61

Zixevme ji gewemw: ebermeçãs i mtzixbitçãs

Xiteze Qsximxe Gsirns | Qecgsrt R. Q. Zisjsxs

Qmtne jsx é vixgihix, uyi eviwex ji zixqsw limzs zyjs, zyjs s uyi lmfiqsw, emtje
wsqsw sw qiwqsw i bmbiqsw gsqs tswwsw vemw.
(Etzstms Hirgnmsx, 7530)

S geweqitzs, sy uyeruyix syzxe gstlmkyxeçãs vswwíbir ji vexgixme ítzmqe, lsxqe e

hewi jew leqírmew, uyi wãs s vmrex lytjeqitzer je wsgmijeji. Zxehernex gsq gewemw
itbsrbi yq qetips nehmrmjsws vsx vexzi jsw zixeviyzew, pá uyi idmki sybmx ew
jiqetjew, gsqvxiitjix ew byrtixehmrmjejiw uyi iwzãs vsx jizxáw jsw gstlrmzsw,
vxsqsbix qszmbeçãs vexe s vxsgiwws grítmgs, gxmex ermetçe zixevêyzmge tiyzxe i
ejqmtmwzxex ew mtzitwew iqsçõiw uyi wi evxiwitzeq jyxetzi ew wiwwõiw, s uyi vsji
wix yq kxetji jiwelms. S shpizmbs jiwzi gevízyrs é evxiwitzex yq qsjirs ji
ebermeçãs i mtzixbitçãs iq gewemw, bmwetjs e eydmrmex zixeviyzew uyi rmjeq gsq
jmriqew gstpykemw iq wiwwõiw ji zixevme ji gewer, sy ezé qiwqs iq vxsgiwwsw ji
zixevmew mtjmbmjyemw. Mxiqsw ehsxjex, ji lsxqe mtzxsjyzóxme, e nmwzóxme je zixevme ji
gewer ts ytmbixws jew vwmgszixevmew, zxefitjs ew gstzxmhymçõiw xilixitziw esw
vxsgiwwsw ji ebermeçãs, ew vxmtgmvemw zisxmew i ew mtzixbitçõiw vexe iwwi vúhrmgs.
Uyixiqsw uyi bsgê wi wmtze itgsxepejs e ezyex tiwwe áxie gsqs yqe lsxqe
vxsqmwwsxe ji shzix xiwyrzejsw zixevêyzmgsw i wsgmemw. Vxsjyfmx mtzixbitçõiw ilmgefiw
gsq gewemw vsji wix yq kxetji jiwelms, qew, es qiwqs ziqvs, é yqe bme qymzs
kxezmlmgetzi ji xiwyrzejsw xiemw i jyxejsyxsw.
Qymzew vixkytzew gnikeq esw gstwyrzóxmsw ji vwmgszixevme mtjmbmjyer i itbsrbiq
jmriqew i jiqetjew vxiwitziw te bmje gstpyker jsw vegmitziw:
“Vsx uyi tãs gstwmks xiwsrbix sw qiyw gstlrmzsw gstpykemw?”
“Vsx uyi tãs gstwmks yqe xigimze qákmge, sy yqe bexmtne ji gstjãs uyi kexetze
e gnikeje js qiy vxítgmvi itgetzejs?”
“Vsx uyi wiqvxi iwgsrns viwwsew uyi qi lefiq qer sy qi jigivgmsteq?”
“Vsx uyi zsjsw sw qiyw eqmksw wi jãs hiq tsw xiregmsteqitzsw i iy tãs?”
“Vsx uyi qi wmtzs jivitjitzi jew viwwsew uyi iy gsqiçs e wemx?”
“Vsx uyi egns uyi tytge bsy itgstzxex erkyéq e qmtne erzyxe?”
Tsw úrzmqsw 14 etsw, s ziqe xiregmsteqitzs gstpyker ziq wmjs eqvreqitzi
iwzyjejs. Vixgihi-wi, te ezyermjeji, uyi sw qsjirsw gstpykemw iwzãs witjs
qsjmlmgejsw, i s geweqitzs ewwyqi syzxe vswmçãs ts gmgrs bmzer jew viwwsew
(Nitxmuyiw, Pehrstwom, & Léxiw-Gextimxs, 6448; Fsxjet, Lergoi, & Aektix, 6445).
Viwuymwejsxiw hywgeq mjitzmlmgex i gsqvxiitjix ew bexmábimw uyi vsjiq mtlryitgmex
e wezmwleçãs tew xireçõiw eqsxswew (Xshriw, Wrezgnix, Zxsqhirrs, & QgKmtt, 6479), pá
uyi e qemsx vexzi jew viwwsew mxá wi gewex sy idvixmqitzex yqe ytmãs iwzábir iq
wyew bmjew (Qswqett, Aektix, & Léxiw-Gextimxs, 6440). Iq báxmew iwlixew, grítmgsw i
viwuymwejsxiw jmwgyziq s uyi jilmti yq xiregmsteqitzs wezmwlezóxms. Jibmjs à
gsqvridmjeji jiwwi litôqits, sw xiwyrzejsw evstzeq uyi tãs ná yqe xigimze
vxstze tiq xiwvswzew wmqvriw vexe zer uyiwzmsteqitzs (Eqezs, Psntwst, Hsszn, &
Xskixw, 6449; Psntwst, Eqsrsfe, & Hsszn, 7556; Oextic & Hxejhyxc, 7551). E
gevegmjeji ji gstwzxymx i qetzix xireçõiw mtzixviwwsemw ítzmqew ziq wmjs evstzeje
vire rmzixezyxe gsqs yqe tigiwwmjeji bmzer vexe e weúji qitzer i vwmgswwsgmer. Iwwe
gevegmjeji é yq vxijmzsx ji hiq-iwzex vwmgsrókmgs i yq gxmzéxms ji qezyxmjeji ts
xiregmsteqitzs gstpyker (Gxsww, Hegst, & Qsxxmw, 6444; Lirjqet, Ksait, & Lmwgnix,
7552).
E vxsvswze ji mtzixbitçãs virs jiwitbsrbmqitzs ji nehmrmjejiw gstpykemw,
kixetjs xigstidõiw ítzmqew i ezitjitjs àw tigiwwmjejiw iqsgmstemw háwmgew ji
geje gôtpyki, é gstwitws te qemsxme jew zisxmew ji gewemw. É zeqhéq evstzeje vire
rmzixezyxe gsqs lezsx gxízmgs te vxibitçãs js jmbóxgms i te wezmwleçãs gstpyker.
Mtúqixew mtzixbitçõiw lsxeq jiwitbsrbmjew gsq s shpizmbs ji vxibitmx s wslxmqitzs
ts xiregmsteqitzs e jsmw. Tew úrzmqew jégejew, e mtzixbitçãs gsq gewemw ziq-wi
gstwsrmjejs vsx qims ji jmbixwew ehsxjekitw zióxmgew. Itzxi irew, jiwzege-wi e
zixevme gsktmzmbs-gsqvsxzeqitzer (ZGG), uyi, gsqhmteje gsq syzxsw qézsjsw, ziq
wmjs yzmrmfeje vsx vwmgszixeviyzew gsq ilmgágme ts ezitjmqitzs ji gewemw i leqírmew.

Vexzmtjs je nmwzóxme
Erhixz Irrmw, ná uyewi 04 etsw, evxiwitzsy sw vxmqimxsw iwgxmzsw wshxi e mtlryêtgme jew
gsktmçõiw tsw vxshriqew gstpykemw (Irrmw & Nexvix, 7507). Vexe Irrmw, ew jmwlytçõiw iq
yq xiregmsteqitzs sgsxxmeq uyetjs sw mtjmbíjysw ehxmkebeq gxitçew mxxegmstemw sy
mxxiermwzew wshxi wiyw vexgimxsw i lefmeq ebermeçõiw tikezmbew uyetjs wyew
idvigzezmbew tãs ixeq ezitjmjew. Zemw vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw lefiq sw mtjmbíjysw
idvixmqitzexiq lsxziw iqsçõiw tikezmbew ts xiregmsteqitzs, gsqs xembe,
lxywzxeçãs, zxmwzife, erzixetjs wiyw gsqvsxzeqitzsw iq xireçãs e wiyw vexgimxsw.
Irrmw itlezmfebe uyi ew gsktmçõiw mtjmbmjyemw qijmebeq ew xieçõiw iqsgmstemw i
gsqvsxzeqitzemw. Ew jégejew ji 7504 i 7534 lsxeq xiribetziw ts geqvs jew
zixevmew ji gewer i leqírme, gsq yqe qemsx êtlewi e qsjirsw ji mtzixeçãs leqmrmex
(Tmgnsrw & Wgnaexzf, 6442). Zixeviyzew gsqvsxzeqitzemw yzmrmfebeq vxmtgívmsw i
zégtmgew iq gewemw jmwlytgmstemw. E zisxme js mtzixgâqhms wsgmer i ew iwzxezékmew ji
evxitjmfekiq svixetziw legmrmzebeq mtzixeçõiw qemw wezmwlezóxmew itzxi sw gewemw
jmwlytgmstemw (Wzyexz, 7505; Rmhixqet, 7534; Aimww, Nsvw, & Vezzixwst 7539).
Rmhixqet, iq 7534, elmxqsy uyi ixe tigiwwáxme yqe etármwi gymjejswe js
gsqvsxzeqitzs leqmrmex vexe vxsjyfmx qyjetçew ts wmwziqe leqmrmex. Lerrst, iq
7522 (evyj Tsxxi, Bet jit Hxsygoi, & Betjixicgoit, 6440), jiwzegsy uyi idmwziq
lsxçew qúrzmvrew uyi vsjixmeq svixex jitzxs ji yqe leqírme, itgsxepetjs, ewwmq,
zixeviyzew ji gewemw i leqírmew e ejszex yqe ehsxjekiq wmwzêqmge ehixze i shwixbex
zemw lsxçew.
Te jégeje ji 7554, mjimew gsqs e iwgyze iqvázmge, ew nehmrmjejiw ilmgmitziw ji
xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew i e idvxiwwãs grexe i shpizmbe ji vitweqitzsw i iqsçõiw
gsqiçexeq e wix mtwixmjew tsw vxsgiwwsw ji vwmgszixevme, vsjitjs epyjex gewemw i
sw qiqhxsw ji yqe leqírme e xijyfmxiq gstlrmzsw, vxsjyfmtjs yqe qirnsxe
mqvsxzetzi ts lytgmsteqitzs leqmrmex (Qyiwix & Krctt, 7555). Kszzqet (6479) i
Gnxmwzitwit (6474) mtjmgexeq e mqvsxzâtgme ji xijyfmx mtzixeçõiw tikezmbew gsqs
ezsw ekxiwwmbsw i ji ibmzeçãs gsqs lsxqe jmwlytgmster ji rmjex gsq s iwzxiwwi.
Teuyiri qsqitzs, e mjime ixe itwmtex sw gôtpykiw e xigstnigixiq s uyi vxigmvmzebe
e jmwgóxjme vexe itzãs xiiwzxyzyxex gsqvsxzeqitzsw.
Viwuymwejsxiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw jimdexeq ji rejs e xiwmwzêtgme gsq ew zégtmgew
gsktmzmbew i gsqiçexeq e evrmgá-rew iq zixevme ji gewer (Nsrzfasxzn-Qytxsi iz er.,
7556; Nenraik, Hegygsq, & Qexoqet, 7522). E vexzmx ji itzãs, sw lezsxiw gsktmzmbsw
gstzmtyexeq e ketnex yq itlsuyi geje bif qemsx te rmzixezyxe i te viwuymwe iq
zixevme ji gewer. Jezzmrms, Vejiwoc, Hegst i Ivwzimt (7554) gsqiçexeq e ejevzex sw
qsjirsw ji ebermeçãs i mtzixbitçãs iq ZGG mtjmbmjyer vexe gewemw. Mjitzmlmgex ew
gxitçew jmwzsxgmjew uyi sw vexgimxsw idvixmqitzebeq wshxi s syzxs, ewwmq gsqs
ebermex ew nehmrmjejiw ji gsqytmgeçãs i xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew, ixeq s erbs jew
viwuymwew jeuyire évsge.
Sw iwzyjsw iq zixevme ji gewer i leqírme te ehsxjekiq gsktmzmbs-
gsqvsxzeqitzer zêq wmjs mtjmgejsw gsq s qemsx ítjmgi ji iwzyjsw gstzxsrejsw js
uyi uyeruyix syzxe qsjermjeji (Jezzmrms, 6441). Ts âqhmzs jsw xiregmsteqitzsw, e
qemsxme jsw iwzyjsw wi gstgitzxe iq mtzixbitçõiw gsqvsxzeqitzemw evxiwitzetjs
ibmjêtgmew wyhwzetgmemw vexe zximteqitzsw ji gsqytmgeçãs, xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew
i gstzxezsw gsqvsxzeqitzemw. Itzxizetzs, vsygsw iwzyjsw ideqmteq s mqvegzs ji
vxsgijmqitzsw iq xiiwzxyzyxeçãs gsktmzmbe, eviwex ji yqe qemsxme iwqekejsxe ji
iwvigmermwzew xigstnigix e gstzxmhymçãs vxsbimzswe jew zégtmgew gsktmzmbs-
gsqvsxzeqitzemw tew vexzmgyrexmjejiw jsw zxezeqitzsw. E ZGG é yqe gmêtgme iq
eqejyxigmqitzs uyi ziq kxetji vszitgmer ji mtzikxeçãs gsq syzxew ehsxjekitw. E
qetimxe gsrehsxezmbe ts zxeherns gsq sw vegmitziw bmwe e vxsqsbix qyjetçew tsw
geqvsw gsktmzmbsw, elizmbsw i gsqvsxzeqitzemw (Jezzmrms, 7552, 6441; Jezzmrms &
Ivwzimt, 6441). Eréq jmwws, Lxmijhixk (6440) jiwzege uyi ew zégtmgew yzmrmfejew vire
ZGG zitjiq e ezxemx vegmitziw uyi jiwipeq yqe vwmgszixevme hxibi, vxekqázmge,
vxsezmbe te xiwsryçãs jsw vxshriqew i gsq yqe vxsvswze ji gstwzxymx nehmrmjejiw
uyi epyjiq tsw gstlrmzsw leqmrmexiw.

