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    24 views13 pages

    Motion in A Plane

    Uploaded by

    Khushal S

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Motion in a Plane 129 3g eae | TOPIC PRACTICE 1 + sin = 22 a : OBJECTIVE Type Questions => PQ=OPsinO = Bsin® andOS = A Mark) 1 sin lee Caan BsinO = 7 4Bsin® 1. Which one of the following statements is true? INCERT Exemplar] s Product (a) A scalar quantity is the one that is conserved in a process (b) A scalar quantity isthe one that can never take negative values (0 A scalar quantity is the one that does not vary from one point to another in space (@ A scalar quantity has the same value for observers Betts sheer exs, with different orientation of the axes (vi) ax Sol (4) A scalar quantity is independent of direction hence (vii) ax(b-c)=axb-axc has the same value for observers with different jax bp =lal?|bl?-ja-bl? orientations ofthe axes. 2. Consider the quantities, pressure, power, energy. Balas (hxc) = (ca) b= (b-aye impulse, gravitational potential, electrical charge, EXAMPLE |17| Cross Product of Two Vectors temperature, area. Out of these, the only vector ies i CERI lar} vector A has a magnitude of § unit, B has a magnitude ace ane f6 unit and the cross product A and B has the magnitude ea unit. Find the angle between A and B. eeen BOS sccia Ifthe angle between A and B is 0, then cross product ai i eseoue ae will have a magnitude, Pica (ats oa Sol. (b) We know that, impulse, JJ = F. At = Ap, where F is (eB aad force, Atis time duration and Ap is change in = 15=5x6sin® eae nen eee tn quan'y, hence only impulse is also a vector quantity. 3, ‘The relation between the vectors A and -2.is that, (@) both have same magnitude sno=4 => 0=30° (@) None of the above Sol (c) Multiplying a vector A by a negative number A gives a vector AA, whose directions opposite to the direction of A and it's magnitude is ~ A times| A | Al. Aand Bare two inclined vectors. R is their sum. Choose the correct figure for the given - description. BO Sol (d) Correct figure is 0 ReATE 5. The component of a vector along X-axis will have maximum value if INCERT Exemplar] (a) ris along positive y-axis (©) ris along positive waxis (©) r makes an angle of 45° with the x-axis (@ ris along negative axis Sol ()Letr makes an angle 9 with positive x-axis, Component of r along X-axis (0080 is maximum of 8 = o°) As O=0, "is along positive x-axis, VERY SHORT ANSWER Type Questions [1 Mark] ©- Three vectors not lying in a plane can never end up to give a null vector. Is it true? INCERT] Sol. Yes, because they cannot be represented by the three sides ofa triangle taken in the same order, 7. When do we say two vectors are orthogonal? Sok. Ifthe dot product of two vectors is zero, then the vectors are orthogonal, 8. The total path length is always equal to the magnitude of the displacement vector of a Particle. Why? . INCERT] ‘Sol Itis only true if the particle moves along a straight line in the same direction, otherwise the statement is false, 9. Under what condition, the three vectors give zero resultant? three vectors acting on a point object at the same time a eas magnitude and direction by the three sides of a triangle taken in the same order, their resultant is zero. cre Allynone PHYSicg , ‘The object is said to be in equilibrium hoe 10. Whats the property of two vectors & ang, such that A+ B= Cand A+B =c? Sol The two vectors are parallel and acting in the same direction ie, @ = 0° P' I, What is the value of mini +mj+K tobe une vector? mee Sol, Forunit vector |i +mj+k|= y+ m? +1 my * m is imaginary. 