ALFELOR SENIOR MEMORIAL COLLEGE INC.

Del Gallego, Camarines Sur

Criminal Justice Education Department

CHAPTER II

Review of Related Literature and Studies

This chapter includes the ideas, finished thesis, generalizations,

conclusions, methodologies, and others. Those that were included in this chapter

helps in familiarizing information that are relevant and similar to the present

study.

Review of Related literature is needed to gather information that is related

to present study. It particularly focused on the Effectiveness of RA 11053 or the

Anti-Hazing Act of 2018 within the Municipality or Del Gallego.

Fraternities and Sororities

According to Wikipedia fraternities and sororities is a group of people

associated or formally organized for a common purpose, interest, or pleasure

such as fraternal order or guild sense to foster academic, community service, and

social initiatives that are unique to each chapter.

According to oswego.edu, fraternity and sorority life is based on tenets of

friendship, leadership, scholarship and philanthropy.

Fontanilla (2011) explained that it is a brotherhood, as the members

usually say, of people at a college or university usually characterized by Greek

letters. For members, fraternity means brotherhood, unity, friendship, trust and
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acceptance. It means meeting new people, sharing interests and accepting others

as well.

Gaskin (2015) stated that fraternity is a local or national organization of

male students, primarily for social purposes, usually with secret initiation and rites

and a name composed of two or three Greek letters refers to friendship and

support between people who feel they are closely linked to each other.

According to Ball State University Website (2023), a fraternity or sorority is

a brotherhood or sisterhood formed around common goals and aspirations. These

men and women make commitment to each other for life. The first Greek

organization was founded in 1776, when students realized a need to discuss

current events outside the classroom.

The Effects of Hazing and Initiation Rites

Hazing is a ritual that involves risk, pain, or harm, typically as part of

initiation into a group.

According to Arkansas State University Website (2023) hazing is any

mental or physical requirement, request or obligation placed upon any person that

could intentionally or unintentionally cause discomfort, pain, fright, disgrace, injury

or which is personally degrading for the purpose of initiation into, admission into,

affiliation with, or as a condition of continued membership in a group or

organization.
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Evanston (2019) shown that 71% of those who are hazed suffer from

negative consequences includes physical, emotional, and/ or mental instability,

sleep deprivation, loss of sense of control and empowerment and illness or

hospitalization with additional effects on family and friends.

Allen et. al (2018), shows that the effects of hazing include psychological

trauma, sleeping problems, flashbacks, eating disorders, anxiety, avoidance,

depression and intense feelings.

According to Cokley et. al (2001), hazing is universally known as an

initiation process that includes aggressive and harmful actions upon new

members within Greek organizations, athletic teams and other types of clubs and

activities.

Poulos (2005), found that drinking games and contests, as well as sleep

deprivation, were the most commonly reported forms of hazing.

Suegguerra (2020) indicates that when a team, club or chapter

participates in hazing, not only are individuals affected, but the organization also

suffers. Individuals and their organization also suffer. The outcomes may results

loss of reputation within the campus, community, local area and nationally, loss of

recognition for the organization, team or club and/or other privileges revoked, civil

damages maybe levied against the organization and officers may be held
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responsible, and a gradual erosion of the true meaning and values of the

organization.

According to Campo et. al (2005), the attraction of hazing probably

extends beyond the dictates of tradition, forging bonds through shared, secretive

experiences. Rituals are thought to strengthen the group by proving devotion of

newcomers but also by helping to create a sense of loyalty.

Cimino (2011), found out that hazing is prevalent in Greek organizations

and practiced to maintain group solidarity. The practice can be harmful to its

participants, though perceptions vary.

Keating (2015), state “Striving to belong to a particular group, especially

during ritualized initiations, may result in the justification of the effort thereby

inoculating individuals against any dissonant cognition they may harbour

concerning the consequences of group membership.

Liuna et. al, (2013) argue that acceptance in groups affects students’ self-

esteem, the researchers believed that in the domain of academic competence,

and in the domains of appearance, family, virtue, and others’ approval,

contingencies of self-worth moderated the relationship between self-esteem and

self-liking.