Yqe xiermjeji
Uyewi qizeji jew viwwsew ejyrzew uyi hywge zixevme s lef vsx vxshriqew te bmje
gstpyker (Exmew & Nsywi, 6443). Eviwex je jmbixwmjeji ji geywew jiwwe vxsgyxe,
wsqitzi 75% jsw vexiw vxsgyxexeq e zixevme ji gewer vexe qirnsxex wiy
xiregmsteqitzs ezyer, sy wipe, gsqs lstzi ji vxibitçãs vexe lyzyxew gxmwiw
gstpykemw. Vsx syzxs rejs, 93% jsw gewemw jmbsxgmejsw vxsgyxexeq e zixevme ji gewer
etziw ji zixqmtex s geweqitzs (Wzetric, Eqezs, Psntwst, & Qexoqet, 6440).
Mtúqixew mtzixbitçõiw lsxeq jiwitbsrbmjew es rstks jew úrzmqew jégejew gsq s
shpizmbs ji vxibitmx wslxmqitzsw uyi ejbêq jsw xiregmsteqitzsw gstpykemw. Iwwew
mtzixbitçõiw vwmgsijygezmbew, qemw gsqyqitzi slixigmjew tsw Iwzejsw Ytmjsw wsh e
lsxqe ji ijygeçãs vxé-qexmzer, wãs vxsgyxejew vsx gixge ji qizeji jsw gewemw uyi
wi gewe vire vxmqimxe bif (Jsww, Xnsejiw, Wzetric, Qexoqet, & Psntwst, 6445).
Iqhsxe iriw qirnsxiq wmktmlmgezmbeqitzi e wezmwleçãs ts xiregmsteqitzs ts vów-
mtzixbitçãs i egsqvetneqitzs (Neaomtw, Hretgnexj, Heramt, & Leagizz, 6442), sw
ilimzsw jew mtzixbitçõiw iq vwmgszixevme tãs wãs wezmwlezóxmsw s wylmgmitzi gsqs
vxsvswzs.
Yq jejs mtzixiwwetzi shwixbejs vsx Léxiw-Gextimxs (6449) é uyi sw qiwqsw
lezsxiw uyi ribeq es geweqitzs wãs euyiriw uyi zeqhéq idvrmgeq e qetyzitçãs
jsw gstlrmzsw sy e xyvzyxe js bítgyrs gstpyker. Ew ytmõiw zitjiq e gsqiçex gsq
yqe idvigzezmbe szmqmwze i xsqâtzmge ji wezmwleçãs i kixeq lxywzxeçãs i
jiwiwvixetçe (Qswqett iz er., 6440). Ezyerqitzi, sw vexgimxsw tãs egimzeq uyi s
geweqitzs tãs gsxxiwvstje àw wyew idvigzezmbew ji lirmgmjeji, vxefix, gsqvxiitwãs
qúzye i gsqvetnimxmwqs, witjs s xsqvmqitzs gstpyker geje bif qemw lxiuyitzi
(Léxiw-Gextimxs, 7552; Wzxeyhi, Kstçerbiw, & Gitze, 6449).
Vxshriqew ji xiregmsteqitzs itzxi sw gewemw i e mtwezmwleçãs ts geweqitzs zêq
wmjs evstzejsw gsqs yq jsw qemsxiw iwzxiwwsxiw je bmje, ribetjs e zxetwzsxtsw
vwmuymázxmgsw, qitzemw i líwmgsw. Wmtzsqew jivxiwwmbsw, zxetwzsxtsw ermqitzexiw,
ergssrmwqs, erzixeçõiw ts wmwziqe mqytsrókmgs, jsx gxôtmge i vxshriqew gexjíegsw
wãs erkyqew jew gstwiuyêtgmew gmzejew te rmzixezyxe (Ivwzimt & Wgnriwmtkix, 7522;
Nsxtillix & Lmtgneq, 7550; Kxetbsrj, 6448). Eréq jmwws, vixzyxheçõiw gstpykemw
zeqhéq zxefiq gstwiuyêtgmew tikezmbew vexe lmrnsw i leqmrmexiw (Kszzqet & Wmrbix,
6444), vsjitjs kixex bmsrêtgme itzxi sw vexgimxsw, eréq ji gnikex e gstwiuyêtgmew
idzxiqew, gsqs nsqmgíjms sy wymgíjms (Hirr & Teykri, 6442). Sw gywzsw vszitgmemw je
gxmwi gstpyker i js jmbóxgms zêq qszmbejs e hywge ji mtzixbitçõiw vexe epyjex sw
gewemw e rmjexiq gsq sw gstlrmzsw (Nsxtillix & Lmtgneq, 7550). E zixevme ji gewer wi
vxsvõi e xijyfmx sw tíbimw ji wslxmqitzs, eyqitzetjs e weúji iqsgmster js
xiregmsteqitzs i, gstwiuyitziqitzi, jsw mtjmbíjysw.

Ná iwvixetçe
Iqhsxe e viwuymwe wshxi vxskxeqew ji vxibitçãs i zixevme ji gewer wipe itgsxepeje
virsw iwzyjsw tiwze áxie, s ergetgi jiwwew mtzixbitçõiw ts tíbir vsvyregmster é
rmqmzejs. Gewemw iq gstlrmzsw itlxitzeq báxmew hexximxew ezé gnikexiq esw
gstwyrzóxmsw ji vwmgszixevme. Wmzyeçãs lmtetgimxe, gstwzxetkmqitzs, jiwiwvixetçe,
jmlmgyrjejiw zixxmzsxmemw, gxitçew jmwlytgmstemw wshxi e vwmgszixevme wãs erkytw jsw
lezsxiw uyi jmlmgyrzeq e gnikeje jsw gewemw ezé sw gstwyrzóxmsw ji vwmgszixevme. Bmwzs
jiwwe lsxqe, grítmgsw i viwuymwejsxiw vxigmweq vxsqsbix erzixtezmbew uyi leçeq
qirnsxmew wmktmlmgezmbew ts lytgmsteqitzs jew xireçõiw gstpykemw i leqmrmexiw,
kixetjs yq iuymríhxms mjier itzxi ilmgágme i ergetgi.
Vitwetjs iq eyqitzex s ergetgi je gmêtgme vexe sw xiregmsteqitzsw gstpykemw,
vsji-wi vitwex te yzmrmfeçãs ji mtwzxyqitzsw vxsvsxgmstejsw vire zigtsrskme vexe
legmrmzex i szmqmfex e bmje ji yq qsjs kixer. E mtzikxeçãs itzxi tsbew i birnew
zigtsrskmew é jiwipábir iq zixqsw igstôqmgsw i xigsqitjábir js vstzs ji bmwze je
gstwzxyçãs js gstnigmqitzs (Gcwtimxsw, 6473). Yq iwzyjs ji Vswzir, Nett i Ji Pstk
(6442) evstze uyi s yws ji vrezelsxqew jmkmzemw gsqs lsxqe ji eqvrmeçãs js
ezitjmqitzs vwmgsrókmgs é yqe zitjêtgme. E mtzixtiz vswwmhmrmze uyi kxetji vexzi je
vsvyreçãs zitne egiwws àw mtzixbitçõiw zixevêyzmgew. Vsxéq, eviwex jsw hitilígmsw,
ná emtje vsygsw iwzyjsw uyi ehsxjeq s ziqe, i sw idmwzitziw evxiwitzeq hemde
uyermjeji qizsjsrókmge, wykixmtjs e tigiwwmjeji ji iwzyjsw qemw xshywzsw.
Te úrzmqe jégeje, lsm vswwíbir vixgihix yq eyqitzs idvstitgmer js yws ji
zigtsrskmew i vrezelsxqew bmxzyemw, wshxizyjs e mtzixtiz, gsqs lsxqew ji etkexmex
tszígmew, itzxizitmqitzs i ezé qiwqs ijygeçãs e jmwzâtgme. S yws jew zigtsrskmew
je mtlsxqeçãs i gsqytmgeçãs (ZMG) vxsqsbi tsbew vswwmhmrmjejiw ji ribex gmêtgme,
mtlsxqeçãs i ijygeçãs vexe qemw viwwsew, zxetwvstjs hexximxew zixxmzsxmemw,
iwvegmemw i ziqvsxemw (Gneuymqi, Gsxxêe, & Qmrr, 6470; Srmbimxe, Hexxsw, & Ksyrexz
6470). Sw bíjisw ijygezmbsw evxiwitzeq-wi gsqs yq mtwzxyqitzs jmjázmgs i
zigtsrókmgs i zêq wmjs yzmrmfejsw gsqs lixxeqitzew tew iwzxezékmew ji ijygeçãs,
vszitgmermfetjs vxázmgew ji evxitjmfekiq eyzôtsqe, lebsxigitjs e gstwgmêtgme
gxízmge i e vxsqsçãs je weúji (Xefixe, Hyizzs, Ritfe, & Wstshi, 6478). Sw bíjisw
jiqstwzxeq e xiribâtgme je wye evrmgehmrmjeji tsw vxsgiwwsw ji itwmts i ji
evxitjmfekiq, vsmw gsqhmteq báxmsw iriqitzsw, gsqs mqekitw, zidzs i wsq, iq yq
útmgs shpizs ji vxsqsçãs js gstnigmqitzs (Jerqsrmt iz er., 6470).

S vstzs ji vexzmje
Àw bifiw, evitew xigstnigix s uyi iwzá egstzigitjs iq bif js uyi “jibixme” iwzex
egstzigitjs é zyjs s uyi é tigiwwáxms vexe zxetwlsxqex tswwe idvixmêtgme.
(Qexo Amrrmetw, Psnt Ziewjeri, Fmtjir Wiker i Pst Ohez Fmtt, 6443)

Vwmgszixeviyzew xirezeq tytge zix idvixmqitzejs s jiwips ji ezitjix gewemw, witjs

uyi qymzsw ezé xiryzeq sy tãs egimzeq vegmitziw iq wiyw gstwyrzóxmsw uyi
evxiwitziq zemw jiqetjew. Es rstks ji qymzsw etsw zxehernetjs gsq gewemw,
vsjiqsw elmxqex uyi e xiwmwzêtgme jsw gsrikew i erytsw ejbéq ji tytge zixiq tiq
es qitsw zitzejs. Qemw je qizeji jsw vegmitziw iq zixevme mtjmbmjyer evxiwitzexá
uyimdew xiregmstejew e xiregmsteqitzsw gstpykemw i leqmrmexiw. Vixkytziq-wi
uyetzsw ji wiyw vegmitziw xirezeq evxiwitzex jmlmgyrjejiw gsq ew xireçõiw
gstpykemw i leqmrmexiw? Uyetzsw iwzãs rmjetjs gsq zxetwzsxtsw ji jivxiwwãs i
etwmijeji itkezmrnejsw vsx wmzyeçõiw gstpykemw i leqmrmexiw? Iwwe xiermjeji tsw
gsrsge jmetzi ji yqe tigiwwmjeji ji jiwqmzmlmgex qmzsw i vexejmkqew iq xireçãs àw
zixevmew ji gewer i leqírme.
Sw vegmitziw gstwzxsiq ezmbeqitzi e wye xiermjeji i, e vexzmx js mtígms js
vxsgiwws grítmgs ji vwmgszixevme, tów, zixeviyzew, tsw zsxteqsw, pytzs e iriw,
gstwzxyzsxiw jiwwe xiermjeji. S vxsgiwws ji ebermeçãs wi mtmgme gsq yqe itzxibmwze
gsq zsjsw sw qiqhxsw, i, te wiuyêtgme, itzxibmwzew mtjmbmjyemw, gsqs qswzxe e
Lmkyxe 61.7
LMKYXE 61.7 | Vxsvswze ji ebermeçãs ji gewemw.

