TOPIC 2 | PRELIMS | SEM 2 2022 - 2023
AB Political Science | I1AC | Professor Tanyag, Remina L
LESSON 1
SEX, GENDER, AND SEXUALITY
SEX
- the biological aspect of sex;
maleness or femaleness
GENDER
- The social interpretation of sex;
masculinity, femininity, etc.
SEXUALITY
- the ability of our own experience
of our sex and gender
SEX CHROMOSOMES
- are chromosomal markers that
distinguish females (XX) from
male (XY) species
INTERSEX
- refers to individuals with
composite genitals (possessing
some characteristic of both
female and male genitals.
INTRODUCTION
- What does it mean to be a male or
female, to be feminine or masculine, or
to be a man or woman?
- We have traced our journey from the
moment we were born, and go back to
the journey we humans have across the
lifespan.
- First thing you need to understand is
the complexities of defining and
differentiating sex, gender and
sexuality. Having a clear grasp of these
concepts is crucial since we will be
using these terms over and over again
in succeeding discussions.
Moreover, as we start our discussion of
gender and sexuality as social realities,
we also want to understand how a
person’s gender is expressed from birth
to adulthood. Our goal is to foster
understanding of the diversity of how
humans experience and express their
sexuality.
SEX
● is the biological dimension of
our gender and sexuality. Other
terms are biological sex or
physical sex which generally
pertains to one’s identity
depending on your sexual
anatomy and physiology.
● Sex is typically determined by
examining your genitals
● organs that are associated with
reproduction (the ability to
create offspring).
SEX IS ASSIGNED AT BIRTH
● If at birth a child is observed to
have a penis and testicles, then
the child is categorized as male.
● If a child is observed to have a
vagina, then the child is
categorized as female.
● If the baby’s genitals appear to
be a conglomerate of male and
TOPIC 2 | PRELIMS | SEM 2 2022 - 2023
AB Political Science | I1AC | Professor Tanyag, Remina L
female organs, the condition is
referred to as hermaphroditism
now referred to as intersexuality
(1 in 1,500).
OTHER BIOLOGICAL MARKERS OF SEX
Chromosomes, protein structures which
contain one’s genetic materials, are
also used to determine sex.
An individual with a set of XY sex
chromosomes is considered male.
While an individual with a set of XX sex
chromosomes is said to be a female.
Also used as markers are the level of
some hormones - chemicals in one’s
body that are responsible for sustaining
bodily processes.
Human males tend to have higher
levels of testosterones, which is
associated to sex drive and aggression.
Human females tend to have higher
level of estrogen and progesterone,
which are associated to lactation,
menstruation, and other female
reproductive functions
GENDER
Humans are meaning-making
organisms. They possess the ability for
higher order thinking (HOT), have the
tendency to create social norms which
allow us to attach social and cultural
meanings to things, including sex.
Ex. Males are expected to be
masculine, and females are expected to
be feminine
Parents automatically attach social and
cultural meanings to their child’s sex
during birth and thus set expectations in
terms of the child’s behavior and how
the child should be treated.
This social dimension of one’s sexuality
is referred to as GENDER.
Adults manifest their social
interpretation of the baby’s sex by the
colors assigned to the baby
Names,toys, and apparels are picked
by parents and relatives based on the
interpretation of the baby’s sex.
Through childhood and adolescence,
this arrangement becomes more
complex as expectations go beyond the
kind of clothes worn but also in terms of
how the person must or must not
behave.
WAYS WHEREIN GENDER IS MANIFESTED
The phenomenon of determining the
normality of a behavior based on
whether it conforms or not to the
expectations relative to one’s biological
sex is - heteronormativity.
TOPIC 2 | PRELIMS | SEM 2 2022 - 2023
AB Political Science | I1AC | Professor Tanyag, Remina L
Girls are expected to be gentle, caring
and loving.
Boys are encouraged to be strong,
rough, and assertive
GENDER
However, not all follow culturally
accepted standards of masculinity and
femininity. Ex. Girls not wanting to wear
dresses and boys not wanting to play
rough sports.
THIS IS A NATURAL VARIATION OF
THE HUMAN GENDER EXPRESSION.
60 years ago, women could not wear
pants without social disapproval
How we express our gender is largely
based on our social and cultural setting.
Most are comfortable with their sex and
gender; men who are masculine and
women who are feminine
Each culture has different standards on
how to be a man and woman and how
they should present themselves
according to sex and gender.
