ENGLISH 11 – RELATIVE CLAUSES

RELATIVE CLAUSES
---------  *  ---------

PART I: DEFINING & NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES

(Mệnh đề quan hệ giới hạn và mệnh đề quan hệ không giới hạn)

1. Relative pronouns: (Đại từ quan hệ)

Subject Object Possessive

(1) (2) (3)
Who who / whom whose
For person
That that
Which which whose / of which
For things
That that

2. Adverb pronouns: (Trạng từ từ quan hệ)

For places (nơi chốn) Where
For time (thời gian) When

3. Relative clauses:
a. -Defining relative clauses: (Mệnh đề quan hệ xác định)
- Được dùng để làm rõ thêm ý nghĩa cho danh từ, đại từ hoặc trạng từ đứng phía trước nó. Không có
dấu phẩy (,) giữa danh từ hoặc trạng từ và mệnh đề quan hệ. Nếu ta lượt bỏ đi mệnh đề quan hệ thì
câu không còn rõ ý nghĩa nữa.
Eg: The man who told me this refused to give me his name.
defining relative clause
- Thường theo sau: the / a / an + noun, danh từ số nhiều không có the, và những đại từ all, none,
anyone, someone, …và those.
Eg: + The book is about the girl who lives in the forest.
defining relative clause
+ I met a young man who said he knew you.
defining relative clause
* Lưu ý:
- Thông thường trong mệnh đề quan hệ xác định, that có thể thay thế cho các đại từ quan hệ ở cột (1)
và (2).
Eg: + This is the picture which / that I bought at the gallery.
- Sau những đại từ bất định như all, someone, on one, everyone,… those, sau dạng so sánh nhất như
It’s the first / It’s the most, It’s the + so sánh nhất… người ta thường dùng that hơn các đại từ
quan hệ.
Eg: + All the apples that fall are eaten by the pigs.
+ It is the most interesting film that I have ever seen.
+ This is the nicest hotel that I have ever seen.

- That thường được dùng nhiều trong văn nói.

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ENGLISH 11 – RELATIVE CLAUSES
b- Non-defining relative clauses: (Mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định)
- Được dùng sau danh từ đã được xác định cụ thể rồi. Có dấu phẩy (,) giữa danh từ hoặc trạng từ và
mệnh đề quan hệ. Chúng ta có thể lượt bỏ đi mệnh đề quan hệ mà không ảnh hưởng đến ý nghĩa của
câu.

Eg: Peter, who came here yesterday, is my cousin.

non-defining relative clause

* Lưu ý: That không được dùng trong mệnh đề quan hệ không xác định.

EXERCISES
(DEFINING & NON-DEFINING RELATIVE CLAUSES)
-------------

* Exercise 1: Combine sentences, using relative pronouns or relative adverbs:

1. Hue was recognized by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. It attracts thousands of tourists every year.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
2. A man answer the phone. He told me you were away.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
3. They volunteer to help the victims. Their houses were destroyed by a flood.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
4. Joan was planning to go to the conference. Her colleagues were waiting for him there.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
5. A waitress served us. She was very impolite and impatient
--> .................................................................................................................................................
6. He has written a lot of emails. He has contacted his friends all over the world via emails.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
7. I met Alice’s father. He worked at the university.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
8. A girl was injured in the accident. She is now in hospital.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
9. The film The Dark terrified her a lot. She watched it last night.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
10. A building was destroyed in the fire. It has now been rebuilt.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
11. John Bridge is one of my oldest friends. He has just gone to live in Canada.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
12. Don’t use this product. It is not suitable to your hair.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
13. The birds have flown away. I found their nest in the tree behind my house.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
14. Some people were arrested. They have now been releases.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
15. He is curious about the reason. She has been sad in recent days for that reason.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
16. We enjoy traveling to Dalat. There are a lot of places of interests there.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
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ENGLISH 11 – RELATIVE CLAUSES
17. A bus goes to the air port. It runs every half an hour.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
18. You have all met Michael Wood. He is visiting us for a couple days.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
19. Many rivers and lakes around the world are polluted. This caused serious diseases to people using the
river water.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
20. We are moving to Manchester. Manchester is in the north-west.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
21. The singer had to cancel her concert. She was recovering from flu.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
22. She was greatly influenced by her father. She adored him.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
23. He isn’t looking forward to the time. He will have to leave at that time.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
24. The biggest city in Brazil is Sao Paulo. Its population is over five million.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
25. My bike had disappeared. I left it at the gate.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
26. Tom had been driving all day. He was tired and wanted to stop.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
27. Bill Gate is a millionaire. He is the president of Microsoft Company.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
28. That’s the girl. Fred and Tom were talking about her.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
29. The pen is now carefully preserved. He wrote so many great novels with this pen.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
30. I passed the letter to Ann. She lives next door to me.
--> .................................................................................................................................................