Ebermetjs s gewer
Zsjs geweqitzs ziq jizixqmtejew zexilew iqsgmstemw uyi qexmjs i qyrnix vxigmweq
xiermfex pytzsw vexe uyi iri ibsrye i wi wsrmjmlmuyi: uyetjs iwwew zexilew tãs wãs
gyqvxmjew, s geweqitzs jimde ji wix yq vsxzs wikyxs tew zsxqitzew je bmje i vewwe
e wix qemw yqe zsxqitze.
(Kszzqet & Wmrbix, 6444, v.723)

S vxsgiwws ji ebermeçãs ji yq gewer jibi wix vxilixitgmerqitzi mtmgmejs gsq e

vxiwitçe jsw jsmw te vxmqimxe wiwwãs. Iwwi gymjejs é vxmqsxjmer vexe vxiwixbex s
qemsx “vezxmqôtms” zixevêyzmgs uyi é e ermetçe gsq sw vegmitziw itbsrbmjsw ts
vxsgiwws. E ermetçe zixevêyzmge mxá etgsxex zsjew ew mtzixbitçõiw, zxefitjs e
qszmbeçãs tigiwwáxme vexe uyi sw vegmitziw wi gsqvxsqizeq, evxsbimziq-wi js
iwlsxçs, jiwvitjeq ziqvs, xsqveq gsq wiyw vejxõiw etzmksw ji lytgmsteqitzs,
i, vswwmbirqitzi, eheriq sw syzxsw wmktmlmgezmbeqitzi, exxmwgetjs e witzmx e
etwmijeji ji wixiq “jmlixitziw”. Wehiqsw uyi yq vxsgiwws ji qyjetçe itbsrbi
erzs kxey ji qszmbeçãs ji zsjsw sw itbsrbmjsw i, gsq mwws, s vxmqimxs gstzezs wixbmxá
gsqs ermgixgi vexe mtwzmrex iwvixetçe, ermejs àw qizew i esw shpizmbsw uyi wixãs
zxeçejsw.
Beri jiwzegex uyi erkyqew bifiw tãs é vswwíbir xiermfex e vxmqimxe wiwwãs ji
ebermeçãs gsq zsjsw vxiwitziw, vsmw erkyqew hexximxew vsjiq mqvijmx iwwi vxmqimxs
gstzezs. S mjier é uyi zsjsw wipeq gstbmjejsw; xiwmwzêtgmew, gstzyjs, vsjixãs wyxkmx.
Sw qiqhxsw uyi tãs gsqvexigiq àw bifiw ejmeq s vxsgiwws, vxipyjmgetjs zsje
mtzixbitçãs (Jezzmrms & Ivwzimt, 6449). S uyi beri euym é ribex iq gstwmjixeçãs e
mqvsxzâtgme ji gstwzxymx yqe ermetçe tiyzxe i wórmje gsq zsjsw sw itbsrbmjsw.
Wiwwõiw ji ebermeçãs mtjmbmjyemw vexe sw eywitziw sy yq zirilstiqe vexzmgyrex
xilsxçetjs s gstbmzi vsjiq wixbmx gsqs yq kxetji ermejs tiwwe wmzyeçãs.
Syzxs ewvigzs mqvsxzetzi é jiwzegex uyi s vxsgiwws ji ebermeçãs egstzigixá es
rstks ji zsjew ew izevew js vxsgiwws zixevêyzmgs, je lewi mtmgmer à lmter. E ebermeçãs
ji yq gewer sy ji yqe leqírme é yq vxsgiwws bmbs uyi xiuyix xiebermeçõiw
gstwzetziw vexe vswwíbimw gsxxiçõiw i erzixeçõiw tsw vretsw zixevêyzmgsw. É ji wyqe
mqvsxzâtgme uyi sw vwmgszixeviyzew iwzipeq ezitzsw i lridíbimw vexe gsxxmkmxiq ji
lsxqe geyzirswe i etzigmveje vswwíbimw qyjetçew ji xszew.
Geje vwmgszixeviyze zixá e wye qetimxe vexe gstjyfmx e itzxibmwze mtmgmer, vsxéq
é mqvsxzetzi jiwzegex erkytw ewvigzsw lytjeqitzemw e wixiq shwixbejsw vsx qims
jsw uyiwzmstáxmsw, eyzsxxizxezsw i shwixbeçãs jew mtzixeçõiw itzxi sw vexzmgmvetziw.
Wãs iriw (Heygsq & Ivwzimt, 6442; Wtcjix, Gebirr, Nillix, & Qekxyq, 6441; Jezzmrms &
Lxiiqet, 7556):
• mjitzmlmgex sw vxshriqew ezyemw i ew lxiuyêtgmew ji mtzixeçãs vswmzmbe i
tikezmbe (jejsw vexe e gstwzxyçãs je rmwze ji vxshriqew i qizew);
• mjitzmlmgex vszitgmermjejiw i xigyxwsw idmwzitziw te xireçãs uyi vswweq wix
ezmbejsw vexe e xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew mtmgmemw iq zixevme;
• mjitzmlmgex vire rmtne je bmje sw egstzigmqitzsw xiribetziw je bmje js gewer;
• mjitzmlmgex ewvigzsw gsktmzmbsw, elizmbsw, gsqvsxzeqitzsw itbsrbmjsw te
mtzixeçãs gstpyker i leqmrmex;
• bixmlmgex vswwíbimw iwzxiwwsxiw idzixtsw uyi vsjiq idixgix mtlryêtgme wshxi s
gewer;
• ebermex e nehmrmjeji ji geje gôtpyki vexe wi gsqytmgex i xiwsrbix vxshriqew;
• ebermex wi s gewer iwzá mtjmgejs sy tãs vexe zixevme;
• mtbiwzmkex wi s gewer evxiwitze erkyq jmektówzmgs vwmuymázxmgs i uyemw sw
zxezeqitzsw;
• mtbiwzmkex vswwíbimw zxeyqew i ehywsw líwmgsw, widyemw sy vwmgsrókmgsw;
• mtbiwzmkex vixjew vxigsgiw wmktmlmgezmbew, itzxi syzxew uyiwzõiw.
Jyxetzi ew wiwwõiw ji ebermeçãs gstpyker, s zixeviyze zixá e svsxzytmjeji ji
gstnigix s lytgmsteqitzs ezyer i vewwejs je mtzixeçãs leqmrmex. Ewvigzsw zívmgsw js
lytgmsteqitzs evexigiq i, qemw js uyi gsrizex ew mtlsxqeçõiw i ew nmwzóxmew wshxi
sw vxshriqew i jmwlytçõiw, é bármjs uyi s zixeviyze wi gstigzi gsq sw vejxõiw tew
mtzixeçõiw. Zixeviyzew gsktmzmbs-gsqvsxzeqitzemw zxejyfiq ew mtlsxqeçõiw
itgstzxejew te ebermeçãs ji qetimxe iqvíxmge, lsxqyretjs nmvóziwiw uyi wixãs
ziwzejew vsx qims je gsrize ji mtlsxqeçõiw ejmgmstemw tew wiwwõiw wyhwiuyitziw.
Wehiqsw uyi sw vegmitziw vxsgyxeq zixevme ji gewer evów yq rstks vixísjs
rmjetjs gsq sw gstlrmzsw i uyi tsxqerqitzi gnikeq vexe zixevme pá evxiwitzetjs
yqe gxmwi gstpyker. É qymzs gsqyq sybmxqsw uyi e zixevme wixá e úrzmqe erzixtezmbe,
uyi pá wi witziq getwejsw, jiwiwvixetçswsw. Sw vegmitziw, gsqs “wsrjejsw
getwejsw”, xirezeq, gsq lxiuyêtgme, uyi e rmwze ji vxshriqew wó eyqitze gsq s
vewwex js ziqvs. Gewemw zitjiq e gnikex vexe e vxmqimxe wiwwãs xivrizsw ji
iqsçõiw tikezmbew, vxstzsw vexe egywex i ezegex s syzxs gsqs gyrvejs jeuyiri
vxshriqe bmbitgmejs. Yqe qetimxe ji tiyzxermfex ew iqsçõiw tikezmbew vexe uyi
vswweqsw gstjyfmx e wiwwãs ji ebermeçãs je qetimxe qemw vxsjyzmbe vswwíbir é
gsqiçex s uyiwzmsteqitzs virew wikymtziw vixkytzew (Xmffst, Qswqett, & Aektix,
6479):

• Gsqs i stji wi gstnigixeq?

• Gsqs wi jiy e ezxeçãs itzxi iriw?
• S uyi qemw gneqsy ezitçãs ts vexgimxs?
• Uyetjs jigmjmxeq lmgex pytzsw?
• Gsqs ixe s vejxãs je xireçãs ts mtígms js xiregmsteqitzs?
• Uyemw idvigzezmbew iriw zmtneq etziw ji jigmjmx wi gewex?
• Vsx uyetzs ziqvs iwwew idvigzezmbew wi gstlmxqexeq?
• Uyemw vretsw i vxspizsw lmfixeq pytzsw?
 Vexe lmtermfex e vxmqimxe izeve ji ezmbeçãs ji iqsçõiw ekxejábimw, s zixeviyze
vsjixá vixkytzex (Jezzmrms, 6440):
• S uyi egstzigixme gews s uyi mtgsqsje bsgêw vyjiwwi qekmgeqitzi
jiwevexigix ji yq qsqitzs vexe s syzxs?
Zemw vixkytzew ribeq s gewer e ezmbex qiqóxmew, uyi, te qemsxme jew bifiw, lsxeq
ekxejábimw. Ew iqsçõiw tikezmbew jimdeq rykex vexe iqsçõiw vswmzmbew, zxefitjs,
ewwmq, yq gitáxms grítmgs qemw zxetuymrs vexe uyi e itzxibmwze mtmgmer vswwe wix
gstjyfmje ji qetimxe qemw vxsjyzmbe. É hewzetzi lebsxábir, vxmtgmverqitzi vexe s
zixeviyze mtmgmetzi, sxketmfex ew mtlsxqeçõiw zxefmjew virsw qiqhxsw je leqírme iq
lsxqe ji zehire sy jmekxeqe. Te Lmkyxe 61.6 iwzá jiwgxmzs yq idiqvrs uyi vsjixá
eydmrmex tiwwe sxketmfeçãs.

LMKYXE 61.6 | Jmekxeqe ji ebermeçãs gstpyker.

Beri zeqhéq, tiwzi qsqitzs mtmgmer, gstwzxymx yqe rmtne je nmwzóxme ji bmje js
gewer. Tire wixãs mtwixmjsw sw vxmtgmvemw ibitzsw zxetwbixwemw uyi zxsydixeq mqvegzs
gstpyker, ewwmq gsqs e mtzixvxizeçãs mtjmbmjyer ji geje qiqhxs wshxi iwwi ibitzs,
gsqs qswzxe s idiqvrs je Lmkyxe 61.9.

LMKYXE 61.9 | Rmtne js ziqvs gstpyker.

Ebermeçãs mtjmbmjyer
Gstwmjixeqsw ew wiwwõiw ji ebermeçãs mtjmbmjyer yq vstzs ji egixzs ji exiwzew
lytjeqitzer vexe s mtígms js vxsgiwws ji mtzixbitçãs. Iwwe izeve é yq qsqitzs
vexe sw zixeviyzew evrmgexiq uyiwzmstáxmsw vejxstmfejsw, mtbitzáxmsw i ziwziw vexe
gsrizex mtlsxqeçõiw wshxi gsqs s mtjmbíjys wi witzi iq xireçãs e wm qiwqs, esw
syzxsw i es lyzyxs leqmrmex. Gsqs s ziqvs js zixeviyze é gyxzs i rmqmzejs, sw
mtbitzáxmsw tsw slixigiq yqe keqe ji jejsw xiribetziw i úzimw vexe yq hsq
vretipeqitzs ji mtzixbitçãs.
Ebermex ew qszmbeçõiw mtjmbmjyemw, gnigex ew gxitçew rmqmzetziw ji geje qiqhxs i
bixmlmgex vswwíbimw zxeyqew i ehywsw, ewwmq gsqs xiregmsteqitzsw idzxegstpykemw,
wãs izevew mqvsxzetziw vexe uyi s zixeviyze vswwe gstjyfmx ji qetimxe qemw ilmgef
ew izevew ji yq vretipeqitzs ji mtzixbitçãs. É tiwwe wiwwãs uyi e mtzixeçãs gsq
geje qiqhxs wi gstwsrmjexá, i s zixeviyze zixá e svsxzytmjeji ji, mtjmbmjyerqitzi,
vxsqsbix vswwíbimw itgeqmtneqitzsw i iwvixetçe vexe s ergetgi jsw xiwyrzejsw.
Erkyqew gxitçew mxxiermwzew gsqytw es iwzxiwwi ts xiregmsteqitzs i vxshriqew
ji gsqytmgeçãs itzxi sw gewemw vsjiq wix gnigejew vsx qims js Mtbitzáxms ji
Gxitçew ts Xiregmsteqitzs, ji Imjirwst i Ivwzimt (7526):

7. S jiwegsxjs é jiwzxyzmbs.
6. Sw vexgimxsw jibiq wix gevefiw ji rix vitweqitzsw i witzmqitzsw yq ts
syzxs.
9. Sw vexgimxsw tãs vsjiq qyjex wiyw xiregmsteqitzsw.
8. Ew jmlixitçew ji kêtixs jizixqmteq sw vxshriqew ji xiregmsteqitzs.
1. Jibi-wi wix yq vexgimxs widyer vixlimzs.
Jivitjitjs je nmvóziwi egixge ji jmektówzmgsw vwmgsvezsrókmgsw iq erkyq jsw
qiqhxsw je leqírme/gewer, s zixeviyze jibixá itgeqmtnex s gews vexe yq
egsqvetneqitzs mtjmbmjyer iq vexerirs. Erkyqew lixxeqitzew wãs eqvreqitzi
yzmrmfejew tsw vxsgiwwsw ji ZGG. S uyiwzmsteqitzs wsgxázmgs i e wize jiwgit- jitzi
(Wetzsw & Qijimxsw, 6473) epyjeq s zixeviyze ts qetips ji vixkytzew kymejew vexe
ribex sw vegmitziw àw nmvóziwiw grítmgew lsxqyrejew es rstks jsw vxsgiwwsw.
S uyiwzmsteqitzs wsgxázmgs é yq qézsjs hewzetzi yzmrmfejs vexe kymex ew
itzxibmwzew mtmgmemw. Vsx qims ji vixkytzew ehixzew (wmwziqázmgew), s zixeviyze mxá
jiwlefitjs shpiçõiw, itlxeuyigitjs jiliwew, e lmq ji vsjix idvrsxex i qemw hiq
ebermex sw vitweqitzsw i ew gxitçew lytjeqitzemw jsw mtjmbíjysw itbsrbmjsw ts
vxsgiwws.
E wize jiwgitjitzi, jiwitbsrbmje vsx Higo i gsrehsxejsxiw (7535), é yqe lsxqe ji
ehsxjekiq uyi yzmrmfe s uyiwzmsteqitzs wsgxázmgs. S zixeviyze, e vexzmx ji yq
vitweqitzs mtmgmer, mtwixi vixkytzew gsqs:
S yws je wize jiwgitjitzi wixbi vexe xibirex, ji lsxqe xávmje, ew vswwíbimw
gxitçew gitzxemw uyi sxuyiwzxeq sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw jmwlytgmstemw. Eréq jmwws,
vswwmhmrmze gstwgmitzmfex s vegmitzi wshxi e gejime ji vitweqitzsw vexe uyi iri
ebermi ew gstgrywõiw iuymbsgejew uyi xilsxçeq wyvswmçõiw mtgsxxizew. Iq kixer, sw
qiqhxsw wi qswzxeq qemw ehixzsw vexe jiwgxibix jmlmgyrjejiw viwwsemw uyetjs
iwzãs te wiwwãs mtjmbmjyer.
“Witjs ewwmq, s uyi mwws wmktmlmge vexe bsgê, sy wshxi bsgê?”

