe thee. were highly skilled isan, Kho produced very ne j{abeics eee on hondlowm. nufacturing achvitics are Beem after intesduction powexlowms and large fachries it ynachines to produce fabric, andlowms and weovers ectated with it were prstected ey aS Oo, The Umermpley rent: wt present, the fabric or Bos Beare ey ogee nd the: Sadly Bes serene Eonar stevia” ceforts bandlvom wom | falter Suet ae ove als bs The handleem acchw eonjons:protection ip ee of weseaved fal ic varieties om otter fmoneial incentives cance ssi ons- There are mony towns and villages im all ms Qndia where handlevms are eerie clas Glia 2 ts being Behr erlarice asset sik. man an se sarees ore .genegadly.. waren om regs theca, fee, hee, his homdleoms Qyane _ leo and 2 fit lem. Jn ee dla. eee fe he eres -—- many; clereleprnents have duke lace. One of He wmanufochira lave cleveleped rand [em medd rsith cess: [eahures gimilay 1 powerleom . Bfety aes operated mnanuclly, withewd use _ pewer. The lewm is datyen bb, pedal’ operated drive as if ts dome in bicycle 2 Decemtroliced ealowm seetor: Tn Indic 4 peweal: were besught by ISvitich. larga gcole mille were started ith the _ belp ef selected wich emtssprencurs To cilia a Bomb CMumbaid Pimesclabad elt [fot , Late Shai Pee oe < Beaugit tee fyenleoons i and «he ces Paes “ction pewcakoms , laying the fourdation elecemfrelised power luvm sector. Gradually, Poelitogi, om these Small emtmprencunchlp grew ard. in eitics and toons Sndta syd} themselves in frowerlowms wemiben afBis es te rie ach~i by emtmpreneuss verthered fy emall gcale units of warping: and dizing. This 1s ecessary fo make beams required ; eeving unit. | Purthe value addition by ie the ar fabric cons ealeme yas atop up gall sede protesting ae tn these ate vin ae a wail, Tent e ih, th onde Merch ts best lerkoun and climate for eottm will were chesem mpasite mille. Tumba: hod cere site wills. Them the yoslls were ep file Trhmedabad:, Koimbatere, 9 Jrdia _ thers ere. piccleee l= pales, ee a a Fen 2 Bed patios in dam of te epin yaam. This yaum is Beebe in same frehrys Th has enh, alse, tp trest tle fabric dye pant amy finish for x there wills were af fm geale. Roth are chancterisd inttemsive. dtundreds ef sachinthese vnille- md few thensand of people wos, Im ; Fn es of ucton ts wamy ce ‘Th evefert} thewe te benefit of macs praduction vu these Ns, Se lost decade dm clue te many Internal an Gitennol aeasore yey voile afsred clauines Qe 4 Tho tmpeartoml fact “for tis ts lack, evn Oe eee mee mere eee ew 4 Kytttiny Se ctur: ; Vee! power lum sector astorted ot Pohalkura ut’ , the email emtrapreneurs inetulled Ianithiny roachi te panduce fabrics and socks Te This. es athea this “act tow eo wore (eu benizans, etter undey gartn| Sinise ip sloaitsia #9 eens. To PAE Leunty, By satin si fo a prmined” ee fee igi ited iy wafics THES vrei, Sis Knitted fubfe was reserved for dustry. Small much Sechy sleveleped Sy ccldem. dog ond jRoduction = amall Scale scale indushy “could not offen medeanisahion in ithe blainnin the exports ef Knittesl emtia prencure Sel ap the machines whch Recently, the B Seale Mducty, 5} 15 Bheemringe fly fon Greduaily, os pads inGreaped fer Roi tbing umits with an cosy, Bi ern my emt epemed thes ae had 4 sechy fx Wis w03)) lava mille oe Setting wo med BEES machines te add value Si ‘te final product an Pla y bof Peter low, more Femandde cembrlised mmanufactubing - in yecpechve Pe ckets Be aie Fie eee enite kode ee eee lag bin cites Wke Mumba, Keimbatere oe: the cest of Laenspert ate wes tocunred by them TRIS wesulteal pecuction fe small uni in increased cast em frepreneurs established To solve this problem many small scale _epinning amills in and aeaind the poveaoms endfor knitting titics and downs where machines were _concemtyated. This eae birth te ancter goehle _ moana fastories __te. Spinning as ane a seers onl ee 7 ooh: gu co eee cliver is oisowe “the production spinning oils spinnin mills local amd trtomational demand. Than: dhese — Shinning units are lay Snpord Oriented nits CEOUs) . Bute Secter:- ss many poor bectore independance gn, caitom cointeyy Tte Bal culhy chelanewe ae peaied (ero oer! rites Aue. mille = yte-mmill eee Berge! is pasion es eo eee ee; 4 pte and Ate om Ihe al Atide the foaming of I ain Sndra and. eash paktutin, presently, angle ded, Seen See a hassi i the eure, Gt eH of MegRihoy vnixth eins eee mally, in Sndita and China, silk 7am lS psduced from: sbedal werms. 