GENDER IDENTITY
- Do we see and experience
ourselves as a MAN, a
WOMAN, or NEITHER. This
refers to GENDER IDENTITY.
- Generally, males are
comfortable identifying as a man
and females are comfortable
identifying as a woman.
- However, there are cases
wherein a person’s biological
sex does not align with one’s
gender identity. These people
are referred to as transgender.
- A male who does not feel
comfortable identifying as a man
is transgender woman; a female
who is not comfortable
identifying as a woman is
transgender man.
- Transgender people may
undergo gender reassignment
surgery to align their physical
characteristics to their gender
identity.
SEXUAL ORIENTATION
● Sexual orientation refers to our
emotional and sexual attraction
to a person.
● At ages 6 or 8 we experience or
develop attraction to other
people. By adolescence we
already know who we are
attracted to and would
experiment through dating and
relationships.
● Individuals sexuality is deeply
personal, diverse and complex
HETEROSEXUALS or STRAIGHT
are people who are attracted to the
opposite sex.
TOPIC 2 | PRELIMS | SEM 2 2022 - 2023
AB Political Science | I1AC | Professor Tanyag, Remina L
HOMOSEXUAL or GAY / LESBIAN
people who are attracted to people with
the same sex.
BISEXUAL or BI are people who are
attracted to both sexes, male or female
LGBT refers to lesbian, gay, bisexual,
and transgender community
APPRECIATING DIVERSITY
● Nature and nurture play a
complex role in shaping our
sexual orientation (APA)
● Homosexuality and
heterosexuality are part of
human sexuality and are a large
part of the human experience.
● Identifying as LGBT+ is a deeply
personal process
● “We can only truly tell if the
person is LGBT+ if the person
shares his experiences, and
feelings of attraction towards
them”.
WHAT IS NEEDED?
For everyone to feel safe as
they share their sexuality since it
os personal and sensitive topic
An environment where in we do
not feel judge and discriminated
upon
Work towards an inclusive
environment where everyone
feels safe
SUMMARY
● We need to look at our own
experience on our journey of
discovering our sense of being a
man and woman for us to
understand others. We need to
engage in conversations with
others for us to appreciate the
many different faces of human
sexuality.
● A baby is born and is given an
assigned sex based on its
genitals. In toddler years, they
are raised to be a “man” or a
“woman” based on accepted
social and cultural standards.
We know that these standards
change through time, what is not
acceptable now may be
acceptable in the future.
● Adolescence is when we
discover our emotional and
sexual attraction towards other
people. For most, it is easy to
identify who they are attracted
to, but for others, it can be a
long and difficult process.
Fostering an inclusive
environment wherein everyone
feels important at this stage.
TOPIC 2 | PRELIMS | SEM 2 2022 - 2023
AB Political Science | I1AC | Professor Tanyag, Remina L

LESSON 2
- preference given to them in the
GENDER AND SEXUALITY ACROSS productive sphere. Women who
TIME have been revered due to their
ability to conceive have been
viewed as solely capable only of
“I want every girl to know that her
reproductive affairs.
voice can change the world.” - malala
- The gender disparity was
fund
intensified by the industrial era
where factors were built and
Patriarchy is a social system where
men were preferred because
men primarily holds power in the
they did not have to bear
political and private spheres
children for 9 months and
because of their perceived
Feminism in the continuing series of
physical strength.
social movements that aim to challenge
the patriarchal society that creates
PATRIARCHY
these oppressive political structures,
- A system based on the control
beliefs and practices against women.
and oppression of women
wherein they are perceived to
INTRODUCTION
be the weaker sex. It is a
- Society has progressed so
structure that holds up male
much in a way that information
supremacy in the law, at home,
and knowledge is available to
in the workplace, and society.
everyone. This gives us
- Patriarchy or “patriarkhes”
opportunity to examine our
(greek word) means “the rule of
social and political conditions in
the father”. It is a social system
more detail than when
where men primarily hold power
information was scarce and
in the political and the private
limited to only a few individuals
spheres.