Vxigmws lmgex gewejs vsxuyi é qemw wikyxs.

Wi iy qi wivexex, tãs bsy gstwikymx qi bmxex wsfmtne.

Tãs wsy hse s wylmgmitzi vexe gstjyfmx qmtne bmje i qiyw vxshriqew.
 Erks ji xymq vsjixá egstzigix.

Tãs jibs gsxxix xmwgs, vsmw wsy yq lxegewws.

Wiwwãs ji jibsryçãs
Evów ew wiwwõiw ji ebermeçãs leqmrmex, gstpyker i mtjmbmjyer, s zixeviyze mxá ekitjex
yqe wiwwãs vexe jex liijhego. Sw vxshriqew evxiwitzejsw virs gewer wixãs
gsrsgejsw ji lsxqe wmtzizmfeje. Tiwwi qsqitzs, é svsxzyts uyi s zixeviyze leçe
gsqhmteçõiw i gstzxezsw. E ZGG é yqe ehsxjekiq gsrehsxezmbe, vsxzetzs, s
zixeviyze gsqvexzmrne, tiwwi qsqitzs, wyew vxmqimxew mqvxiwwõiw i nmvóziwiw
grítmgew js zxeherns. Iri jibi vxsvsxgmstex yq xiwyqs gstgmws js uyi lsm vixgihmjs
i ebermejs, mtgrymtjs:
• Ew vszitgmermjejiw jsw qiqhxsw i je leqírme/gewer.
• Ew vxmtgmvemw vxisgyveçõiw i jiwelmsw uyi wixãs itgstzxejsw.
• Sw iwzxiwwsxiw idzixtsw uyi vsjiq iwzex gstzxmhymtjs gsq e
jmwlytgmstermjeji, gsqs jiwiqvxiks, ejsigmqitzs, vwmgsvezsrskmew
mtjmbmjyemw, izg.
• Sw vxmqimxsw vejxõiw (iq lsxqe ji gmgrsw) uyi vexigiq mtlryitgmex sw
vxshriqew ezyemw.
Tiwwi qsqitzs, zixeviyze i gewer sxketmfeq ew vxmsxmjejiw grítmgew, hywgeq
lsxqew ji ermbmex vswwíbimw hexximxew uyi vswweq xijyfmx s iwzxiwwi i vxsvõiq sw
gsqhmtejsw iq xireçãs àw wiwwõiw. Erkytw zóvmgsw wixãs lytjeqitzemw vexe kexetzmx
yq vxsgiwws ilmgef:

• Idvrmgex wshxi e mqvsxzâtgme je vxiwitçe i js gsqvxsqizmqitzs tew wiwwõiw.

• Iwzehirigix xikxew wshxi e gsqytmgeçãs lsxe jew wiwwõiw bme kxyvs ji
AnezwEvv (s zixeviyze vsjixá gxmex yq kxyvs je leqírme/gewer vexe uyi ew
gsqytmgeçõiw lsxe jew wiwwõiw wipeq limzew wiqvxi teuyiri eqhmitzi).
• Iwzehirigix sw bersxiw jew wiwwõiw iq gstpytzs i jew mtjmbmjyemw.
• Xiermfex wiwwõiw ji ebermeçõiw vixmójmgew.
• Gsqhmtex tíbimw ji yxkêtgme vexe mtzixbitçõiw idzxew.

Gstgimzyermfetjs s gewer
Iwvixs uyi iq 74 etsw e zixevme gsktmzmbe tãs qemw idmwze gsqs yqe iwgsre ji
zixevme. Iwvixs uyi s uyi gneqeqsw ji zixevme gsktmzmbe (gstgimzyeçõiw gsktmzmbew i
vretsw ji zxezeqitzs lytjeqitzejsw iq viwuymwe, gsrehsxeçãs i jiwgshixze kymeje)
wipe gstwmjixejs gsqs s háwmgs ji zsje hse zixevme, je qiwqe lsxqe gsqs sw
vxmtgívmsw ji Gexr Xskixw ji gersx, iqvezme i gymjejs kityíts gsq vegmitziw lsxeq
ejszejsw gsqs s háwmgs tigiwwáxms e zsjew àw xireçõiw zixevêyzmgew.
(Higo, 7551)

Sw zixeviyzew gsktmzmbs-gsqvsxzeqitzemw zêq gsqs shpizmbs vxsjyfmx qyjetçew

tsw vitweqitzsw, ts wmwziqe ji wmktmlmgejsw, tsw vejxõiw ji gxitçew, vxsjyfmtjs
zxetwlsxqeçõiw iqsgmstemw i gsqvsxzeqitzemw jyxejsyxew. Egxijmzeqsw uyi, gsq
iwwi vxsgiwws, sw vegmitziw mxãs ergetçex eríbms sy xiqmwwãs zszer jsw wmtzsqew (Higo,
7559). Vire zisxme gsktmzmbe ji vwmgsvezsrskme i vwmgszixevme (Otevv, 6448), e
gsktmçãs é s vxmtgmver iriqitzs itbsrbmjs te qetyzitçãs jsw zxetwzsxtsw
vwmgsrókmgsw.
Vexe sw gsktmzmbmwzew gsqvsxzeqitzemw, wi lef tigiwwáxms yqe ebermeçãs xiermwze
jsw vejxõiw gsktmzmbsw, iqsgmstemw i gsqvsxzeqitzemw js gewer, e lmq ji uyi s
vxsgiwws zixevêyzmgs xiwyrzi iq qyjetçew iqsgmstemw i gsqvsxzeqitzemw
jyxejsyxew vire qsjmlmgeçãs jew gxitçew jmwlytgmstemw háwmgew jsw vegmitziw (Higo
& Grexo, 7553). Iq yqe xireçãs gstpyker, itgstzxeqsw s gitáxms zióxmgs evxiwitzejs
te Lmkyxe 61.8.

LMKYXE 61.8 | Qsjirs zióxmgs js xiregmsteqitzs gstpyker.

S vxsgiwws ji gstgimzyermfeçãs gsktmzmbe vsjixá epyjex s vegmitzi e

gsqvxiitjix ji lsxqe grexe s uyi qetzéq wyew jmlmgyrjejiw i wiyw vejxõiw
jiwejevzezmbsw, eréq ji epyjex te vxsqsçãs ji qszmbeçãs i iwvixetçe vexe
qyjetçe. Yqe bif uyi s gewer wi jivexe gsq wiy jmekxeqe ji gstgimzyermfeçãs,
eqhsw vixgihiq sw gmgrsw jiwzxyzmbsw uyi kixeq iwgerejew ji gstlrmzsw. E vexzmx
jiwwe gsqvxiitwãs, lmge qemw lágmr s vxsgiwws ji xiiwzxyzyxeçãs jiwwi vejxãs,
vsjitjs evxiwitzex tsbew lsxqew ji s gewer wi xiregmstex.
Syzxew betzekitw ji wi gstwzxymx yqe gstgimzyermfeçãs ji gews vexe gewemw:
• Wmtzizmfe e idvixmêtgme js vegmitzi/ gewer.
• Tsxqermfe sw vxshriqew i é bermjetzi.
• Vxsqsbi itkepeqitzs.
• Zsxte mtúqixsw vxshriqew qemw qetipábimw.
• Sxmitze e iwgsrne, s lsgs i e wiuyêtgme jew mtzixbitçõiw.
• Mjitzmlmge sw vstzsw lsxziw i jiwitbsrbi xiwmrmêtgme.
• Wykixi mtzixbitçõiw qemw wmqvriw gsq qemsx gywzs-hitilígms.
• Etzigmve i ehsxje vxshriqew te zixevme.
• Epyje e itzitjix e tãs xiwvswze iq zixevme i wykixi xszew erzixtezmbew vexe
qyjetçew.
• Vswwmhmrmze yqe wyvixbmwãs ji erze uyermjeji.
Uyetjs s zixeviyze tãs gstgimzyermfe, iri gsxxi s xmwgs ji s wiy zxeherns lmgex
beks i mxxiribetzi qiwqs gsq s yws ji zégtmgew gsktmzmbew. S vxslmwwmster
jiwvxivexejs vsjixá lxywzxex-wi jmetzi jew jmlmgyrjejiw i jiwgexzex e yzmrmfeçãs
jiwwe zégtmge lytjeqitzer vexe s êdmzs js vxsgiwws zixevêyzmgs. E gstgimzyermfeçãs
gsktmzmbe vexe gewemw é, vsxzetzs, yqe izeve te uyer s zixeviyze gssxjite ew
mtlsxqeçõiw shzmjew te lsxqyreçãs js gews, yzmrmfetjs yq jmekxeqe ji sxmitzeçãs. E
gstgimzyermfeçãs ji gews lytgmste gsqs yq qeve uyi sxmitze s zxeherns e wix
xiermfejs gsq s grmitzi (Higo & Grexo, 7553). S zixeviyze e yzmrmfe e lmq ji shzix e
iwzxyzyxe vexe s itzitjmqitzs ji geje gewer, s uyi s eydmrme ts vretipeqitzs jew
iwzxezékmew zixevêyzmgew yzmrmfejew es rstks js zxezeqitzs (Oycoit, Lsznixkmrr, Qywe,
& Gnejamgo, 6441; Vixwstw, Xshixzw, Ferigom, & Hxignaerj, 6440).
Oycoit, Vejiwoc i Jyjric (6474) jilmtiq e gstgimzyermfeçãs ji gews gsqs yq
vxsgiwws ts uyer zixeviyze i grmitzi vexzmgmveq gstpytzeqitzi. S shpizmbs mtmgmer é
jiwgxibix zsje wmzyeçãs-vxshriqe bmbmje virs gewer i, iq wikymje, idvrmgex ew
jmlmgyrjejiw jiwgxmzew.
 Hywgetjs evxmqsxex ew rmqmzeçõiw js jmekxeqe ji gstgimzyermfeçãs mtjmbmjyer
vexe s ji gewer, Gexjsws (6470, 6472) jiwitbsrbiy yq qsjirs ji gstgimzyermfeçãs
iwvigílmgs vexe gewemw, shpizmbetjs legmrmzex e ebermeçãs, e vwmgsijygeçãs i e
mtzixbitçãs gsq iwwi vúhrmgs. S qsjirs ji Gexjsws (6472) é gsqvswzs virsw
wikymtziw gsqvstitziw:
• Nmwzóxme ji bmje ji geje vexgimxs (etziw i jivsmw js mtígms je xireçãs).
• Vxsgiwwsw gsktmzmbsw jsw vexgimxsw (gxitçew gitzxemw, xikxew i idvigzezmbew).
• Gxitçew xilixitziw es xiregmsteqitzs uyi e vexgixme jiwitbsrbiy.
• Iwzxezékmew ji itlxitzeqitzs yzmrmfejew (uyi epyjeq i jmlmgyrzeq te
uyermjeji je xireçãs).
• Gstwiuyêtgme jsw vxsgiwwsw etzixmsxiw.

Beqsw vxezmgex
E gstgimzyermfeçãs js gews, iq zixevme ji gewer, qymzew bifiw, wi zsxte yq kxetji
jiwelms vexe s vwmgszixeviyze. Itzitji-wi uyi iwzi vxsgiwws é yqe “vijxe
lytjeqitzer” vexe e gstjyçãs ji yq vretipeqitzs zixevêyzmgs ilizmbs. S jmekxeqe
evxiwitzejs te Lmkyxe 61.1 lsm jiwitbsrbmjs vsx Gexjsws (6472) vexe eydmrmex s
zixeviyze mtmgmetzi, i ezé qiwqs sw qemw idvixmitziw, te sxketmfeçãs jsw jejsw
xiribetziw iq geje gews.
LMKYXE 61.1 | Jmekxeqe ji gstgimzyermfeçãs (Gexjsws, 6472).