1=>m= ‘>. Two equal forces having their resultant equals either. At what angle are they inclined? Sol A=F,B=F,R= 7,6 =2 R= VA? +B? + 2AB cos 0 = R= A? +B? + 2AB cos 8 PREP? 4 P24 2 Ets g 1=2(1 + cos 0) ~ cos 8 = with x-axis? Sol For the vector, A, = 2, Ay=2 ‘We ow that ange is given by Beale ra (i)-me (3) +BY of 13? 12? 5? Thus the angle Between A and B i ieee rid sag umber of forces which zerah metically equal whose vector sum can be Sok Meet ponies SS 131 Ry = VA? +B? +2AB = A+B (ii) For R to be minimum, cos @ = =1or 6 =180" Roy = VA? + BY + 2AB(-1) = A-B SHORT ANSWER Type Questions |2 Marks| 24. We can order events in time and there is no sense of time, distinguishing past, present and future. Is time a vector? ‘Sol We know that time always flows on and on ie, from ‘past to present and then to future. ‘Therefore, a direction can be assigned to time. Since, the direction of time is unique and it is unspecified or ‘unstated. That is why, time cannot be a vector though it hhas a direction. (2) 25. Two forces whose magnitudes are in the ratio 8: Sgive a resultant of 28 N. If the angle of their inclination is 60 Find the magnitude of each force. Sol. Let A and Bbe the two forces. Then, A=3x,B=5x, R= 28Nand = 60° Now, R= JA? +B¥+ 2AB cos 0 ia => 28 = fox? + 25x? +30 x? cos 60° = 7x x =4 ‘Forces are A =12 Nand B= 20N. a 26. Suppose you have two forces F and F. How ‘would you combine them in order to have ___ resultant force of magnitudes? @ Zero Gi) F Sol. (i) If they act at opposite direction, resultant is zero. [1] (i) For the resultant to be F, FPF? +F?+2F*cos 0 = cos0=t = 0-120" a ‘27. Determine that vector which when added to the resultant of A = 31-5] + 7k and B=2i+4j-3k : gives unit vector along y-direction. Sol. We are given, A=31-5]+7k and B= 2i+4j-3k ‘Thus, the resultant vector is given by R=A+B=(31-5)+7k) + (21 +4)- 3k) ashe i+ak a But the unit vector along y-direction = i + Required veetor = j—(si ~ j+ 4k) wns s2j-4i uw) Explain the property of two vectors A and Bif IA+Bl=/A- Bl, fry errr Sol Aswe know that) A + B[= JT B+ 2AB cos 8 and JA~B| =a? + BY — 248 cos 0 But as per question, we have VATS B+ 2ABe0s = aT 8-2 AB e080] ‘Squaring both sides, we have (4 AB cos 0) = 0 = cos 0=0 or 0 =90° Hence, the two vectors A and Bare perpendicular to each other. a ‘TWo forces 5 kg-wt. and 10 kg-wt. are acting with an inclination of 120° between them. Find the angle when the resultant makes with 10 kg-wt Sol Given, 4 =5 kg-wt, B= 10 kg-wt, 0 = 129° then =? — Bain _102in 129°: hae A+ Bows 8 541008 120°” 10- Soe 7) rt 30. of two vectors are fe a-B=B.a] a) 31. The dot product of two vectors vanishes when wheats 2 orthogonal and has maximum value when vectors are parallel to each other, Explain. ‘Sol. We know that AB = AB cos 8, when vectors xe ‘orthogonal, 8 = 90° So. A-B= ABcos 90°=0, when vectors are parallel, then, 0 = 0°, So A-B=ABcos 0°= AB(maximum) (141 32. The angle between vectors A and Bis 60% What is the ratio of A-B and |A x B|? Sol The dot product, A-B= AB cos 8 and eross product JA x Bi = ABsin@. a A-B _ ABcos@ Ratio is = Bes 8 oto z JAxB] ABsing 1 = cot6o°= a m 1 0 = 61", cot = a, Allinone PHYSIC ¢, 33. Cana flight of a bird, an example of composition of vectors. Why? Sol. Yes, the flight ofa bird is an example of compos vectors. As the bid fies, it strikes the air win W, W along WO. According to Newton's thing law mation, ir strikes the wings in opposite dig the same force in reaction. The