4n one « op tte life cycle sf these inccets they He 1 SII filamemts and weep if aneund themselves. This O colnwous filamemd of length ran ing ct a A al le Se = z | PB i mctens te isco mdors, “aipbed lk ween give large length filaments. Thus, the Bee alana ai. fees cle flawmewt* fly ann made iPass task cro Ly aatfrcied killin tao kids) Sikes ScAcosmen The. flarentis cilk are yeund in form ef hanks pat, Them tte packages are made frm hanks, Weslen Products:. eo Howth) “Jaras 2? Sectey fn prducing — tectile products j PaO mateo) hey been eciablithed eince mon cars. The precluchs Vike © Sarpets, bunkets | avis, ewaiters ete | ove betas frrdvced fer | — sensumption as wall os eapots4. Man-made fre. and Many — develoy mente fs if. Man-made fies, z Ferma fibres ill col 3 lather half! pat of Hibree i “ay nthe? are Tees research and |p synthebial We ave Gawore dares + dt the! are in Invented , Polyecten, Nylon, Poly prspyleme , ee ofibetcc gird! yarns aves manufac! ek lace sfost witty elnce dhe inventor cellulesic Ray ms ninteeth centuy the Some, these Poly etheleme fc. many vavities now prduced . Reliance, producing eg like: tte buicvess filemed fibres, zoams and staple spbthelc fibres ede aemnend Manu factiet ef polyesters nylon. ete. Todey, almost ote on Bi a ~eeoreten vis < pov wi fesse eee eerie Whe Tndian youth, ts duel” accepting Pe ) weedy made end ihead ee sordine ee This hos veswtecl th Geamemt seetoy. There are | many end Mae eienst ot: uni atl aver Cowshy wth medern machin This indus Uses weven a kritted -faliic os Aa material. Meany Kinds drees matericls and modeupe are prduced this industry Recentty, the erefporte is on increase of read made Govned I fextile Machingey ards, Boe The manufachaing dep te bl aah Tassel - < machin cay, 12 carical adat tuo, acffeed levels. Thee ox Some freien | peduce trachiney fr varfons compantes , which preces. In ee cases f atte Ray Sa with — keres com pant. This is called ae Cellaheration. Apart fre “machines man. m pangs “a small, are en in preditcing _ co — mills. Gndian com panhet manuf B. nen even mann facturing Unihses Ney leit i heas —years abe3d 41 companics have sfasicall fhe v Dmamufwcbuaing of nam-ureven fibvics. Dy Palin <2 of non-woven is nel se large. Bat, in Spe Yea hy tnevesee Me rien sore fabric are Used for special uses. Apert from ott Hits, there are many other tertile prducts like vets, feopes, bewlels and _ Some special Ttems ‘ KK Applications Ter tiles: i The dertilas Can’ be cleccifed in may diff. on". Arceomsling fe waw matewol use:- Depun veteg on the material CHbre) use fo _ predure tte fabsic Ste can sy it is ‘veoHom fabric, tes] ite. _ ft Accord i ees Mee- Wave, Knitted fabwenss pe Aeemtin tte ‘endure Ay enample ao -—suitiey , bed sheats. ele ane : There Ss ho standard classification of fabrics felis. ond cli, tertle ptoducts are fered uses. Bomily toe Bisbecs ico ee BPonestic., and ad furnctiomal,Pi " Tisai 1 | 1. Appere) fabrics: | ave sively, vicd fb make ete. cute Wears an anden * nots us) by feces eeieeie a ewees '‘hymans. Be eeanles are) suring , sulling, Saves, coe ce Dhety, furben, Gamtyan, Dress materials ef | Fes these fabrics eemfert, attrachve ness, drape er arc the tm portant prepertics . a. Dmeshe fabrics’. are o3 f used, fe, house hold user. Sromplea arti Meds,” eurtoine, Fubleclots Sofa cavers, cleanin'g ‘hr maps, caypets, blankehs , mattress Mle ceding work, te labae hpr > a) Preduction 9 Plannin » ™anagem ent’. Aservtent : D Resear 2 Develprmend ascittart ioe 2. Te destivg, —C Selec 4 purchorel) D Decentralised Sector, | » D Unit _ man Bask ¥ =D Prvduchion Ae : Ea : combaol. = Sdea ic purchaneMe <\ Cemice, 5, inee jectee a iselete! ASD Tertile machin . ; — — nn fe seer —) Service cree BN aahiinel suey ey ay Masker ina ades Gp meract Ranafichuing — 9) Prduchen D Merchandiser 2 Ruslity Con bo | aS. Pie sales noon 2 Mb at's Me dunt teen erm 6 es fai menu foctng held dike Ee pinning | > Weaving, Knitting , mun- Wovens , | ams ster tentile: teehnologtet can be eomplayed | for diverne sequie ments Mere avenues unl po ond tf me ‘fe ie bake edueahion tn J aq above TF the techrrctam has embreprencualhi pb aiewded on he eam start his oy Manafachien Bet The eee | GaallaWe are Weaving Clim sha) Knitting | essing Spar paris, Sey tr, Ove. con word ae heelance desrynen ho . Tr by. Organisation there ic typical agprisation | Bip Meer, deprecated as | under Preside | 4p | ‘ icon Manage Perchase Manape Sates donege f +t Poecutive eer , abl Anchors . es