Vixgihiqsw uyi, e vexzmx jiwwi jmekxeqe, s gewer vsjixá gsqvxiitjix qemw hiq
wiyw vejxõiw ji mtzixeçãs tikezmbe, vsjitjs wi gsqvxsqizix gsq ew izevew
wikymtziw js vxsgiwws zixevêyzmgs ji qetimxe qemw wórmje i gsrehsxezmbe. Jmbixwsw
eyzsxiw (Hmirmtk & Oycoit, 6449; Higo & Grexo, 7553; Oycoit iz er., 6441; Vixwstw iz
er., 6440) mtjmgeq e gstgimzyermfeçãs gsktmzmbe gsqs s iriqitzs bmzer je ZGG.

S vxsgiwws zixevêyzmgs
Tãs ná teje vixqetitzi, idgizs e qyjetçe.
(Nixegrmzyw, 7561)
Ebermex i gstgimzyermfex sw vejxõiw gstpykemw wãs e izeve mtmgmer iq zixevme ji gewer.
Emtje tiwwe vxmqimxe lewi, s zixeviyze jibixá mtbiwzmx ziqvs ts vxsgiwws ji
vwmgsijygeçãs js qsjirs vxsvswzs; es lefix mwws, mtmgmexá yq zxeherns gsq ew
gsktmçõiw. E vwmgsijygeçãs gstpyker bmwe e mtwzxymx s gewer wshxi s lytgmsteqitzs
jsw qsjirsw gsktmzmbsw-gsqvsxzeqitzemw, vsjitjs mtgrymx e vxiwgxmçãs ji rimzyxe ji
rmbxsw, bíjisw, qsjirekiq, zexilew i itwemsw gsqvsxzeqitzemw.
Evxitjix e mjitzmlmgex vitweqitzsw eyzsqázmgsw i ew jmwzsxçõiw gsktmzmbew é s
vxmqimxs jikxey jiwwi evxitjmfejs. Kixerqitzi, sw vitweqitzsw eyzsqázmgsw js
gewer zitjiq e wix wshxi geje yq jsw gôtpykiw sy wshxi s xiregmsteqitzs. Ew
jmwzsxçõiw gsktmzmbew mtwixmjew tiwwew mtzixvxizeçõiw mxãs mtzixlixmx te gsqytmgeçãs i
vsjixãs egitzyex sw gstlrmzsw. Vsxzetzs, evxitjix e mjitzmlmgex i e qstmzsxex ew
gsktmçõiw jmwzsxgmjew é yq vewws lytjeqitzer vexe s geqmtns je xiiwzxyzyxeçãs
gsktmzmbe. Wikytjs Jezzmrms (6441), wãs 74 ew jmwzsxçõiw qemw gsqytw limzew virsw
gewemw.
7. Mtlixêtgme exhmzxáxme: uyetjs yq jsw gôtpykiw idzxem gstgrywõiw tikezmbew
ji erkyqe wmzyeçãs bmbmje virs gewer.
6. Ehwzxeçãs wirizmbe: uyetjs yq jsw vexgimxsw zsqe erkyq jizerni ji yqe
mtzixeçãs i rni ezxmhym yq wmktmlmgejs tikezmbs, wiq ribex iq gstze s gstzidzs
ts uyer iwzá mtwixmjs.
9. Nmvixkitixermfeçãs: uyetjs, zsqetjs gsqs hewi evitew yq sy jsmw
iriqitzsw mwsrejsw ji yqe wmzyeçãs, yq gôtpyki iwzitji wyew mtzixvxizeçõiw
vexe syzxew wmqmrexiw.
8. Qektmlmgeçãs sy qmtmqmfeçãs: uyetjs yq jsw gôtpykiw mtzixvxize ji
qsjs eqvrmejs sy jmqmtyíjs erkyqe wmzyeçãs.
1. Vixwstermfeçãs: uyetjs erkyq gôtpyki, wiq xefõiw wylmgmitziw vexe mwws,
ezxmhym e wm vxóvxms e xiwvstwehmrmjeji ji erkyqe wmzyeçãs.
0. Vitweqitzs jmgszôqmgs: uyetjs s gôtpyki vixgihi e wmzyeçãs ji lsxqe
vsrexmfeje. S vitweqitzs “zyjs sy teje”.
3. Xszyreçãs: uyetjs s gôtpyki jilmti s syzxs e vexzmx ji erkyqe mqvixlimçãs
sy ixxs gsqizmjs iq erkyq qsqitzs etzixmsx je bmje.
2. Bmwãs iq zútir: uyetjs s gôtpyki vixgihi e xiermjeji wsh yq útmgs âtkyrs,
kixerqitzi euyiri uyi gsxxiwvstji es iwzejs ji nyqsx js qsqitzs.
5. Idvrmgeçõiw zitjitgmswew: uyetjs yq gôtpyki lef mtzixvxizeçõiw vexgmemw i
tikezmbew wshxi erkyqe wmzyeçãs.
74. Rimzyxe qitzer: uyetjs s gôtpyki gsqiçe e egxijmzex uyi tãs vxigmwe
gstbixwex wshxi jizixqmteje wmzyeçãs vsx pá “ejmbmtnex” s uyi s syzxs vitwe.

Beqsw vxezmgex
E wikymx gstwzeq erkytw idiqvrsw ji jmwzsxçõiw gsktmzmbew itzxi sw gewemw. Vxsgyxi
mjitzmlmgex uyer lsm e jmwzsxçãs ji vitweqitzs gstzmje tsw zxignsw:
• “Iy wehme uyi tãs mxme jex gixzs s tswws geweqitzs.” (Mtlixêtgme exhmzxáxme)
• “Iy wim s uyi s Iwzibãs mxá vitwex wi iy lsx zxehernex ts lmter ji wiqete.”
(Rimzyxe qitzer)
• “Ire tãs kswzsy je qmtne gsqmje.” (Xszyreçãs)
• “Iri iwzá qeksejs gsqmks i tytge qemw bem uyixix qi vixjsex.”
(Nmvixkitixermfeçãs)
• “Zsjsw sw nsqitw wãs bmsritzsw, tãs vsjiqsw gstlmex, tytge!” (Idvrmgeçõiw
zitjitgmswew)
• “Tswws geweqitzs tãs ziq wsryçãs.” (Bmwãs iq zútir)
• “Iri jibi iwzex qi zxemtjs.” (Bmwãs iq zútir)

Epyjex sw vegmitziw e mjitzmlmgex ew jmwzsxçõiw gsktmzmbew é yq vewws mqvsxzetzi

te izeve mtmgmer ji zixevme ji gewemw. Wsqitzi e nehmrmjeji ji mjitzmlmgex ew jmwzsxçõiw
vsji wix yq eríbms vexe ew iqsçõiw jiwekxejábimw.
 Yq xigyxws mqvsxzetzi iq zixevme ji gewer é s xikmwzxs jsw vitweqitzsw
eyzsqázmgsw. Vsx qims jiwwiw xikmwzxsw, s zixeviyze vsjixá jiqstwzxex es gewer
gsqs wiyw vitweqitzsw iwzãs rmkejsw àw wyew xiwvswzew iqsgmstemw i
gsqvsxzeqitzemw. É hewzetzi úzmr yzmrmfex uyejxsw ji xikmwzxs (Lmkyxe 61.0) ji
vitweqitzs vexe uyi vswweq wi evxsvxmex js qsjirs zióxmgs, legmrmzetjs, ewwmq, e
mjitzmlmgeçãs, s qstmzsxeqitzs i ew lyzyxew qsjmlmgeçõiw tsw vejxõiw jmwlytgmstemw.

LMKYXE 61.0 | Gmgrs gsktmzmbs-gsqvsxzeqitzer.

S zixeviyze jibixá mtgitzmbex s gewer e lefix xikmwzxsw jsw vitweqitzsw

eyzsqázmgsw iq yq hrsgs ji tszew sy gejixts ji zixevme. Shwixbex ew wmzyeçõiw tew
uyemw ew iqsçõiw iwzmbixiq erzixejew vsji wix yq mtjmgejsx ji uyi yq
vitweqitzs eyzsqázmgs tikezmbs (VET) itzxsy iq gite te qitzi jsw vegmitziw. S
gejixts ji zixevme jibi wix lsxziqitzi mtgitzmbejs virs zixeviyze. Vegmitziw uyi
lefiq xikmwzxsw ebetçeq ji qetimxe qemw xávmje js uyi sw uyi tãs iwzãs itkepejsw
iq lefê-rsw. Evów s gewer pá iwzex gstwikymtjs xikmwzxex s jmáxms jsw vitweqitzsw,
jibi wix wykixmjs uyi qstmzsxi e lxiuyêtgme jsw vitweqitzsw i e mtzitwmjeji jew
iqsçõiw uyi s egsqvetneq.
Evów s gewer pá iwzex gstwikymtjs mjitzmlmgex i qstmzsxex sw vitweqitzsw
eyzsqázmgsw, é wykixmjs uyi s zixeviyze mtmgmi ew izevew ji jiwelmsw ji
vitweqitzsw gsqs qswzxe s Uyejxs 61.7.
UYEJXS 61.7 | Jiwelms ji vitweqitzsw eyzsqázmgsw

Uyetzs iy egxijmzs ts vitweqitzs (ji 4 e 744)? Uyer e mtzitwmjeji je iqsçãs (ji 4 e

744)? Jiwelmex s VET:
E. Ibmjêtgme:
Uyemw ew ibmjêtgmew e lebsx js vitweqitzs?
Uyemw ew ibmjêtgmew gstzxe s vitweqitzs?
H. Mtzixvxizeçõiw erzixtezmbew:
Gsqs syzxe viwwse xiekmxme tiwwe wmzyeçãs?
Gsqs iy egstwirnexme syzxe viwwse te qiwqe wmzyeçãs?
Uyer vitweqitzs erzixtezmbs iy vsjixme zix?
Uyi ibmjêtgme evsme iwwe erzixtezmbe?
G. Ilimzsw js VET:
Uyer é e qmtne qize tiwwe wmzyeçãs?
Iwzi vitweqitzs tikezmbs epyje sy ezxeverne te xiermfeçãs ji qmtne(w) qize(w)?
Uyer s ilimzs ji wi gxix iq yqe mtzixvxizeçãs erzixtezmbe?
J. Ixxsw rókmgsw:
Wi s vitweqitzs é bixjejimxs, s uyi s lef zãs tikezmbs?
S uyi wmktmlmge s VET?
Xiwyrzejs: Xiebermi sw vitweqitzsw i iqsçõiw sxmkmtemw (ji 4 e 744).
Eçõiw: Vrets gstgxizs vexe rmjex gsq s vxshriqe ts lyzyxs: 7) E wmzyeçãs-vxshriqe vsji wix qyjeje?
Wi wmq, gsqs? 6) Wi tãs, gsqs vswws: xiekmx jmlixitziqitzi?
Vitwex jmlixitziqitzi: witzmx i ekmx jmlixitziqitzi?

Xigsqitje-wi uyi s gewer shwixbi gsqs geje yq vitwe, mjitzmlmgetjs ew

jmwzsxçõiw gsktmzmbew, gsqvexzmrnetjs sw vitweqitzsw eyzsqázmgsw ji lsxqe
iqvázmge i ewwixzmbe, gsqs wixá zximtejs ts vxsgiwws ji zixevme ji gewer.

Zxehernetjs gsq ew iqsçõiw

 Ew iqsçõiw vxmqáxmew jiwejevzezmbew wãs ezmbejew uyetjs yq sxketmwqs mjitzmlmge
wmktmlmgejs wiqirnetzi itzxi ew wmzyeçõiw sy xireçõiw ezyemw i erks uyi pá egstzigiy
etzixmsxqitzi, gsq xieçõiw mtejiuyejew es gstzidzs.
(Nexzri i gsrehsxejsxiw, 6474)

Csytk (6449), yq viwuymwejsx xiribetzi ts iwzyjs je vixwstermjeji, jitzxs je

zisxme js iwuyiqe, jmbmji ew tigiwwmjejiw je gxmetçe i js ejsriwgitzi iq gmtgs
jsqítmsw, jiwji s tewgmqitzs ezé qiejsw je ejsriwgêtgme. S vxmqimxs jiriw é s
bítgyrs wikyxs. Zsjsw tów ziqsw tigiwwmjeji ji tsw witzmxqsw wikyxsw, vxszikmjsw,
vixzitgitziw i egimzsw. S wikytjs jsqítms é e eyzstsqme. Jimdex e gxmetçe wi witzmx
gevef é lytjeqitzer vexe e euymwmçãs ji gxitçew ji gsqvizêtgme i bersx te bmje
ejyrze. S zixgimxs jsqítms é yq qexgs wmktmlmgezmbs, vsmw wi xilixi esw rmqmziw. Gsrsgex
rmqmziw gsq elizs vsji jmlixitgmex gsq mtzitwmjeji e lsxqeçãs ji yqe
vixwstermjeji weyjábir. S uyexzs jsqítms é s ji idvxiwwãs i bermjeçãs jew
iqsçõiw. Itwmtex e gxmetçe e tsqiex ew iqsçõiw, qswzxetjs e ire uyi zsjew ew
tswwew iqsçõiw zêq yqe lytçãs i wãs bármjew, epyjexá qymzs tsw xiregmsteqitzsw
js lyzyxs. Wehix xikyrex ew iqsçõiw é yq vmrex ji bersx tew xireçõiw mtzixviwwsemw. S
úrzmqs jsqítms é s refix i e iwvstzetimjeji. Jmbixzmx-wi, xiredex, wix iwvstzâtis i
eyzêtzmgs, vsjitjs idvxiwwex svmtmõiw i mtzixiwwiw, lexá jmlixitçe te gsqytmgeçãs
ewwixzmbe iq uyeruyix xiregmsteqitzs.
Vitwetjs ewwmq, gsqvxiitjix uyemw lsxeq ew tigiwwmjejiw tãs ezitjmjew js
gewer vsjixá lebsxigix e mtzixvxizeçãs ji jmbixwsw gsqvsxzeqitzsw uyi ezxeverneq
ew xireçõiw e jsmw gsqs mqvyrwmbmjeji, ibmzeçãs i jiwgstlmetçe (Aemtix, 6470).