reactions are og OB. From law of parallelogram vectors, oc resultant of OA and OB. This resultant upwards sf OCis responsible for the flight of the bird ‘ LONG ANSWER Type 1 Qu |3 Marks| 34. Can you associate vectors with? Ke @ vector with a plane area Such a vector is called area Basser areas iy) Woreeeted by outward drawn normal to the area a howe Associate a vectay with volume of sphere weVer, a vector can be @ssociated with the area of 35. On acerta ia = speed of as; rain was falling Vertically with nv. A wind started blowing after deco tha peed or mes bowing a, waiting ata bus stop ee should a boy Sol In figure Velocity frais. Vy mo,” 35 mi, Wertically downward Velocity of wind, vy, > OB= 12 m9, oe Ee _ Motion in a Plane ‘The magnitude of the resultant velocity is v= vn) +w)? = V5" +02" = 37m/5 a Let the resultant velocity, v(= OC) make an angle 0 with the vertical. Then, pice a Me 12a, re Be i * 0 = tan"(0343) air ay 36. There are two displacement vectors, one of magnitude 3 m and the other of 4 m. How would the two vectors be added so that the magnitude of the resultant vector be (i) 7m (i) 1m and (iii) 5 m? Sol. The magnitude of resultant R of two vectors A and B is given by, R= JA? + B* +2AB cos @ = BF 4 2x3x4 cos 0 1m () Ris 7 m,if @=0° (il) Ris 1m, if @ = 180° (ii) Ris 5 m, if 6 = 90° [Ax3} 37. Ifunit vectors 4 and b are inclined at angle 0, then prove that [a bj-2sing. Pt INCERT] Sol For any vector a => |al’=a-a a-bP =(a-6)-(@-6) a =4-a-a.b-6-a+6-6 a1-28-6+1 “Ad =1x1x cos = 1] — 2x1 x1x €080 = 2(1—cos 8) = 2asin?S = 4sin*® [:1-cos 20 = 2sin?0] : a eye Gis sha? eer raen m 38. show that vectors A=2i- 3j-K and B=-6i+9j+ 3k are parallel. ‘The given vectorsare A=2i-3j-k B=-6i +9} +3k a ‘Then, the vectors are parallel, if A x B=0 AD ities oot AxB=|2 -3 -6 9 3 a 133 LONG ANSWER Type 11 Que |5 Marks| 39. State with reasons, whether the following algebric operations with scalar and vector physical quantities are meaningful. (i) Adding any two scalars. (ji) Adding a scalar to a vector of the same dimensions. (ii) Multiplying any vector by any scalar. (iv) Multiplying any two scalars. (v) Adding any two vectors (vi) Adding a component of a vector to the same vector, INCERT] Sol. (i) No, adding any two scalars is not meaningful because only the scalars of same dimensions i.e. having same unit can be added. ni (Gi) No, adding a scalar to a vector of the same dimensions is not meaningful because a scalar cannot be added to a vector. wei (iii) Yes, multiplying any vector by any scalar is ‘meaningful. When a vector is multiplied by a scalar, we get a vector, whose magnitude is equal to the product (of magnitude of vector and the scalar and direction remains the same as the direction of the given vector. [1] eg. A body of mass 4 kg is moving with a velocity 20 m/s towards East, then, product of velocity and ‘mass gives the momentum of the body which is also a vector quantity. p= mv=4 kg x (20 m/s) (East) = 80 kg-m/s, East (iv) Yes, multiplying any two scalars is meaningful. Density p and volume V both are scalar quantities. When density is multiplied by volume, then we get XV-=m, mass of the body, which is a scalar quantity. m (¥) No, adding any two vectors is not meaningful because only vectors of same dimensions i. having same unit can be added, ny (vi) Yes, adding a component of a vector to the same vector is meaningful because both vectors are of same dimensions. i 40. Onan open ground, a motorist follows a track that turns to his left by an angle of 60° after every 