* Exercise 2: Complete the sentences with relative pronouns or relative adverbs:

1. A pacifist is a person ___________ believes that all wars are wrong.
2. Mrs. Richmond, _____________ is 42, has three children.
3. We talk about the party ________________Mary wants to organize for my birthday.
4. He received a low mark for his essay, _______________ was only one page long.
5. The man _____________ I introduced to you last night may be the next president of the university.
6. Professor Johnson, _____________ I have long admired, is visiting the University next week.
7. Stevenson is an architect ______________ designs have won the international praise.
8. I’ll be staying with Nam, _____________ brother is one of my closest friends.
9. Let me see all the letters ______________ you have written.
10. This is the most interesting film ______________ I’ve ever watched.
11. We saw the man and his dog _____________ were going to the park.
12. Mr. Baker will buy the house ______________ is opposite to my house.
13. The hotel _____________ we stayed was very clean and comfortable.
14. We first met in 1945____________the revolution took place.
15. The time _______________ we go to school is 6:30.
16. I don’t know the reason ______________ she was absent yesterday.
17. The man to ____________ I talked yesterday was very kind.
18. The picture at ______________ she was looking was beautiful.
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ENGLISH 11 – RELATIVE CLAUSES
19. I’ll give you the address to ________________ you should write.
20. The woman about _____________ I’m telling you teaches me English.
21. He introduced me to his students, most of _____________were from abroad.
22. Fred has three brothers , all of ___________ are married.
23. Ann has a lot of books most of ____________ she hasn’t read.
24. This is the book ______________ I’m looking for.
25. That’s the child _____________ you have to look after.
26. It was Tom _______________ helped us.
27. It ‘s speed _____________ causes the accident.
28. I have nothing ___________ I can wear for the party.
29. Have you got anything ______________ we can eat?
30. The car __________ handbrake wasn’t very reliable began to slide backwards.
31. She has two sons both of _______________ are working abroad.
32. I usually catch the 5p.m bus, ________________ is a fast train.
33. John, _______________ leg is still bandages, won’t play the next match.
34. He traveled to the Far East, ________________ he got the ideas for many of his novels.
35. Mr. Ross, ________________ I have known for a long time, has just become the principal.
36. My wife, ________________ mother is Italian, knows Italy very well.
37. That is the only road _________________ leads to the lake.
38. An orphan is a child _________________ parents are dead.
39. This school is only for children __________________ first language is not English.
40. The woman _________________ I wanted to see was away on holiday.

* Exercise 3: Combine these sentences into one, using relative pronouns and relative clauses:
1. I met Mary. She asked me to give you this.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
2. He is the customer. I lost his address.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
3. She is the novelist. Her book won first prize.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
4. She was dancing with a student. He had a slight limp.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
5. I am looking after some children. They are terribly spoilt.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
6. The bed had no mattress. I slept on this bed.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
7. I was sitting in a chair. It suddenly collapsed.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
8. This is the story of a man. His wife suddenly loses her memory.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
9. I was waiting for a man. He didn’t turn up.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
10. The car crashed into a queue of people. Four of them were killed.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
11. I saw several houses. Most of them were quite unsuitable.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
12. Tom was tired and wanted to stop. He had been driving all day.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
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ENGLISH 11 – RELATIVE CLAUSES
13. Ann felt quite fresh. She had slept in the back of the car.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
14. Paul wanted to take the mountain road. His tyres were nearly new.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
15. We lit a fire. It soon dried out our clothes.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
16. He paid me $5 for cleaning the windows. Most of them hadn’t been cleaned for at least a year.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
17. Romeo and Juliet were lovers. Their parents hated each other.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
18. There wasn’t any directory in the telephone box. I was phoning from this box.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
19. This is Mrs Jones. Her son won the championship last year.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
20. I bought a dozen of eggs. Six of them broke when I dropped the box.
--> .................................................................................................................................................