- The concept of the divine
- A patrilineal society often follows
feminine has prevailed and thus
a patriarchal society where only
women are treated equally with
men can inherit property and the
men. This makes societies
family name.
egalitarian for the longest time
- Patriarchy is viewed as a social
thereafter, societies have
construct and not as biological
privileged men over other
phenomenon
genders, mainly because of the
TOPIC 2 | PRELIMS | SEM 2 2022 - 2023
AB Political Science | I1AC | Professor Tanyag, Remina L
HISTORICAL TIDBITS
● In the prehistoric
hunter-gatherer tribes and
civilization, they prioritized
equality of all members, male or
female
● History suggests an egalitarian
system rather than a patriarchal
system
● Friedrich Engels, a German
philosopher and sociologist
avers that patriarchy came
about when people started
having private property instead
of communal living.
HISTORICAL VIEWS ON GENDER
GREEK : aristotle, plato and other greek
philosophers viewed women as the
inferior sex and are properties of men
whose only job was to obey their
husbands, bear a children, and take
care of household
EGYPT: According to Herodotus,
Greek historian, Egyptian women
enjoyed higher social
status than Greek women because
they can inherit property and
engage in trade and politics
CHINA : Confucianism had "Three
Obediences and Four Virtues that
state that a woman should obey her
father, obey her husband when
married, obey her son when
widowed.
Gender biases in ancient patriarchal
societies were very strict, heavily
enforced and often violent.With the
Feminist Movement, women have
come a long way, however
patriarchy has taken
on subtle forms of oppression such
as:
● Sexism - prejudice,
stereotypes, and
discrimination based on
sex
● Gender pay gap - men
earn more than women
● Under representation in
politics, military, executive
positions etc.
● Rape of women and the
stigma making women
ashamed to report the
crime
HISTORICAL VIEWS ON GENDER
● Very conservative
expectations on women and
how they behave
● Unrealistic depictions of
women in fiction, often very
sexualized
● Women do more housework
and childcare
● Boys are trained to be
leaders while girls are trained
to do house chores.
WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
Women's liberation movement,
women's movement, or feminism is
a continuing series of
social movements that aim to
challenge the patriarchal society that
creates oppressive
TOPIC 2 | PRELIMS | SEM 2 2022 - 2023
AB Political Science | I1AC | Professor Tanyag, Remina L

political structures, beliefs and

practices against women
🌸 ●Feminism gained women
Access to education
● Right to vote
● Right to work
● Take control of their
reproduction
● The right to say no instead of
just obeying
🌸 Women who wrote on and
spoke for feminism were:
● Simone de Beauvoir (The
Second Sex, 1949)
● Betty Friedan (The Feminine
Mystique, 1963)
● Kate Millet (Sexual
Politics,1969)
● Germaine Greer (The Female
Eunuch, 1970) who was
instrumental in awakening
their plight as the
“wife-servant” to their
husbands in her famous
quote “one is not born, but
rather becomes, as woman”
🌸 -According to a UN report:
Women do more work than
men because even when
they work at the office, they
are still expected to do
household tasks
- Women perform 66% of the
world's work
- Women produce 50% of the
world's food
- But, women only earn 10%of
the income and own 1% of
the property
FEMINISM DEMAND
● Women suffrage (no longer
irrational or temperamental)
● Equality in politics and
society
● Reproductive rights - means
the women is control of her
body and she can decide for
herself on what she sees is
best for her
● Domestic violence (our
culture still dismiss such
incidents as "away
mag-asawa")
● Sexual harassment and
sexual violence (in the
Philippines, one woman or
child is raped every hour
mostly by someone they
know)
● Other rights include the right
to divorces their husbands,
the right to make decisions
for her pregnancy, equitable
wages and equal
employment opportunity
TOPIC 2 | PRELIMS | SEM 2 2022 - 2023
AB Political Science | I1AC | Professor Tanyag, Remina L
LESSON 3
GENDER AND SEXUALITY AS A
SUBJECT OF INQUIRY
GENDER STUDIES
- a field of study concerned about how
reproductive roles are interpreted and
negotiated in the society through
gender
SOCIAL RESEARCH
- the process of investigating social
realities
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
- the orientation in understanding social
realities. This can be qualitative or
quantitative
ETHICS IN RESEARCH
- These are considerations in
conducting research to make sure that
the well- being of the participants is
ensured and that the outcome of the
study of sound without undue harm to
people involved.
gender studies as an area of
knowledge, is about looking into,
analyzing, and examining society so
that we notice power relations in the
seemingly
“simple things”
The goal of this lesson is to define
and appreciate gender studies.