500 m. Starting from a given turn, specify the displacement of the motorist at the third, sixth and eighth turn, Compare the magnitude of the displacement with the total path length covered by the motorist in each case. {AS motor staking tum to is let at an ante 6° after every 500 m, therefore, he is moving on regular hexagon. Sol The distance after which motorist take a turn = 500m As motorist takes a turn at an angle of 60° eaclh ime therefore motorist is moving on a regular hexagonal B4 path, Let the motorist starts from point A and reaches at Point D at the end of third turn and at initial point A at the end of sixth turn and at point C atthe end of eighth turn, (1/2) 6 feo, ‘500m Pisplacement of the motorist at the third turn = AD 13} = AO + OD =500 + 500=1000m Total path length = AB + BC + Cp Total path length = AB+BC+CD + DE. EP +FA sae $00 + 500+ 500 + 500 + S00” sno ©” ., Magnitude of displaces Total path length —__~ 39997 At the eighth turn, the motorist is at point c. * Displacement of the motorist = Ac Using triangle law of vector addition, AC= AB? + BC? + 248. BCeos 60° = (500)? + (500)? + 2x 500 x 500% 2 2 V3 % (500)? = 500% m AC = 500 1.732 = 866m ay If it is inclined at an angle from the direction of AB, 500 x ¥3 a gee 500+ 500 x 1 a) 500sin60° ade Cre a of the motorist at the end of eighth turn rao angle 30° with the initial direction of motion. Total path length tude of Total path length 500= 4000 m Sw W029 4000 8. uy SS All‘zone PHY SI¢g HI, Establish the following inequalities geometrically or otherwise (@ |A+BisiAl+/B) (i) jas ps ay ii) (A BIjop cea , [- Ps = 00) sera) atom uel 8 OPIS Toa ee Ea Gt ER cy nT IAs mee Git) we haven Pe negati [A+ By >1Al~pp; Ifthe two vectors 4, id ! a Bs fe Spee es ais, nA B= dA\—tay | oa 1a Bhai Ea oo ad (it To prove 1A~Bis/A)+)5; In figure, A=(OP) ~3- or, et (A B)= OR, es ‘From, AORP we note that OR < OP + pp 135 If vector (i j) makes an angle 0, with x-axis, then on ei =-tan4s? => 0 =~45° withi iaieitesth a Leche oete 0645 from. exis in negative dcection. a (iti) To determine the component of A = 2i +3] in the direction of i + Let A-B = ABcos® =(Acos 8):B B or Acos® = + Magnitude of the component of A in the direction of e AB_(2i+3)-G+) B= Acoso=A48 Bw +ar _abies}j va 2243_ 5 ve 2 uy (G) Unit vector along (i+ ja = @+H) i+) pera ‘Component of A along (i + j) = Magnitude ofthe component of A along(i+j)- Brae ae Raps 2°*? nr) Magnitude of the component of A in the direction of d-p= ee a2} ‘Unit vector along (i - j) ne +. Component of A along (i— j) = Magnitude of the component of A along (i- j)- 1 BA Por pe fae a YOUR TOPICAL UNDERSTANDID OBJECTIVE Type Qu {1 Mark ' Choose the correct option/s, (@) To represent two-dimensional motion we need vectors (b) To Tepresent ‘one-dimensional Motion we use Positive and negative signs () To fepresent 3-dimensional motion we need @ AA ©) AA (© Axa @ “ 1. Given, IA+Bl=PJA-Bi-a the value of Pa Qi (@) 4A? +B) (b) A? - 5? © A?+B? (@) wa? ~ 52) 5. Choose the correct option re ao ‘garding the given eh a ser @ B=a ) B=~ 4 © |Bl=|a) @) | Ble) a) Answer I Ot Boe [see eile, 5 @ VERY SHORT ANSWER ‘Type Questions [1 Mark} 6. How is a vector Tepresented? 7. What is a zero vector? Explain the need of a zero vector. 