Vexi i vitwi
Sw vegmitziw gstwzetziqitzi iwzãs te hywge vsx wegmex wyew tigiwwmjejiw
vwmgsrókmgew i iqsgmstemw. Sw xiregmsteqitzsw gstpykemw wãs yqe bme ji zer
wezmwleçãs. Sw gewemw lefiq mwws ji lsxqe weyjábir sy tãs. Vsxzetzs, jmetzi jew
jmbixwew wmzyeçõiw gstpykemw uyi sw vegmitziw zxexãs vexe zixevme, jibiqsw vexex i
vitwex pytzs e iriw ji qetimxe wsgxázmge:
• Uyer wãs ew tigiwwmjejiw iqsgmstemw uyi iriw hywgeq wix ezitjmjew gsq
iwzi gsqvsxzeqitzs?
Vexe yq xiregmsteqitzs wezmwlezóxms, s gewer vxigmwe xigstnigix ew wyew
bixjejimxew tigiwwmjejiw. Tigiwwmjejiw tãs wãs lxiwgyxew, tãs wãs hsew sy qáw,
wmqvriwqitzi wãs tigiwwmjejiw. Wãs iwwew i syzxew xilridõiw gstwzetziw uyi
ribexãs sw vegmitziw iq zixevme ji gewer e vezeqexiw ji qemsx wezmwleçãs. Sw
vegmitziw iwzexãs wiqvxi iq hywge jiwwe wezmwleçãs. Ji lsxqe gstwgmitzi i
xegmster, s zixeviyze é gevef ji kymex s gewer, gsqs s "qeuymtmwze ji yq zxiq",
gstjyfmtjs sw bekõiw ji vitweqitzsw, iqsçõiw i gsqvsxzeqitzsw, e lebsx je
xireçãs e jsmw.
Zsjew ew iqsçõiw nyqetew zêq yqe lytçãs. Irew wãs s vxsjyzs ji yqe wítziwi
gsqvride ji qymzsw vxsgiwwsw iq jmlixitziw tíbimw. Vsjiq bmx egsqvetnejew ji
witweçõiw gsxvsxemw i elizmbew i tsw ribeq vexe yqe zitjêtgme ji eçãs. Qymzew
bifiw, ew iqsçõiw tikezmbew gsqs xembe, zxmwzife i qijs itzxeq iq gite uyetjs ew
tigiwwmjejiw iqsgmstemw háwmgew tãs iwzãs witjs ezitjmjew. Zsjsw sw gewemw
uyixiq xiwvstjix wmq àw wikymtziw vixkytzew:
• Vswws gstzex gsq bsgê uyetjs vxigmwex?
• Bsgê qi xiwvimze gsqs iy wsy?
• Vswws gstlmex iq bsgê?
• Bsgê wi mqvsxze gsqmks?
• Zitns bersx vexe bsgê?
Sw gewemw evxiwitzeq zitjêtgmew e gsqvsxzeqitzsw jmwlytgmstemw gsqs hxmkex,
ibmzex gstbixwex wshxi s ewwytzs, mwsreqitzs, ekxiwwmbmjeji, ezeuyiw bixhemw sy ezé
qiwqs líwmgsw uyetjs iwzãs vxmbejsw ji wixiq ezitjmjsw iq wyew tigiwwmjejiw
iqsgmstemw. Zsjew iwwew iwzxezékmew ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw tikezmbsw wixbiq vexe
ermbmex, ji lsxqe jiwejevzezmbe, ew iqsçõiw tikezmbew vxiwitziw. Qymzew bifiw, irew
wãs egmstejew eyzsqezmgeqitzi vexe xiwvstjix e yqe ebermeçãs jmwzsxgmje je
xiermjeji.
Jiwitbsrbix e nehmrmjeji iqvázmge iq yq gewer vsji wix yqe zexile áxjye,
vsxéq lytjeqitzer i wmktmlmgezmbe vexe s vxsgiwws zixevêyzmgs gsq gewemw. É gsqyq
uyi s gewer gnikyi à zixevme wiq gstwikymx idvxiwwex iqvezme virsw witzmqitzsw
yq js syzxs. E iqvezme gstwzmzym yq vxé-xiuymwmzs vexe e mtzmqmjeji i s jmársks
ewwixzmbs.
S zixeviyze vsjixá qsjirex sw jmársksw es rstks je wiwwãs ji zixevme mtbiwzmtjs
te xilridãs vsx qims je evrmgeçãs ji xsri vrec, qsjirekiq, bíjisw vwmgsijygezmbsw i
zégtmgew ji bermjeçãs. S uyi s gewer evxitji tew wiwwõiw jibixá wix mtjmgejs gsqs
zexilew ji gewe vexe uyi vxezmuyiq te bmje xier. Ewwmq, zixãs e svsxzytmjeji ji
witzmx-wi jmlixitziw jmetzi jsw qiwqsw vejxõiw.
Epyjex sw gewemw e xikyrexiq wyew iqsçõiw zeqhéq é yq ermgixgi ts vxsgiwws
grítmgs. Mjitzmlmgex, tsqiex, bermjex, qitwyxex i xikyrex iqsçõiw mtzitwew vsji wix
yq vxijmzsx ji wygiwws te gsqytmgeçãs e jsmw.

Zxehernetjs sw gsqvsxzeqitzsw
S zximts ji gsqytmgeçãs ewwixzmbe i ji zégtmgew ji xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew wãs
lytjeqitzsw zxehernejsw mtzitweqitzi iq zixevme ji gewer. Qirnsxex ew nehmrmjejiw
wsgmemw js gewer vxsvsxgmste ketnsw ilizmbsw ji qéjms i rstks vxefsw. Qymzsw
viwuymwejsxiw egxijmzeq uyi ew nehmrmjejiw ji gsqytmgeçãs i xiwsryçãs ji
vxshriqew iwzãs itzxi sw vxmtgmvemw mtkxijmitziw uyi lefiq yq xiregmsteqitzs
lytgmstex (QgOec, Lettmtk, & Verik, 6440).
Ribitwst, Gexwzitwit i Kszzqet (7558) xibireq uyi sw gewemw gsq qemw
tikezmbmjeji js uyi vswmzmbmjeji kxebmzebeq te jmxiçãs js jmbóxgms gsq
gsqvsxzeqitzsw gsqs:
• uyimdew i gxízmgew;
• jiwvxifs, fsqhexme, mtwyrzs, wexgewqs i jiwevxsbeçãs;
• jilitwmbmjeji, tikeçãs je xiwvstwehmrmjeji sy gstzxe-ezeuyi;
• mtgsqytmgehmrmjeji gsqs yq qyxs ji vijxew.
S eyzsx mtjmge uyi iwwiw gsqvsxzeqitzsw wãs sw “uyezxs geberimxsw js
evsgermvwi” ji yq gewer mtwezmwlimzs. Gewemw uyi idvixmqitzeq iwwi vejxãs te
gsqytmgeçãs zitjiq e itzxex iq yqe gewgeze ji jmwzetgmeqitzs, itgexetjs sw
vxshriqew gsqytw gsqs kxebiw, egxijmzetjs uyi tãs ná syzxew qetimxew ji
xiwsrbixiq sw vxshriqew. Itzãs, vewweq e sxketmfex wyew bmjew ji qsjsw vexerirsw,
witziq-wi mtytjejsw virew uyimdew js syzxs wsfmtns i witziq-wi wsfmtnsw qiwqs
uyi e jsmw.
E qemsx vexzi jsw vxskxeqew ji zximteqitzs ji nehmrmjejiw ji gsqytmgeçãs
eydmrme sw gewemw e vewwex ji yqe gsqytmgeçãs rmtiex (tãs lere wshxi wm, tãs wi xibire
i ezege es syzxs) vexe yqe gsqytmgeçãs gmxgyrex (lere wshxi sw wiyw vejxõiw ji
witzmqitzsw i vitweqitzsw wshxi s uyi iwzá egstzigitjs). Iwwi vxsgiwws é qemw
qejyxs i jmlixitgme sw gewemw. Ts jigsxxix je zixevme, é mqvsxzetzi uyi s zixeviyze
mtgitzmbi sw gewemw e zxehernexiq sw wiyw vxshriqew ji qetimxe xiwvimzswe i
vxsjyzmbe, ribetjs iq gstwmjixeçãs s “ziqvs vexe iwlxmex” i hywgetjs wiqvxi yqe
gsqvxiitwãs iqvázmge gsq s syzxs es rstks jew wmzyeçõiw.
Erkyqew iwzxezékmew vsjiq epyjex s zixeviyze e gstjyfmx jmársksw ewwixzmbsw. S
zximteqitzs ji gsqytmgeçãs gstwzmzym vexzi iwwitgmer je ZGG, vsmw iri lebsxigi
mtzixeçõiw vswmzmbew, xijyf gsktmçõiw jmwzsxgmjew i gstzxmhym vexe e idvixmêtgme
xikyreje jew iqsçõiw. Ywex s elizs, evxitjix e egerqex ew xieçõiw lmwmsrókmgew,
wsqejs àw lixxeqitzew evxitjmjew es rstks jew wiwwõiw, vsjixá lytgmstex gsqs
yq “eqsxzigijsx” tsw gstlrmzsw gstpykemw. Vexe sw uyi lereq, é mqvsxzetzi wykixmx
uyi wipe ji qetimxe gstwmwzitzi, ezitze, qetzitjs gstzezs bmwyer. Hywgex yq zsq
gerqs, qiwqs uyetjs iwzãs fetkejsw sy vixzyxhejsw, é yq jiwelms vxsqmwwsx. É
mqvsxzetzi qetzix e hxibmjeji te gstbixwe, mx jmxizs es vstzs, lerex wshxi s uyi
vitwe i witzi e xiwvimzs js ewwytzs ibmzetjs ezeuyiw i gxízmgew es vexgimxs. Tãs
mtzixvxizex s wmrêtgms js syzxs gsqs xiwmwzêtgme, wsqejs àw ezmzyjiw, wãs iwzxezékmew
uyi legmrmzeq yqe gsqytmgeçãs ewwixzmbe. Beri riqhxex uyi veywew vsjixãs wix
tigiwwáxmew vexe yqe xilridãs vxslytje. Vexe uyiq sybi é mqvsxzetzi qetzix
gstzezs bmwyer, lefitjs qsbmqitzsw iqvázmgsw. Tãs mtzixxsqvix, etszetjs iq yq
hrsgs wyew gstwmjixeçõiw vexe wixiq gsrsgejew vswzixmsxqitzi, vsjixá wix yqe
iwzxezékme mtgitzmbeje virs zixeviyze. Vexe yqe gsqytmgeçãs ewwixzmbe, é
lytjeqitzer uyi s sybmtzi vxsgyxi iwgrexigix, vsx qims ji vixkytzew, kexetzmtjs,
ewwmq, uyi s sybmtzi iwzipe itzitjitjs s uyi s syzxs jmf. Ibmzex e
gstzxemtbiwzmkeçãs, hywgex s xiwvimzs i e jmvrsqegme jibiq wix qizew wiqvxi
wykixmjew virs zixeviyze.
Zégtmgew ji xiwsryçãs ji vxshriqew wãs lxiuyitziqitzi yzmrmfejew es rstks jew
wiwwõiw ji gewer vexe s qetips jsw mzitw ji ekitje ji geje wiwwãs. Ivwzimt i
Wgniriwmtkix (6449) jmzexeq yq gstpytzs ji vewwsw gsqs jmxizxmfiw te xiwsryçãs
jsw vxshriqew gstpykemw:
• Jilmte sw vxshriqew iq zixqsw ji gsqvsxzeqitzsw iwvigílmgsw. É mqvsxzetzi
uyi eqhsw sw gôtpykiw gstgsxjiq gsq e rmwze i iwzipeq ji egsxjs gsq s
vxshriqe jilmtmjs.
• Kixi yq gstpytzs ji vswwíbimw wsryçõiw. Tiwwi qsqitzs, mtgitzmbi s gewer e
rmwzex s qemsx túqixs ji erzixtezmbew vswwíbimw, wiq iqmzmx pyrkeqitzsw.
• Ebermi ew betzekitw i jiwbetzekitw ji geje svçãs. Gstwzxye yq qeve bmwyer
jiwwi idixgígms vexe uyi s gewer vswwe wi sxmitzex es rstks je jmwgywwãs.
• Iwgsrne yqe wsryçãs vswwíbir.
• Mqvriqitzi e wsryçãs i ebermi e wye ilmgágme.
Egsxjsw, gstzxezsw i gsqhmteçõiw wãs xiwyrzejsw iwvixejsw evów iwwi zmvs ji
mtzixbitçãs. S zixeviyze jibixá iwzmqyrex e ewwixzmbmjeji, itgsxepetjs s gewer e
idvixmqitzex gsqvsxzeqitzsw qitsw wmtzsqázmgsw, s uyi vsji ribex e xireçãs e
vezeqexiw qemw wezmwlezóxmsw.