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ENGLISH 11 – RELATIVE CLAUSES

PART II: RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH PREPOSITIONS

Examples:
1. The man was very helpful. I talked to him.
a. The man whom / who I talked to was very helpful.
b. The man that I talked to was very helpful.
c. The man I talked to was very helpful.
d. The man to whom I talked was very helpful.

2. The chair is nearly collapsed. The child is sitting in it.

a. The chair which the child is sitting in is nearly collapsed.
b. The chair that the child is sitting in is nearly collapsed.
c. The chair the child is sitting in is nearly collapsed.
d. The chair in which the child is sitting is nearly collapsed.

* Notes:
- whom / who, which và that có thể được sử dụng như là tân ngữ của một giới từ trong mệnh đề quan hệ.
- whom / who, which và that có thể được lượt bỏ đi như ở câu ví dụ 1c và 2c.
- Trong cách dùng Tiếng Anh trang trọng, giới từ được đặt đầu mệnh đề quan hệ (hay đại từ quan hệ) như ở ví
dụ 1d và 2d. Giới từ chỉ đứng trước whom hoặc which mà không đứng trước that hoặc who; đại từ whom,
which lúc này không thể lượt bỏ.

EXERCISES
(RELATIVE CLAUSES WITH PREPOSITIONS)
-------------

* Exercise 4: Combine the following pairs of sentences, using prepositions with pronouns:

1The movie was very interesting. We went to it.

--> The movie to which we went was interesting
...........................................................................................................................................
2The man is over there. I told you about him.
--> The man about whom I told you is over there
...........................................................................................................................................
3The woman pays me a fair salary. I work for her.
--> The woman whom I work for pays me a fair salary
...........................................................................................................................................
4Alice likes the family. She is living with them.
--> Alice likes the foreign family with whom She is living .
...........................................................................................................................................
1. The picture is beautiful. Tom is looking at it.
--> The picture which Tom was looking at was very beatyful
......................................................................................................................................
2. I enjoyed the music. We listened to it after dinner.
-->  I enjoyed the music which we listened to after
dinner ...........................................................................................................................................
3. The person was very friendly. I spoke to him.

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ENGLISH 11 – RELATIVE CLAUSES
-->...The person to whom I spoke eeas very friendly
....................................................................................................................................
4. The motel was very clean. We stayed at that motel.
--> The hotel where we stayed was not clean
..........................................................................................................................................
5. The person never came. Sally was waiting for that person.
--> .... The person for whom Sally was waiting never come
.......................................................................................................................................
6. I never found the book. I was looking for it.
--> ... I never found the book for which I was looking
........................................................................................................................................
7. One of my subjects is Literture. I have been interested in Literature for a long time.
--> ... One of my subject in which I have been interested for a long time is Literure
........................................................................................................................................
8. The interviewer wanted to know the name of the college. I had graduated from this college.
--> ... The interviewer wanted to know the name of the college from which I had graduated
........................................................................................................................................
9. Organic chemistry is a subject. I am not familiar with it.
--> .... Organic chemistry with which I am not familiar is a subject
.......................................................................................................................................
10. The chair is very hard. I am sitting in this chair.
--> .... The chair in which I am sitting is very hard
.......................................................................................................................................

* Exercise 5: Combine the following pairs of sentences, using prepositions with pronouns:
1. That's the man. I got the bag from him yesterday.
--> That's the man from whom I got the bag yesterday.
2. Economics is a subject. I am very interested
--> .. Economics is a subject in which I am very interested
3. This is Joanne. I gave my notes to her.
--> This is Joanne to whom I gave my notes.
4. The friend spoke French. Jim was travelling with him.
--> the friend with whom Jim was travelling spoke French.
5. The ladder began to slip. Tom was standing on it.
--> The ladder on which Tom was standing began to slip
6. This is the city. I was born in this city.
--> This is the city in which/ where I was born
7. Paul is fitter than you. I play tennis with him on weekends.
--> Paul with whom I play tennis on weekends is fitter than you
8. The woman said the machine was very good. Jim bought the machine from her.
--> the woman from whom Jim bought the machine said the machine was very good.
9. The chair is in bad shape. You are sitting on it.
--> the chair on which you are sitting is in bad shape.
1. We are very interested in the problem. It has been discussed in class.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
2. Lung cancer is very dangerous. Million of people died of it.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
3. I like standing at the window. I can see the park from the window.
...................................................................................................................................................................................