5S. State parallelogram law of vector addition, Show that the resultant of two vectors A and B inclined at an angle 0 is R= A? +B? +24B cos 0. ¢ ing of a sling based on the > aralagn Berea aeons SHORT AD {2 Marks} 10. A vector A of magnitude A is turned ss @. Calculate the change in the mags Ans IL A hiker begins a trip by walking 25 9 EM Soy from her base camp. On the second day she ai, km in direction 60.0° North to East, at discovers a forest ranger’s tower? () Determine the component of the hiker displacements in the first and second ¢ (ii) Determine the component of the h; displacement for the trip. (iii) Find the magnitude and direction of the displacement from base camp. [Ans (A, =177km.a, ee 20.0 km, B, GR, =37.7 km, R (i) R = 41.3 km nai Pull than to push alawn roller. Why? ine a unit vector which is \dicular to tha =2i49, Kandps | Perpendicular Ans. LONG ANSy 15 Marks} tac Speed v. aC Scere S Stighe coed with » uniter Toad. Suppose time, itis at soit a amore show that ogee POItOis takes as a fixed point, then 'Sindependent of the nether tS Such that () Find the angle i (8) Als, fn a between (Et + AB) _ ‘Motion in a Plane van =¥9~¥4 = (3 143))-61 vag = GV3-6)1+3) yaa = VON3-6 +6)" = 3.11 mvs tna EG a= 105,13" IPLE {9| Crossing a River swim with a speed of 4 km/h in still water. How s he take to cross a river 1 km wide, if the river flows 3 kan/h and he makes his strokes normal to the river r down the river does he go when he reaches 143 Assumptions betore the of Projectile Motior (@ There is no frictional resistance of air. (ii) The effect due to rotation of earth and the curvature of the earth is negligible. (iii) The acceleration due to gravity is constant both in magnitude and direction, at all points during the motion of projectile. Mathematical Analysis of Projectile Motion Let OX be a horizontal line on the ground, OY be a vertical line perpendicular to ground and O be the origin for XY-axes on a plane. Suppose an object is projected from point O with velocity (u), making an angle (0) with the horizontal direction OX, such that x» =Oand yo =0 A projectile mation While resolving velocity (u) into ewo components, we get (a) wcos® along OX and (b) usin 8 along OY As the horizontal component of velocity (wcos®) is constant throughout the motion, so there is a constant acceleration and hence force is in the horizontal direction, if air resistance is assumed to be zero. As the vertical components of velocity (usin 0) decreases continuously with height, from O to H, due to downward force of gravity and becomes zero. At point H, the object has only horizontal component velocity (ucos®). It attains a maximum height at 4/7 OB is the maximum horizontal range. Note ‘The horizontal and vertical components of projectile motion was nanloy proj tio Equation of Path of x Proj: travelled by object in time ¢ ce any ae i the object reaches at point travelled by object in time t 44 Motion Along Horizontal Direction (Ox) The velocity of an object in horizontal direction ie. OX is constant, so the acceleration a, in horizontal direction is ero. ~ Position of the object at time along horizontal direction I given by wag tages tage? But x9 =0, 4, =ucos,a, =Oandr : X= ucosOr Motion Along Vertical Direction (oY) The vettcal velocity of the object is decreasing from O to Ht ue to gravity, s0 acceleration a, is Position of the object at any time ¢ alon the direction ic. OY is given by eae lies a LAS, Bas 7 7e=(:4, Saat 8a, and So, ousin Ore Lege? = I = Hsin Oe 2 gr as Substicuting the value of¢ from Eq, (i) in Eq. ap fle Telos fie =usin@/——|_* — Zi (zs) 7(cas) ), we gee This equation represents 4 parabola and is known as ‘equation of trajectory of a projectile. cted at jo The path of a projectile projec ‘Some angle with the horizontal (1.2. ground) is a