Vexe lmtermfex
S uyi mqvsxze é gsxxmkmx sw ixxsw, qiwqs uyi wipe vexe zitzex syzxe bif.
Jihsxen Hryq, Rsbi ez Ksst Vexo

E zixevme ji gewer wi jmlixi je zixevme mtjmbmjyer virew wiwwõiw vxijsqmtetziqitzi

gstpytzew i vsx gstwmjixex, gsqs qemsx vexzi js vretipeqitzs ji mtzixbitçãs,
wmzyeçõiw uyi ejbêq je xireçãs e jsmw. Ew wiwwõiw ji zixevme ji gewer wãs zeqhéq
iwzxyzyxejew, gstzitjs gnigekiq ji nyqsx, vstzi gsq e wiwwãs etzixmsx, ekitje,
xiwyqsw i liijhego. Iwwe iwzxyzyxeçãs gswzyqe zxehernex, te lewi lmter, e
qetyzitçãs jsw ketnsw i e vxibitçãs ji xigeíjew. Wiwwõiw ji xilsxçs wãs
gsqyqitzi ekitjejew i bmweq e bixmlmgex e qetyzitçãs jew gstuymwzew shzmjew i
erkyqe syzxe jiqetje uyi vsji zix wyxkmjs vswzixmsxqitzi.
Iwzi gevízyrs zxsydi, ji lsxqe wmqvriw i grexe, vxsgiwwsw uyi legmrmzeq e gstjyçãs
jsw zxezeqitzsw iq zixevme ji gewer. S ytmbixws jsw gewemw é yq geqvs bewzs i
vxówvixs, xivrizs ji vswwmhmrmjejiw i svsxzytmjejiw vexe uyi tów, vwmgszixeviyzew,
vswweqsw ribex e gmêtgme ezé s geqvs ji zxetwlsxqeçõiw xiemw.

Xilixêtgmew
Eqezs, V. X., Psntwst, J. X., Hsszn, E., & Xskixw, W. P. (6449). Gstzmtymzc etj gnetki mt qexmzer uyermzc
hizaiit 7524 etj 6444. Psyxter sl Qexxmeki etj Leqmrc, 01(7), 7-66.
Exmew, M., & Nsywi, E. W. (6443). Zxezeqitzs gsktmzmbs-gsqvsxzeqitzer jsw vxshriqew gstpykemw. Mt B.
I. Geherrs, Qetyer vexe zxezeqitzs gsktmzmbs-gsqvsxzeqitzer jsw zxetwzsxtsw vwmgsrókmgsw je
ezyermjeji (vv. 193-107). Wãs Veyrs: Wetzsw.
Heygsq, J. N., Ivwzimt, T. H., ReZemrreji, P. P., & Omxhc, P. W. (6442). Gsktmzmbi-hinebmsxer gsyvri znixevc.
Mt E. W. Kyxqet (Ij.), Grmtmger netjhsso sl gsyvri znixevc (vv. 97-36). Tia Csxo: Kymrlsxj.
Higo, E. Z. (7535). Gsktmzmbi znixevc sl jivxiwwmst. Tia Csxo: Kymrlsxj.
Higo, P. W., & Higo, E. Z. (7551). Gsktmzmbi znixevc: Hewmgw etj hicstj. Tia Csxo: Kymrlsxj.
Higo, E. Z., & Grexo, J. E. (7553). Et mtlsxqezmst vxsgiwwmtk qsjir sl etdmizc: Eyzsqezmg etj wzxezikmg
vxsgiwwiw. Hinebmsyx xiwiexgn etj znixevc, 91(7), 85-12.
Higo, E. Z., Axmknz, L. J., Tiaqet, G. L., & Rmiwi, H. W. (7559). Gsktmzmbi znixevc sl wyhwzetgi ehywi. Tia
Csxo: Kymrlsxj.
Hirr, O. Q., & Teykri, E. I. (6442). Mtzmqezi vexztix bmsritgi znisxizmger gstwmjixezmstw: Qsbmtk
zsaexjw e gstzidzyer lxeqiasxo. Grmtmger vwcgnsrskc xibmia, 62(3), 7450-7743.
Hmirmtk, V. P., & Oycoit, A. (6449). Mw gsktmzmbi gewi lsxqyrezmst wgmitgi sx wgmitgi lmgzmst? Grmtmger
Vwcgnsrskc: Wgmitgi etj Vxegzmgi, 74(7), 16-05.
Gexjsws, H. R. E., & Tiylirj, G. H. (6472). Gstgimzyermfeçãs gsktmzmbe vexe gewemw: yq qsjirs jmjázmgs
vexe lsxqyreçãs ji gewsw iq zixevme gstpyker. Vitwetjs leqírmew, 66(6), 736-720.
Gneuymqi, R. V., Gsxxêe, E. K., & Qmrr, J. (6470). Evxitjmfekiq je jsgêtgme bmxzyer: etermwetjs
mtbiwzmkeçõiw wshxi e hewi ji gstnigmqitzs jsgitzi vexe ijygeçãs e jmwzâtgme. WMIJ: ItVIJ-
Wmqvówms Mtzixtegmster ji Ijygeçãs e Jmwzâtgme i Itgstzxs ji Viwuymwejsxiw iq Ijygeçãs e Jmwzâtgme.
Gnxmwzitwit, E., Ezomtw, J. G., Heygsq, H., & Cm, P. (6474). Qexmzer wzezyw etj wezmwlegzmst lmbi ciexw
lsrrsamtk e xetjsqmfij grmtmger zxmer gsqvexmtk zxejmzmster bixwyw mtzikxezmbi hinebmsxer gsyvri
znixevc. Psyxter sl Gstwyrzmtk etj Grmtmger Vwcgnsrskc, 32(6), 661-691.
Gxsww, W. I., Hegst, V. R., & Qsxxmw, Q. R. (6444). Zni xirezmster-mtzixjivitjitz wirl-gstwzxyer etj
xirezmstwnmvw. Psyxter sl Vixwstermzc etj Wsgmer Vwcgnsrskc, 32(8), 357-242.
Gxsai, Q. P. (7532). Gstpsmtz qexmzer znixevc: E gstzxsrrij syzgsqi wzyjc. Vwcgnsrskmger Qijmgmti, 2(8),
069-090.
Jerqsrmt, E., Vixrmtm, T. Q. S. K., Gsvvizzm, R. G., Xswwezs, K. G., Ksqiw, P. W., & Wmrbe, Q. I. T. (6470).
Bíjis ijygezmbs gsqs xigyxws vexe ijygeçãs iq weúji e viwwsew gsq gsrswzsqme i leqmrmexiw.
Xibmwze Keúgne ji Itlixqekiq, 93(Iwv), i02939.
Jezzmrms, L. Q. (6441). Mtzxsjygzmst zs zni wvigmer wigzmst: Zni xsri sl gsktmzmbi–hinebmsxer
mtzixbitzmstw mt gsyvri etj leqmrc znixevc. Psyxter sl qexmzer etj leqmrc znixevc, 97(7), 3-79.
Jezzmrms, L. Q. (6440). Gewi-hewij xiwiexgn mt leqmrc znixevc. Eywzxermet etj Tia Fieretj Psyxter sl
Leqmrc Znixevc, 63(8), 642-679.
Jezzmrms, L. Q., Ivwzimt, T. H., & Heygsq, J. N. (7552). Mtzxsjygzmst zs gsktmzmbi hinebmsx znixevc amzn
gsyvriw etj leqmrc. Mt L. Q. Jezzmrms (Ij.), Gewi wzyjmiw mt gsyvri etj leqmrc znixevc: Wcwziqmg etj
gsktmzmbi vixwvigzmbiw (vv. 7–90). Tia Csxo: Kymrlsxj
Jezzmrms, L. Q., & Ivwzimt, T. H. (6449). Gsktmzmbi-hinebmsxer gsyvri etj leqmrc znixevc. Mt Z. Widzst, K.
Aiiow, & Q. Xshhmtw (Ijw.), Netjhsso sl leqmrc znixevc: Zni wgmitgi etj vxegzmgi sl asxomtk (vv. 783-
739). Rstjst: Xsyzrijki.
Jezzmrms, L. Q., & Lxiiqet, E. (7556). Mtzxsjygzmst zs gsktmzmbi znixevc. Mt Gsqvxinitwmbi gewihsso sl
gsktmzmbi znixevc (vv. 9-77). Hswzst: Wvxmtkix.
Jsww, H. J., Xnsejiw, K. O., Wzetric, W. Q., Qexoqet, N. P., & Psntwst, G. E. (6445). Jmllixitzmer ywi sl
vxiqexmzer ijygezmst mt lmxwz etj wigstj qexxmekiw. Psyxter sl Leqmrc Vwcgnsrskc, 69(6), 602-639.
Imjirwst, X. P., & Ivwzimt, T. (7526). Gsktmzmst etj xirezmstwnmv qerejpywzqitz: Jibirsvqitz sl e
qiewyxi sl jcwlytgzmster xirezmstwnmv hirmilw. Psyxter sl gstwyrzmtk etj grmtmger vwcgnsrskc, 14(1), 371-
364.
Irrmw, E., & Nexvix, X. E. (7507). E kymji zs xezmster rmbmtk. Sdlsxj: Vxitzmgi-Nerr.
Ivwzimt, T. I., Wgnriwmtkix, W. I., & Jxcjit, A. I. (Sxkw.). (7522). Gsktmzmbi-hinebmsxer znixevc amzn
leqmrmiw. Sdlsxj: Hxyttix Qimwir.
Ivwzimt, T. H., & Wgnriwmtkix, W. I. (6449). Zxiezqitz sl leqmrc vxshriqw. Mt Q.E. Ximtigoi, L.Q.
Jezzmrms, & E. Lxiiqet (Ijw.), Gsktmzmbi znixevc amzn gnmrjxit etj ejsriwgitzw: E gewihsso lsx grmtmger
vxegzmgi (6tj ij., vv. 948-993). Tia Csxo: Kymrlsxj.
Lirjqet, W. W., Ksait, R. O., & Lmwnix, R. (7552). Leqmrc xirezmstwnmvw etj kitjix ew vxijmgzsxw sl
xsqetzmg mtzmqegc mt csytk ejyrzw: E rstkmzyjmter wzyjc. Psyxter sl Xiwiexgn st Ejsriwgitgi, 2(6), 609-
620.
Léxiw-Gextimxs, Z. (7552). Geweqitzs gstziqvsxâtis: S jmlígmr gstbíbms je mtjmbmjyermjeji gsq e
gstpykermjeji. Vwmgsrskme: Xilridãs i gxízmge, 77(6), 935-958.
Léxiw-Gextimxs, Z. (6449). Wivexeçãs: s jsrsxsws vxsgiwws ji jmwwsryçãs je gstpykermjeji. Iwzyjsw
ji Vwmgsrskme, 2(9), 903-938.
Lxmijhixk, M. (6440). Eyzsqezij vxszimt lytgzmst vxijmgzmst—zni kitsqmg gnerritki. Hxmilmtkw mt
hmsmtlsxqezmgw, 3(9), 661-686.
Kszzqet, P. Q., & Wmrbix, T. (6444). Zni 3 vxmtgmvriw lsx qeomtk qexxmeki asxo. Tia Csxo: Znxii Xmbix.
Kszzqet, P. Q. (6479). Qexmzer mtzixegzmst: Idvixmqitzer mtbiwzmkezmstw. Sdlsxj: Irwibmix.
Kxetbsrj, J. O. (6448). Jmbóxgms. Mt L. Q. Jezzmrms, & E. Lxiijqet (Sxkw.), Iwzxezékmew gsktmzmbs
gsqvsxzeqitzemw ji mtzixbitçãs iq wmzyeçõiw ji gxmwi (6e ij., vv. 944-970). Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij.
Nenraik, O., & Qexoqet, N. P. (7522). Illigzmbitiww sl hinebmsxer qexmzer znixevc: Iqvmxmger wzezyw sl
hinebmsxer zigntmuyiw mt vxibitzmtk etj erribmezmtk qexmzer jmwzxiww. Psyxter sl gstwyrzmtk etj grmtmger
vwcgnsrskc, 10(9), 884.
Netwit, L. P., Lerrst, E. I., & Tsbsztc, W. R. (7557). Zni xirezmstwnmv hizaiit wsgmer tizasxo wzxygzyxi
etj qexmzer wezmwlegzmst mt jmwzxiwwij etj tstjmwzxiwwij gsyvriw: E vmrsz wzyjc. Leqmrc Znixevc: Zni
Psyxter sl zni Germlsxtme Kxejyezi Wgnssr sl Leqmrc Vwcgnsrskc, 72(6).
Nexzric, W. R., Hexoix, I. Z., Wirzfix, Q. Q., Lrscj, L., Kxiithixk, P., Sxwqstj, K., & Hsrz, J. (6474). Zni
xirezmbi xmwo etj zmqmtk sl jmbsxgi mt leqmrmiw sl gnmrjxit amzn et eyzmwq wvigzxyq jmwsxjix. Psyxter sl
Leqmrc Vwcgnsrskc, 68(8), 885.
Neaomtw, E. P., Hretgnexj, B. R., Herjamt, W. E., & Leagizz, I. H. (6442). Jsiw qexxmeki etj xirezmstwnmv
ijygezmst asxo? E qize-eterczmg wzyjc. Psyxter sl gstwyrzmtk etj grmtmger vwcgnsrskc, 30(1), 369.
Nitxmuyiw, G. X., Pehrstwom, H., & Léxiw-Gextimxs, Z. (6448). E kixeçãs getkyxy: erkyqew uyiwzõiw
wshxi s vxsrstkeqitzs je gstbmbêtgme leqmrmex. Vwmgs, 91(6), 751-641.
Nsrzfasxzn-Qytxsi, E., Aerzf, P., Pegshwst, T. W., Qstegs, B., Linxithegn, V. E., & Kszzqet, P. Q.
(7556). Xigxymzmtk tstbmsritz qit ew gstzxsr wyhpigzw lsx xiwiexgn st qexmzer bmsritgi: Nsa iewmrc
get mz hi jsti? Bmsritgi etj Bmgzmqw, 3(7), 35.
Nsxtillix, O. P., & Lmtgneq, L. J. (7550). Ezzxmhyzmster qsjirw sl jivxiwwmst etj qexmzer jmwzxiww.
Vixwstermzc etj Wsgmer Vwcgnsrskc Hyrrizmt, 66(3), 032-025.
Psntwst, J. X., Eqsrsfe, Z. S., & Hsszn, E. (7556). Wzehmrmzc etj jibirsvqitzer gnetki mt qexmzer
uyermzc: E znxii-aebi vetir etercwmw. Psyxter sl Qexxmeki etj Leqmrc, 18(9), 126-158.
Oextic, H. X., & Hxejhyxc, Z. T. (7551). Zni rstkmzyjmter gsyxwi sl qexmzer uyermzc etj wzehmrmzc: E
xibmia sl znisxc, qiznsjw, etj xiwiexgn. Vwcgnsrskmger Hyrrizmt, 772(7), 9-98.
Otevv, V. (6448). Zixevme gsktmzmbs-gsqvsxzeqitzer te vxázmge vwmuymázxmge. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij.
Oycoit, A., Lsznixkmrr, G. J., Qywe, Q., & Gnejamgo, V. (6441). Zni xirmehmrmzc etj uyermzc sl gsktmzmbi
gewi lsxqyrezmst. Hinebmsyx xiwiexgn etj znixevc, 89(5), 7723-7647.
Oycoit, A., Vejiwoc, G. E., & Jyjric, X. (6442). Zni wgmitgi etj vxegzmgi sl gewi gstgivzyermfezmst.
Hinebmsyxer etj Gsktmzmbi Vwcgnsznixevc, 90(0), 313-302.
Oycoit, A., Vejiwoc, G. E., & Jyjric, X. (6474). Gstgimzyermfeçãs ji gewsw gsrehsxezmbe: S zxeherns iq
iuymvi gsq grmitziw iq zixevme gsktmzmbs-gsqvsxzeqitzer. Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij.
Ribitwst, X. A., Gexwzitwit, R. R., & Kszzqet, P. Q. (7558). Mtlryitgi sl eki etj kitjix st elligz,
vncwmsrskc, etj znimx mtzixxirezmstw: E wzyjc sl rstk-zixq qexxmekiw. Psyxter sl vixwstermzc etj wsgmer
vwcgnsrskc, 03(7), 10.
QgOec, Q., Lettmtk, V., & Verik, O. (6440). Gsyvri womrrw: Qeomtk csyx xirezmstwnmv asxo. Seoretj: Tia
Nexhmtkix.
QgOmttic, A. Z. (6449). Rsbi ez Ksst Vexo: Nexxc Nexrsa etj zni Wgmitgi sl Elligzmst. Eqixmget
Psyxter sl Vwcgnmezxc, 704(76), 6618-6611.
Qswqett, G., Aektix, E., & Léxiw-Gextimxs, Z. (6440). Uyermjeji gstpyker: qevietjs gstgimzsw.
Vemjéme (Xmhimxãs Vxizs), 70(91), 971-961.
Qyiwix, O. Z., Krctt, W. Q., Geznix, G., Fexezi, X., Lsd, R., Lirjqet, P., ... & Grexo, X. I. (6445). Leqmrc
mtzixbitzmst lsx gs-sggyxxmtk wyhwzetgi ywi etj wibixi vwcgnmezxmg jmwsxjixw: Vexzmgmvetz
gnexegzixmwzmgw etj gsxxireziw sl mtmzmer itkekiqitz etj qsxi idzitjij idvswyxi mt e xetjsqmfij
gstzxsrrij zxmer. Ejjmgzmbi Hinebmsxw, 98(74), 203-233.
Tizzs, W. V., Virmwwexm, E. R., Gcwtimxsw, B. G., Hsteffe, Q., & Wetuyizze, G. X. (6473). Weqvrmtk
vxsgijyxiw lsx mtbitzsxc sl gsqqixgmer bsryqi zxii wvigmiw mt Eqefst Lsxiwz. Etemw Je Egejiqme
Hxewmrimxe ji Gmêtgmew, 25(9), 7265–7284.
Tmgnsrw, Q. V., & Wgnaexzf, X. G. (6442). Leqmrc znixevc: Gstgivzw etj qiznsjw (Bsr. 2). Hswzst: Errct
etj Hegst.
Tsxxi, P., Bet jit Hxsygoi, W., & Betjixicgoit, A. (6440). Iezmtk jmwsxjixw etj qexmzer xirezmstwnmvw.
Rstjst: Xsyzrijki.
Vexwstw, B. R., Qsxmexmzc, G. R., Pstew, O., Qssxi, Z. L., Jebmw, O. I., & Zsqvomtw, R. (6478). Jiwmkt etj
iwzmqezmst lsx zni tezmster nierzn mtzixbmia wyxbic, 6440-6471. Bmzer etj nierzn wzezmwzmgw.Wixmiw 6(701),
7-19.
Vixwstw, P. H., Xshixzw, T. E., Ferigom, G. E., & Hxignaerj, A. E. (6440). Tezyxermwzmg syzgsqi sl gewi
lsxqyrezmst-jxmbit gsktmzmbi-hinebmsx znixevc lsx etdmsyw jivxiwwij syzvezmitzw. Hinebmsyx Xiwiexgn
etj Znixevc, 88(3), 7487-7417.
Vswzir, Q. K., Neet, N. E., & Ji Pstk, G. E. (6442). I-znixevc lsx qitzer nierzn vxshriqw: e wcwziqezmg
xibmia. Ziriqijmgmti etj i-Nierzn, 78(3), 343-378.
Wetzsw, G. I. Q., & Qijimxsw, L. E. (6473). E xiribâtgme je zégtmge ji uyiwzmsteqitzs wsgxázmgs te
vxázmge gsktmzmbs-gsqvsxzeqitzer. Exgnmbiw sl Nierzn Mtbiwzmkezmst, 0(1), 648-642. Xigyvixejs ji: nz
zv://aaa.exgnnierznmtbiwzmkezmst.gsq.hx/ExgNM/exzmgri/bmia/7584
Xefixe, E. V. X., Hyizzs, R. W., Ritfe, T. J. L. H., & Wstshi, N. Q. (6478). Bíjis ijygezmbs; iwzxezékmew
ji itwmts-evxitjmfekiq vexe vegmitziw iq zxezeqitzs uymqmszixávmgs. Gmêtgme, Gymjejsw i Weúji,
79(7), 739-732.
Xmffst, E. R. G., Qswqett, G. V., & Aektix, E. (6479). E uyermjeji gstpyker i sw iriqitzsw js eqsx:
yq iwzyjs gsxxiregmster. Gstzidzsw grítmgsw, 0(7), 87-85.
Xshriw, Z. L., Wrezgnix, X. H., Zxsqhirrs, P. Q., & QgKmtt, Q. Q. (6478). Qexmzer uyermzc etj nierzn: E
qize-eterczmg xibmia. Vwcgnsrskmger Hyrrizmt, 784(7), 784.
Wtcjix, J. O., Nicqet, X. I., & Nectiw, W. T. (6441). Ibmjitgi-hewij evvxsegniw zs ewwiwwmtk gsyvri
jmwzxiww. Vwcgnsrskmger ewwiwwqitz, 73(9), 622.
Wzetric, W. Q., Eqezs, V. X., Psntwst, G. E., & Qexoqet, N. P. (6440). Vxiqexmzer ijygezmst, qexmzer
uyermzc, etj qexmzer wzehmrmzc: Lmtjmtkw lxsq e rexki, xetjsq nsywinsrj wyxbic. Psyxter sl leqmrc
vwcgnsrskc, 64(7), 773.
Wzxeyhi, O. Q., ji Veyre Kstçerbiw, Q., & ji Rsyxjiw Gitze, Q. (6449). Vixgivçãs jsw lmrnsw wshxi s
jmbóxgms jsw vemw. Leqírme, Weúji i Jiwitbsrbmqitzs, 1(9).
Wzyexz, X. H. (7505). Svixetz-mtzixvixwster zxiezqitz lsx qexmzer jmwgsxj. Psyxter sl gstwyrzmtk etj
grmtmger vwcgnsrskc, 99(0), 031.
Csytk, P. I., Orswos, P. W., & Aimwneex, Q. I. (6449). Wgniqe znixevc. Tia Csxo: Kymrlsxj.
Aemtix, X., Vemq, O., Ixjsw, X., Ixjsw, X., & Etjxmsre, X. (6471). Zixevme gsktmzmbe lsgeje iq iwuyiqew.
Vsxzs Erikxi: Exzqij
Aimww, W. V., & Versw, V. E. (7522). Xiregmót itzxi ir túqixs ji nmpsw, re wezmwleggmót qexmzer c re
gsqytmgegmót gst ir gótcyki. Weryj Qitzer, 77(9), 71-72.
Fsxjet, I. V., Lergoi, J., & Aektix, E. (6445). Gewex sy tãs gewex? Qszmbsw i idvigzezmbew gsq
xireçãs es geweqitzs. Vwmgsrskme iq Xibmwze, 71(6), 10-30.