Republic Act No. 11053 also known as The Anti-Hazing Act of 2018 is

an act prohibiting hazing and regulating other forms of initiation rites of fraternities,
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sororities, and other organizations.n This new law amends RA 8049 or the Anti

Hazing Act. Republic Act 11053 or the Anti-Hazing Act of 2018 gives teeth to the

previous 1995 version of the law as it now outrightly prohibits and makes hazing a

criminal act while providing more substantial penalties for those who will be

proven guilty. The new law imposes penalties such as reclusion perpetua and up

to P3 million in fines. Under the new law, the definition of hazing has been

expanded to include "physical or psychological suffering, harm or injury inflicted

on a recruit, member, neophyte, or applicant" as a prerequisite for admission or

for continued membership in an organization. Banned under the law are "all forms

of hazing" not only in fraternities, sororities or organizations in schools, but also

those in communities and even businesses and uniformed service learning

institutions. The law also requires schools to be "more active and proactive" in

regulating school-based initiation rites, with schools required to exercise

reasonable supervision and take proactive steps to protect students from the

danger of participating in activities that will involve hazing. All members of the

fraternity, sorority or organization who participated in unauthorized initiation rites,

even if no hazing was conducted, shall be punished accordingly. Persons who

had knowledge of any hazing acts committed but failed to report it to the

authorities or those to be found guilty of hiding, concealing or hampering or

obstructing investigation should be penalized. Liabilities include:

* penalty of reclusion temporal and P1 million on the participating officer and

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members of the fraternity who were involved in the hazing

* reclusion perpetua and P2 million on members who actually participated in

hazing when under the influence of alcohol or drugs; and on non-resident or

alumni who participate in hazing

* reclusion perpetua and P3 million on those who participated in hazing that

resulted in death, rape, sodomy, or mutilation * P1 million on the school if it

approved an initiation of a fraternity, sorority or

organization where hazing occurred * prision correccional (six months to six

years) on anyone who intimidates or threatens another for recruitment. This

includes "persistent and repeated" proposals or invitations to those who refused to

join at least twice.

* P1 million for former officers or alumni who try to hide or obstruct an

investigation

If the offender is a member of the Bar, he or she shall be subject to disciplinary

proceedings by the Supreme Court. If the offender is in another profession, he or

she will be subject to regulation by the Professional Regulation Commission.

Synthesis:

Researchers have theorized that hazing is prohibited in initiation rites of

fraternities and sororities and other organizations under RA 8049 or the Anti-

Hazing law which came into force in 1995. However, more hazing deaths were
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recorded despite the passage of the law which was amended in 2018 to impose

fines and a longer jail term under RA No. 11053. Arkansas State University

Website (2023), Evanston (2019), Evanston (2019), Allen et. al (2018), Cokley

et. al (2001) and Paulos (2005) indicates in their studies that hazing includes any

activities whether intentionally done or not that tends to humiliate or embarrass,

degrade, abuse, or endanger by requiring mental, silly or foolish tasks.

Suegguerra (2020), Campo et. al (2005), Cimino (2011), Keating

(2015), Liuna et. al, (2013)indicates in their respective researches that fraternities

and sororities based in schools or communities practice hazing to affirm a culture

of masculinity and honour a tradition held by senior members, this hyper

masculine culture in fraternities and sororities adopting practices such as harsh,

physical, mental and emotional testing that can lead to deaths, incarceration, and

injuries.

Theoretical Framework

The following theories are said to have connections in the present study on

the Effectiveness of RA 11053 of the Anti-Hazing Act of 2018 within the

Municipality of Del Gallego, Camarines Sur with The Classical Conditioning

(Ivan Pavlov, 1897), Operant Conditioning (Thorndike, 1938) and Human

Nature Theory (Ayres, 1961) as the supporting theories.

Classical Conditioning ( Robert E. Clark Ph.D. 2004 )

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This article presents a brief description of the scientific discovery of

classical conditioning both in the United States and in Russia. The incorporation

of classical conditioning as a scientific method in the United States is described.