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ENGLISH 11 – RELATIVE CLAUSES
4. The woman lives next door to me. You gave place to her on the bus.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
5. The examination lasted days. I was successful in this exams.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
6. This is the result of our work. I’m pleased with it.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
7. Mr Brown is the man. I’m responsible to him for my work.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
8. This snake is dangerous. I’m afraid of it.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
9. There are a number of factors. We have no control over them.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
10. The picture was beautiful. She was looking at it.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
11. That’s the woman. John used to be married to her.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
12. My sister has daughters. I often have to look after them.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
13. This is the book. I’m looking for it.
...................................................................................................................................................................................
14. The boy fell in love with the girl. She left him after a few weeks.
...................................................................................................................................................................................

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* Exercise 6: Combine the following pairs of sentences, using prepositions with pronouns:
1. That's the man. I got the bag from him yesterday.
--> ...........................................................................................................................................
2. Economics is a subject. I am very interested in it.
--> ...........................................................................................................................................
3. This is Joanne. I gave my notes to her.
--> ...........................................................................................................................................
4. The friend spoke French. Jim was travelling with him.
--> ...........................................................................................................................................
5. The ladder began to slip. Tom was standing on it.
--> ...........................................................................................................................................
6. This is the city. I was born in this city.
--> ...........................................................................................................................................
7. Paul is fitter than you. I play tennis with him on weekends.
--> ...........................................................................................................................................
8. The woman said the machine was very good. Jim bought the machine from her.
--> ...........................................................................................................................................
9. The chair is in bad shape. You are sitting on it.
--> ...........................................................................................................................................

PART III:
RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED BY PARTICIPLES AND TO-INFINITIVES

1. Active:
Examples:
- The man who stands at the door is my uncle.
- The man who is / was standing at the door is my uncle.
- The man who stood at the door is my uncle.
 The man standing at the door is my uncle.

* Notes: We can use a present participle to replace a relative clause which has an active meaning.

2. Passive:
Examples:
- The woman who is / was given a flower looks / looked very
happy.
 The woman given a flower looks / looked very happy.

* Notes: We can use a past participle to replace a relative

clause which has a passive meaning.

3. Infinitive relative clauses: (active / passive)

Examples:
a. Active:
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ENGLISH 11 – RELATIVE CLAUSES
- The first student who comes to class has to clean the board.
 The first student to come to class has to clean the board.
b. Passive:
- The only room which was painted yesterday was Mary’s.
 The only room to be painted yesterday was Mary’s.

* Notes: We can use an active or a passive to-infinitive after an

ordinal number (first, second, ..), next, after, last, only, and an
indefinite pronoun (something, anything, …)

EXERCISES
(RELATIVE CLAUSES REPLACED BY PARTICIPLES AND TO-INFINITIVES)
-------------

* Exercise 7: Rewrite the following sentences using present participle or past participle:
1. The man who teaches my son is my friend.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
2. The street which leads to the school is very wide.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
3. My grandfather, who is old and sick, never goes out of the house.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
4. We are driving on the road which was built in 1980.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
5. I saw many houses that were destroyed by the storm.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
6. The computers which are used here are very old.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
7. Trains which leave from this station take an hour to get to London.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
8. That is the news which surprised us most.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
9. They’ve just delivered the goods that were ordered last week.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
10. There are some children who are playing in the backyard of the house.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
11. Do you know the woman who made a very interesting speech last night?
->……………………………………………………………………………………
12. The foreign language which is being taught in most schools is English.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
13. Astronauts who are orbiting the earth in space capsules are weightless.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
14. Customers who complain about the service should see the manager.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
15. The book that is on the top of the shelf is the one that is very useful.
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ENGLISH 11 – RELATIVE CLAUSES
->……………………………………………………………………………………
16. The vegetables which are sold in this shop are grown without chemicals.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
17. The number of students who have been counted is quite high.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
18. The student who sits next to me is from China.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
19. Do you know the music which is being played on the radio?
->……………………………………………………………………………………
20. He lives in a big house which stands on the top of the hill.
->……………………………………………………………………………………