Rimzyxew xigsqitjejew
Jezzmrms, L. Q. (6441). Zni xiwzxygzyxmtk sl leqmrc wgniqew: e gsktmzmbi–hinebmsx vixwvigzmbi. Psyxter sl
Qexmzer etj Leqmrc Znixevc, 97(7), 71-94.
Krctt, W. Q., Izn, W., Xetjsrvn, I. Z., Lsc, J. A., Yxhemzmw, Q., Hsdix, R., ... Oezfqet, P. A. (7555). E ziwz sl
hinebmsxer leqmrc znixevc zs eykqitz idvswyxi lsx gsqhez-xirezij vswzzxeyqezmg wzxiww jmwsxjix.
Psyxter sl gstwyrzmtk etj Grmtmger Vwcgnsrskc, 03(6), 689.
Nmgoqett, E. E., Gerjixót, E. M., ji Efibijs, E. H., Ksqiw, E. R. R., Hxeke, E. X., Kyijiw, E. S., ...
Lixitg, E. B. L. (6473). Sw túqixsw 682, 685 i 614 je Xibmwze Hxewmrimxe ji Iwzyjsw Vijekókmgsw,
gsxxiwvstjitziw es bsryqi 52, tãs zixmeq wmjs vyhrmgejsw wiq e xiribetzi gsrehsxeçãs jsw
wikymtziw vexigixmwzew ej nsg (47/42/6470 e 97/43/6473). Xibmwze Hxewmrimxe ji Iwzyjsw ji Vijekskme,
52(614), 237-238.
Rii, P., & Kmrrezn, S. (6470). Vixgimbij grswitiww zs qyrzmvri wsgmer gsttigzmstw etj ezzegnqitz wzcri:
E rstkmzyjmter ideqmtezmst. Wsgmer Vwcgnsrskmger etj Vixwstermzc Wgmitgi, 3(3), 024-025.
Tiylirj, G. H., & Gebiteki, G. G. (6474). Gstgimzyermfeçãs gsktmzmbe ji gews: yqe vxsvswze ji
wmwziqezmfeçãs e vexzmx je vxázmge grítmge i je lsxqeçãs ji zixeviyzew gsktmzmbs-gsqvsxzeqitzemw.
Xibmwze Hxewmrimxe ji Zixevmew Gsktmzmbew, 0(6), 9-90.
Vezzixwst, K. X., Nsvw, N., & Aimww, X. R. (7531). Mtzixvixwster womrrw zxemtmtk lsx gsyvriw mt iexrc wzekiw
sl gstlrmgz. Psyxter sl Qexxmeki etj zni Leqmrc, 93, 651-949.
Xitmgo, Q. P., Hryqhixk, W. R., & Qexoqet, N. P. (7556). Zni Vxibitzmst etj Xirezmstwnmv Itnetgiqitz
Vxskxeq (VXIV): Et iqvmxmgerrc hewij vxibitzmbi mtzixbitzmst vxskxeq lsx gsyvriw. Leqmrc Xirezmstw,
87(6), 787-783.
Wexjmtne, E., Lergsti, I. J. S., & Lixximxe, Q. G. (6445). Ew xireçõiw itzxi e wezmwleçãs gstpyker i ew
nehmrmjejiw wsgmemw vixgihmjew ts gôtpyki. Vwmgsrskme: Zisxme i Viwuymwe, 61(9), 951-846.
Wzetric, W. Q., Eqezs, V. X., Psntwst, G. E., & Qexoqet, N. P. (6440). Vxiqexmzer ijygezmst, qexmzer
uyermzc, etj qexmzer wzehmrmzc: Lmtjmtkw lxsq e rexki, xetjsq nsywinsrj wyxbic. Psyxter sl leqmrc
vwcgnsrskc, 64(7), 773.