The goal of this lesson is to define
and appreciate gender studies.
Gender studies emerged from the
need to analyze how gender, sex,
and sexuality impacts our lives,
especially how it creates gender
equality. it came about in
the mid 1970’s after the second
wave feminism as a way to
challenge the male- defined and
male –centered knowledge.
Gender studies is not just for women
or all about women, it is about
everyone.
GENDER ROLE OF SEX ROLE
- gender role or sex-role are
sets of culturally defined
behavior such as masculinity
and femininity
- this risk are not fixed such
that the “culturally defined
behaviors” for men and
women may be different 50
years ago or very different for
people from other countries
or tribes
- in the binary system of
viewing gender roles , we see
the male and the female were
men expected to be
masculine (matipuno) Why
women are expected to be
feminine (mahinhin)
TOPIC 2 | PRELIMS | SEM 2 2022 - 2023
AB Political Science | I1AC | Professor Tanyag, Remina L
- in gender studies , with this
trip and questioning this kind
of social expectations, gender
roles,and gender norms.
DIVERSITY AND INCLUSION
- Gender roles are socially
constructed and are not something
that we are “born
with”.
- Society, through a lifelong process
of normalization, encourages or
reprimands
behaviors to make a child adapt to
these social expectations.
- Gender studies lets us analyze the
creation and maintenance of these
gender norms so that it does not
create inequalities in our social,
political, and economic spheres.
GENDER STUDIES AND
RESEARCH
Approaches in research
A. qualitative which focuses
on the meaning created and
interpretations made by
people about their own
personal or vicarious
(observe) experiences.
Phenomenology – conducting
intensive interviews with individuals
who have experienced a particular
event and understanding their “live
experience”
Hermeneutics – understanding
the meaning of texts (literary works,
art works)
and what they convey about human
realities; and
Ethnography and
ethnomethodology – immersing in
a community and talking
note of their experiences, beliefs,
attitudes, and practices.
B. Quantitative which focuses more
on characterizing a population or a
sample etc.
Survey – collecting information
from a sample ; and
Experiment- creating actual
set-ups to observe behavior of
people in an
experimental group (a group
receiving treatment such as training
or a new experience) and comparing
it to the behavior of people in a
control group (a group without any
treatment).
C. Mixed-methods
ETHICS IN GENDER AND
SEXUALITY RESEARCH
● Informed consent
● confidentiality and
anonymity
● Non-maleficence and
beneficence
● Distributive justice. benefits of
the study should be for all
TOPIC 2 | PRELIMS | SEM 2 2022 - 2023
AB Political Science | I1AC | Professor Tanyag, Remina L
TOPIC 2 | PRELIMS | SEM 2 2022 - 2023
AB Political Science | I1AC | Professor Tanyag, Remina L

QUIZ (QUESTIONS)
1. It is the biological dimension of
our gender and sexuality.
- SEX
2. If the baby’s genitals appear to
be a conglomerate of male and
female organs, the condition is
referred to as
- HERMAPHRODITISM
3. They are meant for making
organisms.
- HUMANS
4. Sexual Orientation refers to our
emotional and physical
attraction to a person.
- FALSE
5. Each culture has different
standards on how to be a man
and a woman and how they
should present themselves
according to sex and gender.
- TRUE
6. There are cases wherein a
person’s biological sex does not
align with one’s gender identity.
- TRUE
7. Nature and nurture play a very
simple role in shaping our
sexual orientation
TOPIC 2 | PRELIMS | SEM 2 2022 - 2023
AB Political Science | I1AC | Professor Tanyag, Remina L

- FALSE _________ that are associated

with reproduction
8. People who are attracted to - ORGANS
both sexes, male or female.
- BISEXUAL
9. Adolescence is when we
discover our emotional and
____________ attraction towards
other people.
- SEXUAL
10. We need to look at our own
experience on our journey of
discovering our sense of being a
man and a woman for us to
___________ others.
- UNDERSTAND
11. If a person’s biological sex does
not align with one’s gender
identity they are referred to as
- TRANSGENDERS
12. Individual sexuality is deeply
personal, diverse and complex
- TRUE
13. A male who does not feel
comfortable identifying as a
man is a transgender
- WOMAN
14. It is important to trace our
_________ from the moment we
were born, and go back to the
journey we humans have across
the lifespan.
- JOURNEY
15. Sex is typically determined by
examining your genitals –