* Exercise 8: Rewrite the following sentences using to- infinitive:

1. I have some letters that I must write.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
2. We had a river in which we could swim.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
3. I don’t have anyone that I can go with.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
4. She didn’t have anyone to whom she could send cards.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
5. There are two letters which must be written today.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
6. Have you got a key which can unlock this door?
->……………………………………………………………………………………
7. He doesn’t have anything that he can eat.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
8. Mary has a long letter which she must type right away.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
9. He gave me the magazine that I could read during the waiting time.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
10. John was the last person who left the room.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
11. I want to buy some postcards which I can send to my friends.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
12. I don’t have anything new that I can tell you today.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
13. He was the last man that was interviewed yesterday.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
14. Here is a test that must be finished right now.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
15. The man was the second person who was killed in this way.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
16. The place where we learn English well is the London School.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
17. How many pupils who were awarded are there in your class?
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ENGLISH 11 – RELATIVE CLAUSES
->……………………………………………………………………………………
18. There were 20 persons who were killed in the bomb explosion last week.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
19. Are there any cars which are being repaired in the garage at the moment?
->……………………………………………………………………………………
20. Here are some accounts that must be checked.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
21. The man whom we should watch carefully used to be a bank robber.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
22. There are many books which we can read for reference at our school library.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
23. The only thing that we have to remember is to obey our parents.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
24. We are very busy because there is a lot of homework which has to be done.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
25. Thomas was the first man that reached the top of the mountain.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
26. She was the fourth woman who finished the race.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
27. The first person that arrives at the party will be given a small gift.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
28. The latest news that is about the cyclone will reach people in the area soon.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
29. The only athletes that make new records this time will be offered awards from the sponsors.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
30. I really don’t know the first person that traveled around the world.
->……………………………………………………………………………………
* Exercise 9: Rewrite the following sentences using present participle, past participle or to infinitive:
1. Maxicorp were the only company which replied my letter.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
2. Do you the man who is talking to my father ?
--> .................................................................................................................................................
3. Applications which were sent after 23rd will not be
considered.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
4. We have a lot of exercises which we hace to do toninght.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
5. Studies of her son are the most important thing that she cares
about.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
6. The equipment which belongs to the club is insured.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
7. George is the first person that we will interview.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
8. Meetings which are held every month are called monthly meetings.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
9. The most excellent students who were rewarded the scholarship would have a two-week holiday in Dalat.
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ENGLISH 11 – RELATIVE CLAUSES
--> .................................................................................................................................................
10. The trees which were planted last week are growing well.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
11. The man who is talking to John is from Korea.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
12. The ideas which are presented in that book are interesting.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
13. Ann is the woman who is responsiple for preparing the budget.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
14. English has an alphabet that consists of 26 letters.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
15. The books that are on that shelf is mine.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
16. The children who attend that school receive a good education.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
17. The psychologists who study the nature of sleep have made important discoveries.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
18. The sunlight which comes through the window wakes me up early every morning.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
19. John Quincy Adams, who was born on July 11th 1767, was the sixth president of the United States.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
20. These are the ancient houses which were built a long time ago.
--> .................................................................................................................................................

* Exercise 10: Rewrite the following sentences using an appositive:

0. We walked down Park Lane, which is the srteet alone Hyde Park.
--> We walked down Park Lane, the srteet alone Park.

1. The statue of Eros stands high above Piccadilly Circus, which is the busiest crossroads in London.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
2. We turned left into Regent Street , which is one of the best shopping street.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
3. We passed Marble Arch, which was once a gate into Hyde Park.
--> .................................................................................................................................................
4. Tom, who is my classmate, comes from England.
--> .................................................................................................................................................

----------------THE END---------------

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