parabolic path. Time of Flight pa e 7 the total time for which projectile is in fight es dig moLSHOE pelo tock O Rae denoted by 7. es Allynone Puy SIs 5 Total time of £ (@) Time taken by an object t0 go from is also known as time of ascent (b) Time taken by an object to go from is also known as time of descent 1 consists of Wo pars Total time can be expressed as T=t+e The vertical component of velocity of abject beans. at the highest poine HY. Let us consider vertical upward motion of an ob 0 H, we have 4, = usin 8, a “$:t == and», = Bs Tr Since, », y t4,t=> O=using— 2! of x Maximum height of moon the vertical upward motion of the objet izontal Range of a Proj range of the projectile is defined as the ar iat vt the projectile during its time ct having uniform velocity wcos@ (i.e. hori ) and the total time of flight 7, sheen range covered by the objective. R= ucosO xT = ucos6 x 24509 145 Sol (i) The maximum height attained by the ball is Hi, = (7800)? 2g (ii) The time taken by the ball to return the same level is T =(2vpsinO,)/g = (2% 28xsin30°)/98 = 28/98= 295 (ii) The distance from the thrower to the point where the ball returns to the same level is pu (2E8in 204) _ 28% 28 xsin60” _ © 98 69 m ) ired at an Angle with the Vertical Let a particle be projected vertically with an angle 0 with vertical and its muzzle speed (.e. speed of projection) is w. The projectile has two components of its velocity at all the points during its motion. The components are along X-axis (horizontal) and along Y-axis (vertical). Clearly, the angle made by the velocity of projectile at point of projection is (90°-8) with the horizontal. In this case cece igh a2 0*- 6) (ii) Maximum height Angle after projection (ii) Horizontal range Rs Nee siafons-0 77 82.00°-0) 2 bs 2 =“ sin (180°-20)=" sin 20 & (iv) Path of projectile y= an (0° ~6)— 2 4? cos* (90° - 0) =x cord — 2u? sin? 0 es Allynone PHYsics 146 (v) Velocity at any time, ¢ SG Effect of Air Resistance on Projectile ue = y{ucosi90-0)), + AS we have seen [usin(90 - 6) - gr} = *r? —2ugt sin (90° 8) => t taverses 2 pe > dualon 1 esis = yu? A s Tesistance. it will not hit the gr a Te ee which it was projected. {iis elocity makes an angle with the horizontal * In the absence of air resistance, it ‘ direction, then that_undergoes 2. contnucus \°. Presence of air resistance, both ax tan B = #58. 00-0) ~ gr woul pt se 4 cos (90° 8) = M6080 ~ gr UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION usin® is figure shows a panicle P which moves along a c= track of radius r with a uniform Speed u. Accircular motion Examples Consider the motion of particle fom A to A, @ Motion of, th the tip of th, Motion of particle along X-axis is given by (iy OF the tip of ¢ Xe second hand of a clock xeut my I cg Bee OOS airint of whet ocx where, ¢ = time to teach the particle from A to B. . Notion of patil alongs piven by Terms Related to Circular yy eae Ga ular Moti 2 © angular Displacement Eliminating ¢ from Eqs () and (i), we get Ieis defined as the Set E a a the centre of the circular oe pee the radius ea 2 anna BY 80 and express in the given time. oa a yan quantity. Tes Meche eae Ieis a dimensiones at sation Right-hand rule, "% direction is given Thus, 2 = xtand, giving, x0 op Zu tan x=0at a? fg Angular Velocity i 2u? tand tis defined as the ti it Beorrespond to x = 24° tanO 4, as the time 7 2 point A and point B co a : - denoted by ani renga fi agp yang = 20" Fegan ths pen 4 point object movi = aed J

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