Particular attention is given to how and why the terminologies used to identify the

components of classical conditioning were modified over the years. I then trace

the curious evolution of the terminology associated with Pavlov’s form of

conditioning, from its introduction to the United States as “the Pawlow salivary

reflex method” to its present appellation as classical conditioning. Finally, I

conclude by developing a theory as to when and why the term classical

conditioning was adopted. This theory helped our study especially in adopting

new normal situation in our community or society.

Operant Conditioning (Thorndike, 1938).

Skinner's views were slightly less extreme than those of Watson (1913).

Skinner believed that we do have such a thing as a mind, but that it is simply more

productive to study observable behavior rather than internal mental events. The

work of Skinner was rooted in a view that classical conditioning was far too

simplistic to be a complete explanation of complex human behavior. He believed

that the best way to understand behavior is to look at the causes of an action and

its consequences. He called this approach operant conditioning. Operant

Conditioning deals with operants - intentional actions that have an effect on the
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surrounding environment. Skinner set out to identify the processes which made

certain operant behaviors more or less likely to occur.

Human Nature Theory (Ayres, 1961).

One cannot fully defend Marx’s theory of Marx’s theory of human nature

has been frequently misinterpreted. Theorists argue that Marx saw human nature

as fluid. Other theorists fail to see human nature’s necessary connection to Marx’s

theory of alienation. The validity of Marx’s theory of human nature and alienation

are contingent upon a mutual alienation without accepting his theory of human

nature, and vice versa. This necessary interconnection emerges from examination

of Marx’s trans-historical views on human nature, when compared critically with

mainstream theories of Marxian human nature. The key to understanding Marx’s

theory of human nature entails a distinction between essence and essentialism,

and their connection to a theory of expression.

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Classical
Conditioning Operant Human Nature
Theory
Theory Conditioning Theory

Alpha Kappa
Prohibit all forms ofStrengthen Tau Gamma
hazing andthe existing mechanism for Phi
Rho
regulate other form of deterrence
initiation rites of commission of crimes
of the
fraternities, sororitiesinand
theother
conduct of initiation rites of
organizations.fraternities, sororities and other
Provide rules in case hazing is committed in
organization.
the conduct of initiation rites of fraternities,
sororities and other organizations.

Effectiveness of
RA 11053 of the
Provid
Anti-Hazing Act
of 2018 within
Scout Royale the Municipality
of Del Gallego,
Brotherhood
Camarines Sur
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Figure 2. Theoretical Paradigm

Conceptual Framework

The simple David Easton’s policy analysis model was used to guide the

interpretation, structure and analysis of data. Thus, the study determined the

Effectiveness of RA 11053 of the Anti-Hazing Act of 2018 within the Municipality

of Del Gallego. The study considers the observance of existing institutional

policies on fraternities and sororities within the Municipality of Del Gallego in their

activities, and objectives of the RA 11053 as the parameters to measure its

implementation and served as the inputs. These inputs are processed by the

existing fraternities and sororities to ensure safety and security of students and

the community from hazing and related activities.

The Implementing Rules and Regulations of Republic Act No. 11053 or

the Anti-Hazing Act of 2018 and the degree of observance by the municipality

would create an output of a hazing free municipality. This output in the long run

creates institutional impact on safety and security of the students and the

community from hazing within the Municipality of Del Gallego premises. The

model and the variables are shown in Figure 2, to wit.

Figure 3. Conceptual Paradigm

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Input Process Output Outcome

Implementation of RA
Objectives of RA 11053
11053
a. Prohibit all forms of
hazing and regulate
other form of initiation
Municipality of Del rites of fraternities,
Gallego sororities and other Effective Policy Safe and
organizations. Implementatio Secure
n of RA 11053 community
Fraternities and b. Strengthen the and
existing mechanism for environment
Sororities including
deterrence of the
the Alpha Kappa Rho commission of crimes in
to any forms
the Alpha Phi the conduct of initiation of Hazing
Omega, the Scout rites of fraternities,
Royal Brotherhood sororities and other
organization.
and the Tau Gamma
Phi c. Provides rules in the
conduct of initiation rites.

d. Provide rules in case

hazing are committed in
the conduct of initiation
rites of fraternities,
sororities and other
organizations.

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